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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Pozadina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pozadina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Pozadina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pozadina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letovi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letovi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Letovi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Letovi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Letovi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Letovi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Planirani_letovi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planirani_letovi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Planirani letovi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planirani_letovi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prekid_programa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prekid_programa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prekid programa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prekid_programa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sadašnji_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sadašnji_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sadašnji status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sadašnji_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Budućnost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budućnost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Budućnost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budućnost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sličnosti_i_razlike_sa_Space_Shuttle_programom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sličnosti_i_razlike_sa_Space_Shuttle_programom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sličnosti i razlike sa Space Shuttle programom</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sličnosti_i_razlike_sa_Space_Shuttle_programom-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Sličnosti i razlike sa Space Shuttle programom</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sličnosti_i_razlike_sa_Space_Shuttle_programom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Razlike_između_Space_Shuttle_i_Buran_programa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Razlike_između_Space_Shuttle_i_Buran_programa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Razlike između Space Shuttle i Buran programa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Razlike_između_Space_Shuttle_i_Buran_programa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Povezano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Povezano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Povezano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Povezano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Program Buran</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prijedi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupno je na 19 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Buran" title="Programa Buran — Aragonežanski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Programa Buran" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonežanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="برنامج بوران — Arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برنامج بوران" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerji-Buran_proqram%C4%B1" title="Enerji-Buran proqramı — Azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Enerji-Buran proqramı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_%22Buran%22" title="Program "Buran" — Bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Program "Buran"" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_En%C4%9Brgija-Buran" title="Program Eněrgija-Buran — Češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Program Eněrgija-Buran" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buran_(Raumfahrtprogramm)" title="Buran (Raumfahrtprogramm) — Nemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Buran (Raumfahrtprogramm)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Πρόγραμμα Μπουράν — Grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρόγραμμα Μπουράν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme — Engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Buran programme" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourane" title="Bourane — Francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bourane" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buran_program" title="Buran program — Mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Buran program" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programma_Buran" title="Programma Buran — Italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Programma Buran" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E8%A8%88%E7%94%BB" title="ブラン計画 — Japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブラン計画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EB%9E%80_%EA%B3%84%ED%9A%8D" title="부란 계획 — Korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부란 계획" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Buran" title="Program Buran — Poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Program Buran" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%E2%80%94_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Энергия — Буран — Ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Энергия — Буран" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Програм Буран — Srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Програм Буран" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buran_program%C4%B1" title="Buran programı — Turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Buran programı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_tr%C3%ACnh_Buran" title="Chương trình Buran — Vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chương trình Buran" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9A%B4%E9%A2%A8%E9%9B%AA%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%A2%AD%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB" title="暴風雪太空梭計畫 — Kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="暴風雪太空梭計畫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1010251#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezične poveznice" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Program_Buran" title="Vidi stranicu sadržaja [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razgovor:Program_Buran&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Razgovarajte o sadržini ove stranice (stranica ne postoji) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Promijeni jezičnu varijantu" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Energia_buran.jpg/220px-Energia_buran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="413" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Energia_buran.jpg/330px-Energia_buran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Energia_buran.jpg/440px-Energia_buran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="1253" /></a><figcaption>Model nosne rakete i letjelice</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Buran program</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ruski_jezik" title="Ruski jezik">ruski</a>: <i>Бура́н</i>) je naziv za sovjetski projekat čiji je krajnji cilj bio stvaranje svemirske letjelice za višekratnu upotrebu - <a href="/wiki/Raketoplan" title="Raketoplan">raketoplana</a>. Sama riječ buran se može prevesti kao snježna oluja ili bura. Projekat je začet u <a href="/wiki/1976" title="1976">1976</a>. godini kao odgovor na američki <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> projekat. Buran projekat je zvanično obustavljen <a href="/wiki/30._juni" class="mw-redirect" title="30. juni">30. juna</a> <a href="/wiki/1994" title="1994">1994</a>. godine od strane tadašnjeg ruskog predsjednika <a href="/wiki/Boris_Jeljcin" title="Boris Jeljcin">Borisa Jeljcina</a>. Sa oko 20 milijardi rubalja potrošenih, Buran projekat se smatra najskupljim projektom u historiji sovjetskog istraživanja svemira.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pozadina">Pozadina</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_Buran&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odjeljak Pozadina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_Buran&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Pozadina"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Već krajem <a href="/w/index.php?title=1950te&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1950te (stranica ne postoji)">1950-ih</a> unutar sovjetskog program za istraživanje svemira pojavljuje se ideje o stvaranju letjelice za višekratnu upotrebu - raketoplana. Smatra se da je Buran program direktni nastavak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Burya_program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burya program (stranica ne postoji)">Burya programa</a> čiji je cilj bio stvaranje visoko altitudnog <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mlaznjak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mlaznjak (stranica ne postoji)">mlaznjaka</a>. Burya program je prekinut od strane Centralnog komiteta Sovjetskog Saveza. Nekoliko godina novi program <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zvezda_program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zvezda program (stranica ne postoji)">Zvezda</a> je započet da bih samo nekoliko godina kasnije i taj program bio prekinut. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historija">Historija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_Buran&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odjeljak Historija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_Buran&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Historija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Buran_on_An-225_(Le_Bourget_1989)_1.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Buran_on_An-225_%28Le_Bourget_1989%29_1.JPEG/220px-Buran_on_An-225_%28Le_Bourget_1989%29_1.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Buran_on_An-225_%28Le_Bourget_1989%29_1.JPEG/330px-Buran_on_An-225_%28Le_Bourget_1989%29_1.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Buran_on_An-225_%28Le_Bourget_1989%29_1.JPEG/440px-Buran_on_An-225_%28Le_Bourget_1989%29_1.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Buran letjelica na izložbi u Parizu u 1989. godini</figcaption></figure> <p>Buran program se smatra kao direktni odgovor Sovjetskog saveza na američki <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a>. </p><p>Glavna odgovornost za razvoj Burana dodjeljena je naučno-proizvodnom institutu <a href="/w/index.php?title=NPO_Molnija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPO Molnija (stranica ne postoji)">Molnija</a>. Inžinjeri pri Molniji su favorizirali proizvodnju manje nosne rakete za samu letjelicu dok je vojno rukovodstvo sovjetskog saveza želilo proizvodnju veće nosne rakete koja bih imala istu velićinu kao i nosna raketa koja se koristila za američki space shuttle program. </p><p>Konstrukcija same letjelica je počela u <a href="/wiki/1980" title="1980">1980</a>. godini. Tokom jula 1983. godine Molnija je provela više vazdušnih testova na modelu letjelice (tzv. BOR-5). Kasniji vazdušni testovi su vršeni na modelnoj letjelici OK-GLI čija je proizvodnja završena u <a href="/wiki/1984" title="1984">1984</a>. godini. Za razliku od američkih testova pri kojima su letjelice bile ispuštane iz drugih aviona, sovjetski inžinjeri su na OK-GLI letjelicu montirali mlazne motore koji bi bili ugašeni nakon što bi letjelica dostigla željenu visinu. Poslije 24 probna leta, testovi na OK-GLI letjelici su privedeni kraju zbog dotrajalosti letjelice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letovi">Letovi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_Buran&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odjeljak Letovi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_Buran&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Letovi"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:BTS-002_OK-GLI_MAKS_Airshow_1999.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/BTS-002_OK-GLI_MAKS_Airshow_1999.jpg/250px-BTS-002_OK-GLI_MAKS_Airshow_1999.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/BTS-002_OK-GLI_MAKS_Airshow_1999.jpg/375px-BTS-002_OK-GLI_MAKS_Airshow_1999.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/BTS-002_OK-GLI_MAKS_Airshow_1999.jpg/500px-BTS-002_OK-GLI_MAKS_Airshow_1999.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Jedna od Buran letjelica u 1999. godini</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Buran.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Buran.2.jpg/250px-Buran.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Buran.2.jpg/375px-Buran.2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Buran.2.jpg/500px-Buran.2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>Ista letjelica iz drugog ugla</figcaption></figure> <p>Prvi i jedini orbitalni let Buran letjelice dogodio se tačno u 3 sata po <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">koordiniranom svjetskom vremenu</a> (UTC) 15. novembra 1988. godine. Letjelica je lansirana uz pomoć nosne rakete koja je specijalno napravljena za ovu priliku. Poslije dva kruga oko zemlje i tačno 216 minuta u zemljinoj orbiti letjelica je izvršila automatsko prizemljavanje na kosmodromu Baikonur u današnjem <a href="/wiki/Kazahstan" title="Kazahstan">Kazahstanu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planirani_letovi">Planirani letovi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_Buran&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odjeljak Planirani letovi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_Buran&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Planirani letovi"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Projektni plan za Buran program je sadržao više letove koji zbog smanjenja obima programa a kasnije i obustave nisu nikada provedeni.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Tokom 1991. godine letjelica Ptička (ptičica) je trebala da obavi svoj prvi let sa planiranim trajanjem od jednog do dva dana.</li> <li>Tokom 1992. godine drugi let Ptičke je planiran sa trajanjem od sedam do osam dana. Pri ovom letu je trebalo da budu testirani sposobnosti za manovriranje letjelica u Buran programu kao i njihovo povezivanje sa svemirskim stanicama (prvenstveno tadašnjom sovjetskom stanicom <a href="/wiki/Mir_(svemirska_stanica)" title="Mir (svemirska stanica)">Mir</a>)</li> <li>Za 1993. godinu je planiran drugi let letjelice Buran sa planiranim trajanjem od 15 do 20 dana.</li> <li>Tokom 1994. godine je trebao biti obavljen prvi let druge generacije letjelica iz Buran programa. Takozvana letjelica 2.01 je trebala da bude prva letjelica sa posadom. Prema prvobitnom planu posada bih se sastojala od dva astronauta. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Igor_Volk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igor Volk (stranica ne postoji)">Igor Volk</a> je trebao biti kapetan dok je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandar_Ivan%C4%8Denko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksandar Ivančenko (stranica ne postoji)">Aleksandar Ivančenko</a> trebao vršiti dužnost odgovornog inžinjera. Vrijeme koje je letjelica trebala da provede u zemljinoj putanji je planirano za 24 sata.</li> <li>Tokom iste godine su također planirana još tri leta sa gore navedenom letjelicom. Svi letovi su trebali da sadrže posadu koja bih se sastojala od dva astronauta.</li></ul> <p>Poslije revizije sovjetskog svemirskog programa i drastično smanjenih materijalnih sredstava, prvobitni plan za prvi let Ptičke je promjenjen. Za njen let u decembru 1991. godine je planirano slijedeće. </p> <ul><li>Letjelica Ptička je trebala da provede sedam do osam dana u zemljinoj orbiti pri ćemu je slijedeće trebalo da bude provedeno <ul><li>Automatsko spajanje sa svemirskom stanicom Mir (njenim modulom Kristal).</li> <li>Ulazak posade Mira u letjelicu. Posada je trebala da obavi određene testove na samoj letjelici.</li> <li>Automatsko razdvajanje stanice i letjelice. Također test automatskog leta u zemljinoj putanji.</li> <li>Spajanje letjelice sa letjelicom <a href="/wiki/Sojuz" title="Sojuz">Sojuz</a> (savez). Prema planu poslije spajanja dvaju letjelica posada Sojuza je trebala da izvrši određene testove na Ptički.</li> <li>Automatsko razdvajanje dvaju letjelica i prizemljavanje Ptičke.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Daljnji propad sovjetskog svemirskog programa je doveo do revizije i ovog plana i do konačnog prekida svih probnih letova. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prekid_programa">Prekid programa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_Buran&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odjeljak Prekid programa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_Buran&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Prekid programa"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Poslije prvog orbitalnog leta, program je prekinut zbog nedostatka sredstava i političkih previranja u tadašnjem Sovjetskom savezu. Letjelice Ptička i Letjelica 2.01 koje su trebale biti lansirane u 1990. i 1992. godini nikada nisu završene. Program je zvanično prekinut 30. juna 1993. od strane tadašnjeg ruskog predsjednika Borisa Jeljcina. Smatra se da je Sovjetski savez do dana prekida programa potrošio preko 20 milijardi rubalja na ovom projektu. </p><p>U nekim krugovima su se pojavile glasine da razlog obustave programa nije bio nedostatak materijalnih sredstava nego tehnički neuspjesi sovjetskog programa. Prema ovim istim glasinama prva Buran letjelica je u svom prvom orbitalnom testu teško oštećena i nije se mogla koristiti za nove testove. Danas se smatra da ova hipoteza nije vjerovatna. Snimci i fotografije koji prikazuju letjelicu kako slijeće i neposredno prije sletanja ne ukazuju na ikakva manja ili veća oštećenja na letjelici. </p><p>Buran SO modul svemirske stanice Mir koji je trebao da služi za spajanje Buran letjelica i stanice je kasnije modifiran za potrebe američkih space shuttle raketoplana. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sadašnji_status"><span id="Sada.C5.A1nji_status"></span>Sadašnji status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_Buran&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odjeljak Sadašnji status" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_Buran&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Sadašnji status"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pored pet "pravih" letjelica također je napravljeno i 8 prototipa koji su korišteni za vršenje testova. Ispod se nalazi spisak svih letjelica i njihov trenutni status. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Slika </th> <th>Serijski broj </th> <th>Datum proizvodnje </th> <th>Upotreba </th> <th>Sadašnje stanje<sup id="cite_ref-status_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Proizvedeni i nezavršeni modeli (sa slikama iz proizvodnje i testiranja) </th></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>OK-1K1 - "Buran" (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=GRAU&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GRAU (stranica ne postoji)">11F35</a> K1</i>)</td> <td>1986</td> <td>Let bez posade (1988)</td> <td>Uništen urušavanjem hangara 2002. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>OK-1K2 - Nezvaničan naziv Ptičica (<i>11F35 K2</i>)</td> <td>1988</td> <td>95-97% završen,</td> <td>Vlasništvo <a href="/wiki/Kazakstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakstan">Kazakstana</a>, Nalazi se na kosmodromu Bakonur. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>OK-2K1 "Baikal" (?) (<i>11F35 K3</i>)</td> <td>1990?</td> <td>Nezavršen</td> <td>Nalazi se u avio muzeju Sinšhajm Nemačka. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>OK-TK(?)]] (<i>11F35 K4</i>)</td> <td>1991?</td> <td>Nezavršen</td> <td>Delimično rastavljen, nalazi se ispred fabrike tušino u blizini Moskve. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Šatl 2.03 11F35 K5)</td> <td>1992?</td> <td>Nezavršen</td> <td>Rastavljen. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Modeli za aero i statičke testove </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Buran_baikonur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Buran_baikonur.jpg/150px-Buran_baikonur.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Buran_baikonur.jpg/225px-Buran_baikonur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Buran_baikonur.jpg/300px-Buran_baikonur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a></span></td> <td>OK-M (kasnije OK-ML-1)</td> <td>1982</td> <td>Statički test</td> <td>Temperature, opterećenje interference sa lansirnom raketom. Nalazi se na kosmodromu u Kazakstanu </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>OK-KS (003)</td> <td>1982</td> <td>Statički i elektro testovi</td> <td>Nalazi se u <a href="/w/index.php?title=S.P._Korolev_Raketna_i_Svemirska_korporacija_Energija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S.P. Korolev Raketna i Svemirska korporacija Energija (stranica ne postoji)">fabrici Energija</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Korolev,_Moscow_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korolev, Moscow Oblast (stranica ne postoji)">Korolevu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>OK-MT (Kasnije OK-ML-2)</td> <td>1983</td> <td>Statički test</td> <td>Testiranje utovara, punjenja likvidima i gasovima, Testiranje hermetičke zatvorenosti, testiranje ulaženja u i izlaženja posade. Nalazi se na kosmodromu Bajkonur. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=OK-GLI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OK-GLI (stranica ne postoji)">OK-GLI</a> (Buran Analog BST-02)</td> <td>1984</td> <td>Aero test</td> <td>Modelom je izvršeno ukupno 25 aero test letova. Model je prodat muzeju autommobilizma i tehnike u Sinšajmu 2005. Pre Nemačke se nalazio ili se još nalazi u Bahreinu. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>OK-??? (Model 005?)</td> <td></td> <td>Statički test</td> <td>Vibracije i vakuum. Na nepoznatoj lokacij. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>OK-TVI</td> <td></td> <td>Statički - toplota/vakuum</td> <td>toplota/vakuum. Na nepoznatoj lokaciji. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>OK-??? (Model 008?)</td> <td></td> <td>Statički test</td> <td>Testiranje na vibracije i vakuum. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Buran_gorki-park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Buran_gorki-park.jpg/150px-Buran_gorki-park.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Buran_gorki-park.jpg/225px-Buran_gorki-park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Buran_gorki-park.jpg/300px-Buran_gorki-park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="713" /></a></span></td> <td>OK-TVA</td> <td></td> <td>Statički test</td> <td>Opterećenje, grejanje i vibracije. Trenutno se nalazi u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorki_park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorki park (stranica ne postoji)">Parku Gorki</a>, Moskva . </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Eksperimentalni modeli </th></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=BOR-4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BOR-4 (stranica ne postoji)">BOR-4</a></td> <td>1982-1984</td> <td>Model svemirskog aviona <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105 (stranica ne postoji)">MIG-105</a></td> <td>1:2 model Svemirskig aviona. Pet puta lansiran sa svrhom da se razvije termička zaštita za Buran. Proizveden u NPO Molnija Moskva. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=BOR-5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BOR-5 (stranica ne postoji)">BOR-5</a> ("Kosmos")</td> <td>1983-1988</td> <td>1/8 veličine Burana</td> <td>Pet modela je lansirano, ali ni jedan ponovo. najmanje četiri je uspečno sletelo i nađeno. proizvođač NPO Molnija. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Modelu punoj većičini odelenja za posadu</td> <td></td> <td>Medicinski i biološki testovi</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>GLI</td> <td></td> <td>podešavanje softera za let i auto-pilota</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Modeli za vazdušni tunel</td> <td></td> <td>U razmerama od 1:3 do 1:550</td> <td>85 modela je napravljeno </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Dinamika gasa</td> <td></td> <td>U razmerama od 1:15 do 1:2700</td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Budućnost"><span id="Budu.C4.87nost"></span>Budućnost</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_Buran&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odjeljak Budućnost" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_Buran&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Budućnost"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Energijine <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nosna_raketa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nosna raketa (stranica ne postoji)">nosne rakete</a> za Buran program kao i sama letjelica su rastavljeni i smatra se da nije vjerovatno da će Rusija u skorijem vremenu nastaviti rad na ovom programu ili programu sličnom Buranu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sličnosti_i_razlike_sa_Space_Shuttle_programom"><span id="Sli.C4.8Dnosti_i_razlike_sa_Space_Shuttle_programom"></span>Sličnosti i razlike sa Space Shuttle programom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_Buran&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odjeljak Sličnosti i razlike sa Space Shuttle programom" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_Buran&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Sličnosti i razlike sa Space Shuttle programom"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vanjske sličnosti između Buran i Space Shuttle letjelica su navele mnoge da špekuliraju o tome dali je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrijska_spijuna%C5%BEa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industrijska spijunaža (stranica ne postoji)">industrijska spijunaža</a> bila faktor pri konstrukciji Buran letjelica. Uprkos velikoj vanjskoj sličnosti letjelica postoje velike ključne razlike i samim sistemima tako da se danas smatra da Sovjetski Savez nije koristio industrijsku spijunažu pri razvoju Buran raketoplana. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Razlike_između_Space_Shuttle_i_Buran_programa"><span id="Razlike_izme.C4.91u_Space_Shuttle_i_Buran_programa"></span>Razlike između Space Shuttle i Buran programa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_Buran&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odjeljak Razlike između Space Shuttle i Buran programa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_Buran&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Razlike između Space Shuttle i Buran programa"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Buran raketoplan nije bio integralni dio cijelog sistema nego samo teret Energijine nosne rakete. Nosne rakete su mogle lansirati i druge terete (do 80 tona). Planirana i nikad realizirana najteža klasa nosne rakete je trebala da ima mogućnost dizanja tereta do 200 tona u orbiti. Pored ovoga najteža klasa nosne rakete je trebale prema istom planu imati i mogućnost dizanja tereta na <a href="/wiki/Mjesec_(satelit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mjesec (satelit)">Mjesec</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Buran raketoplan je izpočetka osmišljen tako da ima mogućnost leta sa posadom a i bez nje. Let sa posadom nikad nije realiziran dok su automatizirani letovi bez posade provedeni. Space Shuttle je tek kasnije dobio sposobnost automatiziranog prizemljenja bez posade.</li></ul> <ul><li>Na Buran letjelici se nisu nalazili glavni <a href="/wiki/Motor" title="Motor">motori</a>. Ovo je omogućavalo povećanu nosivost za teret i više prostora za isti.</li></ul> <ul><li>Pojačivači (eng. <i>boosters</i>) su koristili <a href="/wiki/Te%C4%8Dnost" class="mw-redirect" title="Tečnost">tekuće</a> <a href="/wiki/Gorivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorivo">gorivo</a> (smjesa <a href="/wiki/Kisik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kisik">kisika</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kerozin" title="Kerozin">kerozina</a>).</li></ul> <ul><li>U standardnoj konfiguraciji Buran je mogao podići 30 <a href="/wiki/Tona" title="Tona">tona</a> tereta u orbitu dok prvobitna standardna konfiguracija američkog Space Shuttle je mogla podići 25 tona tereta.</li></ul> <ul><li>Buran je mogao sa sobom iz orbite prizemljiti 20 tona tereta, dok je Space Shuttle prvobitno napravljen za prizemljavanje 15 tona tereta.</li></ul> <ul><li>Termalna zaštita Buran letjelica se razlikuje od termalne zaštite na Space Shuttle letjelicama.</li></ul> <ul><li>Buran letjelica se prevozila vodoravno do rampe za lansiranje. Sam prijevoz je vršen na specijalno napravljenoj pruzi. Pošto je prijevoz okončan letjelica bi bila plasirana vertikalno. Za razliku od Buran letjelica američka letjelica je transportirana uspravno. Zbog ovoga prijevoz Space Shuttle letjelice je bio mnogo sporiji.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Povezano">Povezano</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_Buran&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odjeljak Povezano" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_Buran&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Povezano"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buran_letjelica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buran letjelica (stranica ne postoji)">Buran letjelica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(svemirska_stanica)" title="Mir (svemirska stanica)">Svemirska stanica Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovjetski_svemirski_program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sovjetski svemirski program (stranica ne postoji)">Sovjetski svemirski program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_Buran&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odjeljak Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_Buran&action=edit&section=11" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Reference"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41378145">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.astronautix.com/details/yelt5401.htm">http://www.astronautix.com/details/yelt5401.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.buran.ru/htm/pilots.htm">http://www.buran.ru/htm/pilots.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-status-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-status_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060519134511/http://www.k26.com/buran/Future/energia_-_buran_-_where_are_th.html">„Energia Buran Where are they now”</a>. k26.com/buran/. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.k26.com/buran/Future/energia_-_buran_-_where_are_th.html">originala</a> na datum 2006-05-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 05. 08. 2006</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Energia+Buran+Where+are+they+now&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=k26.com%2Fburan%2F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20060519134511%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.k26.com%2Fburan%2FFuture%2Fenergia_-_buran_-_where_are_th.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Program_Buran"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="infobox sisterproject" style="width: 300px"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Buran_(spacecraft)" title="commons:Category:Buran (spacecraft)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 20px;"><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Buran_(spacecraft)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Buran (spacecraft)">Program Buran</a></b></i> na <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Glavna_stranica_-_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="commons:Glavna stranica - Главна страница">Wikimedijinoj ostavi</a> </div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr">Izvor: <a dir="ltr" href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Program_Buran&oldid=41165449">https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Program_Buran&oldid=41165449</a></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorije</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Astronautika_u_SSSR-u" title="Kategorija:Astronautika u SSSR-u">Astronautika u SSSR-u</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Svemirske_letjelice" title="Kategorija:Svemirske letjelice">Svemirske letjelice</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Ljudski_boravak_u_svemiru" title="Kategorija:Ljudski boravak u svemiru">Ljudski boravak u svemiru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Istra%C5%BEivanje_svemira" title="Kategorija:Istraživanje svemira">Istraživanje svemira</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica je posljednji put izmijenjena 4. septembra 2021. u 09:01.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod licencom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike</a>; mogu se primijeniti i dodatni uslovi. 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