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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">文頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-概述" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#概述"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>概述</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-概述-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-特徵" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#特徵"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>特徵</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-特徵-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去特徵細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-特徵-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-直立雙腳行走" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#直立雙腳行走"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>直立雙腳行走</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-直立雙腳行走-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-溝通能力" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#溝通能力"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>溝通能力</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-溝通能力-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-總結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#總結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>總結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-總結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-智能" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#智能"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>智能</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-智能-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外表特徵" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外表特徵"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>外表特徵</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-外表特徵-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去外表特徵細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-外表特徵-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-頭部" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#頭部"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>頭部</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-頭部-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-軀幹" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#軀幹"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>軀幹</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-軀幹-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-前肢" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#前肢"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>前肢</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-前肢-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-後肢" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#後肢"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>後肢</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-後肢-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-體毛" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#體毛"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>體毛</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-體毛-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-內部結構" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#內部結構"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>內部結構</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-內部結構-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-身體能力" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#身體能力"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>身體能力</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-身體能力-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去身體能力細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-身體能力-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-人類嘅後肢" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人類嘅後肢"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>人類嘅後肢</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人類嘅後肢-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人類嘅前肢" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人類嘅前肢"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>人類嘅前肢</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人類嘅前肢-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人類嘅體溫調節能力" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人類嘅體溫調節能力"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>人類嘅體溫調節能力</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人類嘅體溫調節能力-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人類嘅消化吸收能力" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人類嘅消化吸收能力"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>人類嘅消化吸收能力</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人類嘅消化吸收能力-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人類嘅游水能力" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人類嘅游水能力"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>人類嘅游水能力</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人類嘅游水能力-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生老病死" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生老病死"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>生老病死</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-生老病死-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去生老病死細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-生老病死-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-多產多死" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#多產多死"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>多產多死</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-多產多死-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-壽命" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#壽命"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>壽命</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-壽命-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-習性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#習性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>習性</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-習性-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去習性細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-習性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-同文化嘅關係" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#同文化嘅關係"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>同文化嘅關係</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-同文化嘅關係-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-食性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#食性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>食性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-食性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-使用住所" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#使用住所"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>使用住所</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-使用住所-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-衣物嘅使用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#衣物嘅使用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>衣物嘅使用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-衣物嘅使用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-工具嘅使用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#工具嘅使用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>工具嘅使用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-工具嘅使用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生殖同埋湊仔" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生殖同埋湊仔"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>生殖同埋湊仔</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-生殖同埋湊仔-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去生殖同埋湊仔細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-生殖同埋湊仔-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-正規嘅配偶關係" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#正規嘅配偶關係"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>正規嘅配偶關係</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-正規嘅配偶關係-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-非正規嘅配偶關係" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#非正規嘅配偶關係"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>非正規嘅配偶關係</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-非正規嘅配偶關係-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-親子關係" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#親子關係"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>親子關係</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-親子關係-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-進化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#進化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>進化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-進化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分佈同多樣性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分佈同多樣性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>分佈同多樣性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分佈同多樣性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-睇埋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#睇埋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>睇埋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睇埋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>參考</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">人</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有221種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-221" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">221種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mens" title="Mens – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mens" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensch" title="Mensch – 德文（瑞士）" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mensch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="德文（瑞士）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%B0%E1%8B%8D_%E1%88%8D%E1%8C%85" title="የሰው ልጅ – 阿姆哈拉文" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሰው ልጅ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum%C3%A1n" title="Humán – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Humán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="मनुष्य – 昂加文" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मनुष्य" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="إنسان – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنسان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%AA_%DC%90%DC%A2%DC%AB%DC%90" title="ܒܪ ܐܢܫܐ – 阿拉米文" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܪ ܐܢܫܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85" title="بنادم – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بنادم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انسان – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انسان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B9" title="মানুহ – 阿薩姆文" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মানুহ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿薩姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanu" title="Humanu – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Humanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iriniw" title="Iriniw – 阿提卡米克文" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Iriniw" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="阿提卡米克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="ГӀадан – 阿瓦爾文" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀадан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="阿瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%88" title="मनई – 阿瓦文" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="मनई" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaqi" title="Jaqi – 艾馬拉文" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jaqi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="艾馬拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsan" title="İnsan – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnsan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اینسان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اینسان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Кеше – 巴什客爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кеше" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什客爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusa" title="Manusa – 峇里文" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Manusa" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="峇里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensch" title="Mensch – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Mensch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDmuogos" title="Žmuogos – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žmuogos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawo" title="Tawo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tawo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Чалавек – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чалавек" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Чалавек – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чалавек" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Manusia" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Човек – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Човек" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8" title="मानुस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मानुस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Manusia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7" title="মানুষ – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মানুষ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="འགྲོ་བ་མི། – 藏文" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འགྲོ་བ་མི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den" title="Den – 布列塔尼文" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Den" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Covjek" title="Čovjek – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Čovjek" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alak" title="Alak – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Alak" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%85%D2%AF%D0%BD" title="Ухаанта хүн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ухаанта хүн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89sser_hum%C3%A0" title="Ésser humà – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ésser humà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A8%CC%A4ng" title="Nè̤ng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nè̤ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Адам – 車臣文" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Адам" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="車臣文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawo" title="Tawo – 宿霧文" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tawo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿霧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A4" title="مرۆڤ – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مرۆڤ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omu" title="Omu – 科西嘉文" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Omu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Clov%C4%9Bk_moudr%C3%BD" title="Člověk moudrý – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Člověk moudrý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Çын – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çын" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bod_dynol" title="Bod dynol – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bod dynol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menneske" title="Menneske – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Menneske" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninsala" title="Ninsala – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Ninsala" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensch" title="Mensch – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mensch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merd%C4%B1m" title="Merdım – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Merdım" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81" title="मान्सु – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मान्सु" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%89%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Άνθρωπος – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άνθρωπος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human" title="Human – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Human" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humano" title="Humano – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Humano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inimene" title="Inimene – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Inimene" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizaki" title="Gizaki – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gizaki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انسان – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انسان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihminen" title="Ihminen – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ihminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inemine" title="Inemine – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Inemine" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menniskja" title="Menniskja – 法羅文" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Menniskja" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homme_moderne" title="Homme moderne – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Homme moderne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – 北弗里西亞文" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uman" title="Uman – 弗留利文" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Uman" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minske" title="Minske – 西弗里西亞文" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Minske" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duine" title="Duine – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Duine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" title="人 – 贛語" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="人" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="贛語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mounit%C3%A9" title="Mounité – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Mounité" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_an_duine" title="Mac an duine – 蘇格蘭蓋爾文" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mac an duine" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭蓋爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser_humano" title="Ser humano – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ser humano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%85" title="آدم – 吉拉基文" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="آدم" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="吉拉基文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvyp%C3%B3ra" title="Yvypóra – 瓜拉尼文" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvypóra" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF" title="મનુષ્ય – 古吉拉特文" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મનુષ્ય" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Aan_Adam" title="Ɗan Adam – 豪撒文" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ɗan Adam" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪撒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%ACn" title="Ngìn – 客家話" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngìn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家話" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9D" title="אדם – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="मनुष्य – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मनुष्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insaan" title="Insaan – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Insaan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Covjek" title="Čovjek – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čovjek" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moun" title="Moun – 海地文" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Moun" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ember" title="Ember – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ember" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Մարդ բանական – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարդ բանական" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esser_human" title="Esser human – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Esser human" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensia" title="Mensia – 伊班文" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Mensia" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Manusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad%E1%BB%A5%CC%80" title="Madụ̀ – 伊布文" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Madụ̀" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="伊布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_(sebbangan)" title="Tao (sebbangan) – 伊洛闊文" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tao (sebbangan)" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛闊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Саг – 印古什文" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Саг" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%B0ur" title="Maður – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Maður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%84%E1%92%83" title="ᐄᒃ – 因紐特文" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐄᒃ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="因紐特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%88" title="ヒト – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuuman" title="Yuuman – 牙買加克裏奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Yuuman" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克裏奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/remna" title="remna – 邏輯文" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="remna" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="邏輯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manungsa" title="Manungsa – 爪哇文" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Manungsa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ადამიანი – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ადამიანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insan" title="Insan – 卡拉卡爾帕克文" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Insan" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡爾帕克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afgan" title="Afgan – 卡比爾文" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Afgan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡比爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1tyubishyi" title="A̱tyubishyi – 卡塔布文" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱tyubishyi" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="卡塔布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntu" title="Muntu – 剛果文" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Muntu" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="剛果文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Manusia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Адам – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Адам" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F" title="មនុស្ស – 高棉文" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="មនុស្ស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B5" title="ಮಾನವ – 坎那達文" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾನವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="坎那達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%9E%8C" title="사람 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사람" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Морт – 科米-彼爾米亞克文" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Морт" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="科米-彼爾米亞克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اِنسان – 喀什米爾文" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اِنسان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="喀什米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsh" title="Minsh – 科隆文" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Minsh" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="科隆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirov" title="Mirov – 庫爾德文" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mirov" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Морт – 科米文" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Морт" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tus" title="Tus – 康瓦耳文" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tus" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康瓦耳文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Киши – 吉爾吉斯文" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Киши" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="吉爾吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gens_humana" title="Gens humana – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gens humana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Инсан – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Инсан" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Кас – 列茲干文" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Кас" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列茲干文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umana" title="Umana – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Umana" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omuntu" title="Omuntu – 干達文" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Omuntu" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="干達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mins" title="Mins – 林堡文" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mins" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Bse_uman" title="Ëse uman – 利古里亞文" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ëse uman" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsona" title="Porsona – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Porsona" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moto" title="Moto – 林加拉文" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Moto" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%94" title="ມະນຸດ – 寮文" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ມະນຸດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="寮文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDmogus" title="Žmogus – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žmogus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylv%C4%81ks" title="Cylvāks – 拉特加萊文" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Cylvāks" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="拉特加萊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilv%C4%93ks" title="Cilvēks – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cilvēks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95" title="लोक – 邁蒂利文" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="लोक" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="邁蒂利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menungsa" title="Menungsa – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Menungsa" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Ломанць – 莫克沙文" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ломанць" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olombelona" title="Olombelona – 馬拉加什文" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Olombelona" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="馬拉加什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Айдеме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Айдеме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia – 米南卡堡文" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Manusia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南卡堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Човек – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Човек" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB" title="മനുഷ്യൻ – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മനുഷ്യൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD" title="Хүн – 蒙古文" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%95" title="ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕ – 曼尼普裡文" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普裡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5" title="मानव – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मानव" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Manusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bniedem" title="Bniedem – 馬爾他文" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Bniedem" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="馬爾他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houmano" title="Houmano – 米蘭德斯文" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Houmano" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米蘭德斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="လူသား – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လူသား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Ломань – 厄爾茲亞文" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ломань" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄爾茲亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%85" title="آدم – 馬贊德蘭文" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آدم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="馬贊德蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlacatl" title="Tlacatl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlacatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsch" title="Minsch – 低地德文" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Minsch" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mense" title="Mense – 低地薩克遜文" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Mense" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低地薩克遜文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="मानिस – 尼泊爾文" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मानिस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82" title="मनू – 尼瓦爾文" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मनू" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mens" title="Mens – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mens" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menneske" title="Menneske – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Menneske" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menneske" title="Menneske – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Menneske" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88sser_uman" title="Èsser uman – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Èsser uman" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama" title="Nama – 奧羅莫文" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Nama" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奧羅莫文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B7" title="ମଣିଷ – 歐利亞文" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମଣିଷ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="歐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Адæймаг – 奧塞提文" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Адæймаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奧塞提文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96" title="ਮਨੁੱਖ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਨੁੱਖ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau" title="Tau – 潘帕嘉文" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Tau" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="潘帕嘉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hende" title="Hende – 帕皮阿門托文" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hende" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿門托文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B" title="मनुस्सो – 巴利文" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="मनुस्सो" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="巴利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salan" title="Salan – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Salan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C5%82owiek_rozumny" title="Człowiek rozumny – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Człowiek rozumny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92m" title="Òm – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Òm" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انسان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انسان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انسان – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انسان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humano" title="Humano – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Humano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runa" title="Runa – 蓋楚瓦文" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Runa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="蓋楚瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uman" title="Uman – 羅曼斯文" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Uman" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="羅曼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manush" title="Manush – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Manush" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om" title="Om – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Om" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omu" title="Omu – 羅馬尼亞語系" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Omu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞語系" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Человек – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Человек" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83" title="मनुष्यः – 梵文" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मनुष्यः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8h%D0%B8" title="Киhи – 雅庫特文" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Киhи" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="雅庫特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ – 散塔利文" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="散塔利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umanu" title="Umanu – 西西里文" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Umanu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodie" title="Bodie – 蘇格蘭文" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bodie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انسان – 信德文" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انسان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmmo%C5%A1" title="Olmmoš – 北方薩米文" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Olmmoš" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="北方薩米文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Covjek" title="Čovjek – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čovjek" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afgan" title="Afgan – 希爾哈文" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Afgan" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希爾哈文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F" title="මිනිසා – 僧伽羅文" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මිනිසා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human" title="Human – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Human" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Clovek_rozumn%C3%BD" title="Človek rozumný – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Človek rozumný" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Clovek" title="Človek – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Človek" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munhu" title="Munhu – 塞內加爾文" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Munhu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="塞內加爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadyow" title="Dadyow – 索馬利文" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dadyow" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索馬利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njeriu" title="Njeriu – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Njeriu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Човек – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Човек" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusa" title="Manusa – 巽他文" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Manusa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4nniska" title="Människa – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Människa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binadamu" title="Binadamu – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Binadamu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czowjek" title="Czowjek – 西利西亞文" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Czowjek" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西利西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/tademaw" title="tademaw – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="tademaw" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="மனிதர் – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மனிதர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/squliq" title="squliq – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="squliq" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="మానవుడు – 泰盧固文" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మానవుడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰盧固文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Инсон – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Инсон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="มนุษย์ – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มนุษย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam" title="Adam – 土庫曼文" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Adam" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土庫曼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao" title="Tao – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tao" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inson" title="Inson – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Inson" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsan" title="İnsan – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnsan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanhu" title="Vanhu – 特松加文" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Vanhu" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="特松加文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Акыллы кеше – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Акыллы кеше" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munthu" title="Munthu – 圖姆布卡文" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Munthu" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="圖姆布卡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nnipa" title="Nnipa – 特威文" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Nnipa" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="特威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%85" title="ئادەم – 維吾爾文" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئادەم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="維吾爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Людина – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Людина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انسان – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انسان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odam" title="Odam – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Odam" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ristit" title="Ristit – 維普森文" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ristit" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="維普森文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di" title="Người – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mens" title="Mens – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Mens" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djin_(biyolodjeye)" title="Djin (biyolodjeye) – 瓦隆文" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Djin (biyolodjeye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawo" title="Tawo – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tawo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" title="人 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abantu" title="Abantu – 科薩文" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Abantu" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科薩文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ადამიერი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ადამიერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A9" title="מענטש – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מענטש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cm%E1%BB%8Dn%C3%ACy%C3%A0n" title="Ọmọnìyàn – 約魯巴文" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ọmọnìyàn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="約魯巴文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vunz" title="Vunz – 壯文" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vunz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" title="人 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" title="人 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="人" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2ng" title="Lâng – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuntu" title="Umuntu – 祖魯文" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umuntu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖魯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="空間名"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" title="睇吓內容頁[c]" accesskey="c"><span>文章</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E4%BA%BA" rel="discussion" title="關於內容頁嘅討論[t]" accesskey="t"><span>討論</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="改語言變體" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">粵語</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="外觀"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=history" title="呢一頁之前嘅修訂[h]" accesskey="h"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="架撐" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">架撐</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">架撐</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="多啲選項" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 動作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=history"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 基本 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%82%8A%E5%BA%A6%E9%8F%88%E5%8E%BB%E5%91%A2%E7%89%88/%E4%BA%BA" title="列出所有連接過嚟呢度嘅頁面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>有乜連過嚟</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%A4%96%E9%8F%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9/%E4%BA%BA" rel="nofollow" title="由呢版連出去嘅版嘅最近修改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>連結頁嘅更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E8%BC%89" title="上載檔案[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上載檔案</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E7%89%88" title="所有專門版一覽[q]" accesskey="q"><span>專門版</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&oldid=2195661" title="呢版呢個修訂嘅永久網址"><span>固定連結</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=info" title="多啲同呢版有拏褦嘅資料"><span>此版明細</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E4%BA%BA&id=2195661&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="點樣引用呢頁嘅資訊"><span>引用呢篇文</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E4%25BA%25BA"><span>攞短網址</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E4%25BA%25BA"><span>下載QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/匯出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E4%BA%BA&action=show-download-screen"><span>下載PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="呢一版印得嘅版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens" hreflang="en"><span>維基物種</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="人類">人類</a>跳轉過嚟)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><div role="note" class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%90%9E%E6%B8%85%E6%A5%9A" title="Wikipedia:搞清楚"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>  <small>呢篇文講人嘅基本介紹。</small><small>想搵人嘅品種嘅話，請睇<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E4%BA%BA" title="智人">智人</a></b></small><small>。</small></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%90%9E%E6%B8%85%E6%A5%9A" title="Wikipedia:搞清楚"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/24px-Confusion_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/36px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/48px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a></span>  <b>提示：</b>呢篇文講嘅唔係<b><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%85" title="ㅅ">ㅅ</a></b>。</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%90%9E%E6%B8%85%E6%A5%9A" title="Wikipedia:搞清楚"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>  <small>想搵第二個意思嘅話，請睇<b><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA_(%E6%90%9E%E6%B8%85%E6%A5%9A)" class="mw-disambig" title="人 (搞清楚)">人 (搞清楚)</a></b></small><small>。</small></div> <table style="position:relative; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; float:right; background:white; clear:right; width:230px;" border="1" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="background: pink;"><span style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:70%;"><figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span title="How to read a taxobox"><img alt="How to read a taxobox" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Information-silk.svg/16px-Information-silk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Information-silk.svg/24px-Information-silk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Information-silk.svg/32px-Information-silk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" usemap="#ImageMap_54a47227670a9dfc" /></span><map name="ImageMap_54a47227670a9dfc"><area href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%BB%9E%E6%A8%A3%E7%9D%87%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E6%A1%86" shape="rect" coords="0,0,50,50" alt="Wikipedia:點樣睇生物分類框" title="Wikipedia:點樣睇生物分類框" /></map><figcaption>How to read a taxobox</figcaption></figure></span><b>人類</b> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akha_cropped_hires.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="一個男人同一個女人"><img alt="一個男人同一個女人" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Akha_cropped_hires.JPG/230px-Akha_cropped_hires.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="385" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Akha_cropped_hires.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="554" /></a></span><br /><small><div style="text-align:center">一個男人同一個女人</div></small> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:pink;"> <th><center><a href="/wiki/%E7%80%95%E5%8D%B1%E6%8C%87%E6%A8%99" title="瀕危指標">瀕危指標</a></center> </th></tr> <tr> <td style=""> <div style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/250px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/375px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/500px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></a></span><br />最唔使理（<a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a>） (LC)<small><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="background: pink;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E" title="物種分類">物種分類</a></b> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td> <table style="margin:0 auto; text-align:left; background:white;" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td>域(Domain): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E5%9F%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="真核域">真核域</a> Eukaryotic<br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>界 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="動物界">動物界</a> Animalia<br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Subkingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%BE%8C%E7%94%9F%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="真後生動物亞界">真後生動物亞界</a> Eumetazoa<br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Superphylum: </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%8C%E5%8F%A3%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E7%B8%BD%E9%96%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="後口動物總門 (無呢版)">後口動物總門</a> Deuterostomia<br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>門 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E7%B4%A2%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="脊索動物門">脊索動物門</a> Chordata<br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>亞門(Subphylum): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E4%BA%9E%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="脊椎動物亞門">脊椎動物亞門</a> Vertebrata<br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Infraphylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E9%A0%B7%E4%B8%8B%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="有頷下門">有頷下門</a> Gnathostomata<br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>超綱Superclass: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B6%B3%E7%B8%BD%E7%B6%B1" title="四足總綱">四足總綱</a> Tetrapoda<br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>綱 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E7%B6%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="哺乳綱">哺乳綱</a> Mammalia<br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>亞綱 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%8D%B8%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%B1" title="真獸亞綱">真獸亞綱</a> Eutheria<br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>目 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E9%95%B7%E7%9B%AE" title="靈長目">靈長目</a> Primates<br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>亞目 (Subordo): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%B0%A1%E9%BC%BB%E4%BA%9E%E7%9B%AE" title="簡鼻亞目">簡鼻亞目</a> Haplorrhini<br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>科 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%91" title="人科">人科</a> Hominidae<br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>屬 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B1%AC" title="人屬">人屬</a> <i>Homo</i><br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>種 </td> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E4%BA%BA" title="智人">智人</a> <i>H. sapiens</i></b></span><br /><small></small> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="pink"> <th><center><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="Binomial nomenclature">二元學名</a></center> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><i><b>Homo sapiens</b></i><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%A5%88" class="mw-redirect" title="林奈">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/1758%E5%B9%B4" title="1758年">1758</a>)</small> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Habitat-homo-sapiens.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="智人(Homo sapiens)範圍"><img alt="智人(Homo sapiens)範圍" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Habitat-homo-sapiens.svg/250px-Habitat-homo-sapiens.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Habitat-homo-sapiens.svg/375px-Habitat-homo-sapiens.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Habitat-homo-sapiens.svg/500px-Habitat-homo-sapiens.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="387" /></a></span><br /><small><div style="text-align:center"><b>智人</b>(<i>Homo sapiens</i>)範圍</div></small> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="pink"> <th><center>亞種</center> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0 .5em;"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%B7%E8%80%85%E6%99%BA%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="長者智人 (無呢版)">長者智人</a>(<i>Homo sapiens idaltu</i>)（滅絕）<br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:pink;"> <th><center><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E5%90%8D" title="異名">別名</a></center> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0 .5em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;"><small>Species synonymy</small><sup id="cite_ref-msw3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msw3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <ul class="NavContent" style="text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>aethiopicus</i><br /><small>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>americanus</i><br /><small>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>arabicus</i><br /><small>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>aurignacensis</i><br /><small>Klaatsch & Hauser, 1910</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>australasicus</i><br /><small>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>cafer</i><br /><small>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>capensis</i><br /><small>Broom, 1917</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>columbicus</i><br /><small>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>cro-magnonensis</i><br /><small>Gregory, 1921</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>drennani</i><br /><small>Kleinschmidt, 1931</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>eurafricanus</i><br /><small>(Sergi, 1911)</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>grimaldiensis</i><br /><small>Gregory, 1921</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>grimaldii</i><br /><small>Lapouge, 1906</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>hottentotus</i><br /><small>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>hyperboreus</i><br /><small>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>indicus</i><br /><small>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>japeticus</i><br /><small>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>melaninus</i><br /><small>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>monstrosus</i><br /><small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>neptunianus</i><br /><small>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>palestinus</i><br /><small>McCown & Keith, 1932</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>patagonus</i><br /><small>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>priscus</i><br /><small>Lapouge, 1899</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>proto-aethiopicus</i><br /><small>Giuffrida-Ruggeri, 1915</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>scythicus</i><br /><small>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>sinicus</i><br /><small>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>spelaeus</i><br /><small>Lapouge, 1899</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>troglodytes</i><br /><small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>wadjakensis</i><br /><small>Dubois, 1921</small> </li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>人</b>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<span class="plainlinks" style="display:inline-block"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/人/#yue"><span>jan<span class="Jpingtone">4</span></span></a></span>），或<b>人類</b>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<span class="plainlinks" style="display:inline-block"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/人/#yue"><span>jan<span class="Jpingtone">4</span> leoi<span class="Jpingtone">6</span></span></a></span>），可以從<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="精神 (無呢版)">精神</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a>各個層面來定義，或者係呢啲層面定義嘅結合。<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">生物學</a>上，人被分類為<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E7%B6%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="哺乳綱">哺乳綱</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E9%95%B7%E7%9B%AE" title="靈長目">靈長目</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%91" title="人科">人科</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B1%AC" title="人屬">人屬</a>智人種（學名為<b><i>Homo sapiens</i> Linnaeus</b>），擁有高度發展嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E8%85%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="頭腦">頭腦</a>，係屬於用兩隻腳來行嘅動物。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="精神 (無呢版)">精神</a>層面上，人被描述為能夠使用各種靈魂嘅概念，喺宗教入面呢啲<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E9%AD%82" title="靈魂">靈魂</a>被認為同神聖嘅力量或存在有關；而喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1%E5%AD%B8" title="神話學">神話學</a>入面，人嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E9%AD%82" title="靈魂">靈魂</a>亦會被攞來同其他人型動物作對比。<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="文化人類學">文化人類學</a>上，人被定義為識得用<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>、具有複雜嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="社會">社會</a>組織同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="科技">科技</a>發展，尤其係佢哋能夠建立團體同埋機構來達到互相支援同協助嘅目的。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">生物學</a>上人嘅學名係「<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E4%BA%BA" title="智人">智人</a></b>」（拉丁文 homo 係「人」，<b>sapiens</b> 即「聰明嘅」），同<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E7%8C%A9%E7%8C%A9" title="黑猩猩">黑猩猩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%8C%A9%E7%8C%A9" title="大猩猩">大猩猩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%A9%E7%8C%A9" class="mw-disambig" title="猩猩">猩猩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E8%87%82%E7%8C%BF" title="長臂猿">長臂猿</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E8%B6%BE%E7%8C%BF" title="合趾猿">合趾猿</a>同屬<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%91" title="人科">人科</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E9%95%B7%E7%9B%AE" title="靈長目">靈長目</a>動物<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。人類同其他<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E9%95%B7%E7%9B%AE" title="靈長目">靈長目</a>動物嘅唔同志在人類直立嘅身體、高度發展嘅大腦，以及由高度發展嘅大腦而來嘅推理同埋語言能力。 </p><p>行為學上來睇人類嘅特徵有：識得用<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>，具有多種複雜嘅互助性<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="社會">社會</a>組織，鍾意發展複雜嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="科技">科技</a>。呢啲行為學上嘅差異亦衍生出各<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a>唔同嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="信仰">信仰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E8%AA%AA" title="傳說">傳說</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%80%E5%BC%8F" title="儀式">儀式</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC%E8%A7%80" title="價值觀">價值觀</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84_(%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="規範 (社會學) (無呢版)">社會規範</a>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="概述"><span id=".E6.A6.82.E8.BF.B0"></span>概述</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 概述"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="Container" class="toccolours searchaux" 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background-color:#ffa500; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:34.92em; height:0.36000000000001em; margin-left:1em; width:9em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0.5em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.18em;"><small><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%B2%E5%B1%B1%E7%B4%8D%E5%8D%A1%E9%87%8C%E7%8C%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="仲山納卡里猿 (無呢版)">仲山納卡里猿</a></i></small></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffa500; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:32.04em; height:0.36em; margin-left:1em; width:9em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0.3em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.18em;"><small><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Ouranopithecus" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Ouranopithecus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouranopithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ouranopithecus (無呢版)">歐蘭猿属</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouranopithecus" class="extiw" title="en:Ouranopithecus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ouranopithecus</span></a></span>）</span></span></i></small></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffa500; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:24.84em; height:0.36em; margin-left:1em; width:9em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0.3em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.18em;"><small><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97%E6%B2%99%E8%B5%AB%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乍得沙赫人 (無呢版)">乍得沙赫人</a></i></small></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffa500; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:21.24em; height:0.36em; margin-left:1em; width:9em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-2em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.18em;"><small><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%96%E6%A0%B9%E5%8E%9F%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圖根原人 (無呢版)">圖根原人</a></i></small></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffa500; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:15.48em; height:0.36em; margin-left:1em; width:9em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-1em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.18em;"><small><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%8C%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地猿 (無呢版)">地猿</a></i></small></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffa500; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:4.32em; height:8.64em; margin-left:0em; width:10em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:3.14em; left:0.4em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-4.32em;"><small><i><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E5%8F%A4%E7%8C%BF" title="南方古猿">南方古猿</a></i></small></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffb732; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:5.4em; height:4.68em; margin-left:1em; width:9em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.56em; left:0.4em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-2.34em;"><i><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="能人">能人</a></b></i></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffc966; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0.126em; height:6.714em; margin-left:2em; width:8em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:0.14em; left:0.1em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-3.357em;"><i><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E7%AB%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="直立人">直立人</a></b></i></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffc966; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:4.32em; height:1.08em; margin-left:1em; width:1em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:0.0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.54em;"></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffdb99; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0.144em; height:2.016em; margin-left:1em; width:9em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.56em; left:0.4em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.008em;"><i><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="尼安德特人">尼安德特人</a></b></i></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffff00; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:0.702em; margin-left:2em; width:8em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:0.0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.351em;"><i><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F%E6%99%BA%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="晚期智人 (無呢版)">晚期智人</a></b></i></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffff00; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:0.126em; margin-left:0em; width:1em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:0.0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.063em;"></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffff00; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:0.144em; margin-left:1em; width:1em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:0.0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.072em;"></span></div></div></div><div id="Annotations" style="float:left; position:relative; width:8.25em"><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:36em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%AD%B7%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人類演化歷程 (無呢版)">人類演化歷程</a></div></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:32.4em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E4%BA%9E%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人亞科 (無呢版)">人亞科</a></div></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:25.2em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97%E6%B2%99%E8%B5%AB%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乍得沙赫人 (無呢版)">乍得沙赫人</a></small></div></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20.88em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><small style="font-size: .857em;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor#Current estimates" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor#Current estimates"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor (無呢版)">同大猩猩分別演化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor#Current_estimates" class="extiw" title="en:Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor#Current estimates</span></a></span>）</span></span></small></div></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:14.58em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line height:9pt"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_skeletal_changes_due_to_bipedalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism (無呢版)">最早雙足行走</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skeletal_changes_due_to_bipedalism" class="extiw" title="en:Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism</span></a></span>）</span></span></div></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:11.88em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="石器時代">石器時代</a></div></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:6.48em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><small style="font-size: .857em;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Early_hominin_expansions_out_of_Africa" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Early_hominin_expansions_out_of_Africa"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_hominin_expansions_out_of_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Early hominin expansions out of Africa (無呢版)">最早離開非洲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_hominin_expansions_out_of_Africa" class="extiw" title="en:Early hominin expansions out of Africa"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Early_hominin_expansions_out_of_Africa</span></a></span>）</span></span></small></div></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:5.4em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%B0%8D%E7%81%AB%E5%98%85%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="早期人類對火嘅使用 (無呢版)">最早用火</a></div></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:3.96em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><small style="font-size: .857em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="前人 (無呢版)">最早進入歐洲</a></small></div></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:2.844em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><small style="font-size: .857em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%B9%E9%A3%AA" title="烹飪">最早烹煮行為</a></small></div></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:1.8em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><small style="font-size: .857em;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%8D%E8%A3%9D" title="服裝">最早著裝行為</a></small></div></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0.9em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><small style="font-size: .857em;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Origin of speech#When did speech evolve?" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Origin of speech#When did speech evolve?"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_speech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Origin of speech (無呢版)">最早使用語言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_speech#When_did_speech_evolve?" class="extiw" title="en:Origin of speech"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Origin of speech#When did speech evolve?</span></a></span>）</span></span></small></div></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0.18em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><small style="font-size: .857em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="行為現代性 (無呢版)">現代人嘅出現</a></small></div></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-13em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><center><span style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="更新世">更<br />新<br />世</a></span></center></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:12.6em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-13em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><center><span style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="上新世">上<br />新<br />世</a></span></center></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:24.3em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-13em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><center><span style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="中新世">中<br />新<br />世</a></span></center></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:15.12em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-4.20em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; 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z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div></div></div><div id="Legend" class="toccolours" style="margin-left:3.1em; border-style:none; float:left; clear:both;"></div><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em; float:left; padding:0 auto; border-style:none; clear:both; text-align:center; width:20.5em">時間軸單位：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="地質年代">百萬年</a>。<br /><i><small>睇埋：<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%AD%B7%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:自然演化歷程 (無呢版)">{{自然演化歷程}}</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%AD%B7%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:生命演化歷程 (無呢版)">{{生命演化歷程}}</a></small></i></div></div> <p>「人類」呢個詞，即係我哋平時講嘅人，學名叫做智人或者智人亞種嘅動物嘅標準粵文名。Homo sapiens 嘅意思係「有智慧嘅人」。 </p><p>自古以來，好多人都覺得「人係萬物之靈」，即係話人喺精神上高人一等，所以人同其他動物，甚至所有生物都唔同。但係生物學上冇得咁分。有人話「人類嘅祖先係<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%A8%AE" title="馬騮">馬騮</a>」，但係生物學上認為，人係靈長目人科人屬嘅一種，冇實質證據證明人係由猴子進化成另一種生物，仲係被當做猿猴嘅一種。人被認為係非洲類人猿嘅一種，生物學上睇，同人最親近嘅就係其他大型類人猿。人同其他大型類人猿一齊組成人猿超科。 </p><p>咁如果單靠生物學嘅方法可唔可以分得清人同其他類人猿呢？現存嘅人同其他類人猿喺形態上都幾容易分得出，但係<a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a>嘅結構就好相似，而且早期猿人嘅化石都係介乎人同其他類人猿之間嘅形態，所以好難劃清界線。最後，我哋係用「直立行走」同「人類特有嘅文化」嚟區分人同其他類人猿。即係話，其實單靠生物學嘅方法同角度係唔夠，最後都要用埋其他嘅角度嚟區分。 </p><p>講到分類學上嘅位置，現代人類係歸類喺智人呢一類，但係智人呢一類除咗現代人類之外仲包括舊人類。所有現代人類都歸類喺呢一種（人類）入面。 </p><p>人類嘅好多身體特徵都係因為適應直立行走而產生嘅。 </p><p>因為直立行走，人類先可以支撐到比身體大好多嘅頭顱。結果就令到大腦發達，有咗好高嘅智力。加上雙手得閒咗，可以整同用工具，發展咗手勢語言同發聲語言，先至搞得出文化活動。 </p><p>人類分佈喺除咗南極洲同北極圈部分島嶼之外嘅全世界陸地，係分佈最廣嘅生物種類。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="特徵"><span id=".E7.89.B9.E5.BE.B5"></span>特徵</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 特徵"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>首先，我哋要講下人類同其他哺乳類同類人猿有咩分別。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="直立雙腳行走"><span id=".E7.9B.B4.E7.AB.8B.E9.9B.99.E8.85.B3.E8.A1.8C.E8.B5.B0"></span>直立雙腳行走</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 直立雙腳行走"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>喺而家仲生存嘅生物入面，得人類先至識得直立雙腳行走。雖然啲雀仔同袋鼠都識得用兩隻腳行路，有啲哺乳類都可以暫時企起身，但係淨係得人類先至可以由頭到腳筆直咁企起身。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="溝通能力"><span id=".E6.BA.9D.E9.80.9A.E8.83.BD.E5.8A.9B"></span>溝通能力</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 溝通能力"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>人類嘅腦同聲帶都好發達，除咗用身體語言之外，仲識得用聲音（即係講嘢）、手語同文字嚟溝通。 </p><p>科學家認為人類大概喺二十五萬年前或者更加早開始識得用聲音溝通。呢啲研究同形質人類學、語言學同考古學都有關係。人類天生就有學語言嘅能力，只要個腦嘅語言區冇受損，細個嗰陣就會好快學識講嘢。 </p><p>相比之下，文字就係最近先發明嘅嘢，大概係喺公元前3500年左右。而且直到最近一兩百年，因為有咗普及教育，先至有好多人學識讀寫。有啲文化，好似阿伊努族咁，以前係根本冇文字嘅。北美洲嘅易洛魁族就話佢哋係靠口耳相傳，將一萬年嘅歷史傳落嚟。所以，識唔識字呢樣嘢，每個人都唔同：有啲人細個就已經識讀識寫，但係有啲人就算大個仲係有讀寫障礙，呢種情況就叫做「讀寫障礙症」。 </p><p>講嘢同寫字呢兩樣嘢，隨住時代進步，都變得越嚟越複雜。有啲人可以跟得上，有啲人就跟唔上，咁就會造成溝通能力嘅差異。 </p><p>（如果想知道啲馬騮嘅溝通能力，可以睇下京都大學靈長類研究所嘅研究。） </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="總結"><span id=".E7.B8.BD.E7.B5.90"></span>總結</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 總結"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>講到尾，人類呢種動物嘅特徵同生態地位就係：「身形大」、「成群結隊」、「可以用中等速度行好遠」、「食多種類煮過嘅好嘢」、「識得用啲唔係自己身體一部分嘅嘢，例如掟嘢」。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="智能"><span id=".E6.99.BA.E8.83.BD"></span>智能</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 智能"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人類智能">人類智能</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%85%A6" title="人腦">人腦</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人類智能">人類智能</a>係指<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="人類">人類</a>展現嘅智能。 </p><p>喺已知嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>當中，人類出嗮名喺智能上表現出眾：人類曉做（第啲動物做唔到嘅）<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%A4%87%E9%9B%9C%E5%BA%A6" title="認知複雜度">複雜</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a>作業，而且具有<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="自我意識">自我意識</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；人類嘅智能令到佢哋能夠<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記住</a>事物嘅特性（有陣時甚至唔使直接見過嗰樣事物），並且喺未來運用呢啲<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a>達到自己嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84" title="目的">目的</a>，佢哋曉做複雜嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3" title="理解">理解</a>抽象嘅概念、做<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="邏輯">邏輯</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="推理">推理</a>、搵出環境當中嘅規律、作出<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="計劃">計劃</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%B1%BA%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="解決問題">解決問題</a>等等嘅認知功能，呢啲過程喺第啲動物身上都觀察得到，例如係<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%93" title="貓">貓</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%97" title="狗">狗</a>都好明顯識學習，但係人類可以靠佢哋嘅認知功能創造出一啲喺第啲動物當中睇唔到嘅嘢，例如係<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a>以及一啲大過自己身體好多嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="建築物">建築物</a>呀噉<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>喺人類當中，人與人之間喺一般智能因素上嘅差異可以用<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86" title="智商">智商</a>呢個指標嚟量度。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外表特徵"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E8.A1.A8.E7.89.B9.E5.BE.B5"></span>外表特徵</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 外表特徵"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_Body_02.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Human_Body_02.png/240px-Human_Body_02.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="459" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Human_Body_02.png/360px-Human_Body_02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Human_Body_02.png/480px-Human_Body_02.png 2x" data-file-width="5121" data-file-height="9791" /></a><figcaption>人類</figcaption></figure> <p>人類喺靈長目入面算係幾大隻。淨係大猩猩同紅毛猩猩先大過人類，但佢哋都係靈長目入面特別大隻嗰啲。講開又講，通常度動物嘅大細係由頭到屎忽（或者尾巴尾）嚟量，但係人類冇尾，所以通常就會量身高。咁樣量法同其他動物唔同，唔係咁好比較。 </p><p>一般嚟講，成年男性嘅身高大概喺160到180公分之間，體重就係50到90公斤左右。女性就細啲，通常比男性細10%左右。除咗同其他靈長目動物同類人猿有共同特徵之外，人類仲有以下獨特嘅特徵： </p> <ul><li>可以完全企直：個頭可以正正企喺兩隻腳掌中間嘅正上方。</li> <li>除咗BB同好細個嘅細路仔之外，基本上都係用兩隻腳行路。</li> <li>前肢嘅根部喺背脊嘅位置比較高。</li> <li>後腳比前肢（即係手）長，仲有腳踭。</li> <li>全身大部分嘅毛都好薄，皮膚基本上都係暴露出嚟。</li></ul> <p>而家我哋逐個部位講下： </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="頭部"><span id=".E9.A0.AD.E9.83.A8"></span>頭部</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 頭部"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>人類個頭頂好大又圓，因為大腦特別發達。人腦包括大腦、間腦、中腦、後腦、小腦同延髓。塊面差唔多係垂直，下巴有啲尖（下頦）。面上有兩隻眼、兩隻耳仔、一個鼻同一個口。頭頂同後腦有好多頭髮。除咗有頭髮嘅部分之外，其他位置都係光禿禿。不過男人面下部可能會有好多毛（鬍鬚）。眼眉上面有兩條橫嘅凸起，嗰度有好多毛（眉毛）。個鼻突出嚟，鼻孔向下開。嘴唇係啲黏膜翻轉出嚟。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="軀幹"><span id=".E8.BB.80.E5.B9.B9"></span>軀幹</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: 軀幹"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>因為人類係企直，所以背脊中間有啲凹，成個好似弓咁。胸同肚就突出少少。兩邊肩胛骨差唔多喺同一平面，令到背脊好平。胸腔入面有氣管支、肺同心臟。心臟通常喺左邊，如果喺右邊就叫做「內臟逆位」。心臟將血液泵到動脈同靜脈度。肚入面有胃、腸（大腸、小腸、十二指腸、直腸、盲腸）、肛門、肝、胰、脾、膀胱、尿道等器官。脊椎支撐成個軀幹，由骨盆承托。因為人類係企直，所以脊椎有啲彎曲，幫手分散上半身嘅重量。但係咁都唔夠分散晒，所以人類先會有腰痛呢啲問題。 </p><p>軀幹下面有生殖器。男嘅有睾丸同陰莖等，女嘅有卵巣、子宮同陰道等。女性仲有一對乳房。腰骨好闊，臀部有好多肌肉同脂肪，所以好圓（屁股）。屁股咁圓主要係因為要企直行路。不過女性嘅屁股比男性更加圓，呢個同乳房一樣係第二性徵。特別係女性嘅乳房，由青春期開始發育，即使唔係懷孕或者哺乳期都會保持隆起。呢個係人類獨有嘅特徵，可能係為咗性吸引，但係點解會進化成咁，仲有好多爭論。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="前肢"><span id=".E5.89.8D.E8.82.A2"></span>前肢</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 前肢"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>前肢叫做「手臂」，由手肘到手指尖嗰部分叫做「手」，唔會用嚟行路。如果要用四肢行路，就會用手掌着地，唔會好似黑猩猩咁用手背着地。 </p><p>肩關節好靈活，可以將手臂向上伸直，或者向兩側伸開，仲可以向後彎。姆指可以同手掌完全相對。手指好靈活，加上大腦發達，可以做到好精細嘅動作。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="後肢"><span id=".E5.BE.8C.E8.82.A2"></span>後肢</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=11" title="編輯小節: 後肢"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>後肢叫做「腳」，專門用嚟行路。膝頭可以完全伸直。膝頭因為要着地，所以比較厚。腳踭同腳尖形成一個拱形，中間嗰部分（腳弓）會有啲懸空。呢個設計可以吸收行路時嘅衝擊。有啲人嘅腳弓會好低，呢啲就叫做「扁平足」。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="體毛"><span id=".E9.AB.94.E6.AF.9B"></span>體毛</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=12" title="編輯小節: 體毛"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>人類成日俾人叫做「禿猴」。其實除咗手掌同腳掌之外，全身都有毛，不過大部分都好短好幼，所以睇得到皮膚。喺其他哺乳動物入面，淨係啲水生動物或者住喺洞入面嘅動物先會咁樣。人類唔係住喺水度，又唔係住喺洞度，所以點解會變到咁樣，仲有好多爭論。有幾個常見嘅理論： </p> <ul><li>可以減少外寄生蟲黐住，或者易啲捉到啲寄生蟲。</li> <li>可以更加容易散熱，令到耐力更強。</li> <li>係幼形持續（新生性）嘅結果。</li> <li>可以令到性接觸更加有效果。</li> <li>以前住過一段時間喺水度，所以變到咁（呢個理論話得頭髮冇浸到水所以先保留咗落嚟。可以參考「水猿理論」）。</li></ul> <p>雖然全身好似冇乜毛咁，但係有啲位置就會有好多毛。有啲毛係一世都有，有啲就係到咗性成熟先至生出嚟。雖然大致上有啲pattern，但係實際上每個人都唔同，男女有分別，唔同人種都有分別。 </p><p>有濃密毛髮嘅位置唔多，大概有以下幾個： </p> <ul><li>頭頂到後腦（頭髮）、眼眉上面（眉毛）、眼皮邊（眼睫毛）、鼻孔入面（鼻毛）：呢啲位置由細個開始就有好多毛，大個之後都會保持。特別係頭髮，會一路生，如果唔剪可以長到幾米長，但係大部分人都會剪短啲。年紀大咗之後頭髮會變薄。</li> <li>腋下（腋毛）、性器官上面同周圍到肛門周圍（陰毛）：呢啲都係到咗青春期先至會生出嚟。</li> <li>面上由鼻到下巴，耳仔到下巴（鬍鬚）、胸口中間（胸毛）、膝頭到腳踭（腳毛）：呢啲都係青春期先至會生，但係男性先至會明顯啲，女性就唔係咁明顯。就算係男性，生毛嘅程度都係因人而異，有啲人就好少。</li></ul> <p>另外，哺乳動物塊面通常都會有一種叫做「洞毛」嘅感覺器官，但係人類塊面就完全冇呢啲毛。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="內部結構"><span id=".E5.85.A7.E9.83.A8.E7.B5.90.E6.A7.8B"></span>內部結構</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=13" title="編輯小節: 內部結構"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%AB%94" title="人體">人體</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%97%E8%85%BA" title="汗腺">汗腺</a> - 係分泌汗水嘅腺體，除咗嘴唇同龜頭之外，全身都有。人類有兩種汗腺：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E6%B1%97%E8%85%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小汗腺 (無呢版)">小汗腺</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B1%97%E8%85%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大汗腺 (無呢版)">大汗腺</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6" title="腦">腦</a> - 大腦特別發達，如果同全身重量比較，係所有哺乳動物入面最大。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9D" title="肝">肝</a> - 係一個好大嘅代謝器官，負責合成身體需要嘅物質，將佢哋送去身體其他部位，仲要接收其他組織嘅廢物同有害物質，將佢哋變成無害嘅嘢。肝仲要分泌膽汁，同埋係產生體溫嘅主要器官。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%87%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="心臟">心臟</a> - 可以分為左右兩邊。右邊負責接收身體各部分嘅靜脈血，然後將血液送去肺。喺肺度交換完氣體嘅血液就會流入左邊心臟，再由左心室強力泵出去全身。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA" title="肺">肺</a> - 負責將我哋吸入嘅空氣同血液中嘅氧氣同二氧化碳交換。空氣同血液喺肺泡壁同血管內皮度接觸，氣體就會按照濃度差移動。即係話，氧氣會由空氣移去血液，二氧化碳就由血液移去空氣。咁樣，動脈血就會變得富含氧氣，而二氧化碳就會減少。肺仲有好多毛細血管，可以幫手過濾同代謝血液中嘅某啲物質。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B0" title="胰">胰</a> - 分為外分泌腺同內分泌腺。外分泌腺負責產生好多消化酵素，同胰管分泌嘅鹼性液體混合，形成胰液。內分泌腺就係所謂嘅胰島，負責分泌胰島素、升糖素、生長抑素同血管活性腸肽等。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%8E" title="腎">腎</a> - 負責過濾血液，將血球同大分子物質過濾出嚟，形成原尿，然後再吸收需要嘅物質，最後形成尿液。腎仲要負責調節體內嘅水分同電解質平衡，同埋分泌一啲重要嘅激素。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%83" title="胃">胃</a>（包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E9%81%93" title="食道">食道</a>） - 負責暫時儲存食物，同胃液混合。胃液雖然有消化酵素，但主要功能係將食物儲存，慢慢送去十二指腸。胃液好酸，可以防止細菌滋生。胃壁會分泌黏液，防止被胃酸損傷。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%85%B8" title="小腸">小腸</a> - 負責將食物分解到可以吸收嘅狀態，然後吸收。食物首先同胰液混合，粗略分解，然後喺小腸表面嘅微絨毛上嘅酵素進一步分解，最後吸收入細胞。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%B8" title="大腸">大腸</a> - 分為結腸同直腸。結腸負責吸收水分同電解質，形成大便。直腸就負責儲存大便，等待排便。每日大約有10公升嘅液體流入消化道，大部分都會喺小腸同結腸吸收返，最後排出嘅水分得200毫升左右。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%80%E8%83%B1" title="膀胱">膀胱</a> - 負責儲存尿液，等待排尿。陸地哺乳動物唔可以好似魚咁隨時隨地排尿，因為咁樣會容易畀捕食者發現，所以就進化出膀胱嚟儲存尿液。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%BD%E5%9B%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="膽囊">膽囊</a> - 負責儲存同濃縮肝臟產生嘅膽汁，需要嘅時候就排出嚟。膽汁喺肝細胞產生，經過膽管系統流入膽囊，喺度濃縮。當小腸分泌膽囊收縮素嘅時候，膽囊就會收縮，將濃縮咗嘅膽汁排出去十二指腸。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%8E%E4%B8%8A%E8%85%BA" title="腎上腺">腎上腺</a> - 分為皮質同髓質。皮質主要產生三種類固醇激素，髓質就產生兒茶酚胺。腎上腺皮質功能不全可以致命，顯示呢啲激素嘅重要性。腎上腺髓質主要產生腎上腺素，同交感神經系統一齊引發「逃跑同對抗」嘅反應。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%BE" title="脾">脾</a> - 可以當做一個大型嘅淋巴結嚟睇。脾負責處理舊嘅紅血球（壽命大約120日），仲要過濾同吞噬血液中嘅病原體。脾仲係適應性免疫反應嘅場所，所以有好多淋巴濾泡。其他哺乳動物嘅脾可以儲存血液，運動時收縮增加血液量，但係人類嘅脾就冇呢個功能。摘除脾臟對生命冇太大影響，但係如果細個就切咗嘅話，可能會令到免疫能力下降，容易感染細菌。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="身體能力"><span id=".E8.BA.AB.E9.AB.94.E8.83.BD.E5.8A.9B"></span>身體能力</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=14" title="編輯小節: 身體能力"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="人類嘅後肢"><span id=".E4.BA.BA.E9.A1.9E.E5.98.85.E5.BE.8C.E8.82.A2"></span>人類嘅後肢</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=15" title="編輯小節: 人類嘅後肢"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>人類同大部分哺乳類唔同，佢哋平時就企直咁企喺後肢度，移動嘅時候主要都係咁嘅姿勢，用兩隻腳交替行動，即係所謂嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B4%E7%AB%8B%E9%9B%99%E8%B6%B3%E8%A1%8C%E8%B5%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="直立雙足行走 (無呢版)">直立雙足行走</a>。慢慢行就叫做<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E8%B7%AF" title="行路">行路</a>，快啲嘅就叫<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%91%E6%AD%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="跑步">跑步</a>。人類嘅長途移動能力好高，如果有訓練嘅話，可以連續跑幾個鐘頭。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="人類嘅前肢"><span id=".E4.BA.BA.E9.A1.9E.E5.98.85.E5.89.8D.E8.82.A2"></span>人類嘅前肢</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=16" title="編輯小節: 人類嘅前肢"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>前肢主要用嚟執嘢、拉嘢、推嘢等等。因為咁，前肢嘅關節活動範圍好大。通常除咗<a href="/wiki/BB%E4%BB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="BB仔">嬰兒</a>時期之外，人類唔會用前肢嚟行路。就算係其他類人猿咁彎低身，人類雙手都唔會碰到地下。不過，喺爬陡斜或者爬懸崖嘅時候，都會用雙手，但係通常都係用嚟抓住啲嘢拉高自己，而唔係撐住個身。 </p><p>人類有啲好特別嘅能力，例如複雜嘅手指同手臂動作，可以整工具、用武器、仲有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%93%B2%E5%98%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="擲嘢 (無呢版)">擲嘢</a>。用手執嘢擲出去嘅能力，得少數猴子先有，但係人類嘅擲嘢能力特別勁，視乎個人，可以擲到150公里/小時嘅速度，距離可以超過幾十米。呢啲能力同工具同武器嘅進步互相促進，成為咗生活必需技能（<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%93%E7%8D%B5" title="打獵">打獵</a>）嘅基礎，仲可以用嚟同人打交、爭地盤，打仗，甚至發展成娛樂文化（<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="運動">運動</a>）嘅一部分。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="人類嘅體溫調節能力"><span id=".E4.BA.BA.E9.A1.9E.E5.98.85.E9.AB.94.E6.BA.AB.E8.AA.BF.E7.AF.80.E8.83.BD.E5.8A.9B"></span>人類嘅體溫調節能力</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=17" title="編輯小節: 人類嘅體溫調節能力"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>人類特別擅長適應高溫。全身都有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E5%88%86%E6%B3%8C%E6%B1%97%E8%85%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="外分泌汗腺 (無呢版)">外分泌汗腺</a>，只要飲夠水同電解質，就算喺高溫環境都可以做劇烈運動。喺哺乳動物入面，得人類同馬科等少數動物可以靠發達嘅外分泌汗腺嚟出汗，喺烈日下長跑。不過因為要靠出汗嚟應付高溫，所以人類喺又熱又濕嘅環境就冇咁頂得順。 </p><p>人類嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="脂肪組織">皮下脂肪</a>都幾發達，所以都可以適應啲凍嘅環境。但係人類冇其他哺乳動物咁多毛可以保暖，所以喺凍嘅環境要靠衫嚟保暖。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="人類嘅消化吸收能力"><span id=".E4.BA.BA.E9.A1.9E.E5.98.85.E6.B6.88.E5.8C.96.E5.90.B8.E6.94.B6.E8.83.BD.E5.8A.9B"></span>人類嘅消化吸收能力</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=18" title="編輯小節: 人類嘅消化吸收能力"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>人類嘅消化道好短，牙同下巴都唔夠力，所以消化吸收能力唔係咁好。其他動物成日見到嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%B1%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="食屎">食屎</a>行為，人類通常都唔會做，如果有人做嘅話，可能會畀人當成有性變態。一般嚟講，人類要煮熟啲嘢食先至食得，因為煮熟咗之後分子結構會變，可以更快消化吸收，攝取到更多卡路里。人類如果唔煮熟嘢食嘅話，可能連生存都有問題。相反，因為消化吸收快，所以食完嘢之後影響運動能力嘅時間都會短啲。 </p><p>仲有，人類嘅身體唔能夠自己製造<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%BB%96%E5%91%BDC" title="維他命C">維他命C</a>。雖然可以處理幾多鹽分，但係唔可以飲海水嚟生存。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="人類嘅游水能力"><span id=".E4.BA.BA.E9.A1.9E.E5.98.85.E6.B8.B8.E6.B0.B4.E8.83.BD.E5.8A.9B"></span>人類嘅游水能力</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=19" title="編輯小節: 人類嘅游水能力"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>大部分動物一出世就識游水，但係人類同大猩猩等少數靈長類就係例外，如果唔學嘅話就唔識游。不過如果有訓練嘅話，人類可以潛到20-30米深嘅水底，仲有人試過<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%BD%9B%E6%B0%B4" title="自由潛水">潛到200米深</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生老病死"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E8.80.81.E7.97.85.E6.AD.BB"></span>生老病死</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=20" title="編輯小節: 生老病死"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>同其他好多<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="哺乳類">哺乳類</a>一樣，人類係用<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="有性生殖">有性生殖</a>嘅方式<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%8E%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胎生 (無呢版)">胎生</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%B7%E5%AD%95" class="mw-redirect" title="懷孕">懷孕</a>期大約266日，出世嗰陣重差唔多2至4公斤左右。 </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E7%94%9F%E5%AC%B0%E5%85%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新生嬰兒 (無呢版)">新生嬰兒</a>同其他靈長目動物比較，係極之脆弱。一般馬騮出世之後就可以即刻爬上阿媽身，但人類BB出世嗰陣連眼都未睇得清，連抬頭都做唔到（頸骨未定）。有人話呢個係因為人類進化做<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B4%E7%AB%8B%E8%A1%8C%E8%B5%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="直立行走 (無呢版)">直立行走</a>，令到<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%86%E9%AA%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="盆骨">盆骨</a>變細咗，所以要提早出世。不過，亦有人發現新生嬰兒出世之後幾日內其實有足夠嘅握力可以支撐自己嘅體重（呢個能力幾日之後就會冇咗），仲有BB出世之前其實都有好多體毛，之後先會脫落。所以都有人話，人類BB嘅「無毛同無助」嘅特性可能係後天發展出嚟。 </p><p>大概兩年大嘅時候，BB就會開始爬行、企立行走，仲有講嘢。視乎營養狀況，喺10至20歲之間（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%9C%9F" title="青春期">青春期</a>）會性成熟。身體嘅生長會喺呢段時間前後完成。 </p><p>大概12至15歲左右會有生殖能力。雖然有啲人11歲之前就有生殖能力，但如果係女仔嘅話，因為身體仲未發育完成，懷孕會有好大風險。視乎個人成長嘅文化背景，男女都會喺15歲之後開始對生殖活躍起嚟，一直到40歲左右都係最旺盛嘅時期。男性嘅生殖能力會慢慢下降，有啲人到老年都仲有生殖能力，有啲人喺50幾歲就冇咗，個人差異好大。相比之下，女性通常會喺50至55歲左右<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%9C%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="停經 (無呢版)">停經</a>，之後就冇生殖能力。 </p><p>隨住年紀增長，身體會出現骨骼收縮、肌肉無力、脊骨前傾、頭髮代謝減慢（俗稱「白髮」同「禿頭」）等變化，但呢啲變化每個人都唔同。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="多產多死"><span id=".E5.A4.9A.E7.94.A2.E5.A4.9A.E6.AD.BB"></span>多產多死</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=21" title="編輯小節: 多產多死"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>人類係靈長目動物入面最多產嘅。 </p><p>從生物學嘅角度嚟講，一個女性喺佢一生人可以生最多大約15個仔女，而且雙胞胎、三胞胎等<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E8%83%9E%E8%83%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多胞胎 (無呢版)">多胞胎</a>嘅情況都幾常見（其他靈長類動物就好少見到雙胞胎或三胞胎）。 </p><p>而家，經濟越發達嘅社會反而生得越少，相反，發展中國家同戰亂時期就會生得多啲。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="工業革命">工業革命</a>之前嘅社會係多產多死，媽媽同BB都有好高嘅死亡風險。但係醫療嘅進步、農業技術嘅改良、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="公共衛生">公共衛生</a>嘅普及等因素，令到由<a href="/wiki/19%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="19世紀">19世紀</a>尾開始，人類嘅數量大幅增加。（ → 詳情請參考「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人口爆炸 (無呢版)">人口爆炸</a>」一文） </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="壽命"><span id=".E5.A3.BD.E5.91.BD"></span>壽命</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=22" title="編輯小節: 壽命"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_world_map.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Life_expectancy_world_map.PNG/300px-Life_expectancy_world_map.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Life_expectancy_world_map.PNG/450px-Life_expectancy_world_map.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Life_expectancy_world_map.PNG/600px-Life_expectancy_world_map.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2638" data-file-height="1196" /></a><figcaption>人類嘅平均壽命 <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3;"> <span style="color:#BE0000">◆ </span><small style="font-size: .857em;">50歲以下</small><br /> <span style="color:#FD0100">◆ </span><small style="font-size: .857em;">50歲以上</small><br /> <span style="color:#FF7E02">◆ </span><small style="font-size: .857em;">60歲以上</small><br /> <span style="color:#FDFF01">◆ </span><small style="font-size: .857em;">70歲以上</small><br /> <span style="color:#2AC225">◆ </span><small style="font-size: .857em;">75歲以上</small><br /> <span style="color:#027302">◆ </span><small style="font-size: .857em;">80歲以上</small> </div></figcaption></figure> <p>喺理想嘅環境（即適合人類長壽而無任何影響壽命嘅因素嘅情況）下，人類嘅最長壽命大概係120歲左右（已知最長壽命係122歲）。不過，實際上因為多種原因，壽命會比呢個數字短。女性通常平均壽命比男性長5至10年。過去人類嘅平均壽命較短，約係35至50年。而家，喺營養條件差嘅地方（主要係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%8C%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="後發展中國家 (無呢版)">後發展中國家</a>同未開化社會），平均壽命仲係大概35至50年。 </p><p>另外，人類喺過咗生殖年齡之後，生理壽命依然好長。根據2013年數據，<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>係平均壽命最長嘅國家，女性嘅平均壽命係86.61歲，男性則係80.21歲<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。正如右邊圖表所見，不同地區嘅平均壽命差異巨大，原因之一係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AC%B0%E5%85%92%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E7%8E%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="嬰兒死亡率 (無呢版)">嬰兒死亡率</a>嘅差異（ → 詳細請參閱「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A3%BD%E5%91%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="壽命 (無呢版)">壽命（人類嘅情況）</a>」）。 </p><p>關於生殖期之後壽命長嘅原因，有幾個理論。好似「祖母假說」，呢個理論認為祖母基於佢嘅經驗幫助女兒照顧孫仔，從而大大提高咗成功養育下一代嘅機會（ → 詳細請參閱「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%96%E6%AF%8D%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="祖母假說 (無呢版)">祖母假說</a>」）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="習性"><span id=".E7.BF.92.E6.80.A7"></span>習性</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=23" title="編輯小節: 習性"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>人類嘅習性，因為高度發達嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>同埋群體之間嘅資訊傳遞，同其他動物有好大嘅分別<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:%E8%A6%81%E5%87%BA%E5%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:要出典 (無呢版)">Template:要出典</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="同文化嘅關係"><span id=".E5.90.8C.E6.96.87.E5.8C.96.E5.98.85.E9.97.9C.E4.BF.82"></span>同文化嘅關係</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=24" title="編輯小節: 同文化嘅關係"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一般嚟講，動物嘅行為同習性可以分為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%AC%E8%83%BD%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="本能行為 (無呢版)">本能行為</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="學習行為 (無呢版)">學習行為</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="智能行為 (無呢版)">智能行為</a>三種。本能行為係由<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a>決定，天生就有嘅，喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%86%E8%9F%B2" title="昆蟲">昆蟲</a>等生物身上特別常見。學習行為係每個個體透過經驗後天學到嘅。智能行為同學習行為差唔多，但係係根據學習嘅基礎上，喺新嘅情況下，透過推測等判斷而產生嘅行為。人類嘅本能行為好少，主要係學習行為同智能行為比較發達。 </p><p>不過，如果話人類嘅實際行為都係由呢啲決定嘅，咁又未必。日常生活見到嘅行為，好多都唔係個人從經驗獲得，或者透過推測判斷出嚟嘅，而係由佢所屬嘅群體代代相傳嘅。每個人都係透過模仿父母或者身邊嘅人，或者被主動指導而學識呢啲行為。呢啲行為好難歸類，但有人會用廣義嘅「<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a>」嚟形容。一般嚟講，文化指嘅係<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="藝術">藝術</a>、技術，或者社會性嘅嘢，但係如果只係睇佢哋發展同傳播嘅形式，其實都係差唔多嘅。 </p><p>如果用呢種廣義嘅文化嚟睇，就連猴子等動物都有啲相似嘅嘢。不過，人類嘅情況就同其他動物好唔同，文化決定嘅部分比重大得多。喺地理上相近嘅群體之間，文化內容都有一定程度嘅共通性。呢啲群體我哋叫做<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="民族">民族</a>，但係喺民族入面，有時候仲會有啲比較唔同嘅小群體。另外，喺歷史嘅發展過程中，有時候會有好多唔同嘅民族混埋一齊，形成一個大型嘅社會，呢啲情況就更加複雜。無論點樣，每個民族都有佢哋自己獨特嘅文化，連用嚟傳遞資訊同意思嘅語言同埋身體語言都唔同，有時候甚至會令到溝通變得好困難。文化對人類嘅影響實在太深太廣，所以好多時候都好難判斷邊啲係文化嘅影響。好似<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%88%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="性別">性別</a>理論就係一個例子。 </p><p>不過另一方面，好多文化上嘅分別其實都係程度上或者表面上嘅<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，或者係為咗強調自己嘅群體（我哋）同其他群體（佢哋）嘅分別<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，用嚟誇耀自己嘅優越性，加強團結嘅宣傳<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。如果再深入啲去睇人類社會，其實會發現好多明顯嘅共通特徵。可以參考<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%85%B1%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人類共性 (無呢版)">人類共性</a>。 </p><p>以下我哋會講解人類習性嘅一啲大概項目，盡量唔會涉及因文化差異而唔同嘅部分。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="食性"><span id=".E9.A3.9F.E6.80.A7"></span>食性</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=25" title="編輯小節: 食性"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>人類係一種<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E9%A3%9F%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="雜食性">雜食性</a>動物，可以食植物嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89" title="葉">葉</a>、莖、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9" title="根">根</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="種子">種子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E5%AF%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="果實">果實</a>等<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E6%80%A7%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物性食物 (無呢版)">植物性食物</a>，陸地脊椎動物、無脊椎動物、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E9%A1%9E" title="魚類">魚類</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%89%E9%A3%9F" title="肉食">肉食</a>。同大部分猴子相比，人類唔單止可以捕捉昆蟲等小動物，仲可以用群體<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%A9%E7%8D%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="狩獵">狩獵</a>嘅方式捕捉大型哺乳動物同雀仔，捕捉魚類同海洋哺乳動物嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%81%E6%A5%AD" title="漁業">漁業</a>，甚至自己<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%9C%E7%89%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="畜牧">畜牧</a>動物。喺利用動物性食物呢方面，人類同其他猴子比起上嚟有好大嘅優勢。呢個優勢主要係因為人類有高智能同文化知識積累。 </p><p>一般嚟講，人類鍾意食含有豐富<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="脂肪">脂肪</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA" title="蛋白質">蛋白質</a>嘅肉，同埋含有豐富<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%B0%B4%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="碳水化合物">糖</a>嘅甜嘢<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2002247_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2002247-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。有人話人類鍾意食肉係因為肉食促進咗大腦嘅發展。至於鍾意食甜嘢，有人話係因為人類嘅祖先以前主要食果實。人類通常會喺食物入面加<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BD" title="鹽">鹽</a>，因為人類比其他動物流更多汗，所以需要攝取大量鹽分。食<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%8C%E9%A1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菌類 (無呢版)">菌類</a>嘅習慣喺好多地方都有，而喺東亞為主嘅地方，仲會好鍾意食<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%BB%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="藻類">藻類</a>。講到肉食，最普遍嘅係食陸地脊椎動物同<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E9%A1%9E" title="魚類">魚類</a>（包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B0%B4%E9%AD%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="海水魚">海水魚</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A1%E6%B0%B4%E9%AD%9A" title="淡水魚">淡水魚</a>），而住喺沿海或者島嶼嘅人仲會鍾意食海產嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E9%AB%94%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="軟體動物">軟體動物</a>（例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D" class="mw-disambig" title="貝">貝</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A0%AD%E8%B6%B3%E9%A1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="頭足類 (無呢版)">頭足類</a>）同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E6%AE%BB%E9%A1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="甲殻類 (無呢版)">甲殻類</a>。以前<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A3%9F%E7%94%A8%E6%98%86%E8%9F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="食用昆蟲 (無呢版)">食用昆蟲</a>喺好多地方都幾普遍，但而家除咗少數地方之外都唔係咁普遍。不過，因為人口急速增加，導致全球<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E4%BD%9C%E7%89%A9" title="農作物">農作物</a>嘅營養減少，所以而家開始有人重新注意到昆蟲作為蛋白質來源嘅價值。 </p><p>雖然具體幾時開始仲有爭議，但大約係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%80%E5%BE%8C%E5%86%B0%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="最後冰期 (無呢版)">最後冰期</a>開始，人類就唔再單靠採集野生食物，而係開始自己種植食物，即係<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E8%80%95" class="mw-redirect" title="農耕">農耕</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%9C%E7%89%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="畜牧">畜牧</a>。呢個做法喺好多地方都出現過，每個地方都發展出適合當地嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD" title="農業">農業</a>方式。而家我哋大部分嘅食物都係靠農業生產。透過畜牧業嘅發展，人類開始可以飲用其他哺乳動物嘅奶。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%B9%E9%A3%AA" title="烹飪">烹飪</a>技術一開始大大擴闊咗人類可以食嘅嘢嘅範圍。例如人類本身唔能夠消化<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%99%B6" title="結晶">結晶</a>狀態嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B1%E7%B2%89" title="澱粉">澱粉</a>，但係透過加熱烹調，就可以破壞結晶結構，令到原本冇辦法食用嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" title="小麥">小麥</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="米">米</a>變得可以食用。之後，烹飪慢慢發展成為一種文化，唔再單單係為咗解決溫飽。 </p><p>人類作為動物嚟講有一個好特別嘅食性，就係鍾意飲<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%86%87" title="乙醇">乙醇</a>。乙醇雖然係一種好嘅熱量來源，但同時都有強烈嘅毒性，可以麻醉中樞神經（即係醉酒嘅感覺）。但係人類反而鍾意呢種麻醉感覺。不過，對乙醇嘅喜好程度因人而異，有啲人唔太鍾意，有啲人甚至會討厭。而且喺東亞人當中，有啲人因為基因嘅關係冇<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%86%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="乙醛">乙醛</a>分解酵素，所以飲唔到酒。 </p><p>另一方面，因為環境或者群體嘅主動選擇，有啲人會限制自己食嘅嘢。例如住喺北極地區嘅人主要食魚類同海洋哺乳動物嘅肉，好少食植物（因為冇植物可以食）。有啲人因為道德原因而唔食肉，淨係食植物。有啲宗教或者文化群體會禁止食某啲動物嘅肉。另外都有啲人因為自己嘅喜好而限制自己食嘅嘢，呢啲我哋叫做偏食，通常會被視為偏離群體規範嘅行為。 </p><p>有啲人會鍾意食一啲喺營養上冇乜必要嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%97%9C%E5%A5%BD%E5%93%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="嗜好品 (無呢版)">嗜好品</a>，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%96%E5%95%A1" title="咖啡">咖啡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%B6" title="茶">茶</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%99" title="煙">煙</a>等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="使用住所"><span id=".E4.BD.BF.E7.94.A8.E4.BD.8F.E6.89.80"></span>使用住所</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=26" title="編輯小節: 使用住所"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>人類好耐之前就已經識得搭建簡單嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AA%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="窩 (無呢版)">窩</a>。例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E4%BA%BA" title="北京人">北京人</a>就住喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%B4%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="山洞">山洞</a>入口附近，仲會長期保持火種。另外都有用動物嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8" title="骨">骨</a>同皮造嘅類似<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B3%E7%AF%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="帳篷">帳篷</a>嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%8F%E6%89%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="住所 (無呢版)">住所</a>。總之，佢哋都會搵個有<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%8B%E9%A0%82" title="屋頂">屋頂</a>嘅地方，或者自己整一個出嚟。呢啲就係所謂嘅屋或者住所嘅開始。不過，搭窩嘅習性唔係淨係人類先有，其他動物都會。人類嘅住所最特別嘅地方係，因為人類可以住喺好多唔同嘅地方，所以會因應唔同嘅環境整出唔同種類嘅住所。同其他動物比較，人類可以整到更加複雜嘅住所，而且會不斷改良整屋嘅技術，呢啲都係人類嘅特點。不過呢啲特點主要係因為人類聰明同識用工具，唔單止喺整屋嘅時候先見到。同其他動物最大嘅分別係，其他動物通常淨係會整自己住嘅地方，但係人類會整好多唔同種類嘅人工建築。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="衣物嘅使用"><span id=".E8.A1.A3.E7.89.A9.E5.98.85.E4.BD.BF.E7.94.A8"></span>衣物嘅使用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=27" title="編輯小節: 衣物嘅使用"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>用嘢遮住身體，喺大部分生境嘅人類中都係普遍嘅現象。呢啲嘢就係所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A3%E6%9C%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="衣服">衣服</a>。對於衣服嘅發展，有啲人認為係因為人類冇毛，所以發展咗衣物；但亦有人認為，衣物嘅出現先至導致人類身體冇咁多毛。不過，可以推測呢個習慣係好早以前開始，因為衣服上面有<a href="/wiki/%E8%9D%A8" title="蝨">蝨</a>，同頭髮上面嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A0%AD%E8%9D%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="頭蝨 (無呢版)">頭蝨</a>，佢哋之間喺亞種層面上已經產生咗<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%AE%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="種化 (無呢版)">種化</a>。 </p><p>人類可以根據氣溫嘅變化嚟換唔同嘅衣物，透過呢個習慣調節體溫。呢種習性，再加上發達嘅出汗功能同埋溫度穩定嘅住屋，令到人類能夠全年活動同適應唔同嘅氣候。 </p><p>遠古時代，人類係用動物嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E7%9A%AE" title="毛皮">毛皮</a>或者植物，可能係完全無加工或者稍微處理過嚟包住身體。後來，人類開始生產同加工纖維，轉向用<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83" title="布">布</a>料嚟做衣物。 </p><p>著喺身上嘅嘢，可以有保護身體嘅目的，又或者係純粹為咗<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%9D%E9%A3%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="裝飾">裝飾</a>。好多時兩者係兼有嘅。最基本嘅保護目的係遮住腰部，同埋隱藏生殖器官。至於裝飾，通常係纏喺手腕、頸部等細嘅部位上。除此之外，仲有直接喺身體上畫圖案或者字（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8B%E8%BA%AB" title="紋身">紋身</a>），又或者穿洞（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BF%E7%92%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="穿環 (無呢版)">穿環</a>）等等，都喺好多民族中見到。而喺頭髮上突出嘅裝飾，亦喺好多民族中好常見。 </p><p>雖然好少見，但係都有啲所謂嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A3%B8%E6%97%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="裸族 (無呢版)">裸族</a>，佢哋習慣唔著任何嘢。不過，完全唔著任何嘢嘅情況幾乎冇，通常裸族嘅男性至少會戴上<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%B0%E8%8E%96%E5%A5%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="陰莖套 (無呢版)">陰莖套</a>。另外，亦有啲所謂嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A3%B8%E9%AB%94%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="裸體主義者 (無呢版)">裸體主義者</a>，佢哋選擇完全唔著衫，不過呢啲情況都係局限喺特定嘅範圍或者時間。 </p><p>著衣物成為常態嘅人類，通常會對自己唔著衫、將身體暴露喺其他人面前感到唔好意思（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%9E%E6%81%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="羞恥">羞恥</a>）。特別係對於生殖器同臀部嘅暴露，係大部分人都覺得尷尬。不過，對於邊啲部位嘅暴露係會感到羞恥，唔同地區可能會有差異。除咗自己唔鍾意暴露之外，其他人見到暴露嘅情況都會有嫌惡感。所以，喺好多社會入面，係有規範要求人哋一定要遮住特定嘅身體部位。不過亦有啲人特登打破呢啲規範，喺暴露中得到快感。呢種快感可以係自己暴露，又可以係見到其他人暴露。由於交配嘅時候必須暴露生殖器，所以脫衣嘅解放感同快感同性興奮緊密相關，呢個亦導致咗近代社會性文化嘅發展，例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%AB%E8%A1%A3%E8%88%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="脫衣舞">脫衣舞</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%B2%E6%83%85%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="色情作品 (無呢版)">色情作品</a>等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="工具嘅使用"><span id=".E5.B7.A5.E5.85.B7.E5.98.85.E4.BD.BF.E7.94.A8"></span>工具嘅使用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=28" title="編輯小節: 工具嘅使用"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>包括前面提到嘅衣物喺內，人類會利用同加工唔同嘅物件嚟生活，廣義上講，呢個係人類嘅一大特徵。除咗人類之外，少數動物如一啲猿猴同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%8D%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="海獺">海獺</a>都會用工具，不過呢啲例子係相當罕見。 </p> <ol><li>用工具嚟製造其他工具，所謂二次工具嘅使用，係人類獨有嘅行為。而為咗戰鬥目的而製造同使用嘅工具（武具或者武器），都係人類特有嘅。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB" title="火">火</a>嘅使用係人類文化發展嘅一個重要元素。不過，點解淨係人類學識使用火，呢個有唔同嘅解釋。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A3%E5%90%8C%E6%89%8B%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="口同手聯合假說 (無呢版)">口同手聯合假說</a>認為，為咗搬運工具同食物，人類學識用雙手拿住物件嚟行路，最終演變成直立行走<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生殖同埋湊仔"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E6.AE.96.E5.90.8C.E5.9F.8B.E6.B9.8A.E4.BB.94"></span>生殖同埋湊仔</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=29" title="編輯小節: 生殖同埋湊仔"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="正規嘅配偶關係"><span id=".E6.AD.A3.E8.A6.8F.E5.98.85.E9.85.8D.E5.81.B6.E9.97.9C.E4.BF.82"></span>正規嘅配偶關係</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=30" title="編輯小節: 正規嘅配偶關係"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>人類嘅性活動好活躍。佢哋幾乎成年都可以有性行為，同其他動物唔同，冇固定嘅生產期。 </p><p>男人普遍比女人有更強烈嘅性嫉妒心，對伴侶同其他男人發生關係會好敏感，因為咁會威脅到佢哋對女性嘅性<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%AF%E9%85%8D%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="支配權 (無呢版)">支配權</a>。呢樣嘢同之後講嘅人類生殖同湊仔嘅規範形成有密切關係。 </p><p>男人揀性吸引嘅女性嘅標準因文化、時代同個人而異，但平均嚟講都有啲普遍性。一般嚟講，男人鍾意胸部發育到一定程度，同埋屁股比腰更突出嘅女性。呢樣嘢可能係因為直立行走令到其他個體難以直接睇到女性生殖器，所以進化出呢啲替代嘅性吸引方式。 </p><p>男女之間嘅性交受孕機率唔係特別高，同一對伴侶通常會重複幾次。所以人類嘅性行為唔單止為咗受孕，仲透過性快感增進彼此親密感，呢樣都係重要目的。而家科技發達，可以用工具或食<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5" title="藥">藥</a>避孕，純粹為咗快感而進行性行為嘅情況都好多。特定嘅男女伴侶關係可以維持一段時間，但長短各有不同。 </p><p>呢啲關係如果以一定形式維持，就叫做婚姻或結婚。為咗喺群體入面公開承認，唔同文化都有唔同儀式。同性之間都會有類似關係，但喺好多文化入面同異性關係嘅待遇都唔同。 </p><p>不過呢啲都有例外，例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E5%BC%8F%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="開放式婚姻 (無呢版)">開放式婚姻</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6" title="一夫多妻制">一夫多妻制</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%A3%E6%B7%AB" title="賣淫">賣淫</a>等。 </p><p>動物社會嘅結構同佢哋嘅生殖同性行為有密切關係，所以好多人都討論人類本來應該係點樣嘅配偶關係。睇真實嘅人類社會，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="一夫一妻制">一夫一妻制</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB" title="同性婚姻">同性婚姻</a>、一夫多妻制、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="一妻多夫制 (無呢版)">一妻多夫制</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多夫多妻制 (無呢版)">多夫多妻制</a>，甚至少量嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%82%E4%BA%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亂交 (無呢版)">亂交</a>或後宮制都有例子。但人類唔似玻努猴咁亂交，亦都唔似大猩猩咁普遍有後宮制。同一社會入面，唔同階層有唔同形式都唔罕見。 </p><p>一般嚟講，人類嘅男女性結合以一夫一妻制為基礎，大部分個體都係咁。但男人傾向想同多個女人發生關係，而且人類社會基本上以男性為主導，所以對男性嘅性慾望比女性嘅寬容得多。雖然咁，一夫一妻制仍然係主流，原因有兩個：第一，人類嘅男女比例大約係一比一；第二，人類男性比起近親種更積極參與湊仔，承擔大部分資源成本。如果資源唔夠但仲要一夫多妻，就可能湊唔起仔女，大家一齊玩完。 </p><p>所以喺人類原始嘅狩獵採集生活入面，財富積累相對少嘅社會，最多就係少數有勢力嘅男人可以控制兩三個女人。但喺財富積累大嘅社會，高地位嘅男人可以控制更多女人，最高層嘅男人甚至可以接近純粹嘅後宮制。一夫多妻制嘅處理方法因文化而異，但能夠用到呢個制度嘅男人喺整個社會男性人口入面都係極少數。 </p><p>相反，社會入面地位低嘅男人為咗攞到最低限度嘅交配機會，可能會幾個男人共享一個女人嘅性資源。如果幾個男人同一個女人嘅結合係持久嘅性伴侶關係，就叫做一妻多夫制，但呢個比起一夫多妻制更加罕見。通常嘅情況係幾個男人輪流同一個女人發生關係，呢個就叫做賣淫。賣淫嘅性行為通常唔係為咗生殖（大多數會避孕），正常嚟講係男人畀錢女人，但極少數情況下都有女人畀錢男人嘅。因為人類男性好重視對女性嘅性支配權，一般嚟講賣淫嘅女性比起專一嘅女性會受到較低評價，而靠賣淫獲得性機會嘅男性都唔會太尊重賣淫嘅女性。賣淫喺人類嘅近親種<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%BB%E5%8A%AA%E7%8C%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="玻努猴 (無呢版)">玻努猴</a>都有見到。 </p><p>男人會用呢啲方式搵性機會嘅原因之一係，喺而家嘅人類社群入面，未曾有過性經驗嘅男人會被叫做<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%95%E7%94%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="處男">處男</a>，相比<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E8%99%95%E7%94%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非處男 (無呢版)">非處男</a>會被視為社會地位較低。不過有啲文化會將賣淫視為不道德，喺呢啲社群入面，有過賣淫經驗嘅男人可能比處男評價更低。 </p><p>有啲情況睇起上嚟好似亂交，但其實唔係亂嚟嘅。例如，因紐特人將妻子借畀客人，或者日本農村嘅夜襲同歌垣（節日時嘅亂交），呢啲都只局限喺特定社群入面，而且有嚴格嘅規定同互惠制度。呢啲制度嘅性自由都係建基於男性對女性嘅性資源支配權，以男性為中心，女性意願只係次要考慮。夜襲方面，只要想獲得該女性性資源支配權嘅男性同擁有該女性性資源保護權嘅男性（通常係父親或兄長）達成共識，就算該女性唔願意都可以進行。因紐特人借妻子嘅做法都係丈夫將妻子嘅性資源使用權暫時借畀其他男人，以表示善意或款待，妻子嘅意願都係次要。以前人類社會嘅強迫婚姻都係呢種將女性意願視為次要嘅性資源所有權交易嘅結果。 </p><p>可以肯定嘅係，呢啲形式或者佢哋嘅某種組合喺人類社會中確實存在，而且每種情況入面都可能有好多例外同偏差。 </p><p>不過，總括嚟講，人類嘅配偶關係一般趨勢係以一夫一妻為主，但容許有權勢嘅男性實行有限度嘅一夫多妻制，同時輔以亂交、一妻多夫制或者賣淫等。從生物學角度嚟睇，人類男性雖然冇近親種咁誇張，但都比女性體型大，呢點都可以推斷到呢個<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%A8%E5%8B%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="趨勢 (無呢版)">趨勢</a>。 </p><p>雖然個體差異好大，但一般嚟講，人類男性會傾向揀冇同其他男性發生過關係嘅女性（處女）做性伴侶，假設其他條件都一樣嘅話。因此，有啲社會會歧視失去處女身份嘅女性。仲有，男性就算年紀大咗都鍾意揀性吸引力高嘅女性做性伴侶，有時仲會因為咁而搞彎咗原有嘅伴侶關係。 </p><p>20世紀後期開始，有啲文化運動想糾正呢啲男女差別，建立男女平等嘅性關係，仲要統一成一夫一妻制，但仲未完全成功。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="非正規嘅配偶關係"><span id=".E9.9D.9E.E6.AD.A3.E8.A6.8F.E5.98.85.E9.85.8D.E5.81.B6.E9.97.9C.E4.BF.82"></span>非正規嘅配偶關係</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=31" title="編輯小節: 非正規嘅配偶關係"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>喺人類社會入面，如果一個男人冇經過正當程序就同社會入面嘅女性發生性行為，就會被視為侵犯咗擁有或者保護該女性性資源權嘅男性嘅權利，會受到社會制裁。呢個叫做<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%9A%E5%A4%96%E6%80%A7%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婚外性行為 (無呢版)">婚外性行為</a>，通姦就係一個例子。 </p> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E5%98%85%E6%80%A7%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戰爭時期嘅性暴力 (無呢版)">戰爭時期嘅性暴力</a></div> <p>特別係喺打仗嗰陣，由<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E7%94%9F" class="mw-disambig" title="後生">後生</a>成熟男性組成嘅戰鬥集團（士兵）經常會強姦敵方集團嘅女性，而且呢種行為仲會被視為戰爭入面男性<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%A3%E6%A6%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氣概 (無呢版)">氣概</a>嘅一種表現。呢個係因為人類有「我哋同佢哋」呢個標準，喺道德上會將「我哋」放喺「佢哋」之上。所以，就算對方社會入面嘅女性有男性保護，喺戰鬥集團所屬嘅社會入面都會被視為冇價值，而且對女性意願嘅考慮更加少，因此認為可以自由行使對呢啲女性嘅性資源支配權。不過，戰爭完結之後如果敵方集團被併入我方集團，由「佢哋」變成「我哋」嘅話，高級軍官都會發出命令，要求士兵喺一定程度上克制強姦行為。集團之間嘅衝突中發生嘅強姦同屠殺行為，喺黑猩猩身上都見到雛形。 </p> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%A7%A6" title="強姦">強姦</a></div> <p>強姦呢種違背女性意願嘅性行為，包含咗男性性慾望嘅發洩同對女性嘅威嚇兩個方面。被強姦嘅女性年齡範圍好闊，特別係戰爭時期由細路到老人都有，但係大部分都係性成熟嘅十幾廿歲女性。對於冇受到「我哋」集團成熟男性保護嘅女性，人類社會嘅傳統規範普遍會默許或者認可對佢哋嘅強姦，而且實際上呢種強姦都係最多。有啲學者仲指出呢種強姦喺進化上係<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A9%E6%87%89%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="適應性">適應性</a>嘅。 </p> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%88%80" title="同性戀">同性戀</a></div> <p>另外，同性戀（基；homosexual）作為一種冇得生殖嘅性關係，喺生物學上特別係高等哺乳類動物中廣泛存在。喺人類入面，有調查顯示大約6%嘅人口有同性戀傾向（Wellings.1994 英國）。不過呢個數字計埋<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E6%80%A7%E6%88%80" class="mw-redirect" title="雙性戀">雙性戀</a>（bisexual）同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A9%9F%E6%9C%83%E6%80%A7%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%88%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="機會性同性戀 (無呢版)">機會性同性戀</a>。而且呢個比例受社會文化影響好大，其他調查結果嘅閾值係2-13%。喺歷史上，男性同性戀一直都有制度化嘅例子，而家有啲地區仲認埋同性結婚（例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a>、[[荷蘭、加拿大等），或者畀福利畀同性配偶關係（中華民國）。呢個係畀咗同性配偶關係一個規範性質，全球趨勢係越嚟越包容，但另一方面仲有啲國家因為宗教原因會重罰同性戀（例如沙特阿拉伯、伊朗等）。除此之外仲要留意性少數群體入面嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E6%80%A7%E5%88%A5%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="跨性別者">跨性別者</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%93%E6%80%A7%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="間性人 (無呢版)">間性人</a>（半陰陽），同埋可能有相當數量、對其他人冇持續戀愛感覺或性慾望嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%80%A7%E6%88%80%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無性戀者 (無呢版)">無性戀者</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="親子關係"><span id=".E8.A6.AA.E5.AD.90.E9.97.9C.E4.BF.82"></span>親子關係</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=32" title="編輯小節: 親子關係"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>喺人類嘅湊仔過程中，一般嚟講母親會同仔女有更親密嘅情感同埋物理關係。但係比起近親種，人類父親同仔女嘅關係都會更加緊密。 </p><p>人類嘅祖先同而家仲在生嘅近親種，好多都有殺仔女嘅習慣。如果仔女對親（通常係父親）不利，就可能會畀佢哋殺死。人類父母同仔女嘅關係都有呢種傾向，普遍認為父母嘅命比仔女嘅命更加珍貴，父母（特別係老豆）真係有仔女嘅生殺大權。雖然人類父母同仔女嘅關係比其他近親種更加緊密同持久，呢種大權唔會咁明顯咁用，但如果仔女嘅意願、行為甚至存在本身太過違背父母嘅利益，父母都會毫不留情咁行使呢種大權，強制仔女嘅人生，用暴力懲罰教育，甚至會墮胎、殺嬰、虐待等奪走仔女嘅性命，呢啲都唔係咁罕見。而且喺殺仔女嘅時候，男女仔都有分別，一般嚟講如果其他條件都一樣，殺女仔嘅門檻會比殺男仔低啲。 </p><p>人類同其他近親種最大嘅分別係，人類會用佢哋嘅高智商去創造理論同思想嚟合理化呢種大權嘅行使。儒家嘅「<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9D" title="孝">孝</a>」係一個好出名嘅例子，但唔止儒家，呢種思想係普遍存在嘅。透過呢啲思想，就算仔女已經成長到實力超過父母，父母年老失去力量，喺大多數情況下父母都可以保留一定程度對仔女嘅支配權。雖然咁講，成年仔女殺死年老父母嘅情況都係存在嘅，雖然冇殺仔女咁普遍，但都係普遍見到嘅現象。 </p><p>不過，雖然有呢啲大權行使嘅危險，但喺大多數情況下，人類嘅親子關係都係充滿強烈嘅連繫，父母嘅保護對仔女嘅成長都係有好大幫助。 </p><p>到咗21世紀之後，有啲思想同文化想限制呢啲大權，保護仔女嘅人權，而家已經成為世界上大致嘅規範，但仲未做到完全。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="進化"><span id=".E9.80.B2.E5.8C.96"></span>進化</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=33" title="編輯小節: 進化"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>關於進化嘅分類，可以參考<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E4%BA%9E%E6%97%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人亞族 (無呢版)">人亞族</a>，至於人類進化嘅整體情況，可以睇吓<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%98%85%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人類嘅進化 (無呢版)">人類嘅進化</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分佈同多樣性"><span id=".E5.88.86.E4.BD.88.E5.90.8C.E5.A4.9A.E6.A8.A3.E6.80.A7"></span>分佈同多樣性</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=34" title="編輯小節: 分佈同多樣性"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_migration_routes_following_Out-of-Africa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Human_migration_routes_following_Out-of-Africa.png/400px-Human_migration_routes_following_Out-of-Africa.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Human_migration_routes_following_Out-of-Africa.png/600px-Human_migration_routes_following_Out-of-Africa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Human_migration_routes_following_Out-of-Africa.png/800px-Human_migration_routes_following_Out-of-Africa.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption>人類嘅遷徙路線</figcaption></figure> <p>雖然而家有<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E6%A9%9F" title="飛機">飛機</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%B9" title="船">船</a>咁嘅長途交通工具，仲有調節屋企環境嘅科技，但喺冇咁發達嘅遠洋航海技術之前，人類已經遍佈全世界。人類祖先大概係廿萬年前喺非洲中部（而家嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%9C%AD%E9%82%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="波札那">波札那</a>北面）出現。大概十萬年前由大裂谷出發，離開非洲大陸去咗亞洲，之後過咗白令海峽去美洲大陸。人類就咁樣散布去咗成個世界。喺啲大陸同主要島嶼入面，得<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%A5%B5%E6%B4%B2" title="南極洲">南極洲</a>係冇人長期居住。最遲去到嘅地方可能係<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E8%A5%BF%E8%98%AD" title="紐西蘭">紐西蘭</a>。除咗呢啲地方之外，人類分佈嘅範圍由寒帶去到熱帶，好闊好闊。靈長目動物基本上係熱帶生物，除咗人類之外，分佈最北嘅係日本本州嘅日本獼猴，同佢哋比較，人類嘅分佈範圍真係大好多。 </p><p>人類可以住喺咁多唔同嘅地方，一方面係因為識得用衫同屋企嚟保護自己，另一方面係因為人體結構本身都可以適應寒冷嘅天氣。譬如話，根據伯格曼法則，人類大隻嘅身形有利於保持體溫。冇尾同埋耳仔短又厚都符合亞倫法則。仲有人話高挺嘅鼻係為咗適應寒冷天氣，因為可以令鼻腔變長，暖返啲凍空氣先送入肺。另外仲有人話人類形態嘅多樣性係因為性擇汰。但係人類都好識出汗，可以抵受高溫，所以先可以生活喺咁多唔同嘅地方。 </p><p>隨住分佈範圍擴大，人類嘅特徵都變得多樣化，出現咗好多唔同嘅變異。我哋將主要嘅變異分類，叫做人種。但係呢啲分類同範圍好多時都唔係好客觀同清晰。而且唔同人種之間都冇生理上嘅生殖隔離。就好似之前講過，而家所有人類都係屬於同一個物種，人種嘅分別唔足以分開成唔同物種。喺呢度我哋將「人類」當成亞種，即係智人亞種，所以蒙古人種、高加索人種、黑人種呢啲人種就好似其他生物嘅品種咁，好似<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E5%A8%83%E5%A8%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吉娃娃 (無呢版)">吉娃娃</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E5%A9%A6%E7%8B%97" title="貴婦狗">貴婦狗</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%96%E4%BC%AF%E7%B4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聖伯納 (無呢版)">聖伯納</a>咁（不過都有人話人種係亞種級別嘅分化）。喺有咁闊嘅分佈範圍但又冇完全分化成唔同物種呢一點，人類係好少見嘅（得啲因為人類而廣泛分佈嘅物種，好似<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E9%BC%A0" title="家鼠">家鼠</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%9D%E9%BC%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="溝鼠 (無呢版)">溝鼠</a>咁先有）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇埋"><span id=".E7.9D.87.E5.9F.8B"></span>睇埋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=35" title="編輯小節: 睇埋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>，人類出嗮名智能高過嗮其他動物。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%85%E6%8C%81%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%93%E7%8D%B5" title="堅持式打獵">堅持式打獵</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人造人 (無呢版)">人造人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0%E4%BA%BA" title="改造人">改造人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E8%B0%B7" title="恐怖谷">恐怖谷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%AC%E4%BA%BA%E5%8C%96" title="擬人化">擬人化</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=36" title="編輯小節: 註釋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="notelist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90%E7%B4%8D%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="唐納德·布朗 (無呢版)">唐納德·布朗</a>提到，喺汶萊，身高同地位之間有正相關關係。呢種關係本身係普遍存在嘅，但係喺汶萊特別明顯。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown20023-4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20023-4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">智人社會嘅成員，雖然實際上有好強嘅共通性，但係就好鍾意講「我哋」同「佢哋」之間嘅分別。（《人類共性》，唐納德·布朗，2002，p2，p3，p8）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">例如喺伊斯蘭世界，雖然實際上飲酒係被容許嘅，但係佢哋仲係會叫其他群體做「飲酒嘅異教徒」嚟貶低佢哋。又或者喺江戶時代嘅日本，雖然食四腳動物嘅肉其實幾常見，但係佢哋都會叫嚟自朝鮮或者歐美嘅使節做「食四腳動物肉嘅人」嚟貶低佢哋。</span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83"></span>參考</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=37" title="編輯小節: 參考"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Global Mammal Assessment Team (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/136584"><i>Homo sapiens</i></a>. In: <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a> 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 2010-02-22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-msw3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-msw3_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2190673">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px 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.syu1ming4{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6>.zit3{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zit3>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zit3>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zit3>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zit3>.zit3{display:inline-flex}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hoi1,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .fan1gaak3,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .saan1,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hoi1,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .fan1gaak3,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .saan1{display:inline-block;width:0;height:0;font-size:0.1px;color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .fan1gaak3{font-size:0.125px}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4+.pin1ming4,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4+.syu1ming4,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4+.pin1ming4,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4+.syu1ming4,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4+.zyun1ming4{margin-left:0.0833em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.05em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0.14em 0 0.05em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0.14em 0 0)}.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf?"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf#"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output 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.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.5em)}.mw-parser-output .fan1gaak3+.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.1em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{position:absolute;align-self:baseline;margin-left:-1em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after{padding-top:1em;content:"﹋"}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after{content:"︳";transform-origin:bottom left;transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.35em)}.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{padding-top:0.6em;content:"·";width:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .koen1zo2,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .hoi1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .hoi1-adj{margin-left:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .koen1jau6,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .saan1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .saan1-adj{margin-right:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul>li{margin-left:3em;text-indent:-3em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFGroves2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Groves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colin Groves (無呢版)">Groves, C.P.</a> (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (編). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=12100795"><i>Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference</i></a> (第3版). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/0-801-88221-4" title="Special:書本來源/0-801-88221-4"><bdi>0-801-88221-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=OCLC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OCLC (identifier) (無呢版)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494">62265494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammal+Species+of+the+World%3A+A+Taxonomic+and+Geographic+Reference&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62265494&rft.isbn=0-801-88221-4&rft.aulast=Groves&rft.aufirst=C.P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.departments.bucknell.edu%2Fbiology%2Fresources%2Fmsw3%2Fbrowse.asp%3Fid%3D12100795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Invalid <code class="cs1-code">|ref=harv</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#invalid_param_val" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050320092132/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/primates/primate_order.html#"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈存档副本〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>存</span><span class="zit3">档副本</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/primates/primate_order.html#">原著</a>喺2005年3月20號歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺2006年9月8號搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnsu.edu%2Femuseum%2Fbiology%2Fprimates%2Fprimate_order.html%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tirri, Nokelainen. <i>Measuring Multiple Intelligences and Moral Sensitivities in Education</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9789460917585" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-94-6091-758-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/story/20150706-the-small-list-of-things-that-make-humans-unique">The traits that make human beings unique</a>. <i>BBC Future</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/15689-evolution-human-special-species.html">Top 10 Things That Make Humans Special</a>. <i>LIVESCIENCE</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">主な年齢の平均余命厚生労働省 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/saikin/hw/life/life13/dl/life13-02.pdf">https://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/saikin/hw/life/life13/dl/life13-02.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20023-4-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown20023-4_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2002">Brown 2002</a>, p. 3-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2002247-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2002247_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2002">Brown 2002</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">《親指係點解粗嘅-追尋直立二足行走嘅起源》(島泰三著, 中公新書)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文獻"><span id=".E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=38" title="編輯小節: 文獻"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brown, Donald (2002). <i>Human Universals</i> (英文). McGraw Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/0-87722-841-8" title="Special:書本來源/0-87722-841-8"><bdi>0-87722-841-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Universals&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-87722-841-8&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="權威控制" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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