Masquerading: Invalid Code Signature, Sub-technique T1036.001 - Enterprise

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Check out the <a href='https://medium.com/mitre-attack/attack-v16-561c76af94cf'>blog post</a> for more information. </div> </div> </div> <div class="row flex-grow-1 flex-shrink-0">   <div class="sidebar nav sticky-top flex-column pr-0 pt-4 pb-3 pl-3" id="v-tab" role="tablist" aria-orientation="vertical"> <div class="resizer" id="resizer"></div>  <div id="sidebars"></div>  </div> <div class="tab-content col-xl-9 pt-4" id="v-tabContent"> <div class="tab-pane fade show active" id="v-attckmatrix" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="v-attckmatrix-tab"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="/">Home</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="/techniques/enterprise">Techniques</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="/techniques/enterprise">Enterprise</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="/techniques/T1036">Masquerading</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item">Invalid Code Signature</li> </ol> <div class="tab-pane fade show active" id="v-" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="v--tab"></div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xl-12"> <div class="jumbotron jumbotron-fluid"> <div class="container-fluid"> <h1 id=""> <span id="subtechnique-parent-name">Masquerading:</span> Invalid Code Signature </h1> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-8">  <div class="card-block pb-2"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-header collapsed" id="subtechniques-card-header" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#subtechniques-card-body" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="subtechniques-card-body"> <h5 class="mb-0" id ="sub-techniques">Other sub-techniques of Masquerading (10)</h5> </div> <div id="subtechniques-card-body" class="card-body p-0 collapse" aria-labelledby="subtechniques-card-header"> <table class="table table-bordered"> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">ID</th> <th scope="col">Name</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td class="active"> T1036.001 </td> <td class="active"> Invalid Code Signature </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/techniques/T1036/002/" class="subtechnique-table-item" data-subtechnique_id="T1036.002"> T1036.002 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/techniques/T1036/002/" class="subtechnique-table-item" data-subtechnique_id="T1036.002"> Right-to-Left Override </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/techniques/T1036/003/" class="subtechnique-table-item" data-subtechnique_id="T1036.003"> T1036.003 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/techniques/T1036/003/" class="subtechnique-table-item" data-subtechnique_id="T1036.003"> Rename System Utilities </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/techniques/T1036/004/" class="subtechnique-table-item" data-subtechnique_id="T1036.004"> T1036.004 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/techniques/T1036/004/" class="subtechnique-table-item" data-subtechnique_id="T1036.004"> Masquerade Task or Service </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/techniques/T1036/005/" class="subtechnique-table-item" data-subtechnique_id="T1036.005"> T1036.005 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/techniques/T1036/005/" class="subtechnique-table-item" data-subtechnique_id="T1036.005"> Match Legitimate Name or Location </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/techniques/T1036/006/" class="subtechnique-table-item" data-subtechnique_id="T1036.006"> T1036.006 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/techniques/T1036/006/" class="subtechnique-table-item" data-subtechnique_id="T1036.006"> Space after Filename </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/techniques/T1036/007/" class="subtechnique-table-item" data-subtechnique_id="T1036.007"> T1036.007 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/techniques/T1036/007/" class="subtechnique-table-item" data-subtechnique_id="T1036.007"> Double File Extension </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/techniques/T1036/008/" class="subtechnique-table-item" data-subtechnique_id="T1036.008"> T1036.008 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/techniques/T1036/008/" class="subtechnique-table-item" data-subtechnique_id="T1036.008"> Masquerade File Type </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/techniques/T1036/009/" class="subtechnique-table-item" data-subtechnique_id="T1036.009"> T1036.009 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/techniques/T1036/009/" class="subtechnique-table-item" data-subtechnique_id="T1036.009"> Break Process Trees </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/techniques/T1036/010/" class="subtechnique-table-item" data-subtechnique_id="T1036.010"> T1036.010 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/techniques/T1036/010/" class="subtechnique-table-item" data-subtechnique_id="T1036.010"> Masquerade Account Name </a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="description-body"> <p>Adversaries may attempt to mimic features of valid code signatures to increase the chance of deceiving a user, analyst, or tool. Code signing provides a level of authenticity on a binary from the developer and a guarantee that the binary has not been tampered with. Adversaries can copy the metadata and signature information from a signed program, then use it as a template for an unsigned program. Files with invalid code signatures will fail digital signature validation checks, but they may appear more legitimate to users and security tools may improperly handle these files.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-1') id="scite-ref-1-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Vest, J. (2017, October 9). Borrowing Microsoft MetaData and Signatures to Hide Binary Payloads. Retrieved September 10, 2019."data-reference="Threatexpress MetaTwin 2017"><sup><a href="https://threatexpress.com/blogs/2017/metatwin-borrowing-microsoft-metadata-and-digital-signatures-to-hide-binaries/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="0" aria-describedby="qtip-0">[1]</a></sup></span></p><p>Unlike <a href="/techniques/T1553/002">Code Signing</a>, this activity will not result in a valid signature.</p> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"> <div class="row card-data" id="card-id"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">ID: </span>T1036.001 </div> </div>  <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Sub-technique of: </span> <a href="/techniques/T1036">T1036</a> </div> </div>  <div id="card-tactics" class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"> <span data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="left" title="" data-test-ignore="true" data-original-title="The tactic objectives that the (sub-)technique can be used to accomplish">ⓘ</span> </div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Tactic:</span> <a href="/tactics/TA0005">Defense Evasion</a> </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"> <span data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="left" title="" data-test-ignore="true" data-original-title="The system an adversary is operating within; could be an operating system or application">ⓘ</span> </div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Platforms: </span>Windows, macOS </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Version: </span>1.0 </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Created: </span>10 February 2020 </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Last Modified: </span>10 February 2020 </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-center pt-2 version-button live"> <div class="live"> <a data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title="Permalink to this version of T1036.001" href="/versions/v16/techniques/T1036/001/" data-test-ignore="true">Version Permalink</a> </div> <div class="permalink"> <a data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title="Go to the live version of T1036.001" href="/versions/v16/techniques/T1036/001/" data-test-ignore="true">Live Version</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id ="examples">Procedure Examples</h2> <div class="tables-mobile"> <table class="table table-bordered table-alternate mt-2"> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">ID</th> <th scope="col">Name</th> <th scope="col">Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0067"> G0067 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0067"> APT37 </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0067">APT37</a> has signed its malware with an invalid digital certificates listed as "Tencent Technology (Shenzhen) Company Limited."<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-2') id="scite-ref-2-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Raiu, C., and Ivanov, A. (2016, June 17). Operation Daybreak. Retrieved February 15, 2018."data-reference="Securelist ScarCruft Jun 2016"><sup><a href="https://securelist.com/operation-daybreak/75100/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="1" aria-describedby="qtip-1">[2]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0128"> S0128 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0128"> BADNEWS </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0128">BADNEWS</a> is sometimes signed with an invalid Authenticode certificate in an apparent effort to make it look more legitimate.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-3') id="scite-ref-3-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Lunghi, D., et al. (2017, December). Untangling the Patchwork Cyberespionage Group. Retrieved July 10, 2018."data-reference="TrendMicro Patchwork Dec 2017"><sup><a href="https://documents.trendmicro.com/assets/tech-brief-untangling-the-patchwork-cyberespionage-group.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="2" aria-describedby="qtip-2">[3]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0666"> S0666 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0666"> Gelsemium </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0666">Gelsemium</a> has used unverified signatures on malicious DLLs.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-4') id="scite-ref-4-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Dupuy, T. and Faou, M. (2021, June). Gelsemium. Retrieved November 30, 2021."data-reference="ESET Gelsemium June 2021"><sup><a href="https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/eset_gelsemium.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="3" aria-describedby="qtip-3">[4]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0198"> S0198 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0198"> NETWIRE </a> </td> <td> <p>The <a href="/software/S0198">NETWIRE</a> client has been signed by fake and invalid digital certificates.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-5') id="scite-ref-5-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="McAfee. (2015, March 2). Netwire RAT Behind Recent Targeted Attacks. Retrieved February 15, 2018."data-reference="McAfee Netwire Mar 2015"><sup><a href="https://securingtomorrow.mcafee.com/mcafee-labs/netwire-rat-behind-recent-targeted-attacks/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="4" aria-describedby="qtip-4">[5]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S1050"> S1050 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S1050"> PcShare </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S1050">PcShare</a> has used an invalid certificate in attempt to appear legitimate.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-6') id="scite-ref-6-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Vrabie, V. (2020, November). Dissecting a Chinese APT Targeting South Eastern Asian Government Institutions. Retrieved September 19, 2022."data-reference="Bitdefender FunnyDream Campaign November 2020"><sup><a href="https://www.bitdefender.com/files/News/CaseStudies/study/379/Bitdefender-Whitepaper-Chinese-APT.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="5" aria-describedby="qtip-5">[6]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0019"> S0019 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0019"> Regin </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0019">Regin</a> stage 1 modules for 64-bit systems have been found to be signed with fake certificates masquerading as originating from Microsoft Corporation and Broadcom Corporation.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-7') id="scite-ref-7-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2014, November 24). THE REGIN PLATFORM NATION-STATE OWNAGE OF GSM NETWORKS. Retrieved December 1, 2014."data-reference="Kaspersky Regin"><sup><a href="https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2018/03/08070305/Kaspersky_Lab_whitepaper_Regin_platform_eng.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="6" aria-describedby="qtip-6">[7]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0112"> G0112 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0112"> Windshift </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0112">Windshift</a> has used revoked certificates to sign malware.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-8') id="scite-ref-8-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Wardle, Patrick. (2018, December 20). Middle East Cyber-Espionage analyzing WindShift's implant: OSX.WindTail (part 1). Retrieved October 3, 2019."data-reference="objective-see windtail1 dec 2018"><sup><a href="https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x3B.html" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="7" aria-describedby="qtip-7">[8]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-9') id="scite-ref-9-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Karim, T. (2018, August). TRAILS OF WINDSHIFT. Retrieved June 25, 2020."data-reference="SANS Windshift August 2018"><sup><a href="https://www.sans.org/cyber-security-summit/archives/file/summit-archive-1554718868.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="8" aria-describedby="qtip-8">[9]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0466"> S0466 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0466"> WindTail </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0466">WindTail</a> has been incompletely signed with revoked certificates.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-8') id="scite-ref-8-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Wardle, Patrick. (2018, December 20). Middle East Cyber-Espionage analyzing WindShift's implant: OSX.WindTail (part 1). Retrieved October 3, 2019."data-reference="objective-see windtail1 dec 2018"><sup><a href="https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x3B.html" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="7" aria-describedby="qtip-7">[8]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id ="mitigations">Mitigations</h2> <div class="tables-mobile"> <table class="table table-bordered table-alternate mt-2"> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">ID</th> <th scope="col">Mitigation</th> <th scope="col">Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1045"> M1045 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1045"> Code Signing </a> </td> <td> <p>Require signed binaries.</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id="detection">Detection</h2> <div class="tables-mobile"> <table class="table datasources-table table-bordered"> <thead> <tr> <th class="p-2" scope="col">ID</th> <th class="p-2 nowrap" scope="col">Data Source</th> <th class="p-2 nowrap" scope="col">Data Component</th> <th class="p-2" scope="col">Detects</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="datasource" id="uses-DS0022"> <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0022">DS0022</a> </td> <td class="nowrap"> <a href="/datasources/DS0022">File</a> </td>  <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0022/#File%20Metadata">File Metadata</a> </td> <td> <p>Collect and analyze signing certificate metadata and check signature validity on software that executes within the environment, look for invalid signatures as well as unusual certificate characteristics and outliers.</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id="references">References</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <ol> <li> <span id="scite-1" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-1" href="https://threatexpress.com/blogs/2017/metatwin-borrowing-microsoft-metadata-and-digital-signatures-to-hide-binaries/" target="_blank"> Vest, J. (2017, October 9). Borrowing Microsoft MetaData and Signatures to Hide Binary Payloads. Retrieved September 10, 2019. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-2" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-2" href="https://securelist.com/operation-daybreak/75100/" target="_blank"> Raiu, C., and Ivanov, A. (2016, June 17). Operation Daybreak. Retrieved February 15, 2018. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-3" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-3" href="https://documents.trendmicro.com/assets/tech-brief-untangling-the-patchwork-cyberespionage-group.pdf" target="_blank"> Lunghi, D., et al. (2017, December). Untangling the Patchwork Cyberespionage Group. Retrieved July 10, 2018. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-4" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-4" href="https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/eset_gelsemium.pdf" target="_blank"> Dupuy, T. and Faou, M. (2021, June). Gelsemium. Retrieved November 30, 2021. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-5" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-5" href="https://securingtomorrow.mcafee.com/mcafee-labs/netwire-rat-behind-recent-targeted-attacks/" target="_blank"> McAfee. (2015, March 2). Netwire RAT Behind Recent Targeted Attacks. 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