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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jaime Balmes</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaume_Balmes_i_Urpi%C3%A0" title="Jaume Balmes i Urpià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jaume Balmes i Urpià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jaime Balmes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jaime Balmes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jaime Balmes" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jaime Balmes" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jaime Balmes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Jaime Balmes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jaime Balmes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jaime Balmes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jaime Balmes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81,_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Бальмес, Хаиме Лусиано – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бальмес, Хаиме Лусиано" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Luciano_Balmes" title="Jaime Luciano Balmes – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jaime Luciano Balmes" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Luciano_Balmes" title="Jaime Luciano Balmes – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jaime Luciano Balmes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Хайме Балмес – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хайме Балмес" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2439397#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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searchaux" style="display:none">Spanish philosopher, theologian, Catholic apologist, sociologist and political writer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Balmes" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Balmes_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Balmes (disambiguation)">Balmes (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Jaime Balmes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaime_Balmes_(Real_Academia_de_la_Historia),_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Jaime_Balmes_%28Real_Academia_de_la_Historia%29%2C_cropped.jpg/220px-Jaime_Balmes_%28Real_Academia_de_la_Historia%29%2C_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Jaime_Balmes_%28Real_Academia_de_la_Historia%29%2C_cropped.jpg/330px-Jaime_Balmes_%28Real_Academia_de_la_Historia%29%2C_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Jaime_Balmes_%28Real_Academia_de_la_Historia%29%2C_cropped.jpg/440px-Jaime_Balmes_%28Real_Academia_de_la_Historia%29%2C_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="786" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Jaime Luciano Antonio Balmes y Urpiá</div><br />28 August 1810<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Vic,_Spain" title="Vic, Spain">Vic</a>, Catalonia, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Spain</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">9 July 1848<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend dday deathdate">1848-07-10</span>)</span> (aged 37)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Vic, Catalonia, Spain</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Vic_Cathedral" title="Vic Cathedral">Cathedral of St Peter of Vic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Spanish</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cervera" title="University of Cervera">University of Cervera</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Theologian, <a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">presbyter</a> and writer</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/19th-century_philosophy" title="19th-century philosophy">19th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_philosophy" title="Spanish philosophy">Spanish philosophy</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic philosophy">Catholic philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Spain" title="Category:Conservatism in Spain">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154e9d; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Spain</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_(variant).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg/80px-Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg/120px-Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg/160px-Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="741" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carloctavismo" title="Carloctavismo">Carloctavismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo-francoism" title="Carlo-francoism">Carlo-francoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrism_(Spain)" title="Integrism (Spain)">Integrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurism" title="Maurism">Maurism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Catholicism">Political Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocat%C3%B3licos" title="Neocatólicos">Neocatholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Traditionalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish nationalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Spain" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry#Spain" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hispanidad" title="Hispanidad">Hispanidad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_monarchy" title="Traditional monarchy">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_unionism" title="Spanish unionism">Spanish unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Bourbon Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Spanish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1923 Spanish coup d'état">1923 Spanish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera">Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_culture_in_Francoist_Spain" title="Art and culture in Francoist Spain">Art and culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAnker" title="Búnker">Búnker</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20-N" title="20-N">20-N</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Albi%C3%B1ana" title="José María Albiñana">Albiñana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ%C3%A1n_Bleiberg" title="Germán Bleiberg">Bleiberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Jos%C3%A9_Cela" title="Camilo José Cela">Cela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Donoso Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_La%C3%ADn_Entralgo" title="Pedro Laín Entralgo">Entralgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_la_Mora" title="Gonzalo Fernández de la Mora">Gonzalo Fernández de la Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Gambra_Ciudad" title="Rafael Gambra Ciudad">Gambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_Gambra_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="José Miguel Gambra Gutiérrez">Gambra Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaos" title="José Gaos">Gaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Gil_Robles" title="Enrique Gil Robles">Gil Robles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Herv%C3%A1s" title="Lorenzo Hervás">Hervás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_de_Maeztu" title="Ramiro de Maeztu">de Maeztu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Maravall" title="José Antonio Maravall">Maravall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Mar%C3%ADas" title="Julián Marías">Marías</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_y_Pelayo" title="Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo">Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_d%27Ors_P%C3%A9rez-Peix" title="Álvaro d'Ors Pérez-Peix">d'Ors (Álvaro)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Panero" title="Leopoldo Panero">Panero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Pradera_Larumbe" title="Víctor Pradera Larumbe">Pradera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvira_Roca_Barea" title="Elvira Roca Barea">Roca Barea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_El%C3%ADas_de_Tejada_y_Sp%C3%ADnola" title="Francisco Elías de Tejada y Spínola">de Tejada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">de Unamuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Vig%C3%B3n" title="Jorge Vigón">Vigón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Mella" title="Juan Vázquez de Mella">Vázquez de Mella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Zubiri" title="Xavier Zubiri">Zubiri</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_is_a_Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism is a Sin">Liberalism is a Sin</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1884)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dehumanization_of_Art_and_Other_Essays_on_Art,_Culture,_and_Literature" title="The Dehumanization of Art and Other Essays on Art, Culture, and Literature">The Dehumanization of Art</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_State" title="The New State">The New State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Abascal" title="Santiago Abascal">Abascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_D%C3%ADaz_Ayuso" title="Isabel Díaz Ayuso">Ayuso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar" title="José María Aznar">Aznar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Casado" title="Pablo Casado">Casado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Carrero_Blanco" title="Luis Carrero Blanco">Carrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Donoso Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Cosid%C3%B3" title="Ignacio Cosidó">Cosidó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fal_Conde" title="Manuel Fal Conde">Fal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torcuato_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Miranda" title="Torcuato Fernández-Miranda">Fernández-Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fraga" title="Manuel Fraga">Fraga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Gambra_Ciudad" title="Rafael Gambra Ciudad">Gambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles_y_Qui%C3%B1ones" title="José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones">Gil-Robles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Gir%C3%B3n" title="José Antonio Girón">Girón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Goicoechea" title="Antonio Goicoechea">Goicoechea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Zamanillo_Gonz%C3%A1lez-Camino" title="José Luis Zamanillo González-Camino">González-Camino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Marhuenda" title="Francisco Marhuenda">Marhuenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Maura" title="Antonio Maura">Maura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Arias_Navarro" title="Carlos Arias Navarro">Navarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_P%C3%A9rez_(Spanish_politician)" title="David Pérez (Spanish politician)">Pérez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_Pi%C3%B1ar" title="Blas Piñar">Piñar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Pradera_Larumbe" title="Víctor Pradera Larumbe">Pradera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Rajoy" title="Mariano Rajoy">Rajoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Dom%C3%ADnguez_Ar%C3%A9valo" title="Tomás Domínguez Arévalo">Rodezno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ruiz-Jarabo" title="Francisco Ruiz-Jarabo">Ruiz-Jarabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Serrano_Su%C3%B1er" title="Ramón Serrano Suñer">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcial_Solana_Gonz%C3%A1lez-Camino" title="Marcial Solana González-Camino">Solana González-Camino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_El%C3%ADas_de_Tejada_y_Sp%C3%ADnola" title="Francisco Elías de Tejada y Spínola">de Tejada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Tejero" title="Antonio Tejero">Tejero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Utrera_Molina" title="José Utrera Molina">Utrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Valiente_Soriano" title="José María Valiente Soriano">Valiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Mella" title="Juan Vázquez de Mella">Vázquez de Mella</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aznar_Zubigaray" title="Manuel Aznar Zubigaray">Aznar Zubigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Franco,_1st_Duchess_of_Franco" title="Carmen Franco, 1st Duchess of Franco">Franco (Carmen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Jim%C3%A9nez_Losantos" title="Federico Jiménez Losantos">Losantos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Marhuenda" title="Francisco Marhuenda">Marhuenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_d%27Ors" title="Eugenio d'Ors">d'Ors (Eugenio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Pem%C3%A1n" title="José María Pemán">Pemán</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_People%27s_Union" title="Navarrese People's Union">Navarrese People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Catholic_Movement" title="Spanish Catholic Movement">Spanish Catholic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vox_(political_party)" title="Vox (political party)">Vox</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CEDA" title="CEDA">CEDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Spain)" title="Conservative Party (Spain)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_of_Catalonia" title="Democratic Union of Catalonia">Democratic Union of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">FET y de las JONS</a> (factions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Right" title="Liberal Republican Right">Liberal Republican Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Spain)" title="New Force (Spain)">New Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_(Spain)" title="Patriotic Union (Spain)">Patriotic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_(Spain)" title="People's Alliance (Spain)">People's Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Action_(Spain)" title="Popular Action (Spain)">Popular Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalist_League_of_Catalonia" title="Regionalist League of Catalonia">Regionalist League of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renovation" title="Spanish Renovation">Spanish Renovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Communion" title="Traditionalist Communion">Traditionalist Communion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Acción Española">Acción Española</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CitizenGo" class="mw-redirect" title="CitizenGo">CitizenGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAES" title="FAES">FAES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco_National_Foundation" title="Francisco Franco National Foundation">Francisco Franco National Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Forum" title="Madrid Forum">Madrid Forum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Nacional" title="Movimiento Nacional">Movimiento Nacional</a></i> (factions)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Requet%C3%A9" title="Requeté">Requeté</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABC_(newspaper)" title="ABC (newspaper)">ABC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arriba_(newspaper)" title="Arriba (newspaper)">Arriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89poca_(Spanish_magazine)" title="Época (Spanish magazine)">Época</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="El Alcázar">El Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldo_de_Arag%C3%B3n" title="Heraldo de Aragón">Heraldo de Aragón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Raz%C3%B3n_(Madrid)" title="La Razón (Madrid)">La Razón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revista_Contempor%C3%A1nea" title="Revista Contemporánea">Revista Contemporánea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revista_de_Occidente" title="Revista de Occidente">Revista de Occidente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telva" title="Telva">Telva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trece_(Spanish_TV_channel)" title="Trece (Spanish TV channel)">Trece</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_crime#Spain" title="Immigration and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_Francoism" title="Sociological Francoism">Sociological Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_irredentism" title="Spanish irredentism">Spanish irredentism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberism" title="Iberism">Iberism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; font-weight:medium;"><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Vendéen Sacred Heart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg/50px-H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg/75px-H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg/100px-H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-liberalism">Anti-liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistent_life_ethic" title="Consistent life ethic">Consistent life ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-revolution">Counter-revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Fueros" class="mw-redirect" title="Fueros">Fueros</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalism" title="Municipalism">Municipalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism" title="Organicism">Organicism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_the_two_swords" title="Doctrine of the two swords">Doctrine of the two swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cooperativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperativism">Cooperativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">Guildism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deposing_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposing power">Deposing power</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">Ecclesiastical court</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Error_has_no_rights" title="Error has no rights">Error has no rights</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famuli_vestrae_pietatis" title="Famuli vestrae pietatis">Gelasian Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_Education" title="Integral Education">Integral Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_state" title="Integral state">Integral state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Accidentalism_and_catastrophism" title="Accidentalism and catastrophism">Accidentalism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Panhispanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Political traditionalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Res_publica_Christiana" title="Res publica Christiana">Res publica Christiana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_and_Moon_allegory" title="Sun and Moon allegory">Sun and Moon allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pie" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Pie">Social Kingship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_monarchy" title="Traditional monarchy">Traditional monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-integralism">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism#Catholic_integralism" title="Integralism">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Israeli/Zionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano" title="Integralismo Lusitano">Lusitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrism_(Spain)" title="Integrism (Spain)">Spanish</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Thinkers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Barbey_d%27Aurevilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Jules Amédée Barbey d'Aurevilly">Barbey d'Aurevilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Billot" title="Louis Billot">Billot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Blanc_de_Saint-Bonnet" title="Antoine Blanc de Saint-Bonnet">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">de Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Castellani" title="Leonardo Castellani">Castellani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_la_Cuesta_y_S%C3%A1inz" title="Antonio de la Cuesta y Sáinz">Cuesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Delassus" title="Henri Delassus">Delassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Eyzaguirre" title="Jaime Eyzaguirre">Eyzaguirre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Ezcurra_Medrano" title="Alberto Ezcurra Medrano">Ezcurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Feser" title="Edward Feser">Feser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Fita" title="Fidel Fita">Fita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Fontcuberta" title="Benito Fontcuberta">Fontcuberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Mateos_Gago" title="Francisco Mateos Gago">Gago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Joseph_Gaume" title="Jean-Joseph Gaume">Gaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jord%C3%A1n_Bruno_Genta" title="Jordán Bruno Genta">Genta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_G%C3%B3mez_Roji" title="Ricardo Gómez Roji">Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Amez%C3%BAa_y_Mayo" title="Agustín González de Amezúa y Mayo">González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Groulx" title="Lionel Groulx">Groulx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Madiran" title="Jean Madiran">Madiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_de_Maeztu" title="Ramiro de Maeztu">Maeztu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Meinvielle" title="Julio Meinvielle">Meinvielle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Ousset" title="Jean Ousset">Ousset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Pem%C3%A1n" title="José María Pemán">Pemán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pie" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Pie">Pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Hip%C3%B3lito_Raposo" title="José Hipólito Raposo">Raposo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Reale" title="Miguel Reale">Reale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">Salgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Sard%C3%A0_y_Salvany" title="Félix Sardà y Salvany">Salvany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlindo_Veiga_dos_Santos" title="Arlindo Veiga dos Santos">dos Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Sardinha" title="António Sardinha">Sardinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcial_Solana_Gonz%C3%A1lez-Camino" title="Marcial Solana González-Camino">Solana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Urquiza" title="José Antonio Urquiza">Urquiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Valent%C3%ADn_Valdivieso" title="Rafael Valentín Valdivieso">Valdivieso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Veuillot" title="Louis Veuillot">Veuillot</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Abascal" title="Salvador Abascal">Abascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Ahimeir" title="Abba Ahimeir">Ahimeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Barroso" title="Gustavo Barroso">Barroso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Clavarana" title="Adolfo Clavarana">Clavarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Est%C3%A9vanez_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Francisco Estévanez Rodríguez">Estévanez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Velasco" title="Fernando Fernández de Velasco">Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Garc%C3%ADa_Verde" title="José María García Verde">García</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Gomar_de_las_Infantas" title="Mariano Gomar de las Infantas">Gomar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_G%C3%B3mez_Roji" title="Ricardo Gómez Roji">Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josias" class="mw-redirect" title="Josias">Josias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Lamami%C3%A9_de_Clairac_y_Colina" title="José María Lamamié de Clairac y Colina">Lamamié (José)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Lamami%C3%A9_de_Clairac" title="Juan Lamamié de Clairac">Lamamié (Juan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Larra%C3%ADn_Gandarillas" title="Joaquín Larraín Gandarillas">Larraín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_Moreno" title="Gabriel García Moreno">Moreno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Nocedal_Romea" title="Ramón Nocedal Romea">Nocedal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Olaz%C3%A1bal_Ramery" title="Juan Olazábal Ramery">Olazábal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_La_Tour_du_Pin_Chambly,_marquis_de_La_Charce" class="mw-redirect" title="François-René de La Tour du Pin Chambly, marquis de La Charce">du Pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pujo" title="Maurice Pujo">Pujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facundo_Quiroga" title="Facundo Quiroga">Quiroga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Rocamora_y_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Pedro Rocamora y García">Rocamora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_S%C3%A1nchez_Marco" title="José Sánchez Marco">Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._A._Santamaria" title="B. A. Santamaria">Santamaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlindo_Veiga_dos_Santos" title="Arlindo Veiga dos Santos">dos Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Senante" title="Manuel Senante">Senante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Joseph de Villèle">de Villèle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_City_of_God" title="The City of God">The City of God</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_regno,_ad_regem_Cypri" title="De regno, ad regem Cypri">De regno, ad regem Cypri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_is_a_Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism is a Sin">El liberalismo es pecado</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Encyclicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Encyclicals">Papal documents</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Famuli_vestrae_pietatis" title="Famuli vestrae pietatis">Famuli vestrae pietatis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirari_Vos" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirari Vos">Mirari Vos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quanta_Cura" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanta Cura">Quanta Cura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immortale_Dei" title="Immortale Dei">Immortale Dei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pascendi_Dominici_Gregis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascendi Dominici Gregis">Pascendi Dominici Gregis</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Siglo_Futuro" title="El Siglo Futuro">El Siglo Futuro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mes_id%C3%A9es_politiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Mes idées politiques">Mes idées politiques</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">O que é o Integralismo</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Acción Española">Acción Española</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Patrianovist_Imperial_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Patrianovist Imperial Action">Brazilian Patrianovist Imperial Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Front" title="Brazilian Integralist Front">Brazilian Integralist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Patriotic_Movement" title="Catalan Patriotic Movement">Catalan Patriotic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_and_Royal_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic and Royal Army">Catholic and Royal Army</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cristeros" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristeros">Cristeros</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrist Party">Integrist Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mil%C3%ADcia_Catalana" title="Milícia Catalana">Milícia Catalana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Christian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmarian Christian Church">Palmarian Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Representation_Party" title="Popular Representation Party">Popular Representation Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanfedisti" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanfedisti">Sanfedisti</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_St._Pius_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of St. Pius X">Society of St. Pius X</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viva_Maria_(movement)" title="Viva Maria (movement)">Viva Maria</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_maiorem_Dei_gloriam" title="Ad maiorem Dei gloriam">Ad maiorem Dei gloriam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimism">Legitimism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party_(Argentina)" title="Federalist Party (Argentina)">Federales</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_the_King" title="Christ the King">Christ the King</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deus_vult" title="Deus vult">Deus vult</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguelism" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguelism">Miguelism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neocat%C3%B3licos" title="Neocatólicos">Neocatólicos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sodalitium_Pianum" title="Sodalitium Pianum">Sodalitium Pianum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuara" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacuara">Tacuara</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Yunque_(organization)" title="El Yunque (organization)">El Yunque</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person_Dignity_Theory" title="Person Dignity Theory">Person Dignity Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good_constitutionalism" title="Common good constitutionalism">Common good constitutionalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; border-bottom:1px solid #CC0000;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Integralism" title="Template:Integralism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Integralism" title="Template talk:Integralism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Integralism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Integralism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jaime Luciano Balmes y Urpiá</b> (<a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>: <i lang="ca">Jaume Llucià Antoni Balmes i Urpià</i>; 28 August 1810 – 9 July 1848) was a Spanish philosopher, theologian, Catholic apologist, <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">sociologist</a> and political writer. Familiar with the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Thomas Aquinas">Saint Thomas Aquinas</a>, Balmes was an original philosopher who did not belong to any particular school or stream, and was called by <a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a> the <i>Prince of Modern Apologetics</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaime_Balmes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Balmes was born at <a href="/wiki/Vic,_Spain" title="Vic, Spain">Vic</a>, in the region of <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> in Spain and baptized the same day in the cathedral of that city with the name of Jaime Luciano Antonio. He died there as well. </p><p>In 1817, Balmes began his studies at the seminary in Vic: three years of Latin grammar, three of <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a> and, from 1822, three of Philosophy. In 1825, in <a href="/wiki/Solsona,_Lleida" class="mw-redirect" title="Solsona, Lleida">Solsona</a>, he received the tonsure from the Bishop of this city, Manuel Benito Tabernero. </p><p>From 1825 to 1826, Balmes studied courses of Theology, also in Vic Seminary. He studied four courses of Theology, thanks to a scholarship, in the College of San Carlos at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cervera" title="University of Cervera">University of Cervera</a>. </p><p>For two years in 1830, because of the closure of the University of Cervera, Balmes continued studying in Vic, on his own. On 8 June 1833 he received his degree in theology. </p><p>On 20 September 1834, in the chapel of the episcopal palace of Vic, Balmes was ordained a priest by bishop don Pablo de Jesús Corcuera. He continued his studies in theology and of Canons, again at the University of Cervera. Finally, in 1835, he received the title of Doctor of Theology and Bachelor of Canons. </p><p>Balmes then made several attempts to teach in an official way at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Barcelona" title="University of Barcelona">University of Barcelona</a> and not get engaged for some time in Vic tutoring. Finally, the City Council appoints him, in 1837, Professor of Mathematics, a position that he held for four years. In 1839, his mother Teresa Urpiá, died. In 1841, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>. </p><p>Then, Balmes began his creative activity and contributed to various newspapers and magazines: <i>Peace</i>, <i>Catholic <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></i>, <i>Civilization</i>; and several pamphlets that attract readers' attention. </p><p>From 1841, his creative genius "exploded" and he developed in a few highly active months his writings and his personality, that would be admired throughout Europe. </p><p>On 7 September 1844 he wrote and published "The true idea of value, or thoughts on the origin, the nature and variations of the prices" in which he solved the value paradox, clearly introducing the notion of marginal use, Balmes asked himself, "Why a precious stone has a higher value than a piece of bread?"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having attacked the regent <a href="/wiki/Espartero" class="mw-redirect" title="Espartero">Espartero</a>, he was exiled. On his return, he founded and edited <i>El Pensamiento de la Nación</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> and conservative weekly; however, his fame rests principally on <i>El Protestantismo comparado con el Catolicismo en sus relaciones con la Civilización Europea</i> (Protestantism and Catholicity compared in their Effects on the Civilization of Europe),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an able defence of <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholicism</a> on the ground that it represents the spirit of obedience or order, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestantism</a>, the spirit of revolt or <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book is often cited as a counter argument to historical accounts that focus on the reputed central role of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> thought to the development of modern society. </p><p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <dl><dd>The best of his philosophical works, which are clear expositions of the scholastic system of thought, are the <i>Filosofia Fundamental</i> (Basic Philosophy),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i>Curso de Filosofia Elemental</i> (A Course of Elementary Philosophy),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he translated into <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for use in seminaries.</dd></dl> <p>Balmes argued in favor of monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He died from tuberculosis in Vic in 1848. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thought">Thought</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaime_Balmes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_a_Jaume_Balmes_al_claustre_de_la_catedral_de_Vic_(AFCEC_VINTRO_D_3329).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Monument_a_Jaume_Balmes_al_claustre_de_la_catedral_de_Vic_%28AFCEC_VINTRO_D_3329%29.jpeg/220px-Monument_a_Jaume_Balmes_al_claustre_de_la_catedral_de_Vic_%28AFCEC_VINTRO_D_3329%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Monument_a_Jaume_Balmes_al_claustre_de_la_catedral_de_Vic_%28AFCEC_VINTRO_D_3329%29.jpeg/330px-Monument_a_Jaume_Balmes_al_claustre_de_la_catedral_de_Vic_%28AFCEC_VINTRO_D_3329%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Monument_a_Jaume_Balmes_al_claustre_de_la_catedral_de_Vic_%28AFCEC_VINTRO_D_3329%29.jpeg/440px-Monument_a_Jaume_Balmes_al_claustre_de_la_catedral_de_Vic_%28AFCEC_VINTRO_D_3329%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Monument to Jaime Balmes at the cloister of the Cathedral of Vic</figcaption></figure> <p>Generally the philosophy of Balmes is understood merely as "philosophy of common sense", when in reality it is something much more complex. Both in <i> Fundamental Philosophy </i> and in <i> Elementary Philosophy </i> (being this second work more informative) is the subject of certainty. </p><p>Balmes divides the truth into three irreducible classes, although we speak of it as if it were only one. These are the subjective truths, the rational truths and the objective truths. The first type of truth, the subjective one, can be understood as a present reality for the subject, which is real but depends on the perception of the speaker. For example, affirming that one is cold or that one is thirsty are subjective truths. The second type, the rational one, is logical and mathematical truth, using any operation of this type as an example. Finally, the objective truth is understood as that which, although perceived by all, does not fall within the category of rational truth: to affirm that the sky is blue, or that there are trees in the forest. </p><p>The three types of truth are irreducible, and the methods of recruitment differ from one to the other. Therefore, it is necessary that the philosophy first of all consider what kind of truth we are looking for. </p><p>For Balmes there is no possibility of doubting everything: making such statement, we forget that there are a series of rules of thought that we admit as truths in order to be able to doubt. In a similar way to that posed by <a href="/wiki/St_Augustine_of_Hippo" class="mw-redirect" title="St Augustine of Hippo">St Augustine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a>, to affirm that we doubt necessarily implies the certainty that we are doubting. In this way, doubt is also a certainty. An authentic radical skeptic is impossible, because there is no universal doubt. </p><p>Certainty is natural and intuitive like doubt, and prior to philosophy. Thus, the common and natural certainty also encompasses the Cartesian philosophical certainty. To reach this certainty, the so-called "criteria" are necessary, the means by which we can access the truth. There are a lot of criteria for having, also, several types of truths. However, Balmes prefers to distribute them in three: the criteria of conscience, those of evidence and those of common sense. These are the criteria for accessing the three types of truth. To define the corpus of Balmes's thought as "philosophy of common sense" is not so much due to his conception of common sense as inherent in philosophical work, but especially because of his definition of this sense as a criterion for reaching a certainty. At this point, it is worth noting the relationship of subjective truths with criteria of conscience, rational truths with those of evidence and finally, objective truths accessible through the criterion of so-called "common sense". </p><p>Therefore, Balmes argues that metaphysics should not be sustained only on one column, but on three that correspond to the three truths: thus, the principle of Cartesian consciousness, the <i> <a href="/wiki/Cogito_ergo_sum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cogito ergo sum">cogito ergo sum</a> </i> is a truth subjective, while the <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_non-contradiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Principle of non-contradiction">principle of non-contradiction</a> Aristotelian is truly rational. Finally, common sense, the intellectual instinct (perhaps it is "intellectual instinct" a more specific term than "common sense") presents the so-called objective truth. It is impossible to find a truth common to the three principles. </p><p>In this way, Balmes denies the exclusivity of the theories of philosophers: philosophy is the fullness of natural knowledge, and is rooted in being a man. To affirm, for example, that the "cogito" is the foundation of truth and philosophy is not in itself a wrong assertion, because it is true what it affirms, but false what it denies, because besides the "cogito" There are other possibilities of foundation. Balmes does not reduce this idea only to the field of philosophy, and extends it also to general human thought. </p><p>In this way, the fundamental thesis of Balmes is that there is no formula from which the universe can be detached. There is no truth from which all others arise. At this point, the three criteria can be defined more thoroughly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consciousness">Consciousness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaime_Balmes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consciousness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consciousness is what you notice on the inside, what you think and experience. Sensations would be useless if they were not experienced in consciousness. This criterion has several characteristics: the first is the subjective nature of consciousness, that is, our perception is that of the phenomenon, not that of reality, although for Balmes, subjectivity does not imply that the certainty achieved is not true. It also has the function of pointing or presenting. Consciousness does not put us in contact with external reality, nor with others (we can not perceive – yes suppose – the existence of consciousness in others), but it presents facts, it is an absolute that dispenses with relationships. Consciousness has no objectivity or light, it is pure presence. </p><p>When the language expresses the conscience, it betrays it, because something personal can not be expressed through something universal. Language is incapable of expressing pure consciousness, something that art can do, for example. Likewise, consciousness can not be wrong either, because we are not mistaken about the experience of it, although it can be fallible when it leaves its ground to go outside. There is no error in the internal phenomenon, but perhaps in its correspondence with the outside. Balmes, against the Cartesian animaina machina, defends that the animals also have conscience, but in his case it is reduced to the sensation, and not to the intellectualization of it. Thus, they possess only a direct consciousness, while humans -for our intellective capacity- also possess reflex consciousness, which is the capacity to reflect on the sensations of direct consciousness. </p><p>For Balmes, consciousness is the foundation of the other criteria, and all are necessarily born of it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evidence">Evidence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaime_Balmes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike consciousness, the evidence is not singular and contingent. The evidence has universality and a logical necessity. Balmes divides between two types of evidence, the immediate and the mediate: the first does not require proof, it is a priori knowledge, such as knowing that every object is equal to itself. On the other hand, mediate evidence requires demonstration. </p><p>The evidence does not capture a fact, but captures its relationships. It is captured that the idea of the predicate is in the subject (similar to the analytical judgment of <a href="/wiki/Kant" class="mw-redirect" title="Kant">Kant</a>). All evidence is based on the principle of non-contradiction, and is reduced to the analytical. Forget the synthetic judgments that are not exclusively rational, do not consider that the criterion of evidence is accompanied by the senses. Therefore, for Balmes, the analysis of consciousness is better than the analysis of evidence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intellectual_instinct">Intellectual instinct</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaime_Balmes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Intellectual instinct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The intellectual instinct gives us the correspondence between the idea and reality, it is not an animal instinct, but a rational instinct. Through this instinct we know that what we see exists, or at least that there is a representation of what we see. These kinds of truths are by definition broader than the intellectual truths of the evidence. The same truth can also be had by means of an intellectual rather than an instinct: to give an example, it can be known whether a business works or not through an economic study or through an intuition of common sense. Thus, in the common sense, there is the unconscious -like the moral truths, or the sensations- or that which through the intellectual instinct we see as evident, for example, the scientific truths. It is also through this instinct that we know demonstrable truths without having to prove them, or we consider truth as probability, that is, the awareness of contingency: to give an example, to be aware of the possibilities we have to win the lottery, or to achieve write something coherent by moving the pen randomly on the paper. </p><p>For Balmes, these are the three pillars of metaphysics. To better define this, there is an analysis of the <i> <a href="/wiki/Cogito_ergo_sum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cogito ergo sum">cogito ergo sum</a> </i> Cartesian, according to which the affirmation of the "I think, therefore I exist" Cartesian is in principle a truth of conscience, later transformed into an intellectual truth of evidence, a logical <a href="/wiki/Syllogism" title="Syllogism">syllogism</a> whose reality is understood through intuition. Having founded the <i> cogito </i> on something intellectual, <a href="/wiki/Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Descartes">Descartes</a> falls into the risk of reducing the <i> cogito </i> to something logical and intellectual. For this reason, for Balmes, consciousness is the fundamental pillar of metaphysics, but for him transcends the "cogito" the clear and distinct Cartesian idea: consciousness is the pillar because it is where experience is lived and given sense. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaime_Balmes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>La Religión Demostrada al Alcance de los Niños,</i> La Sociedad de Operarios, 1847.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N20VAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA17"><i>Consideraciones Políticas sobre la Situación de España,</i></a> Imprensa de José Tauló, 1840.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101073464289"><i>Observaciones Sociales, Políticas y Económicas sobre los Bienes del Clero,</i></a> Reimpreso en la Oficina de M. Brambila, 1842.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101076371473"><i>La Civilización,</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101076371481">Tom. II</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101076371499">Tom. III</a>, Brusi, 1841–1842.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hnpcud"><i>El Protestantismo Comparado con el Catolicismo en sus Relaciones con la Civilización Europea,</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hnpcuc">Tom. II</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hnpcub">Tom. III</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hnpcua">Tom. IV</a>, José Tauló, 1842–1845.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b192144"><i>El Criterio,</i></a> A. Brusi, 1845.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044094147691"><i>El Pensamiento de la Nación; Periódico Religioso, Político y Literario,</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044094147683">Tom. II</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044094147675">Tom. III</a>, Imprensa de E. Aguado, 1844–46.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044018843003"><i>Cartas a un Escéptico en Materia de Religión,</i></a> Impr. de A. Brusi, 1846.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3387680"><i>Pio IX,</i></a> Impr. y fundicion de D. E. Aguado, 1847.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044080133622"><i>Escritos Politicos,</i></a> Sociedad de Operarios del Mismo Arte, 1847.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZGTQ2Cmt6cC&pg=PP7"><i>Curso de Filosofía Elemental,</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0tT-silB8_wC&pg=PP7">Tom. II</a>, Impr. y Fund. de E. Aguado, 1847.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b143436"><i>Escritos Póstumos del Dr. D. Jaime Balmes,</i></a> Imp. de A. Brusi, 1850.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/nnc1.1000117374"><i>Filosofía Fundamental,</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/nnc1.1000117323">Tom. II</a>, Garnier, 1852.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/poesaspstumas01balmgoog#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Poesías Póstumas,</i></a> Imprensa del <a href="/wiki/Diario_de_Barcelona" title="Diario de Barcelona">Diario de Barcelona</a>, 1870.</li> <li><i>Obras Completas del Dr. D. Jaime Balmes, Pbro.</i> Primera Edición Crítica Ordenada y Anotada por el P. Ignacio Casanovas, S.J. Biblioteca Balmes, 33 Vol., 1925.</li> <li>"Verdadera idea del valor, o reflexiones sobre el origen, naturaleza y variedades de los precios", in <i>Obra Completas</i>, vol. 5, Madrid, BAC, 1949</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_in_English_translation">Works in English translation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaime_Balmes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Works in English translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/europeanciviliza00balmuoft#page/n3/mode/2up"><i>European Civilization: Protestantism and Catholicity Compared in their Effects on the Civilization of Europe</i></a>, Murphy & Co., 1850. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/protestantismcat00balmrich#page/n3/mode/2up"><i>Protestantism and Catholicity Compared in their Effects on the Civilization of Europe</i></a>, J. Murphy, G. Quigley, 1851.</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/fundamentalphil01balm#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Fundamental Philosophy</i></a>, Vol. II, D. & J. Sadlier & Co., 1858. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/fundamentalphilo01balmiala#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Fundamental Philosophy</i></a>, Vol. II, D. & J. Sadlier & Co., 1871–1880.</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/letterstoascepti00balmuoft#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Letters to a Sceptic on Religious Matters</i></a>, William B. Kelly, 1875.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/elementsoflogic00balmrich#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Elements of Logic</i></a>, P. O'Shea, 1876.</li> <li>In Menczer, Béla, 1962. <i>Catholic Political Thought, 1789–1848</i>, University of Notre Dame Press. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/catholicpolitica00menc#page/184/mode/2up">"Faith and Liberty,"</a> pp. 185–191.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaime_Balmes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrer_de_Balmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrer de Balmes">Carrer de Balmes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaime_Balmes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Balmes, "Verdadera idea valor o reflexiones sobre el origin, naturaleza y variedad de los precios", in <i>Obra Completas</i>, vol. 5, Madrid, BAC, 1949, pp. 615–624</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">3 vols., 1842–1844, 6th edition, 1879; English translation in 1849 and also in 1856 by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ignatius_White" title="Charles Ignatius White">Charles Ignatius White</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Balm%C3%A8s,_Jaime_Luciano" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Balmès, Jaime Luciano">Balmès, Jaime Luciano</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 284.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Balm%C3%A8s%2C+Jaime+Luciano&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=284&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaime+Balmes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">4 vols., 1846, Eng. trans. by H. F. Brownson, 2 vols. New York, 1856.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">4 vols., 1847</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>European Civilization: Protestantism and Catholicity Compared in their Effects on the Civilization of Europe</i>, Chapter LVIII: Monarchy in the Sixteenth Century</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaime_Balmes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A. de Blanche-Raffin, <i>Jacques Balmes, sa vie et ses ouvrages,</i> 1849.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/vidayjuiciocrti00blangoog#page/n8/mode/2up"><i>Vida y Juicio Crítico de los Escritos de D. Jaime Bálmes,</i></a> Impr. de D. Anselmo Santa Coloma, 1850.</li> <li>E. Bullon Fernandez, <i>Jaime Balmis y sus Oberas,</i> Madrid, 1903.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaime_Balmes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Córdoba, Buenaventura de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/noticiahistrico00crgoog#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Noticia Histórico-Literaria del Dr. D. Jaime Balmes,</i></a> Presbitero, Eusebio Aguado, 1848.</li> <li>Clark, Kelly James. <i>"Spanish Common Sense Philosophy: Jaime Balmes' Critique of Cartesian Foundationalism,"</i> History of Philosophy Quarterly, Vol. 7, No. 2, Apr. 1990.</li> <li>Davis, Harold Eugene. <i>"Jaime Balmes, Spanish Traditionalist: His Influence in Spanish America,"</i> The Americas, Vol. 35, No. 3, Jan. 1979.</li> <li>Huerta de Soto, Jesus, "Juan de Mariana et la Seconde Scolastique espagnole", in Philippe Nemo & Jean Petitot, <i>Histoire du liberalism en Europe</i>, Puf, Paris, 2006</li> <li>Marshall, Odum Walter. <i>Jaime Balmes and the Politics of Reconciliation in Spain, 1843–1848,</i> Ph.D. Dissertation, Florida State University, 1978.</li> <li>Roca Blanco, Dionisio. <i>Balmes (1810–1848),</i> Ediciones del Orto, 1997.</li> <li>Sadurni, Albert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/balmesapuntament00sadu#page/n1/mode/2up"><i>Balmes,</i></a> Imp. y Llibreria de L. Anglada, 1910.</li> <li>Sainz de Robles, Federico Carlos. <i>Balmes,</i> Compañía Bibliográfica Española, 1964.</li> <li>Santos, Benito Garcia de los. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/vidadebalmesest00santgoog#page/n8/mode/2up"><i>Vida de Balmes,</i></a> Sociedad de Operarias del Mismo Arte, 1848.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaime_Balmes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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by or about Jaime Balmes</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/15783">Works by Jaime Balmes</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02224b.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia article</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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title="List of members of the Real Academia Española">seat <i>T</i></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Jaime de Solís (1714)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Pedro Manuel de Azevedo (1721)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Lope Hurtado de Mendoza (1734)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Ignacio de Ceballos (1747)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">José Miguel de Flores (1784)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_T%C3%A9llez-Gir%C3%B3n,_9th_Duke_of_Osuna" title="Pedro Téllez-Girón, 9th Duke of Osuna">Pedro Téllez-Girón</a> (1790)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Demetrio Ortiz (1808)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Torres_Amat" title="Félix Torres Amat">Félix Torres Amat</a> (1847)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jaime Balmes</a><sup>[1]</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">José Joaquín de Mora (1848)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_los_R%C3%ADos_Rosas" title="Antonio de los Ríos Rosas">Antonio de los Ríos Rosas</a> (1871)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Arce" title="Gaspar Núñez de Arce">Gaspar Núñez de Arce</a> (1876)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Eduardo de Hinojosa (1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Manuel de Sandoval (1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Miguel de Unamuno</a><sup>[2]</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isidro_Gom%C3%A1_y_Tom%C3%A1s" title="Isidro Gomá y Tomás">Isidro Gomá y Tomás</a><sup>[3]</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_G%C3%B3mez-Moreno_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Manuel Gómez-Moreno Martínez">Manuel Gómez-Moreno Martínez</a> (1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Carlos Clavería Lizana (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Alvar" title="Manuel Alvar">Manuel Alvar</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arturo_P%C3%A9rez-Reverte" title="Arturo Pérez-Reverte">Arturo Pérez-Reverte</a> (2003)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>[1]</sup> He was elected in 1848 but never took the seat; <sup>[2]</sup> He was elected in 1932 but never took the seat; <sup>[3]</sup> He was elected in 1940 but never took the seat</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/17365433">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/12265/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJghhwYV3B4FBGb8FBctrq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118656945">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50036070">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13198007z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13198007z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Balmes, Jaime Luciano"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/PUVV229373">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an51707878">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000600623&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX859888">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/221315">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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