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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Post-Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_and_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_and_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>20th and 21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_and_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Romance_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romance_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Romance languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romance_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Slavic languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other classifications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_classifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other classifications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-CIA_World_Factbook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CIA_World_Factbook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span><i>CIA World Factbook</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CIA_World_Factbook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EuroVoc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EuroVoc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>EuroVoc</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EuroVoc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UN_geoscheme_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UN_geoscheme_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>UN geoscheme classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UN_geoscheme_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Travel_Commission_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Travel_Commission_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>European Travel Commission classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Travel_Commission_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern Europe</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 118 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-118" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">118 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%ABrupa_Seulatan" title="Iërupa Seulatan – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Iërupa Seulatan" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suid-Europa" title="Suid-Europa – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Suid-Europa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A1%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%AE%E1%8D%93" title="ደቡባዊ አውሮፓ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ደቡባዊ አውሮፓ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أوروبا الجنوبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوروبا الجنوبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_d%27o_Sud" title="Europa d'o Sud – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Europa d'o Sud" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropa_du_Mi%C3%A9-jorn" title="Eropa du Mié-jorn – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Eropa du Mié-jorn" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Meridional" title="Europa Meridional – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Europa Meridional" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="दक्खिनी यूरोप – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="दक्खिनी यूरोप" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%99nubi_Avropa" title="Cənubi Avropa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cənubi Avropa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="جنوبی اوروپا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جنوبی اوروپا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA" title="দক্ষিণ ইউরোপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দক্ষিণ ইউরোপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2m_Au-chiu" title="Lâm Au-chiu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lâm Au-chiu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%95%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Паўднёвая Еўропа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўднёвая Еўропа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%AD%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Паўднёвая Эўропа – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паўднёвая Эўропа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Южна Европа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Южна Европа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideiropa" title="Sideiropa – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sideiropa" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Evropa" title="Južna Evropa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Južna Evropa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_ar_Su" title="Europa ar Su – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Europa ar Su" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_del_Sud" title="Europa del Sud – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Europa del Sud" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%BD%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Кăнтăр Европа – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăнтăр Европа" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%BEn%C3%AD_Evropa" title="Jižní Evropa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jižní Evropa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Ewrop" title="De Ewrop – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="De Ewrop" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydeuropa" title="Sydeuropa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sydeuropa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdeuropa" title="Südeuropa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Südeuropa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5una-Euroopa" title="Lõuna-Euroopa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lõuna-Euroopa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%95%CF%85%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%80%CE%B7" title="Νότια Ευρώπη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νότια Ευρώπη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_meridional" title="Europa meridional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Europa meridional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suda_E%C5%ADropo" title="Suda Eŭropo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Suda Eŭropo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hego_Europa" title="Hego Europa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hego Europa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="جنوب اروپا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنوب اروپا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%B0urevropa" title="Suðurevropa – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Suðurevropa" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe_du_Sud" title="Europe du Sud – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Europe du Sud" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAd-Jeropa" title="Súd-Jeropa – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Súd-Jeropa" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deisceart_na_hEorpa" title="Deisceart na hEorpa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Deisceart na hEorpa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%BClen_Evr%D0%BEpa" title="Üülen Evrоpa – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Üülen Evrоpa" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_meridional" title="Europa meridional – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Europa meridional" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="ЗӀилбухера Европа – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ЗӀилбухера Европа" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EC%9C%A0%EB%9F%BD" title="남유럽 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="남유럽" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%B5%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1" title="Հարավային Եվրոպա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարավային Եվրոպա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="दक्षिणी यूरोप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दक्षिणी यूरोप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Europa" title="Južna Europa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Južna Europa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudal_Europa" title="Sudal Europa – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sudal Europa" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akin-abagatan_nga_Europa" title="Akin-abagatan nga Europa – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Akin-abagatan nga Europa" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropa_Selatan" title="Eropa Selatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eropa Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%C3%A6" title="Хуссар Европæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хуссар Европæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%B0ur-Evr%C3%B3pa" title="Suður-Evrópa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Suður-Evrópa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_meridionale" title="Europa meridionale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Europa meridionale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94" title="דרום אירופה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דרום אירופה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ropa_Kidul" title="Éropa Kidul – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Éropa Kidul" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A3_%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D" title="ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಯುರೋಪ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಯುರೋಪ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90" title="სამხრეთი ევროპა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამხრეთი ევროპა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D2%A3%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%95%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Оңтүстік Еуропа – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оңтүстік Еуропа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulaya_ya_Kusini" title="Ulaya ya Kusini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ulaya ya Kusini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geefa_Europa" title="Geefa Europa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Geefa Europa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%88%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%BA_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Түштүк Европа – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түштүк Европа" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Meridiana" title="Europa Meridiana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Europa Meridiana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dienvideiropa" title="Dienvideiropa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dienvideiropa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet%C5%B3_Europa" title="Pietų Europa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pietų Europa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuud-Europa" title="Zuud-Europa – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zuud-Europa" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_sude" title="Europa sude – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Europa sude" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9l-Eur%C3%B3pa" title="Dél-Európa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dél-Európa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Јужна Европа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јужна Европа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eor%C3%B4pa_Atsimo" title="Eorôpa Atsimo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Eorôpa Atsimo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewropa_t%27Isfel" title="Ewropa t'Isfel – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ewropa t'Isfel" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="दक्षिण युरोप – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दक्षिण युरोप" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94_%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90" title="ობჟათე ევროპა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ობჟათე ევროპა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropah_Selatan" title="Eropah Selatan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Eropah Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuid-Europa" title="Zuid-Europa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zuid-Europa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuud-Europa" title="Zuud-Europa – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zuud-Europa" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%91" title="南ヨーロッパ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="南ヨーロッパ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%BCdeuroopa" title="Süüdeuroopa – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Süüdeuroopa" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Europa" title="Sør-Europa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sør-Europa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Europa" title="Sør-Europa – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sør-Europa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa_del_Sud" title="Euròpa del Sud – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Euròpa del Sud" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janubiy_Yevropa" title="Janubiy Yevropa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Janubiy Yevropa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AA" title="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਯੂਰਪ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਯੂਰਪ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%90%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="سوېلي اروپا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سوېلي اروپا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Лунвыв Европа – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Лунвыв Европа" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Po%C5%82udniowa" title="Europa Południowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Europa Południowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_meridional" title="Europa meridional – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Europa meridional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubla_Evropa" title="Qubla Evropa – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qubla Evropa" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_de_Sud" title="Europa de Sud – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Europa de Sud" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Южная Европа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Южная Европа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_meridionale" title="Europa meridionale – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Europa meridionale" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropa_Jugore" title="Evropa Jugore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Evropa Jugore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Southern Europe" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8F%D8%A7%DA%A9%DA%BB%D9%8A_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE" title="ڏاکڻي يورپ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڏاکڻي يورپ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEn%C3%A1_Eur%C3%B3pa" title="Južná Európa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Južná Európa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Evropa" title="Južna Evropa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Južna Evropa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%84%D1%B5%D1%80%D1%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Южьна Єѵрѡпа – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Южьна Єѵрѡпа" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ئەورووپای باشوور – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەورووپای باشوور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Јужна Европа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јужна Европа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Evropa" title="Južna Evropa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Južna Evropa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etel%C3%A4-Eurooppa" title="Etelä-Eurooppa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Etelä-Eurooppa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydeuropa" title="Sydeuropa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sydeuropa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timog_Europa" title="Timog Europa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Timog Europa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE" title="தெற்கு ஐரோப்பா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தெற்கு ஐரோப்பா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turuft_Wen%E1%BA%93ul" title="Turuft Wenẓul – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Turuft Wenẓul" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Көньяк Аурупа – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Көньяк Аурупа" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89" title="ยุโรปใต้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุโรปใต้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Ҷануби Аврупо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷануби Аврупо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCney_Avrupa" title="Güney Avrupa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güney Avrupa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnorta_%C3%9Dewropa" title="Günorta Ýewropa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Günorta Ýewropa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Південна Європа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Південна Європа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE" title="جنوبی یورپ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنوبی یورپ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoropa_meridiona%C5%82e" title="Eoropa meridionałe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Eoropa meridionałe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_%C3%82u" title="Nam Âu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nam Âu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuud-Europa" title="Zuud-Europa – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Zuud-Europa" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salatan_nga_Europa" title="Salatan nga Europa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Salatan nga Europa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ABj-saalumu_Tugal" title="Bëj-saalumu Tugal – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Bëj-saalumu Tugal" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%AC%A7" title="南欧 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="南欧" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D-%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A2" title="דרום-אייראפע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דרום-אייראפע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%A1g%C3%BA%C3%BAs%C3%B9_Europe" title="Apágúúsù Europe – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Apágúúsù Europe" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%AD%90" title="南歐 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="南歐" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewropay_Veroci" title="Ewropay Veroci – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ewropay Veroci" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuud-Europa" title="Zuud-Europa – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Zuud-Europa" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%AC%A7" title="南欧 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="南欧" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%A5%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8D" title="ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q27449#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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href="/wiki/File:Mediterranean_Sea_16.61811E_38.99124N.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Mediterranean_Sea_16.61811E_38.99124N.jpg/280px-Mediterranean_Sea_16.61811E_38.99124N.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Mediterranean_Sea_16.61811E_38.99124N.jpg/420px-Mediterranean_Sea_16.61811E_38.99124N.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Mediterranean_Sea_16.61811E_38.99124N.jpg/560px-Mediterranean_Sea_16.61811E_38.99124N.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2046" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>The geographical and ethno-cultural borders of southern Europe are the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan Mountains</a> to the north and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> to the south.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Southern Europe</b> is the southern <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Europe" title="Regions of Europe">region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also known as <b>Mediterranean Europe</b>, as its geography is marked by the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. Definitions of southern Europe include some or all of these countries and regions: <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bulgaria_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bulgaria-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cyprus_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyprus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gibraltar_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibraltar-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Greek_islands_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greek_islands-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Italy_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Italy-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Malta_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malta-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Monaco_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monaco-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_France" title="Southern France">southern France</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-East_Thrace_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-East_Thrace-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RingWatson2013_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RingWatson2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MagoneMagone2003_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MagoneMagone2003-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Southern Europe is focused on the three peninsulas located in the extreme south of the European continent. These are the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Apennine Peninsula</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These three peninsulas are separated from the rest of Europe by towering mountain ranges, respectively by the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan Mountains</a>. The location of these peninsulas in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, as well as their mountainous reliefs, provide them with very different types of climates (mainly <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropical</a> <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean</a>) from the rest of the continent. So, the <a href="/wiki/Sirocco" title="Sirocco">Sirocco</a> hot wind that originates in the heart of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> blows over <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, going up to the interior of the Alpine arc (<a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a>). The Alps prevent the Sirocco from spreading to the rest of Europe. And, conversely, the Alps and the Pyrenees protect the Italian and Iberian Peninsulas from the rains and icy winds from the south of France such as the <a href="/wiki/Mistral_(wind)" title="Mistral (wind)">Mistral</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tramontane" title="Tramontane">Tramontane</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Mistral_(wind)" title="Mistral (wind)">Mistral</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tramontane" title="Tramontane">Tramontane</a> are blowing, this provokes an "upwelling" phenomenon on the French coast. They push the surface waters out to sea and bring deeper, cooler waters up to the seaside. Consequently, the temperature of the waters of the French coasts are therefore very cool even in summer, and not representative of the rest of the Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This same kind of phenomenon takes place between the two slopes of the Balkan mountain range. These mountains have, moreover, been a serious handicap to population displacement, focusing southern Europe mainly on the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean world">Mediterranean world</a>. The climate and cultures are therefore very specific. </p><p>Different methods can be used to define southern Europe, including its <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economic</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">historical</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> attributes. Southern Europe can also be defined by its natural features — its <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a>. Politically, nine of the southern European countries form the <a href="/wiki/EU_Med_Group" title="EU Med Group">EU Med Group</a>. Southern Europe also loosely corresponds to the European part of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Europe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_geographic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian geographic region">Italian geographic region</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Apennine Peninsula</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></div> <p>Geographically, southern Europe is the southern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> continent. This definition is relative, although largely based on history, culture, <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, and flora, which is shared across the region. Southern Europe can be subdivided into three <a href="/wiki/Subregion#Europe" title="Subregion">subregions</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula and the surrounding islands</a> (Southwest Europe) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Cerdagne" title="French Cerdagne">French Cerdagne</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">France</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Gibraltar_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibraltar-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Continental_Portugal" title="Continental Portugal">mainland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spain" title="Peninsular Spain">mainland</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" title="Pyrénées-Orientales">Pyrénées-Orientales</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">France</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_geographic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian geographic region">Italian geographic region</a><sup id="cite_ref-Italy_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Italy-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (South-central Europe) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes-Maritimes" title="Alpes-Maritimes">Alpes-Maritimes</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">France</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Metropolitan_France_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metropolitan_France-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Apennine Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">Central Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Italy" title="South Italy">South Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">France</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Metropolitan_France_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metropolitan_France-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Gorizia" title="Province of Gorizia">Gorizia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Italy" title="Insular Italy">Insular Italy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Italy_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Italy-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_Ankaran" title="Municipality of Ankaran">Ankaran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istria_County" title="Istria County">Istria County</a> (<a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_Izola" title="Municipality of Izola">Izola</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_Koper" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipality of Koper">Koper</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muggia" title="Muggia">Muggia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_Piran" title="Municipality of Piran">Piran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Dorligo_della_Valle" title="San Dorligo della Valle">San Dorligo della Valle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a><sup id="cite_ref-Malta_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malta-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a><sup id="cite_ref-Monaco_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monaco-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Italy" title="Northeast Italy">Northeast Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Italy" title="Northwest Italy">Northwest Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a> (<a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Trieste" title="Province of Trieste">Trieste</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bulgaria_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bulgaria-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Croatia" title="Administrative divisions of Croatia">southern mainland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-East_Thrace_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-East_Thrace-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (<a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece#Mainland" title="Geography of Greece">mainland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Dobruja" title="Northern Dobruja">Northern Dobruja</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Serbia" title="Central Serbia">Central Serbia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Slovenia" title="Municipalities of Slovenia">south-western part</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Croatia" title="Administrative divisions of Croatia">northern mainland</a> & <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Croatia" title="List of islands of Croatia">offshore islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cyprus_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyprus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Greece" title="List of islands of Greece">islands</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Greek_islands_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greek_islands-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a><sup id="cite_ref-Moldova_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moldova-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Romania" title="Administrative divisions of Romania">inland part</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Romania_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romania-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">major islands in southern Europe</a> generally include the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cyprus_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyprus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Island_country" title="Island country">island country</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Malta_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malta-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery">Gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Europe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_geographique_grande.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map representing the geography of Europe, with the mountain ranges separating southern Europe"><img alt="Map representing the geography of Europe, with the mountain ranges separating southern Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Europe_geographique_grande.jpg/120px-Europe_geographique_grande.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Europe_geographique_grande.jpg/180px-Europe_geographique_grande.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Europe_geographique_grande.jpg/240px-Europe_geographique_grande.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="828" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map representing the geography of Europe, with the mountain ranges separating southern Europe</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Espa%C3%B1a_y_Portugal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Satellite image of the Iberian Peninsula"><img alt="Satellite image of the Iberian Peninsula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Espa%C3%B1a_y_Portugal.jpg/120px-Espa%C3%B1a_y_Portugal.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Espa%C3%B1a_y_Portugal.jpg/180px-Espa%C3%B1a_y_Portugal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Espa%C3%B1a_y_Portugal.jpg/240px-Espa%C3%B1a_y_Portugal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Satellite image of the Iberian Peninsula</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_image_of_Italy_in_March_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Satellite image of the Apennine Peninsula"><img alt="Satellite image of the Apennine Peninsula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Satellite_image_of_Italy_in_March_2003.jpg/96px-Satellite_image_of_Italy_in_March_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Satellite_image_of_Italy_in_March_2003.jpg/144px-Satellite_image_of_Italy_in_March_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Satellite_image_of_Italy_in_March_2003.jpg/192px-Satellite_image_of_Italy_in_March_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Satellite image of the Apennine Peninsula</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wildfires_Balkans_July_2007-NASA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Satellite image of the Balkan Peninsula"><img alt="Satellite image of the Balkan Peninsula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Wildfires_Balkans_July_2007-NASA.jpg/106px-Wildfires_Balkans_July_2007-NASA.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Wildfires_Balkans_July_2007-NASA.jpg/159px-Wildfires_Balkans_July_2007-NASA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Wildfires_Balkans_July_2007-NASA.jpg/212px-Wildfires_Balkans_July_2007-NASA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4600" data-file-height="5200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Satellite image of the Balkan Peninsula</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Europe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_K%C3%B6ppen_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Europe_K%C3%B6ppen_Map.png/280px-Europe_K%C3%B6ppen_Map.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Europe_K%C3%B6ppen_Map.png/420px-Europe_K%C3%B6ppen_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Europe_K%C3%B6ppen_Map.png/560px-Europe_K%C3%B6ppen_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1885" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>European climate. Note the high diversity of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_climate_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Köppen-Geiger climate classification">Köppen-Geiger climates</a> in the southern regions.</figcaption></figure> <p>Southern Europe's most emblematic <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a>, influenced by the large subtropical semi-permanent centre of high atmospheric pressure found, not in the Mediterranean itself, but in the Atlantic Ocean, the <a href="/wiki/Azores_High" title="Azores High">Azores High</a>. The Mediterranean climate covers <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, the southern coast of <a href="/wiki/Southern_France" title="Southern France">France</a>, coastal <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, coastal <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina" title="Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, as well as the Mediterranean islands. Those areas of Mediterranean climate present similar vegetations and landscapes throughout, including dry hills, small plains, <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> forests and <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olive</a> trees. </p><p>Cooler climates can be found in certain parts of southern European countries, for example within the mountain ranges of Spain and Italy. Additionally, the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate. In the highest regions of the Alps, which border southern Europe, even ice cap climate can be found.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some parts of southern Europe have humid subtropical climates with warm and wet summers, unlike typical Mediterranean climates. This climate is mainly found in Italy and Croatia around the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, but also further north, near the Alpine foothills, in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Como" title="Como">Como</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lugano" title="Lugano">Lugano</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora">Flora</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Europe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olea_europaea_range.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Olea_europaea_range.svg/220px-Olea_europaea_range.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Olea_europaea_range.svg/330px-Olea_europaea_range.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Olea_europaea_range.svg/440px-Olea_europaea_range.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="992" /></a><figcaption>Distribution map of <i>Olea europaea</i> s.l. (olive tree)</figcaption></figure> <p>Southern Europe's <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> is mainly characterized by <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub" title="Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub">Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub</a>, but also <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">temperate broadleaf and mixed forests</a>. The Mediterranean and Submediterranean climate regions in Europe are found in much of southern Europe, mainly Portugal, Spain, Italy, Malta, Albania, Greece, Cyprus and all the mediterranean islands, but also in southeast France, the <a href="/wiki/Balkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan">Balkan</a> Mediterranean coast and part of Macedonia.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Mediterranean coastal areas, <a href="/wiki/Olive_grove" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive grove">olive groves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maquis_shrubland" title="Maquis shrubland">maquis shrubland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppes</a> are very common. At higher elevations, or latitudes, they are replaced by <a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">chestnut</a> and (often coppiced) mixed forests.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Particolare_della_foresta_di_faggi_-_Parco_Naturale_dei_Monti_Aurunci.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beech forest in the Aurunci Mountains, Italy"><img alt="Beech forest in the Aurunci Mountains, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Particolare_della_foresta_di_faggi_-_Parco_Naturale_dei_Monti_Aurunci.jpg/120px-Particolare_della_foresta_di_faggi_-_Parco_Naturale_dei_Monti_Aurunci.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Particolare_della_foresta_di_faggi_-_Parco_Naturale_dei_Monti_Aurunci.jpg/180px-Particolare_della_foresta_di_faggi_-_Parco_Naturale_dei_Monti_Aurunci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Particolare_della_foresta_di_faggi_-_Parco_Naturale_dei_Monti_Aurunci.jpg/240px-Particolare_della_foresta_di_faggi_-_Parco_Naturale_dei_Monti_Aurunci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="2981" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">Beech</a> forest in the <a href="/wiki/Aurunci_Mountains" title="Aurunci Mountains">Aurunci Mountains</a>, Italy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Donana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stone pines in Doñana National Park, Spain"><img alt="Stone pines in Doñana National Park, Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Donana.jpg/120px-Donana.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Donana.jpg/180px-Donana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Donana.jpg/240px-Donana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1764" data-file-height="1188" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Stone_pine" title="Stone pine">Stone pines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Do%C3%B1ana_National_Park" title="Doñana National Park">Doñana National Park</a>, Spain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AlentejoPortugal1994.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oak savanna of Alentejo, Portugal (Q. suber and Q. rotundifolia)"><img alt="Oak savanna of Alentejo, Portugal (Q. suber and Q. rotundifolia)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/AlentejoPortugal1994.jpg/120px-AlentejoPortugal1994.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/AlentejoPortugal1994.jpg/180px-AlentejoPortugal1994.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/AlentejoPortugal1994.jpg/240px-AlentejoPortugal1994.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="980" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Oak <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alentejo" title="Alentejo">Alentejo</a>, Portugal (<i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_suber" title="Quercus suber">Q. suber</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_rotundifolia" title="Quercus rotundifolia">Q. rotundifolia</a></i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinus_halepensis_forest,_near_Dubrovnik,_Croatia_-_Stiller_Beobachter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aleppo pine forest, Croatia"><img alt="Aleppo pine forest, Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pinus_halepensis_forest%2C_near_Dubrovnik%2C_Croatia_-_Stiller_Beobachter.jpg/120px-Pinus_halepensis_forest%2C_near_Dubrovnik%2C_Croatia_-_Stiller_Beobachter.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pinus_halepensis_forest%2C_near_Dubrovnik%2C_Croatia_-_Stiller_Beobachter.jpg/180px-Pinus_halepensis_forest%2C_near_Dubrovnik%2C_Croatia_-_Stiller_Beobachter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pinus_halepensis_forest%2C_near_Dubrovnik%2C_Croatia_-_Stiller_Beobachter.jpg/240px-Pinus_halepensis_forest%2C_near_Dubrovnik%2C_Croatia_-_Stiller_Beobachter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo pine">Aleppo pine</a> forest, Croatia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MonteCimone3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Temperate pine forests of Monte Cimone, Italy"><img alt="Temperate pine forests of Monte Cimone, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MonteCimone3.jpg/120px-MonteCimone3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MonteCimone3.jpg/180px-MonteCimone3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MonteCimone3.jpg/240px-MonteCimone3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Temperate pine forests of <a href="/wiki/Monte_Cimone" title="Monte Cimone">Monte Cimone</a>, Italy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LandscapeInCrete.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Dry olive groove, Crete"><img alt="Dry olive groove, Crete" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/LandscapeInCrete.JPG/120px-LandscapeInCrete.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/LandscapeInCrete.JPG/180px-LandscapeInCrete.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/LandscapeInCrete.JPG/240px-LandscapeInCrete.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dry <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olive</a> groove, Crete</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Europe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Europe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prima_tetrarchia_Diocletianus.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Prima_tetrarchia_Diocletianus.PNG/410px-Prima_tetrarchia_Diocletianus.PNG" decoding="async" width="410" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Prima_tetrarchia_Diocletianus.PNG/615px-Prima_tetrarchia_Diocletianus.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Prima_tetrarchia_Diocletianus.PNG/820px-Prima_tetrarchia_Diocletianus.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2036" data-file-height="1397" /></a><figcaption>Roman Empire. In yellow the south-west of Europe, and in violet the south-east.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justinian555AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Justinian555AD.png/410px-Justinian555AD.png" decoding="async" width="410" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Justinian555AD.png/615px-Justinian555AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Justinian555AD.png/820px-Justinian555AD.png 2x" data-file-width="2111" data-file-height="1144" /></a><figcaption>Eastern Roman Empire mainly focused on southern Europe.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a> originally expanded from <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">ports</a>, dominating trade in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> by the 8th century BC. <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> was founded in 814 BC, and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginians</a> by 700 BC had firmly established strongholds in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> (both regions in present day <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>), which created conflicts of interest with <a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a>. Its colonies later reached the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Western Mediterranean</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a> in Spain and most notably <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> in North Africa, and even the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. The civilisation spread across the Mediterranean between 1500 BC and 300 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The period known as <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> began with the rise of the city-states of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>. Greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, spreading throughout <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> came to dominate the entire <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a> in a vast empire based on <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Roman legions</a>. It promoted trade, tolerance, and Greek culture. By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> based in Rome, and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> based in Constantinople. The attacks of the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a> in 476 AD, a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. During the Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire survived, though modern historians refer to this state as the Byzantine Empire. In Western Europe, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established <a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">kingdoms</a> and empires of their own. </p><p>The period known as the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> back into Christian rule, began. Several <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a> were founded in the eastern Mediterranean. These were all short-lived. The Crusaders would have a profound impact on many parts of Europe. Their <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople_(1204)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Constantinople (1204)">sack of Constantinople</a> in 1204 brought an abrupt end to the Byzantine Empire. Though it would later be re-established, it would never recover its former glory. The Crusaders would establish trade routes that would develop into the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> and open the way for the merchant republics of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> to become major economic powers. The <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>, a related movement, worked to reconquer <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a> for <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late Middle Ages</a> represented a period of upheaval in Europe. The epidemic known as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> and an associated famine caused <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demographic</a> catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted. Dynastic struggles and <a href="/wiki/War_of_aggression" title="War of aggression">wars of conquest</a> kept many of the states of Europe at war for much of the period. In the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, a Turkish state originating in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, encroached steadily on former Byzantine lands, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Middle_Ages">Post-Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Europe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1571)" title="Holy League (1571)">Holy League (1571)</a></div> <p>Beginning roughly in the 12th century in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, and later spreading through Europe with the development of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, with the Arabic texts and thought<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bringing about rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge. The Catholic reconquest of Portugal and Spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a> that established direct links with Africa, the Americas, and Asia. During this period, Iberian forces engaged in a worldwide struggle with Islamic societies; the battlefronts in this Ibero-Islamic World War stretched from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, finally involving the islands of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually this ecumenical conflict ended when new players—England, Holland and France—replaced Spain and Portugal as the main agents of European imperialism in the mid-17th century. </p><p>European overseas expansion led to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">colonial empires</a>, producing the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbian Exchange">Columbian Exchange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> of Great Britain, allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and <a href="/wiki/War_of_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="War of independence">independence wars</a>. Balkan nations began to regain independence from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Italy unified into a nation state. The <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">capture of Rome</a> in 1870 ended the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_(papal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal power (papal)">Papal temporal power</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OttomanEmpireIn1683.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/OttomanEmpireIn1683.png/310px-OttomanEmpireIn1683.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/OttomanEmpireIn1683.png/465px-OttomanEmpireIn1683.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/OttomanEmpireIn1683.png/620px-OttomanEmpireIn1683.png 2x" data-file-width="1966" data-file-height="1850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> controlled most of the Mediterranean Sea for centuries.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_and_21st_century">20th and 21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Europe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 20th and 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in 1914 was precipitated by the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Powers">Great Powers</a> took up sides. The Allies defeated the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> in 1918. During the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a> the <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Four_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Big Four (World War I)">Big Four</a> imposed their terms in a series of treaties, especially the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>. The Nazi regime under <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> came to power in 1933, and along with <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Mussolini's Italy</a> sought to gain control of the continent by the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. Following the Allied victory in the Second World War, Europe was divided by the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>. The countries in Eastern and Southeastern Europe were dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and became <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist states</a>. The major non-communist southern European countries joined a US-led military alliance (<a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>) and formed the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> amongst themselves. The countries in the Soviet sphere of influence joined the military alliance known as the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> and the economic bloc called <a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> was neutral. The common attribute of the eastern countries is that all of them have experiences with <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, but nevertheless, the beginning of the 1990s was just roughly the same. For some of them becoming independent was the major challenge, while others needed to face with poverty and deep dictatorship also Economically, parallel with the political changes, and the democratic transition, – as a rule of law states – the previous command economies were transformed via the legislation into market economies, and set up or renewed the major macroeconomic factors: budgetary rules, national audit, national currency, central bank. Generally, they shortly encountered the following problems: high inflation, high unemployment, low economic growth and high government debt. By 2000 these economies were stabilized, and sooner or later between 2004 and 2013 some of them joined the European Union, and Slovenia introduced the euro.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italy became a major <a href="/wiki/Industrialized_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialized country">industrialized country</a> again, due to its post-war <a href="/wiki/Economic_miracle" title="Economic miracle">economic miracle</a>. The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) involved the division of powers, with tax, health, and education handled by the nation states, while the EU had charge of market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism. The Soviet economic and political system collapsed, leading to the end of communism in the satellite countries in 1989, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself in 1991. European Union expanded to subsequently include many of the formerly communist European countries – <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (2007) and <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (2013).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Pass" title="Gotthard Pass">Gotthard</a>, a major and direct transport axis between Northern and southern Europe, was completed in 2016 with the <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Base_Tunnel" title="Gotthard Base Tunnel">Gotthard Base Tunnel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gotthard inscribes itself in a long <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Alps" title="History of the Alps">history of transit across the Alps</a>, which saw them progressively changing from an obstacle to a corridor between the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Europe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Europe_population_pyramid_2023.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Southern_Europe_population_pyramid_2023.svg/250px-Southern_Europe_population_pyramid_2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Southern_Europe_population_pyramid_2023.svg/375px-Southern_Europe_population_pyramid_2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Southern_Europe_population_pyramid_2023.svg/500px-Southern_Europe_population_pyramid_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2552" data-file-height="2059" /></a><figcaption>Population pyramid of southern Europe in 2023 (UN geoscheme classification)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Europe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages of Europe</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romance_languages">Romance languages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Europe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Romance languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most widely spoken family of languages in southern Europe are the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, the heirs of Latin, which have spread from the Italian peninsula, and are emblematic of Southwestern Europe <i>(See the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Arch" title="Latin Arch">Latin Arch</a>.)</i>. By far the most common Romance languages in southern Europe are <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> (spoken by over 50 million people in Italy, southern Switzerland, Malta, San Marino, and Vatican City) and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, which is spoken by over 40 million people in Spain, Andorra and Gibraltar. Other common Romance languages include <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> (spoken in Portugal and Andorra), <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> (spoken in France, Monaco, and the <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a> in Italy), <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> (spoken in eastern Spain, Andorra, Southwestern France, and the <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinian</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">Alghero</a> in Italy), <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> (spoken in northwestern Spain), <a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a> (spoken in northeast Portugal), and <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, which is spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Val_d%27Aran" title="Val d'Aran">Val d'Aran</a> in Catalonia, in the <a href="/wiki/Occitan_Valleys" title="Occitan Valleys">Occitan Valleys</a> in Italy and in southern France.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slavic_languages">Slavic languages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Europe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Slavic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic Languages</a> are spoken in several countries on the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian language</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Български език">Български език</a>) is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="България">България</a>). <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Bosnian-Serbian-Croatian</a> is spoken in Kosovo, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Italy (in <a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a>). <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovenian</a> is spoken in Slovenia, Italy (in <a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a>) and Croatia (in <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> is spoken in North Macedonia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_languages">Other languages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Europe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic languages</a> or <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> are widely spoken in Greece and Cyprus. Additionally, other varieties of Greek are spoken in small communities in parts of other European countries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>English is used as a second language in parts of southern Europe. As a primary language, however, English has only a small presence in southern Europe, only in Gibraltar (alongside Spanish) and Malta (secondary to Maltese). English is also widely spoken in Cyprus.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are other language groupings in southern Europe. <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> is spoken in Albania, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Greece, Serbia, Croatia and Italy (particularly by the <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Arbëreshë people</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">southern Italy</a>). <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Semitic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Semitic language">Semitic language</a> that is the official language of Malta, descended from <a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Siculo-Arabic</a>, but written in the Latin script with heavy Latin and Italian influences. The <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque language</a> is spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country</a>, a region in northern Spain and southwestern France. <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic language">Turkic language</a> that is spoken in Turkey, Cyprus, Kosovo, Greece, North Macedonia and Bosnia, and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> is spoken in Italy, particularly in <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Europe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The predominant religion in southern Europe is <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. Christianity spread throughout southern Europe during the Roman Empire, and Christianity was adopted as the official religion of the Roman Empire in the year 380 AD. Due to <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">the historical break of the Church</a> into the western half based in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and the eastern half based in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, different denominations of Christianity are prominent in different parts of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> in the western half of southern Europe — e.g., Portugal, Spain, Italy — are generally <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>. Christians in the eastern half of southern Europe — e.g., Greece, Serbia and North Macedonia — are generally <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is widely practiced in Albania, Bosnia, Kosovo and Turkey and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>. Muslims are a significant minority in several countries of southern Europe- e.g., Greece, Italy, Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-pewresearch.org_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pewresearch.org-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> was practiced widely throughout the European continent within the Roman Empire from the 2nd century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_classifications">Other classifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Europe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CIA_World_Factbook"><i>CIA World Factbook</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Europe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: CIA World Factbook"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_subregion_map_world_factbook.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Europe_subregion_map_world_factbook.svg/250px-Europe_subregion_map_world_factbook.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Europe_subregion_map_world_factbook.svg/375px-Europe_subregion_map_world_factbook.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Europe_subregion_map_world_factbook.svg/500px-Europe_subregion_map_world_factbook.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Subregions of Europe based on the <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a></i>: <small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#007FFF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00FFFF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F0DC82; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Europe">Southwest Europe</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#66FF00; color:black;"> </span> Southern Europe</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D2691E; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F88379; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></div></small></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a></i>, the description of each country includes information about "Location" under the heading "Geography", where the country is classified into a region. The following countries are included in their classification "southern Europe":<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Holy See (Vatican City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li></ul> <p>In addition, <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> are classified as "Southwestern Europe", while <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (the part west of the Bosporus) are described as located in "Southeastern Europe". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EuroVoc">EuroVoc</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Europe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: EuroVoc"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Regions_EuroVoc.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/European_Regions_EuroVoc.png/250px-European_Regions_EuroVoc.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/European_Regions_EuroVoc.png/375px-European_Regions_EuroVoc.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/European_Regions_EuroVoc.png/500px-European_Regions_EuroVoc.png 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3196" /></a><figcaption>European regions according to <a href="/wiki/EuroVoc" title="EuroVoc">EuroVoc</a>: <small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0076D3; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#67E863; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F6D600; color:black;"> </span> Southern Europe</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E62121; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a></div></small></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/EuroVoc" title="EuroVoc">EuroVoc</a> is a multilingual thesaurus maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Publications_Office_of_the_European_Union" title="Publications Office of the European Union">Publications Office of the European Union</a>, giving definitions of terms for official use. In the definition of "southern Europe", the following countries are included:<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UN_geoscheme_classification">UN geoscheme classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Europe&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: UN geoscheme classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_subregion_map_UN_geoscheme.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Europe_subregion_map_UN_geoscheme.svg/250px-Europe_subregion_map_UN_geoscheme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Europe_subregion_map_UN_geoscheme.svg/375px-Europe_subregion_map_UN_geoscheme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Europe_subregion_map_UN_geoscheme.svg/500px-Europe_subregion_map_UN_geoscheme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Subregions of Europe by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">United Nations geoscheme</a>: <small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF8080; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4080FF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00FF00; color:black;"> </span> Southern Europe</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00FFFF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a></div></small></figcaption></figure> <p>The United Nations geoscheme is a system devised by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Statistics_Division" title="United Nations Statistics Division">United Nations Statistics Division</a> (UNSD) which divides the countries of the world into <a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">regional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">subregional</a> groups, based on the <a href="/wiki/UN_M49" title="UN M49">M49 coding classification</a>. The partition is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories.<sup id="cite_ref-m49_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m49-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the UN geoscheme, the following countries are classified as southern Europe:<sup id="cite_ref-m49_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m49-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li></ul> <p>as well as the <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territory</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Travel_Commission_classification">European Travel Commission classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Europe&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: European Travel Commission classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/European_Travel_Commission" title="European Travel Commission">European Travel Commission</a> divides the European region on the basis of Tourism Decision Metrics (TDM) model. Countries which belong to the southern/Mediterranean Europe in this classification are:<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Europe&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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#aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Southern_Europe" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Southern Europe"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Southern Europe</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Med_Group" title="EU Med Group">EU Med Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EuroVoc#Southern_Europe" title="EuroVoc">EuroVoc#Southern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Europe&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bulgaria-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bulgaria_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bulgaria_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Often included. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">United Nations geoscheme</a> includes Bulgaria in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cyprus-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cyprus_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cyprus_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cyprus_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Geographically a part of Asia, considered a European country in <a href="/wiki/Political_geography" title="Political geography">political geography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McGill_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGill-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">United Nations geoscheme</a> includes Cyprus in <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibraltar-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gibraltar_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibraltar_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greek_islands-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greek_islands_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greek_islands_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Some <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Greece" title="List of islands of Greece">Greek offshore islands</a> near <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a> are considered parts of Asia in <a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physical geography</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Italy-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Italy_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Italy_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Italy_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> is part of <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Europe">Southwestern Europe</a>. Most of Italy is on the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian Plate</a>, while some parts such as <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> are on the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic Plate">Adriatic Plate</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a>, and some parts of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> are located on the <a href="/wiki/African_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="African Plate">African Plate</a>, near of the boundary between the African Plate and the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian Plate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McGill_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGill-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gal_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gal-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">United Nations geoscheme</a> includes Italy in southern Europe.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malta-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malta_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malta_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malta_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, the Maltese Islands is located on the <a href="/wiki/African_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="African Plate">African Plate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McGill_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGill-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island group lies approx. 200 km south of the boundary between the African Plate and the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian Plate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gal_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gal-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Political_geography" title="Political geography">political geography</a>, Malta is considered a European country. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">United Nations geoscheme</a> includes Malta in Southern Europe.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monaco-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monaco_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monaco_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes included. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">United Nations geoscheme</a> includes Monaco in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes included, especially <a href="/wiki/Alpes-Maritimes" title="Alpes-Maritimes">Alpes-Maritimes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" title="Pyrénées-Orientales">Pyrénées-Orientales</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">United Nations geoscheme</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-East_Thrace-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-East_Thrace_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-East_Thrace_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The European part of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A part of <a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" title="Pyrénées-Orientales">Pyrénées-Orientales</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes included. <a href="/wiki/French_Cerdagne" title="French Cerdagne">French Cerdagne</a> is the only part located on the Iberian Peninsula (<a href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro Basin</a>). The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">United Nations geoscheme</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metropolitan_France-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Metropolitan_France_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Metropolitan_France_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes included. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">United Nations geoscheme</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes included. Essentially on the south side of the Alps (<a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po Basin</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">United Nations geoscheme</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moldova-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moldova_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Occasionally included. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">United Nations geoscheme</a> includes Moldova in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Romania-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Romania_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes included. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">United Nations geoscheme</a> includes Romania in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The highest mountain of Italy is <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a> (4,810 m)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Europe&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.unomaha.edu/Peterson/geog1000/Notes/Notes_Exam2/SE.html">Southern Europe</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGill-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGill_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGill_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGill_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTaylor_Combaluzier" class="citation web cs1">Taylor Combaluzier. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africa-arabia-plate.weebly.com/">"African & Arabian Tectonic Plates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a>, Montréal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=African+%26+Arabian+Tectonic+Plates&rft.pub=McGill+University%2C+Montr%C3%A9al&rft.au=Taylor+Combaluzier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafrica-arabia-plate.weebly.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gal-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gal_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gal_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalea2007" class="citation journal cs1">Galea, Pauline (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.annalsofgeophysics.eu/index.php/annals/article/viewFile/3053/3096">"Seismic history of the Maltese Islands and considerations on seismic risk: Earthquakes in Malta"</a>. <i>Annals of Geophysics</i>. <b>50</b> (6): 725–740<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Geophysics&rft.atitle=Seismic+history+of+the+Maltese+Islands+and+considerations+on+seismic+risk%3A+Earthquakes+in+Malta&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=725-740&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Galea&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.annalsofgeophysics.eu%2Findex.php%2Fannals%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F3053%2F3096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RingWatson2013-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RingWatson2013_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudy_RingNoelle_WatsonPaul_Schellinger2013" class="citation book cs1">Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (5 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fYH7AQAAQBAJ"><i>Southern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25965-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25965-6"><bdi>978-1-134-25965-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Europe%3A+International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft.isbn=978-1-134-25965-6&rft.au=Trudy+Ring&rft.au=Noelle+Watson&rft.au=Paul+Schellinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfYH7AQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MagoneMagone2003-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MagoneMagone2003_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosé_María_MagoneMagone,_José_María_Magone2003" class="citation book cs1">José María Magone; Magone, José María Magone (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KOj2BwVxczUC&pg=PA292"><i>The Politics of Southern Europe: Integration Into the European Union</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 292–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97787-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97787-0"><bdi>978-0-275-97787-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Southern+Europe%3A+Integration+Into+the+European+Union&rft.pages=292-&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97787-0&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa+Magone&rft.au=Magone%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa+Magone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKOj2BwVxczUC%26pg%3DPA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IZgyAQAAIAAJ"><i>Europe, Southern: Italy, Cyprus, Greece, European Turkey: Selected References</i></a>. Air University Library. 1992.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%2C+Southern%3A+Italy%2C+Cyprus%2C+Greece%2C+European+Turkey%3A+Selected+References&rft.pub=Air+University+Library&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIZgyAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1t2CAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA210">Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology</a>, Alan Barnard and Jonathan Spence. Retrieved 10 October 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.ucf.edu/countries/southerneurope">UCF Libraries – Southern Europe</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-countries-make-up-southern-europe.html">Which Countries Make Up Southern Europe?</a> WorldAtlas</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/3/Y1997e/y1997e0z.htm">"Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000 - Chapter 30. Southern Europe"</a>. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Forest+Resources+Assessment+2000+-+Chapter+30.+Southern+Europe&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2FY1997e%2Fy1997e0z.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Romania">Romania | History, Map, & Facts | Britannica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_E._Dickinson1969" class="citation book cs1">Robert E. Dickinson (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1yXJBQAAQBAJ"><i>The Makers of Modern Geography</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> Library Editions: Social and Cultural Geography. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317907336" title="Special:BookSources/9781317907336"><bdi>9781317907336</bdi></a>. <q>He (<a href="/wiki/August_Zeune" title="August Zeune">August Zeune</a>) divided Europe into its major divisions. Southern Europe falls into three units — the Pyrenean, Alpine, and Balkan peninsulas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Makers+of+Modern+Geography&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Routledge+Library+Editions%3A+Social+and+Cultural+Geography&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9781317907336&rft.au=Robert+E.+Dickinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1yXJBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/europe-physical-geography/">"Europe: Physical Geography"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. 4 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2022</span>. <q>Europe's main peninsulas are the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan, located in southern Europe</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+Physical+Geography&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft.date=2012-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Feurope-physical-geography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Videos/2012/07/Mediterranean_sea-surface_temperature">"Mediterranean sea-surface temperature"</a>. ESA. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mediterranean+sea-surface+temperature&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FESA_Multimedia%2FVideos%2F2012%2F07%2FMediterranean_sea-surface_temperature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarale2011" class="citation web cs1">Barale, Vittorio (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/a-Sea-surface-temperature-of-the-Mediterranean-Sea-water-masses-and-physical_fig3_290100465">"Fig. 3.a: Sea surface temperature of the Mediterranean Sea (water masses and physical processes)"</a>. <i>The coastal dimension of maritime spatial planning</i>. ResearchGate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423020220/https://www.researchgate.net/figure/a-Sea-surface-temperature-of-the-Mediterranean-Sea-water-masses-and-physical_fig3_290100465">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+coastal+dimension+of+maritime+spatial+planning&rft.atitle=Fig.+3.a%3A+Sea+surface+temperature+of+the+Mediterranean+Sea+%28water+masses+and+physical+processes%29.&rft.date=2011-01&rft.aulast=Barale&rft.aufirst=Vittorio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffigure%2Fa-Sea-surface-temperature-of-the-Mediterranean-Sea-water-masses-and-physical_fig3_290100465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eo4society.esa.int/2019/06/24/2010-2019-sst-in-the-mediterranean/">"2010-2019 SST in the Mediterranean"</a>. eo science for society. 24 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010-2019+SST+in+the+Mediterranean&rft.pub=eo+science+for+society&rft.date=2019-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feo4society.esa.int%2F2019%2F06%2F24%2F2010-2019-sst-in-the-mediterranean%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Redfern1971" class="citation book cs1">James Redfern (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m5RsDwAAQBAJ"><i>A Lexical Study of Raeto-Romance and Contiguous Italian Dialect Areas</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Mouton_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouton Publishers">Mouton Publishers</a>. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110824841" title="Special:BookSources/9783110824841"><bdi>9783110824841</bdi></a>. <q>The canton of the Ticino marks the geographic descent from high Alps to plain and is, therefore, a land of climatic as well as linguistic transition, where heat and abundant moisture favor almonds, figs, and all the fruits common to southern Europe, except the olive.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Lexical+Study+of+Raeto-Romance+and+Contiguous+Italian+Dialect+Areas&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Mouton+Publishers&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9783110824841&rft.au=James+Redfern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm5RsDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOECD2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=soDWAgAAQBAJ"><i>OECD Territorial Reviews: Switzerland 2002</i></a>. OECD Publishing. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789264160651" title="Special:BookSources/9789264160651"><bdi>9789264160651</bdi></a>. <q>The Regio Insubrica spreads over three Italian provinces (Verbano-Cusio Ossola, Varese, Como) and the Swiss canton of Ticino. The national border cuts across a culturally and geographically homogenous territory. The region is peripheral for both countries, but it is an essential pole of communication between Northern and Southern Europe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OECD+Territorial+Reviews%3A+Switzerland+2002&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9789264160651&rft.au=OECD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsoDWAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cepf.net/our-work/biodiversity-hotspots/mediterranean-basin">"Mediterranean Basin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Critical_Ecosystem_Partnership_Fund" title="Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund">Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mediterranean+Basin&rft.pub=Critical+Ecosystem+Partnership+Fund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cepf.net%2Four-work%2Fbiodiversity-hotspots%2Fmediterranean-basin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Frey" class="extiw" title="de:Wolfgang Frey">Wolfgang Frey</a> and <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_L%C3%B6sch" class="extiw" title="de:Rainer Lösch">Rainer Lösch</a>; <i>Lehrbuch der Geobotanik. Pflanze und Vegetation in Raum und Zeit</i>. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, München 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefano_Mazzoleni2004" class="citation book cs1">Stefano Mazzoleni (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s88vzd9PwkkC"><i>Recent Dynamics of the Mediterranean Vegetation and Landscape</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 145. <q>In the coastal areas, the olive groves are tightly interwoven with low maquis, garrigue and steppe, which have been widely grazed and, consequently, burned. On the other hand, low mountains and inland hills have chestnut and mixed deciduous coppiced woods. The actual boundaries between these two different vegetation landscapes can be found at different altitudes according to local climatic conditions; higher (about 1000m asl) in the eastern and southern areas, and lower and close to the sea in the central and northern basin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recent+Dynamics+of+the+Mediterranean+Vegetation+and+Landscape&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Stefano+Mazzoleni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds88vzd9PwkkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/phoenicia/">"Phoenicia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phoenicia&rft.btitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Fphoenicia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. <a href="/wiki/Averroes#Commentaries_on_Aristotle" title="Averroes">Averroes#Commentaries on Aristotle</a> written in the 12th century, which was mentioned in <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.divinecomedy.org/divine_comedy.php3?display?Italian?Inferno?4?121?151?45?1?????1?">IV:144</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150620010334/http://www.divinecomedy.org/divine_comedy.php3?display%3FItalian%3FInferno%3F4%3F121%3F151%3F45%3F1%3F%3F%3F%3F%3F1%3F">Archived</a> 2015-06-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> around 1320 AD</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruxillo" class="citation book cs1">Truxillo, Charles A. <i>By the Sword and the Cross: The Historical Evolution of the Catholic World Monarchy in Spain and the New World, 1492-1825</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By+the+Sword+and+the+Cross%3A+The+Historical+Evolution+of+the+Catholic+World+Monarchy+in+Spain+and+the+New+World%2C+1492-1825&rft.aulast=Truxillo&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_J._Mayne" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Richard J. Mayne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-58260/history-of-Europe">"history of Europe:: The Middle Ages"</a>. <i>Britannica Online Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Industrial+Revolution+in+England&rft.pub=Historyguide.org&rft.date=2006-10-11&rft.au=Steven+Kreis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyguide.org%2Fintellect%2Flecture17a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVértesy2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Vértesy, László (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dialogcampus.hu/users/default/dialogcampus/uploads/elektronikus_konyvek/pga2018_01_09_vertesy.pdf">"Macroeconomic Legal Trends in the EU11 Countries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Public Governance, Administration and Finances Law Review</i>. 3. No. 1. 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Governance%2C+Administration+and+Finances+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Macroeconomic+Legal+Trends+in+the+EU11+Countries&rft.volume=3.+No.+1.+2018&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=V%C3%A9rtesy&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dialogcampus.hu%2Fusers%2Fdefault%2Fdialogcampus%2Fuploads%2Felektronikus_konyvek%2Fpga2018_01_09_vertesy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/policy/from-6-to-27-members_en">"From 6 to 27 members"</a>. <i>ec.europa.eu</i>. 6 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=From+6+to+27+members&rft.date=2016-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fneighbourhood-enlargement%2Fpolicy%2Ffrom-6-to-27-members_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarah_Baxter2017" class="citation book cs1">Sarah Baxter (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9pAFEAAAQBAJ"><i>History of the World in 500 Railway Journeys</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Quarto_Group" title="The Quarto Group">The Quarto Group</a>. p. 357. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781781319383" title="Special:BookSources/9781781319383"><bdi>9781781319383</bdi></a>. <q>The first Gotthard Tunnel, a 9-mile (14 km) engineering marvel of its time, was dug between 1872 and 1882; 199 men died in the process. Running between the Swiss villages of Göschenen and Airolo, it was the first modern railway link between northern and southern Europe, and it is still used today.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+World+in+500+Railway+Journeys&rft.pages=357&rft.pub=The+Quarto+Group&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781781319383&rft.au=Sarah+Baxter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9pAFEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JHZqDwAAQBAJ"><i>The WEB of Transport Corridors in South Asia</i></a>. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781464812163" title="Special:BookSources/9781464812163"><bdi>9781464812163</bdi></a>. <q>The Rhine-Alpine Corridor is a north-south corridor extending from the North Sea ports of Rotterdam and Antwerp to the Mediterranean port of Genoa in northern Italy. The corridor is a primary artery for transporting goods in Europe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+WEB+of+Transport+Corridors+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=186&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781464812163&rft.au=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJHZqDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChazan2006" class="citation book cs1">Chazan, Robert (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JxJQ_98I3R0C"><i>The Jews of Medieval Western Christendom: 1000-1500</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521616645" title="Special:BookSources/9780521616645"><bdi>9780521616645</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Medieval+Western+Christendom%3A+1000-1500&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521616645&rft.aulast=Chazan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJxJQ_98I3R0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pewresearch.org-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pewresearch.org_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConrad_Hackett2017" class="citation cs2">Conrad Hackett (29 November 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/">"5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421074144/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/">archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=5+facts+about+the+Muslim+population+in+Europe&rft.date=2017-11-29&rft.au=Conrad+Hackett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2017%2F11%2F29%2F5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCIA" class="citation web cs1">CIA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/">"The World Factbook"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240124164228/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.au=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublications_Office_of_the_European_Union" class="citation web cs1">Publications Office of the European Union. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200306105548/https://op.europa.eu/en/web/eu-vocabularies/th-concept-scheme/-/resource/eurovoc/100277?target=Browse">"7206 Europe"</a>. <i>EU Vocabularies</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.europa.eu/en/web/eu-vocabularies/th-concept-scheme/-/resource/eurovoc/100277?target=Browse">the original</a> on 6 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EU+Vocabularies&rft.atitle=7206+Europe&rft.au=Publications+Office+of+the+European+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fweb%2Feu-vocabularies%2Fth-concept-scheme%2F-%2Fresource%2Feurovoc%2F100277%3Ftarget%3DBrowse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m49-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-m49_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m49_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/">"Methodology"</a>. <i>UNSD</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNSD&rft.atitle=Methodology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fmethodology%2Fm49%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTourism_Economics2014" class="citation web cs1">Tourism Economics (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etc-corporate.org/uploads/reports/ETC-July2014-TrendsandOutlook_Public-version2.pdf">"European Tourism 2014 – Trends & Prospects - Quarterly Report (Q2/2014)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>European Travel Commission</i>. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423020222/https://etc-corporate.org/uploads/reports/ETC-July2014-TrendsandOutlook_Public-version2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Travel+Commission&rft.atitle=European+Tourism+2014+%E2%80%93+Trends+%26+Prospects+-+Quarterly+Report+%28Q2%2F2014%29&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2014-07&rft.au=Tourism+Economics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetc-corporate.org%2Fuploads%2Freports%2FETC-July2014-TrendsandOutlook_Public-version2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Europaea" title="Pax Europaea">Pax Europaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_situations_and_unrest_in_Europe_since_2000" title="Crisis situations and unrest in Europe since 2000">Crisis situations and unrest since 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">cron</a> hybrid variant (2020-22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation#Europe" title="List of sovereign states by date of formation">Sovereignty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_predecessors_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="List of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe">predecessor states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Europe" title="Geography of Europe">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_and_population_of_European_countries" title="Area and population of European countries">Areas and populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_area" title="List of European countries by area">Countries by area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_microstates" title="European microstates">European microstates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Europe" title="List of metropolitan areas in Europe">Largest metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cities_in_Europe" title="Lists of cities in Europe">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Europe" title="Climate of Europe">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Europe" title="Extreme points of Europe">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Europe" title="Geology of Europe">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes#Europe" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#Europe" title="List of mountain ranges">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Europe" title="Regions of Europe">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Europe" title="List of rivers of Europe">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Sovereign states and dependent territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe#Population_by_country" title="Demographics of Europe">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Europe" title="List of villages in Europe">Villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Europe" title="Politics of Europe">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurosphere" title="Eurosphere">Eurosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_membership_in_international_organisations" title="List of European countries by membership in international organisations">International organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_in_Europe" title="Law in Europe">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_relations" title="Transatlantic relations">Transatlantic relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intergovernmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe (CoE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community (EPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development">GUAM Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_statistics" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe statistics">statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-country_economic_relationships_with_the_European_Union" title="Third-country economic relationships with the European Union">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_European_Union" title="Free trade agreements of the European Union">free trade agreements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Union" title="Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area (EEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">European Union Customs Union (EUCU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">enlargement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_statistics" title="European Union statistics">Statistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Europe" title="Economy of Europe">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Europe_(1000_AD%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of Europe (1000 AD–present)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_social_rankings_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe">Financial (and social) rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_areas_in_Europe" title="Free trade areas in Europe">Free trade areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Europe" title="Energy in Europe">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_European_Union" title="Telecommunications in the European Union">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Europe" title="Transport in Europe">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intergovernmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Customs Union (EACU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association (EFTA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Sovereign states by</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Average wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_budget_revenues" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by budget revenues">Budget revenues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_budget_revenues_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by budget revenues per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)">GDP (nominal)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP)">GDP (PPP)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (nominal) per capita">GNI (nominal) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GNI_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (PPP) per capita">GNI (PPP) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by Human Development Index">HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users" title="List of European countries by number of Internet users">Internet users (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European countries by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_Press_Freedom_Index" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by unemployment rate">Unemployment rate (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_health_expense_per_person" title="European countries by health expense per person">Health expense per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_military_expenditure_as_a_percentage_of_government_expenditure" title="European countries by military expenditure as a percentage of government expenditure">Military spending (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_percentage_of_urban_population" title="European countries by percentage of urban population">Urban population (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_electricity_consumption_per_person" title="European countries by electricity consumption per person">Electricity use per capita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Europe" title="Category:Society of Europe">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in Europe">Ages of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Europe" title="Etiquette in Europe">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_social_rankings_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe">Social (and financial) rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_Europe" title="List of endangered languages in Europe">endangered</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_European_countries" title="Legal status of tattooing in European countries">Tattooing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_universities" title="History of European universities">Universities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Programme" title="Erasmus Programme">Erasmus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Europe" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture#Europe" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">Capital of Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Europe" title="Cinema of Europe">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_festivals_in_Europe" title="List of film festivals in Europe">film festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_dances" title="European dances">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" title="Christianity in Europe">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Europe" title="Sport in Europe">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Europe" title="Symbols of Europe">Symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Europe" title="Armorial of Europe">Armorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Europe" title="Flags of Europe">Flags</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe" title="Demographics of Europe">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageing_of_Europe" title="Ageing of Europe">Ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_percent_of_population_aged_0-14" title="European countries by percent of population aged 0-14">Childhood population (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">genetic history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Europe" title="Immigration to Europe">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European regions by life expectancy">by region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_in_Europe" title="Retirement in Europe">Retirement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_present-day_countries_and_dependencies" title="Maps of present-day countries and dependencies">Maps</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template talk:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s primary <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">subregions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">Worlds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Under" title="Down Under">Down Under</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three/Four Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Hemispheres of Earth">Hemispheres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Land Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Water Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">Landmasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Africa-Eurasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">submerged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">Tectonic plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">South-western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim">Indian Ocean Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Rim">Mediterranean Rim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_regions" title="Category:Global regions">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_East" title="Global East">Global East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#The_Heartland" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">Global Heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Global Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Northwest" title="Global Northwest">Global Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Global Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southwest" title="Global Southwest">Global Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Global West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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