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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Later applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preservation_of_cylinder_recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preservation_of_cylinder_recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Preservation of cylinder recordings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preservation_of_cylinder_recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inline_citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inline_citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Inline citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inline_citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Phonograph cylinder</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81" title="أسطوانة فونوغراف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسطوانة فونوغراف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilindre_de_fon%C3%B2graf" title="Cilindre de fonògraf – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cilindre de fonògraf" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silindr_ffonograff" title="Silindr ffonograff – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Silindr ffonograff" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonografvalse" title="Fonografvalse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fonografvalse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonographenwalze" title="Phonographenwalze – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phonographenwalze" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilindro_de_fon%C3%B3grafo" title="Cilindro de fonógrafo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cilindro de fonógrafo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylindre_phonographique" title="Cylindre phonographique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cylindre phonographique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3nagraf" title="Fónagraf – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fónagraf" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B6%95%EC%9D%8C%EA%B8%B0_%EC%8B%A4%EB%A6%B0%EB%8D%94" title="축음기 실린더 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="축음기 실린더" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilindro_fonografico" title="Cilindro fonografico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cilindro fonografico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonografo_cilindras" title="Fonografo cilindras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fonografo cilindras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasrol" title="Wasrol – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wasrol" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9D%8B%E7%AE%A1" title="蝋管 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="蝋管" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilindro_fonogr%C3%A1fico" title="Cilindro fonográfico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cilindro fonográfico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80" title="Восковой цилиндр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Восковой цилиндр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Phonograph cylinder" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonograf" title="Fonograf – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fonograf" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%86%D9%86%DB%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81" title="لوولەکی فۆنۆگراف – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لوولەکی فۆنۆگراف" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonografisylinteri" title="Fonografisylinteri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fonografisylinteri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonografcylinder" title="Fonografcylinder – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fonografcylinder" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%99%E8%81%B2%E6%A9%9F%E5%9C%93%E7%AD%92" title="留聲機圓筒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="留聲機圓筒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medium for recording and reproducing sound</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Phonograph cylinder</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cilindrodefonografo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cilindrodefonografo.jpg/220px-Cilindrodefonografo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cilindrodefonografo.jpg/330px-Cilindrodefonografo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cilindrodefonografo.jpg/440px-Cilindrodefonografo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">An Edison Gold Mould cylinder record, taken out of its storing tube (left), from c. 1900s</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capacity</th><td class="infobox-data">2 minutes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Released</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 1888</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discontinued</th><td class="infobox-data">1929</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Phonograph cylinders</b> (also referred to as <b>Edison cylinders</b> after its creator <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>) are the earliest commercial medium for <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">recording and reproducing sound</a>. Commonly known simply as "records" in their heyday (c. 1896–1916), a name which has been passed on to <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">their disc-shaped successor</a>, these hollow <a href="/wiki/Cylinder" title="Cylinder">cylindrical</a> objects have an audio recording engraved on the outside surface which can be reproduced when they are played on a mechanical cylinder <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-prezi_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prezi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first cylinders were wrapped with <a href="/wiki/Tin_foil" title="Tin foil">tin foil</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the improved version made of <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a> was created a decade later,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which they were commercialized. In the 1910s, the competing disc record system <a href="/wiki/Format_war" title="Format war">triumphed</a> in the marketplace to become the dominant commercial audio medium.<sup id="cite_ref-PBS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_development">Early development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph_cylinder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 1877,<sup id="cite_ref-congress_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-congress-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> and his team invented the <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a> using a thin sheet of <a href="/wiki/Tin_foil" title="Tin foil">tin foil</a> wrapped around a hand-cranked, grooved metal cylinder.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tin foil was not a practical recording medium for either commercial or artistic purposes, and the crude hand-cranked phonograph was only marketed as a novelty, to little or no profit. Edison moved on to developing a practical <a href="/wiki/Edison_light_bulb" title="Edison light bulb">incandescent electric light</a>, and the next improvements to <a href="/wiki/History_of_sound_recording" title="History of sound recording">sound recording technology</a> were made by others.<sup id="cite_ref-PBS_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following seven years of research and experimentation at their <a href="/wiki/Volta_Laboratory_and_Bureau#Sound_recording_and_phonograph_development" title="Volta Laboratory and Bureau">Volta Laboratory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chichester_Bell" title="Chichester Bell">Chichester Bell</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a> as the recording medium, and engraving, rather than indenting, as the recording method. In 1887, their "<a href="/wiki/Graphophone" title="Graphophone">Graphophone</a>" system was being put to the test of practical use by official reporters of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">US Congress</a>, with commercial units later being produced by the <a href="/wiki/Dictaphone" title="Dictaphone">Dictaphone Corporation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-acusd_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acusd-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this system was demonstrated to Edison's representatives, Edison quickly resumed work on the phonograph. He settled on a thicker all-wax cylinder, the surface of which could be repeatedly shaved down for reuse. Both the Graphophone and Edison's "<a href="/wiki/Edison_phonograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Edison phonograph">Perfected Phonograph</a>" were commercialized in 1888. Eventually, a patent-sharing agreement was signed, and the wax-coated cardboard tubes were abandoned in favor of Edison's all-wax cylinders as an interchangeable standard format.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Edison_cylinder_Lost_Chord.ogg" title="File:Edison cylinder Lost Chord.ogg">One of the earliest surviving recordings of music</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="127" data-mwtitle="Edison_cylinder_Lost_Chord.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Edison_cylinder_Lost_Chord.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/Edison_cylinder_Lost_Chord.ogg/Edison_cylinder_Lost_Chord.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">1888 recording of Arthur Sullivan's "<a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Chord" title="The Lost Chord">The Lost Chord</a>", recorded by <a href="/wiki/George_Gouraud" class="mw-redirect" title="George Gouraud">George Gouraud</a>, and played at the August 14, 1888, press conference that introduced the phonograph to London.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div></div></div> <p>Beginning in 1889, prerecorded wax cylinders were marketed. These have professionally made recordings of songs, instrumental music or humorous monologues in their grooves. At first, the only customers for them were proprietors of <a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(movie_theater)" title="Nickelodeon (movie theater)">nickelodeons</a>—the first <a href="/wiki/Jukebox" title="Jukebox">jukeboxes</a>—installed in arcades and taverns, but within a few years, private owners of phonographs were increasingly buying them for home use.<sup id="cite_ref-Reiss_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reiss-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike later, shorter-playing high-speed cylinders, early cylinder recordings were usually cut at a speed of about 120 rpm and can play for as long as three minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-congress_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-congress-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were made of a relatively soft wax formulation and would wear out after they were played a few dozen times.<sup id="cite_ref-Adapters_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adapters-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The buyer could then use a mechanism which left their surfaces shaved smooth so new recordings could be made on them.<sup id="cite_ref-Gracyk_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gracyk-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EdisonPhonograph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/EdisonPhonograph.jpg/220px-EdisonPhonograph.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/EdisonPhonograph.jpg/330px-EdisonPhonograph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/EdisonPhonograph.jpg/440px-EdisonPhonograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Edison wax cylinder phonograph c. 1899</figcaption></figure> <p>Cylinder machines of the late 1880s and the 1890s were usually sold with recording attachments. The ability to record as well as play back sound was an advantage of cylinder phonographs over the competition from cheaper <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">disc record</a> phonographs, which began to be mass-marketed at the end of the 1890s, as the disc system machines could be used only to play back prerecorded sound.<sup id="cite_ref-Gracyk_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gracyk-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the earliest stages of phonograph manufacturing, various incompatible, competing types of cylinder recordings were made. A standard system was decided upon by <a href="/wiki/Edison_Records" title="Edison Records">Edison Records</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Phonograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Phonograph">Columbia Phonograph</a>, and other companies in the late 1880s. The standard cylinders are about 4 inches (10 cm) long, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> inches (5.7 cm) in diameter, and play about two minutes of recorded material.<sup id="cite_ref-Adapters_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adapters-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally, all cylinders sold needed to be recorded live on the softer brown wax, which wore out after as few as 20 plays. Later cylinders were reproduced either mechanically or by linking phonographs together with rubber tubes.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the years, the type of wax used in cylinders was improved and hardened, so that cylinders could be played with good quality over 100 times. In 1902, Edison Records launched a line of improved, hard wax cylinders marketed as "Edison Gold Moulded Records". The major development of this line of cylinders is that Edison had developed a process that allowed a <a href="/wiki/Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">mold</a> to be made from a master cylinder, which then permitted the production of several hundred cylinders to be made from the mold.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process was labeled "Gold Moulded" because of the <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> <a href="/wiki/Vapor" title="Vapor">vapor</a> that was given off by gold <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a> used in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-congress_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-congress-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_packaging">Commercial packaging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph_cylinder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Commercial packaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Ujangong.ogg" title="File:Ujangong.ogg">Song of the "Ujangong" mask dance</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="84" data-mwtitle="Ujangong.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/59/Ujangong.ogg/Ujangong.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Ujangong.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Phonograph cylinder recorded in <a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea" title="German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a> on August 23, 1904, by German <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_P%C3%B6ch" title="Rudolf Pöch">Rudolf Pöch</a></div></div></div></div> </div></div></div> <p>The earliest soft wax cylinders were sold wrapped in thick cotton <a href="/wiki/Padding" title="Padding">batting</a>. Later, molded hard-wax cylinders were sold in boxes with a cotton lining. <a href="/wiki/Celluloid" title="Celluloid">Celluloid</a> cylinders were sold in unlined boxes. These protective boxes were normally kept and used to house the cylinders after purchase. Their general appearance allowed bandleader <a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a> to deride their contents as "canned music", an epithet he borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hard_plastic_cylinders">Hard plastic cylinders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph_cylinder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hard plastic cylinders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Blue_Amberol_Records" title="Blue Amberol Records">Blue Amberol Records</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edison_Records" title="Edison Records">Edison Records</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Auld_Lang_Syne.ogg" title="File:Auld Lang Syne.ogg">1910 Indestructible Record</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="142" data-mwtitle="Auld_Lang_Syne.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Auld_Lang_Syne.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Auld_Lang_Syne.ogg/Auld_Lang_Syne.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAuld_Lang_Syne.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAuld_Lang_Syne.ogg&lang=mnw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mnw" label="ဘာသာမန် ‪(mnw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">"<a href="/wiki/Auld_Lang_Syne" title="Auld Lang Syne">Auld Lang Syne</a>", sung by <a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Stanley" title="Frank C. Stanley">Frank C. Stanley</a> in 1910</div></div></div></div> </div></div></div> <p>On March 20, 1900, Thomas B. Lambert was granted a US patent (645,920) that described a process for mass-producing cylinders made from <a href="/wiki/Celluloid" title="Celluloid">celluloid</a>, an early hard plastic. (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Jules_Lioret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Jules Lioret (page does not exist)">Henri Jules Lioret</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Jules_Lioret" class="extiw" title="fr:Henri Jules Lioret">fr</a>]</span> of France was producing celluloid cylinders as early as 1893, but they were individually recorded rather than molded.) That same year, the Lambert Company of Chicago began selling cylinder records made of the material. They would not break if dropped and could be played thousands of times without wearing out. The color was changed to black in 1903, but brown and blue cylinders were also produced. The coloring was purportedly because the dyes reduced <a href="/wiki/Surface_noise" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface noise">surface noise</a>. Unlike wax, the hard, inflexible material could not be shaved and recorded over, but it had the advantage of being nearly permanent.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1905 Edison Phonograph may be seen and heard playing a celluloid cylinder at the <a href="/wiki/Musical_Museum,_Brentford" title="Musical Museum, Brentford">Musical Museum</a>, Brentford, England and the quality of the sound is surprisingly good.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This superior technology was licensed by the Indestructible Record Company<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1906 and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Phonograph Company</a> in 1908. The <a href="/wiki/Edison_Bell" title="Edison Bell">Edison Bell</a> company in Europe had separately licensed the technology and were able to market Edison's titles in both wax (popular series) and celluloid (indestructible series).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReadWelch1976146_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReadWelch1976146-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 1908, Edison had introduced wax cylinders that played for nominally four minutes (instead of the usual two) under the <i>Amberol</i> brand. They were made from a harder (and more fragile) form of wax to withstand the smaller stylus used to play them. The longer playing time was achieved by reducing the groove size and placing them half as far apart. In 1912, the Edison company eventually acquired Lambert's patents to the celluloid technology, and almost immediately started production under a variation of their existing <i>Amberol</i> brand as <i>Edison Blue Amberol Records</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edison designed several phonograph types, both with internal and external horns for playing these improved cylinder records. The internal horn models were called <i>Amberolas</i>. Edison marketed its "Fireside" model phonograph with a gearshift and a 'model K' reproducer with two different styli, which allowed it to play both two-minute and four-minute cylinders.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline">Decline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph_cylinder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cylinder records continued to compete with the growing disc record market into the 1910s, when discs won the commercial battle. In 1912, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a>, which had been selling both discs and cylinders, dropped the cylinder format, while Edison introduced his <a href="/wiki/Edison_Disc_Record" title="Edison Disc Record">Diamond Disc</a> format, played with a <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a> stylus. Beginning in 1915, new Edison cylinder issues consisted of re-recordings from Edison discs; they therefore had lower audio quality than the disc originals. Although his cylinders continued to be sold in steadily dwindling and eventually minuscule quantities, Edison continued to support the owners of cylinder phonographs by making new titles available in that format until the company ceased manufacturing all records and phonographs in November 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-congress_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-congress-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_applications">Later applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph_cylinder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cylinder phonograph technology continued to be used for <a href="/wiki/Dictaphone" title="Dictaphone">Dictaphone</a> and Ediphone recordings for office use for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-Dictaphone_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dictaphone-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1947, Dictaphone replaced wax cylinders with their <a href="/wiki/Dictabelt" title="Dictabelt">Dictabelt</a> technology, which cut a mechanical groove into a plastic belt instead of into a wax cylinder. This was later replaced by <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a> recording. However, cylinders for older style dictating machines continued to be available for some years, and it was not unusual to encounter cylinder dictating machines into the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-Dictabelt_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dictabelt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 20th and early 21st century, new recordings have been made on cylinders for the <a href="/wiki/Novelty_effect" title="Novelty effect">novelty effect</a> of using obsolete technology. Probably the most famous of these are by <a href="/wiki/They_Might_Be_Giants" title="They Might Be Giants">They Might Be Giants</a>, who in 1996 recorded "I Can Hear You" and three other songs, performed without electricity, on an 1898 Edison wax recording studio phonograph at the <a href="/wiki/Edison_National_Historic_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Edison National Historic Site">Edison National Historic Site</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Orange,_New_Jersey" title="West Orange, New Jersey">West Orange, New Jersey</a>. This song was released on <i><a href="/wiki/Factory_Showroom" title="Factory Showroom">Factory Showroom</a></i> in 1996 and re-released on the 2002 compilation <i><a href="/wiki/Dial-A-Song:_20_Years_of_They_Might_Be_Giants" title="Dial-A-Song: 20 Years of They Might Be Giants">Dial-A-Song: 20 Years of They Might Be Giants</a></i>. The other songs recorded were "James K. Polk", "Maybe I Know", and "The Edison Museum", the last a song about the site of the recording. These recordings were officially released online as MP3 files in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-giants_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giants-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Small numbers of cylinders have been manufactured in the 21st century out of modern long-lasting materials. Two companies engaged in such enterprise are the Vulcan Cylinder Record Company of <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, England,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Wizard Cylinder Records Company in <a href="/wiki/Baldwin,_Nassau_County,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin, Nassau County, New York">Baldwin, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010 the British musical group <a href="/wiki/The_Men_That_Will_Not_Be_Blamed_for_Nothing" title="The Men That Will Not Be Blamed for Nothing">The Men That Will Not Be Blamed for Nothing</a> released the track "Sewer", from their debut album, <i><a href="/wiki/Now_That%27s_What_I_Call_Steampunk!_Volume_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Now That's What I Call Steampunk! Volume 1">Now That's What I Call Steampunk! Volume 1</a></i> on a wax cylinder in a limited edition of 40, of which only 30 were put on sale. The box set came with instructions on how to make a cylinder player for less than £20. The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> covered the release on Television on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Click" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC Click">BBC Click</a>, on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Online" title="BBC Online">BBC Online</a>, and on <a href="/wiki/Radio_5_Live" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio 5 Live">Radio 5 Live</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2017 the Cthulhu Breakfast Club podcast released a special limited wax cylinder edition of a show.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2019, the podcast <i><a href="/wiki/Hello_Internet" title="Hello Internet">Hello Internet</a></i> released ten limited edition wax cylinder recordings.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2023, <a href="/wiki/Needlejuice_Records" title="Needlejuice Records">Needlejuice Records</a> released wax cylinder singles for <a href="/wiki/Lemon_Demon" title="Lemon Demon">Lemon Demon</a> songs "Touch-Tone Telephone" and "The Oldest Man On MySpace", from albums <i><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Phone" title="Spirit Phone">Spirit Phone</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dinosaurchestra" title="Dinosaurchestra">Dinosaurchestra</a></i>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preservation_of_cylinder_recordings">Preservation of cylinder recordings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph_cylinder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Preservation of cylinder recordings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Special:EditPage/Phonograph cylinder">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HoldPhonoCylinder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/HoldPhonoCylinder.jpg/220px-HoldPhonoCylinder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/HoldPhonoCylinder.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="153" /></a><figcaption>Proper way to hold a cylinder record: put fingers on the inside; do not touch the outer surface which has the recording.</figcaption></figure> <p>Because of the nature of the recording medium, playback of many cylinders can cause degradation of the recording. The replay of cylinders diminishes their fidelity and degrades their recorded signals. Additionally, when exposed to humidity, mold can penetrate a cylinder's surface and cause the recording to have surface noise. Currently, the only professional machines manufactured for the playback of cylinder recordings are the <a href="/wiki/Arch%C3%A9ophone" title="Archéophone">Archéophone</a> player, designed by Henri Chamoux and the "Endpoint Cylinder and Dictabelt Machine" by Nicholas Bergh.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Archéophone is used by the Edison National Historic Site, <a href="/wiki/Bowling_Green_State_University" title="Bowling Green State University">Bowling Green State University</a> (Bowling Green, Ohio), the Department of Special Collections at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara_Library" title="University of California, Santa Barbara Library">University of California, Santa Barbara Library</a>, and many other libraries and archives, including the Endpoint by <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="New York Public Library for the Performing Arts">The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an attempt to preserve the historic content of the recordings, cylinders can be read with a <a href="/wiki/Confocal_microscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Confocal microscope">confocal microscope</a> and converted to a <a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">digital audio</a> format. The resulting sound clip in most cases sounds better than stylus playback from the original cylinder. Having an electronic version of the original recordings enables archivists to open access to the recordings to a wider audience. This technique also has the potential to allow for reconstruction of damaged or broken cylinders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedeyevHaberRaddingMaul2004_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedeyevHaberRaddingMaul2004-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Handel_-_Israel_in_Egypt,_HWV_54_(excerpt).oga" title="File:Handel - Israel in Egypt, HWV 54 (excerpt).oga">An example of a heavily degraded cylinder: Handel's <i>Israel in Egypt</i> (June 29, 1888)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="148" data-mwtitle="Handel_-_Israel_in_Egypt,_HWV_54_(excerpt).oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/Handel_-_Israel_in_Egypt%2C_HWV_54_%28excerpt%29.oga/Handel_-_Israel_in_Egypt%2C_HWV_54_%28excerpt%29.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Handel_-_Israel_in_Egypt%2C_HWV_54_%28excerpt%29.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">This was played at the conference introducing the phonograph to London.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Sullivan_-_wax_cylinder_recording.ogg" title="File:Arthur Sullivan - wax cylinder recording.ogg">1888 speech by Arthur Sullivan at the Little Menlo, London</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_6" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="95" data-mwtitle="Arthur_Sullivan_-_wax_cylinder_recording.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Arthur_Sullivan_-_wax_cylinder_recording.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Arthur_Sullivan_-_wax_cylinder_recording.ogg/Arthur_Sullivan_-_wax_cylinder_recording.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AArthur_Sullivan_-_wax_cylinder_recording.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">One of the earliest surviving wax cylinder recordings.</div></div></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph_cylinder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 214.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 212.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CylinderRecordsWPackage.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two Edison cylinder records (left and right) and their cylindrical cardboard boxes (center)"><img alt="Two Edison cylinder records (left and right) and their cylindrical cardboard boxes (center)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/CylinderRecordsWPackage.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two Edison cylinder records (left and right) and their cylindrical cardboard boxes (center)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brownwaxcylinders.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brown wax cylinders showing various shades (and mold damage)"><img alt="Brown wax cylinders showing various shades (and mold damage)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Brownwaxcylinders.jpg/277px-Brownwaxcylinders.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Brownwaxcylinders.jpg/415px-Brownwaxcylinders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Brownwaxcylinders.jpg/554px-Brownwaxcylinders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="590" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brown wax cylinders showing various shades (and mold damage)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 62px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 60px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EdisonSlip1903.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Paper record slip from 1903 cylinder"><img alt="Paper record slip from 1903 cylinder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/EdisonSlip1903.JPG/89px-EdisonSlip1903.JPG" decoding="async" width="60" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/EdisonSlip1903.JPG/133px-EdisonSlip1903.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/EdisonSlip1903.JPG/178px-EdisonSlip1903.JPG 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="1343" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Paper record slip from 1903 cylinder</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 221.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 219.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EdisonSlip1903backside.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Back side of 1903 record slip"><img alt="Back side of 1903 record slip" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/EdisonSlip1903backside.JPG/329px-EdisonSlip1903backside.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/EdisonSlip1903backside.JPG/494px-EdisonSlip1903backside.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/EdisonSlip1903backside.JPG/658px-EdisonSlip1903backside.JPG 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="470" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Back side of 1903 record slip</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ColumbiaCylLabelPortion.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portion of the label from the outside of a Columbia cylinder box, before 1901. Note that the title is handwritten."><img alt="Portion of the label from the outside of a Columbia cylinder box, before 1901. Note that the title is handwritten." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/ColumbiaCylLabelPortion.jpg/222px-ColumbiaCylLabelPortion.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/ColumbiaCylLabelPortion.jpg/333px-ColumbiaCylLabelPortion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/ColumbiaCylLabelPortion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="275" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portion of the label from the outside of a Columbia cylinder box, before 1901. Note that the title is handwritten.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edisongoldmoulded.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edison Gold Moulded record made of relatively hard black wax, c. 1904"><img alt="Edison Gold Moulded record made of relatively hard black wax, c. 1904" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Edisongoldmoulded.jpg/198px-Edisongoldmoulded.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Edisongoldmoulded.jpg/297px-Edisongoldmoulded.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Edisongoldmoulded.jpg/396px-Edisongoldmoulded.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Edison Gold Moulded record made of relatively hard black wax, c. 1904</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BlueAmberolRim.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rim of Edison "Blue Amberol" celluloid cylinder with plaster core"><img alt="Rim of Edison "Blue Amberol" celluloid cylinder with plaster core" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/BlueAmberolRim.jpg/181px-BlueAmberolRim.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/BlueAmberolRim.jpg/271px-BlueAmberolRim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/BlueAmberolRim.jpg/362px-BlueAmberolRim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="362" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rim of Edison "<a href="/wiki/Blue_Amberol_Records" title="Blue Amberol Records">Blue Amberol</a>" celluloid cylinder with plaster core</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AmberolLid.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blue Amberol cylinder box lid"><img alt="Blue Amberol cylinder box lid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/AmberolLid.jpg/178px-AmberolLid.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/AmberolLid.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="227" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Blue_Amberol_Records" title="Blue Amberol Records">Blue Amberol</a> cylinder box lid</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhonographCylinders.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Disc records and cylinders"><img alt="Disc records and cylinders" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/PhonographCylinders.JPG/339px-PhonographCylinders.JPG" decoding="async" width="226" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/PhonographCylinders.JPG/508px-PhonographCylinders.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/PhonographCylinders.JPG/677px-PhonographCylinders.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2819" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Disc records and cylinders</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 211.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 209.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wax_cylinder_in_Dictaphone.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cylinder on Dictaphone dictation machine (c. 1922). The recording head moved left to right. The black lines are shiny gaps between tracks. Each cylinder could record 1,200 to 1,500 words. They could be reused 100 to 120 times by putting them in a machine that erased them by shaving off the surface."><img alt="Cylinder on Dictaphone dictation machine (c. 1922). The recording head moved left to right. The black lines are shiny gaps between tracks. Each cylinder could record 1,200 to 1,500 words. They could be reused 100 to 120 times by putting them in a machine that erased them by shaving off the surface." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Wax_cylinder_in_Dictaphone.jpg/314px-Wax_cylinder_in_Dictaphone.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Wax_cylinder_in_Dictaphone.jpg/471px-Wax_cylinder_in_Dictaphone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Wax_cylinder_in_Dictaphone.jpg/627px-Wax_cylinder_in_Dictaphone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="453" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cylinder on Dictaphone dictation machine (c. 1922). The recording head moved left to right. The black lines are shiny gaps between tracks. Each cylinder could record 1,200 to 1,500 words. They could be reused 100 to 120 times by putting them in a machine that erased them by shaving off the surface.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 334px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 332px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cylinderscolors.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Celluloid phonograph cylinders displaying a variety of colors"><img alt="Celluloid phonograph cylinders displaying a variety of colors" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cylinderscolors.JPG/498px-Cylinderscolors.JPG" decoding="async" width="332" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cylinderscolors.JPG/746px-Cylinderscolors.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cylinderscolors.JPG/995px-Cylinderscolors.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1461" data-file-height="529" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Celluloid phonograph cylinders displaying a variety of colors</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 280px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 278px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cylindersdiameter.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Wax phonograph cylinders in a variety of diameters"><img alt="Wax phonograph cylinders in a variety of diameters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Cylindersdiameter.JPG/417px-Cylindersdiameter.JPG" decoding="async" width="278" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Cylindersdiameter.JPG/625px-Cylindersdiameter.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Cylindersdiameter.JPG/834px-Cylindersdiameter.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1655" data-file-height="715" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wax phonograph cylinders in a variety of diameters</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 153.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cylinderslength.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Wax phonograph cylinders in a variety of lengths"><img alt="Wax phonograph cylinders in a variety of lengths" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cylinderslength.JPG/230px-Cylinderslength.JPG" decoding="async" width="154" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cylinderslength.JPG/345px-Cylinderslength.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cylinderslength.JPG/461px-Cylinderslength.JPG 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wax phonograph cylinders in a variety of lengths</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapleson_cylinders.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A sound engineer holds one of the Mapleson Cylinders containing a fragment of a live performance recorded at the Metropolitan Opera in 1901."><img alt="A sound engineer holds one of the Mapleson Cylinders containing a fragment of a live performance recorded at the Metropolitan Opera in 1901." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mapleson_cylinders.jpg/135px-Mapleson_cylinders.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mapleson_cylinders.jpg/202px-Mapleson_cylinders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mapleson_cylinders.jpg/270px-Mapleson_cylinders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A sound engineer holds one of the <a href="/wiki/Mapleson_Cylinders" title="Mapleson Cylinders">Mapleson Cylinders</a> containing a fragment of a live performance recorded at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a> in 1901.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amberola_close-up.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Close-up of the mechanism of an Edison Amberola, manufactured c. 1915"><img alt="Close-up of the mechanism of an Edison Amberola, manufactured c. 1915" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Amberola_close-up.jpg/240px-Amberola_close-up.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Amberola_close-up.jpg/360px-Amberola_close-up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Amberola_close-up.jpg/480px-Amberola_close-up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Close-up of the mechanism of an Edison Amberola, manufactured c. 1915</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 94.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 92.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Edison_listening_to_wax_cylinder,_1888.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Thomas Edison in 1888 listening to a wax cylinder phonograph at the Edison laboratory, Orange, N.J."><img alt="Thomas Edison in 1888 listening to a wax cylinder phonograph at the Edison laboratory, Orange, N.J." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Thomas_Edison_listening_to_wax_cylinder%2C_1888.png/139px-Thomas_Edison_listening_to_wax_cylinder%2C_1888.png" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Thomas_Edison_listening_to_wax_cylinder%2C_1888.png/209px-Thomas_Edison_listening_to_wax_cylinder%2C_1888.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Thomas_Edison_listening_to_wax_cylinder%2C_1888.png/278px-Thomas_Edison_listening_to_wax_cylinder%2C_1888.png 2x" data-file-width="4044" data-file-height="5230" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thomas Edison in 1888 listening to a wax cylinder phonograph at the Edison laboratory, Orange, N.J.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 80.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 78.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CBS-Listening-Post-Cylinders-1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Delivering Ediphone wax cylinder recordings of propaganda broadcasts for analysis at the CBS listening post (May 1941)"><img alt="Delivering Ediphone wax cylinder recordings of propaganda broadcasts for analysis at the CBS listening post (May 1941)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/CBS-Listening-Post-Cylinders-1941.jpg/118px-CBS-Listening-Post-Cylinders-1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/CBS-Listening-Post-Cylinders-1941.jpg/176px-CBS-Listening-Post-Cylinders-1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/CBS-Listening-Post-Cylinders-1941.jpg/235px-CBS-Listening-Post-Cylinders-1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1962" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Delivering Ediphone wax cylinder recordings of propaganda broadcasts for analysis at the CBS listening post (May 1941)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CBS-Listening-Post-Transcription-1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Transcribing propaganda broadcasts from Europe recorded on Ediphone cylinders at the CBS listening post (May 1941)"><img alt="Transcribing propaganda broadcasts from Europe recorded on Ediphone cylinders at the CBS listening post (May 1941)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/CBS-Listening-Post-Transcription-1941.jpg/280px-CBS-Listening-Post-Transcription-1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/CBS-Listening-Post-Transcription-1941.jpg/420px-CBS-Listening-Post-Transcription-1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/CBS-Listening-Post-Transcription-1941.jpg/560px-CBS-Listening-Post-Transcription-1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1416" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Transcribing propaganda broadcasts from Europe recorded on Ediphone cylinders at the CBS listening post (May 1941)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 69.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 67.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Edison_cylinder_playback_demo.webm/101px--Edison_cylinder_playback_demo.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="68" height="120" data-durationhint="156" data-mwtitle="Edison_cylinder_playback_demo.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Edison_cylinder_playback_demo.webm/Edison_cylinder_playback_demo.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="270" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Edison_cylinder_playback_demo.webm/Edison_cylinder_playback_demo.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="406" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Edison_cylinder_playback_demo.webm/Edison_cylinder_playback_demo.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="608" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Edison_cylinder_playback_demo.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1080" data-height="1920" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Edison_cylinder_playback_demo.webm/Edison_cylinder_playback_demo.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="82" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Edison_cylinder_playback_demo.webm/Edison_cylinder_playback_demo.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="136" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Edison_cylinder_playback_demo.webm/Edison_cylinder_playback_demo.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Edison_cylinder_playback_demo.webm/Edison_cylinder_playback_demo.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Playback demonstration of a recording and playback demonstration at the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison_National_Historical_Park" title="Thomas Edison National Historical Park">Thomas Edison National Historical Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Orange,_New_Jersey" title="West Orange, New Jersey">West Orange, New Jersey</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Edison_cylinder_recording_demo.webm/320px--Edison_cylinder_recording_demo.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="214" height="120" data-durationhint="167" data-mwtitle="Edison_cylinder_recording_demo.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/Edison_cylinder_recording_demo.webm/Edison_cylinder_recording_demo.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/Edison_cylinder_recording_demo.webm/Edison_cylinder_recording_demo.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/Edison_cylinder_recording_demo.webm/Edison_cylinder_recording_demo.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Edison_cylinder_recording_demo.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/Edison_cylinder_recording_demo.webm/Edison_cylinder_recording_demo.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/Edison_cylinder_recording_demo.webm/Edison_cylinder_recording_demo.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/Edison_cylinder_recording_demo.webm/Edison_cylinder_recording_demo.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/Edison_cylinder_recording_demo.webm/Edison_cylinder_recording_demo.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Recording demonstration</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph_cylinder&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch%C3%A9ophone" title="Archéophone">Archéophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio format">Audio format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio storage">Audio storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_Audio_Archive" title="Cylinder Audio Archive">Cylinder Audio Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapleson_Cylinders" title="Mapleson Cylinders">Mapleson Cylinders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telediphone" title="Telediphone">Telediphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta_Laboratory_and_Bureau" title="Volta Laboratory and Bureau">Volta Laboratory and Bureau</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph_cylinder&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph_cylinder&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFedeyevHaberRaddingMaul2004" class="citation journal cs1">Fedeyev, Vitaliy; <a href="/wiki/Carl_Haber_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Haber (physicist)">Haber, Carl</a>; Radding, Zachary; Maul, Christian; McBride, John; Golden, Mitchell (May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-cdf.lbl.gov/~av/JAES-paper-LBNL.pdf">"Reconstruction of Mechanically Recorded Sound by Image Processing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Acoustical_Society_of_America" title="Journal of the Acoustical Society of America">Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</a></i>. <b>115</b> (5): 172. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ASAJ..115.2494F">2001ASAJ..115.2494F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.4782907">10.1121/1.4782907</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7371031">7371031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Reconstruction+of+Mechanically+Recorded+Sound+by+Image+Processing&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=172&rft.date=2004-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7371031%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F1.4782907&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001ASAJ..115.2494F&rft.aulast=Fedeyev&rft.aufirst=Vitaliy&rft.au=Haber%2C+Carl&rft.au=Radding%2C+Zachary&rft.au=Maul%2C+Christian&rft.au=McBride%2C+John&rft.au=Golden%2C+Mitchell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-cdf.lbl.gov%2F~av%2FJAES-paper-LBNL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReadWelch1976" class="citation book cs1">Read, Oliver; Welch, Walter L. (1976). <i>From Tin Foil to Stereo: Evolution of the Phonograph</i> (2nd ed.). Indianapolis, Indiana: Howard W. Sams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0672212062" title="Special:BookSources/978-0672212062"><bdi>978-0672212062</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Tin+Foil+to+Stereo%3A+Evolution+of+the+Phonograph&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+Indiana&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Howard+W.+Sams&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0672212062&rft.aulast=Read&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft.au=Welch%2C+Walter+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inline_citations">Inline citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph_cylinder&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Inline citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-prezi-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prezi_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhipps2013" class="citation web cs1">Phipps, Aodhan (November 8, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prezi.com/6vthtpprlye5/history-of-recorded-music/">"History of Recorded Music"</a>. <i>Transcript of History of Recorded Music</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/notes.html">the original</a> on August 13, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recording+Technology+History&rft.pub=University+of+San+Diego&rft.date=2005-07-06&rft.aulast=Schoenherr&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.acusd.edu%2Fgen%2Frecording%2Fnotes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schoenherr, S. (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aes.org/aeshc/docs/recording.technology.history/graphophone.html">"Charles Sumner Tainter and the Graphophone"</a> (via the Audio Engineering Society). Retrieved 2014-05-04.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reiss-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reiss_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReiss1954" class="citation book cs1">Reiss, Eric L. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hVTcbLuuA5IC&q=Each+cylinder+can+easily+be+placed+on+and+removed+from+the+mandrel+of+the+machine+used+to+play+them&pg=PA1"><i>The Compleat Talking Machine: A Collector's Guide to Antique Phonographs</i></a>. 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Tim's Phonographs and Old Records<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phonograph+Cylinders%3A+A+Beginner%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Tim%27s+Phonographs+and+Old+Records&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Gracyk&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gracyk.com%2Fcylinders.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cylinder.de/guide_brown-wax-cylinders.html">"Brown Wax Cylinders"</a>. <i>The Cylinder Archive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Cylinder+Archive&rft.atitle=Brown+Wax+Cylinders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cylinder.de%2Fguide_brown-wax-cylinders.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cylinder.de/guide_black-wax-cylinders.html">"The Cylinder Archive - Cylinder Guide: Black Wax Cylinders"</a>. <i>The Cylinder Archive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Cylinder+Archive&rft.atitle=The+Cylinder+Archive+-+Cylinder+Guide%3A+Black+Wax+Cylinders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cylinder.de%2Fguide_black-wax-cylinders.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bierley, Paul Edmund, "The Incredible Band of John Philip Sousa". <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>, 2006. p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cylinder.de/guide_lambert-cylinders.html">"Norman Bruderhofer's Cylinder Guide – Lambert Cylinders"</a>. <i>The Cylinder Archive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Cylinder+Archive&rft.atitle=Norman+Bruderhofer%27s+Cylinder+Guide+%E2%80%93+Lambert+Cylinders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cylinder.de%2Fguide_lambert-cylinders.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324014701/http://www.phonographcylinders.com/lambert-replica-cylinder.php">"Lambert Replica Cylinders"</a>. <i>phonographcylinders.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phonographcylinders.com/lambert-replica-cylinder.php">the original</a> on 2012-03-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=phonographcylinders.com&rft.atitle=Lambert+Replica+Cylinders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phonographcylinders.com%2Flambert-replica-cylinder.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musicalmuseum.co.uk/mmcatalogue">"MMCatalogue (All)"</a>. <i>The Musical Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Museum&rft.atitle=MMCatalogue+%28All%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicalmuseum.co.uk%2Fmmcatalogue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cylinders.library.ucsb.edu/history-indestructible.php">"Indestructible Records"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2021</span> – via UCSB Cylinder Audio Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indestructible+Records&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Santa+Barbara+Library&rft.date=2005-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcylinders.library.ucsb.edu%2Fhistory-indestructible.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReadWelch1976146-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReadWelch1976146_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReadWelch1976">Read & Welch 1976</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cylinder.de/guide_blue-amberol-cylinders.html">"The Cylinder Archive – Cylinder Guide: Amberol and 4-minute Indestructible Cylinders"</a>. <i>The Cylinder Archive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Cylinder+Archive&rft.atitle=The+Cylinder+Archive+%E2%80%93+Cylinder+Guide%3A+Amberol+and+4-minute+Indestructible+Cylinders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cylinder.de%2Fguide_blue-amberol-cylinders.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Model Number taken directly from actual Fireside reproducer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dictaphone-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dictaphone_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGracyk2018" class="citation web cs1">Gracyk, Tim (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundrecordinghistory.net/history-of-sound-recording/history-of-dictaphone/">"History of Dictaphone"</a>. <i>History of Sound Recording Devices</i>. Sound Recording History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Sound+Recording+Devices&rft.atitle=History+of+Dictaphone&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Gracyk&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundrecordinghistory.net%2Fhistory-of-sound-recording%2Fhistory-of-dictaphone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dictabelt-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dictabelt_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2013" class="citation web cs1">Curtis, Jason (30 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.obsoletemedia.org/dictabelt/">"History of Dictaphone"</a>. <i>Museum of Obsolete Media</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+of+Obsolete+Media&rft.atitle=History+of+Dictaphone&rft.date=2013-04-30&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.obsoletemedia.org%2Fdictabelt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-giants-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-giants_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theymightbegiants.com/factory-showroom">"Factory Showroom"</a>. <i>The Official Website of Brooklyn's Ambassadors of Love</i>. They Might Be Giants. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Phonograph+Cylinder+Records&rft.pub=Vulcan+Cylinder+Record+Company&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phonographcylinders.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDilg2008" class="citation web cs1">Dilg, Peter N. (November–December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capsnews.org/apn2008-6.htm">"The Wizard Cylinder Record Company"</a>. <i>Canadian Antique Phonograph Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Antique+Phonograph+Society&rft.atitle=The+Wizard+Cylinder+Record+Company&rft.date=2008-11%2F2008-12&rft.aulast=Dilg&rft.aufirst=Peter+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capsnews.org%2Fapn2008-6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/10171206.stm">"Tech Know: A journey into sound"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2010-05-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Tech+Know%3A+A+journey+into+sound&rft.date=2010-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F10171206.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/BL_DramaSound/status/867737576056258561">"Podcast on Wax Cylinder"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>. 2017-05-25 – via Twitter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Podcast+on+Wax+Cylinder&rft.pub=British+Library&rft.date=2017-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FBL_DramaSound%2Fstatus%2F867737576056258561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hellointernet.fm/podcast/2019/4/24/hi-122-wax-cylinders">"Wax cylinder episode"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hello_Internet" title="Hello Internet">Hello Internet</a></i>, April 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/needlejuicerec/status/1656469832110338049">"We put Lemon Demon songs on wax cylinders!"</a>, <i>Twitter.com</i>, May 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2022/04/05/1090819310/mystery-recordings-will-now-be-heard-for-the-first-time-in-about-100-years">"Mystery recordings will now be heard for the first time in about 100 years"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Mystery+recordings+will+now+be+heard+for+the+first+time+in+about+100+years&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F04%2F05%2F1090819310%2Fmystery-recordings-will-now-be-heard-for-the-first-time-in-about-100-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedeyevHaberRaddingMaul2004-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedeyevHaberRaddingMaul2004_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFedeyevHaberRaddingMaul2004">Fedeyev et al. 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/edis/photosmultimedia/very-early-recorded-sound.htm">Very Early Recordings</a>, from the Edison National Historic Site, [U.S.] National Park Service.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph_cylinder&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Frow, George L.; Sefl, Albert F. (1978). <i>The Edison Cylinder Phonographs 1877–1929</i>. Sevenoaks, Kent: George F. Frow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9505462-2-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9505462-2-4"><bdi>0-9505462-2-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Edison+Cylinder+Phonographs+1877%E2%80%931929&rft.place=Sevenoaks%2C+Kent&rft.pub=George+F.+Frow&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-9505462-2-4&rft.aulast=Frow&rft.aufirst=George+L.&rft.au=Sefl%2C+Albert+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Koenigsberg, Allen (1987). <i>Edison Cylinder Records, 1889–1912, With an illustrated history of the phonograph</i>. Brooklyn, New York: APM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-937612-07-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-937612-07-3"><bdi>0-937612-07-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edison+Cylinder+Records%2C+1889%E2%80%931912%2C+With+an+illustrated+history+of+the+phonograph&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+New+York&rft.pub=APM+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-937612-07-3&rft.aulast=Koenigsberg&rft.aufirst=Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Morton, David L. Jr. (2004). <i>Sound Recording – The Life Story of a Technology</i>. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sound+Recording+%E2%80%93+The+Life+Story+of+a+Technology&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=David+L.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Schüller, Dietrich (2004). "Technology for the Future". In A. Seeger; S. Chaudhuri (eds.). <i>Archives for the Future: Global Perspectives on Audiovisual Archives in the 21st Century</i>. Calcutta, India: Seagull Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Technology+for+the+Future&rft.btitle=Archives+for+the+Future%3A+Global+Perspectives+on+Audiovisual+Archives+in+the+21st+Century&rft.place=Calcutta%2C+India&rft.pub=Seagull+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Dietrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph_cylinder&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Phonograph_cylinders" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Phonograph cylinders">Phonograph cylinders</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tinfoil.com/">Tinfoil.com</a> – History of phonograph cylinders; listen to many examples dating from 1878 through 1912</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cylinders.library.ucsb.edu/">UCSB Cylinder Audio Archive</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a>: Streaming and downloadable versions of over 10,000 cylinders.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vulcanrecords.com/">Vulcan Cylinder Record Company</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sounds.bl.uk/World-and-traditional-music/Ethnographic-wax-cylinders">Ethnographic wax cylinders</a> from the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Audio_formats" title="Template:Audio formats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Audio_formats" title="Template talk:Audio formats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Audio_formats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Audio formats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Physical_audio_recording_formats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physical <a href="/wiki/Audio_recording_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio recording format">audio recording formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_engraving" title="Music engraving">Mechanical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_box#Evolving_box_production" title="Music box">Music box cylinder or disc</a> (9th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_clock#First_modern_cuckoo_clocks" title="Cuckoo clock">Mechanical cuckoo</a> (early 17th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">Punched card</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_roll" title="Music roll">Music roll</a> (1883)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooved surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonautograph" title="Phonautograph">Phonautogram</a> (1857)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooved <a class="mw-selflink selflink">cylinder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_development">Phonograph cylinder</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphophone" title="Graphophone">Graphophone</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dictaphone" title="Dictaphone">Dictaphone cylinder</a> (1887)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_development">Perfected phonograph</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edison_Records#Mass-produced_cylinders" title="Edison Records">Ediphone</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Salon cylinder</a> (1890s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Stentor cylinder</a> (1890s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Le Céleste cylinder</a> (1890s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Records#Mass-produced_cylinders" title="Edison Records">Gold moulded record</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indestructible_Record_Company" title="Indestructible Record Company">Indestructible record</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Records#Mass-produced_cylinders" title="Edison Records">Amberol record</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Amberol_Records" title="Blue Amberol Records">Blue Amberol record</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Paradis cylinder</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooved disc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Pathé disc</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Disc_Record" title="Edison Disc Record">Diamond disc</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Pathé Actuelle</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edison_Voicewriter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edison Voicewriter (page does not exist)">Edison Voicewriter</a> (late 1940s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoundScriber" title="SoundScriber">SoundScriber</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_Audograph" title="Gray Audograph">Audograph</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">Long play</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_Hi-Fi" title="Highway Hi-Fi">Highway Hi-Fi</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandai_8ban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandai 8ban (page does not exist)">Bandai 8ban</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooved tape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefifon#1930s" title="Tefifon">Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictabelt" title="Dictabelt">Dictabelt</a> (1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound-on-film" title="Sound-on-film">Sound-on-film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonofilm" title="Phonofilm">Phonofilm</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tri-Ergon" title="Tri-Ergon">Tri-Ergon</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movietone_sound_system" title="Movietone sound system">Movietone</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCA_Photophone" title="RCA Photophone">Photophone</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasound" title="Fantasound">Fantasound</a> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Loose magnetic <a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wire_recording" title="Wire recording">Wire recording</a> (1898)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magnetic <a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wire</a> cartridge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorenz_Textophon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorenz Textophon (page does not exist)">Lorenz Textophon</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=US_Army_RD-11B/GNQ-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1 (page does not exist)">US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmos_Industries_MX-303A/ANQ-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1 (page does not exist)">Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RCA_MI-12875&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RCA MI-12875 (page does not exist)">RCA MI-12875</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RCA_MI-12877&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RCA MI-12877 (page does not exist)">RCA MI-12877</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peirce_265B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peirce 265B (page does not exist)">Peirce 265B</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peirce_330/360&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peirce 330/360 (page does not exist)">Peirce 330/360</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protona_Minifon_P51&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protona Minifon P51 (page does not exist)">Protona Minifon P51</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protona_Minifon_P55&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protona Minifon P55 (page does not exist)">Protona Minifon P55</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protona_Minifon_special&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protona Minifon special (page does not exist)">Protona Minifon special</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crouzet-Jaeger_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge (page does not exist)">Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge</a> (1962)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magnetic surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_stripe_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic stripe card">Magnetic stripe card</a> (1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telefunken_magnetic_disc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telefunken magnetic disc (page does not exist)">Telefunken magnetic disc</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermionic_Products_Recordon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermionic Products Recordon (page does not exist)">Thermionic Products Recordon</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Record_Maker_Pye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Record Maker Pye (page does not exist)">Record Maker Pye</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricoh_Synchrofax" title="Ricoh Synchrofax">Synchrofax</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_High_Density" title="Video High Density">Audio High Density</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">Loose (reel-to-reel)</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Blattner#Career" title="Ludwig Blattner">Blattnerphone</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetophon" title="Magnetophon">Magnetophon</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Reel-to-reel_¼"" title="Audio tape specifications">1/4" tape</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Studio_tape_formats" title="Audio tape specifications">1/2" tape</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Studio_tape_formats" title="Audio tape specifications">Fullcoat magfilm</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Studio_tape_formats" title="Audio tape specifications">Stripe magfilm</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_multitrack_recording#Ampex's_original_8-track_recorder" title="History of multitrack recording">1" tape</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_multitrack_recording#Large_format_analog_recorders" title="History of multitrack recording">2" tape</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3/4%22_tape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3/4" tape (page does not exist)">3/4" tape</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Studio_tape_formats" title="Audio tape specifications">3" tape</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a> cartridge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loewe_(electronics)#Company_history" title="Loewe (electronics)">Optaphon</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cousino_Echo-matic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cousino Echo-matic (page does not exist)">Cousino Echo-matic</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohawk_Message_repeater_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohawk Message repeater cartridge (page does not exist)">Mohawk Message repeater cartridge</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundig_Business_Systems#History" title="Grundig Business Systems">Stenorette</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohawk_Midgetape_RL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohawk Midgetape RL (page does not exist)">Mohawk Midgetape RL</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictaphone_Dictet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictaphone Dictet (page does not exist)">Dictaphone Dictet</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rediffusion_Reditune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rediffusion Reditune (page does not exist)">Rediffusion Reditune</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saba_Sabafon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saba Sabafon (page does not exist)">Saba Sabafon</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCA_tape_cartridge" title="RCA tape cartridge">RCA tape cartridge</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philips_EL_3581&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philips EL 3581 (page does not exist)">Philips EL 3581</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protona_Attach%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protona Attaché (page does not exist)">Protona Attaché</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelipac" title="Fidelipac">Fidelipac</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cousino_MR-9000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cousino MR-9000 (page does not exist)">Cousino MR-9000</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_Magnabelt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IBM Magnabelt (page does not exist)">IBM Magnabelt</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictaphone_Travel_master&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictaphone Travel master (page does not exist)">Dictaphone Travel master</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippon_Electronic_Vity_cassette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nippon Electronic Vity cassette (page does not exist)">Nippon Electronic Vity cassette</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundig_Cassette_LFH_0084&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grundig Cassette LFH 0084 (page does not exist)">Grundig Cassette LFH 0084</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrtronic_Tapette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orrtronic Tapette (page does not exist)">Orrtronic Tapette</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_Tape#Trade_names" title="Scotch Tape">3M Scotch</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cousino" title="Bernard Cousino">Cousino Echo-matic II</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereo-Pak" title="Stereo-Pak">Stereo-Pak</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philips_EL_3583&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philips EL 3583 (page does not exist)">Philips EL 3583</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">Compact cassette</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundig_En3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grundig En3 (page does not exist)">Grundig En3</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabamobil" title="Sabamobil">Sabamobil</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-track_cartridge" title="8-track cartridge">8-track</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanyo_Micro_Pack_35" title="Sanyo Micro Pack 35">Micro pack 35</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assmann-Stuzzi_Memocord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord (page does not exist)">Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantata_700" title="Cantata 700">Cantata 700</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DC-International" title="DC-International">DC-International</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippon_Electronic_Memo-call&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nippon Electronic Memo-call (page does not exist)">Nippon Electronic Memo-call</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayTape" title="PlayTape">PlayTape</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muntz_Stereo_Mini-twin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muntz Stereo Mini-twin (page does not exist)">Muntz Stereo Mini-twin</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundig_DeJ614&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grundig DeJ614 (page does not exist)">Grundig DeJ614</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcassette" title="Microcassette">Microcassette</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanyo_Tape_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanyo Tape cartridge (page does not exist)">Sanyo Tape cartridge</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HiPac" title="HiPac">HiPac</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steno-Cassette" title="Steno-Cassette">Steno-Cassette</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundig_Business_Systems#History" title="Grundig Business Systems">Stenorette DL</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitol_Records_Audiopak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitol Records Audiopak (page does not exist)">Capitol Records Audiopak</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elcaset" title="Elcaset">Elcaset</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandai_micro_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandai micro cartridge (page does not exist)">Bandai micro cartridge</a> (late 1980s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picocassette" title="Picocassette">Picocassette</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_Rockers" title="Pocket Rockers">Pocket Rockers</a> (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">Analog-to-digital converter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soundstream#Digital_Tape_Recorder" title="Soundstream">Soundstream</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProDigi" title="ProDigi">X80/ProDigi</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Stationary_Head" title="Digital Audio Stationary Head">DASH</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCM_adaptor" title="PCM adaptor">PCM adaptor</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DA-88" title="DA-88">DA-88/DTRS</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">Digital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a> cartridge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">Digital Audio Tape</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NT_(cassette)" title="NT (cassette)">NT</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Compact_Cassette" title="Digital Compact Cassette">Digital Compact Cassette</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound-on-film" title="Sound-on-film">Sound-on-film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">DD</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Digital_Sound" title="Cinema Digital Sound">CDS</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Dynamic_Digital_Sound" title="Sony Dynamic Digital Sound">SDDS</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_recording_technologies" title="Optical disc recording technologies">Optical disc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">Compact Disc Digital Audio</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philips_CD-BGM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philips CD-BGM (page does not exist)">Philips CD-BGM</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDCD" class="mw-redirect" title="HDCD">HDCD</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Super Audio CD</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DataPlay" title="DataPlay">DataPlay</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-MD" title="Hi-MD">Hi-MD</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DualDisc" title="DualDisc">DualDisc</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-Audio" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-Audio">BD-Audio</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Fidelity_Pure_Audio" title="High Fidelity Pure Audio">HFPA</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Quality_Authenticated" title="Master Quality Authenticated">MQA-CD</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_storage" title="Solid-state storage">Electronic circuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">Sound chip</a> (late 1970s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3_player" class="mw-redirect" title="MP3 player">MP3 player</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HitClips" title="HitClips">HitClips</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaboom_Box&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaboom Box (page does not exist)">Yaboom Box</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takara_E-kara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takara E-kara (page does not exist)">Takara E-kara</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toymax_VJ_Starz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toymax VJ Starz (page does not exist)">Toymax VJ Starz</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive#Media_storage_and_marketing" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Digital#Music_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Digital">MicroSD</a> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hybrid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mini-cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini-cassette">Mini-cassette</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-matic" title="U-matic">U-matic</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pioneer_Artists_Compact_LaserDisc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc (page does not exist)">Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Video" title="CD Video">CD Video</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADAT" title="ADAT">ADAT</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_emulation_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl emulation software">Timecode vinyl</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VinylDisc" title="VinylDisc">VinylDisc</a> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grooved_track_audio" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grooved_track_audio" title="Template:Grooved track audio"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grooved_track_audio" title="Template 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<li><a href="/wiki/Highway_Hi-Fi" title="Highway Hi-Fi">Highway Hi-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_changer" title="Record changer">Record changer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_turntable" title="Laser turntable">Laser turntable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phonograph cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">LP record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_of_phonograph_records" title="Production of phonograph records">production</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_vinyl_discs" title="Conservation and restoration of vinyl discs">Conservation and restoration of vinyl discs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_revival" title="Vinyl revival">Vinyl revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/16px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/24px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/32px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alexander_Graham_Bell" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Template:Alexander Graham Bell"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Template talk:Alexander Graham Bell"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alexander Graham Bell"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alexander_Graham_Bell" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Melville_Bell" title="Alexander Melville Bell">Alexander Melville Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beinn_Bhreagh" title="Beinn Bhreagh">Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_House_(Colonial_Beach,_Virginia)" title="Bell House (Colonial Beach, Virginia)">Bell House (Virginia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bras_d%27Or_Lake" title="Bras d'Or Lake">Bras d'Or Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichester_Bell" title="Chichester Bell">Chichester Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Fairchild" title="David Fairchild">David Fairchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Fairchild" title="Graham Fairchild">Graham Fairchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_S._Grosvenor" title="Edwin S. Grosvenor">Edwin S. Grosvenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hovey_Grosvenor" title="Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor">Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_M._Grosvenor" title="Gilbert M. Grosvenor">Gilbert M. Grosvenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubbard_Bell_Grossman_Pillot_Memorial" title="Hubbard Bell Grossman Pillot Memorial">Hubbard Bell Grossman Pillot Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendall_Myers" title="Kendall Myers">Kendall Myers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Gardiner_Hubbard" title="Mabel Gardiner Hubbard">Mabel Gardiner Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_H._Grosvenor" title="Mabel H. Grosvenor">Mabel H. Grosvenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Bell_Grosvenor" title="Melville Bell Grosvenor">Melville Bell Grosvenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_International_Congress_on_Education_of_the_Deaf" title="Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf">Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">Telephone Cases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Pollok" title="Anthony Pollok">Anthony Pollok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Williams_Jr._House" title="Charles Williams Jr. House">Charles Williams Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Curtiss" title="Glenn Curtiss">Glenn Curtiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Bailey" title="Marcellus Bailey">Marcellus Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cowherd" title="Thomas Cowherd">Thomas Cowherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Selfridge" title="Thomas Selfridge">Thomas Selfridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Seymour_Allward" title="Walter Seymour Allward">Walter Seymour Allward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AEA_Cygnet" title="AEA Cygnet">AEA Cygnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AEA_June_Bug" title="AEA June Bug">AEA June Bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AEA_Red_Wing" title="AEA Red Wing">AEA Red Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AEA_Silver_Dart" title="AEA Silver Dart">AEA Silver Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AEA_White_Wing" title="AEA White Wing">AEA White Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_Experiment_Association" title="Aerial Experiment Association">Aerial Experiment Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell_Association_for_the_Deaf_and_Hard_of_Hearing" title="Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing">Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Boatyard" title="Bell Boatyard">Bell Boatyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Oionus_I" title="Bell Oionus I">Bell Oionus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_System" title="Bell System">Bell System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Company" title="Bell Telephone Company">Bell Telephone Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aerodrome_Baddeck_No._1_and_No._2" title="Canadian Aerodrome Baddeck No. 1 and No. 2">Canadian Aerodrome Baddeck No. 1 and No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aerodrome_Company" title="Canadian Aerodrome Company">Canadian Aerodrome Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarke_Schools_for_Hearing_and_Speech" title="Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech">Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictation_machine" title="Dictation machine">Dictation machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Gower-Bell_Telephone_Company_of_Europe" title="Edison Gower-Bell Telephone Company of Europe">Edison Gower-Bell Telephone Company of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray_and_Alexander_Bell_telephone_controversy" title="Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy">Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphophone" title="Graphophone">Graphophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD-4" title="HD-4">HD-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubbard_Monoplane" title="Hubbard Monoplane">Hubbard Monoplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Extension_Institute" title="Life Extension Institute">Life Extension Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Telephone_Company" title="National Telephone Company">National Telephone Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Telephone_and_Telegraph_Company" title="New England Telephone and Telegraph Company">New England Telephone and Telegraph Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Telephone_Company" title="Oriental Telephone Company">Oriental Telephone Company</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phonograph cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta_Laboratory_and_Bureau" title="Volta Laboratory and Bureau">Volta Laboratory and Bureau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell_National_Historic_Site" title="Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site">Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell_School_(Chicago)" title="Alexander Graham Bell School (Chicago)">Alexander Graham Bell School (Illinois)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell_honors_and_tributes" title="Alexander Graham Bell honors and tributes">Alexander Graham Bell honors and tributes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Homestead_National_Historic_Site" title="Bell Homestead National Historic Site">Bell Homestead National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Memorial" title="Bell Memorial">Bell Telephone Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Bell_Island" title="Graham Bell Island">Graham Bell Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Bras_d%27Or_(FHE_400)" title="HMCS Bras d'Or (FHE 400)">HMCS <i>Bras d'Or</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Alexander_Graham_Bell_Medal" title="IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal">IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneers,_a_Volunteer_Network" title="Pioneers, a Volunteer Network">Pioneers, a Volunteer Network</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="The Story of Alexander Graham Bell">The Story of Alexander Graham Bell</a></i> (1939 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Silence" title="The Sound and the Silence">The Sound and the Silence</a></i> (1992 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Category:Alexander Graham Bell">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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