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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ultra-high-temperature processing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ултрапастьоризация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ултрапастьоризация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uperitzaci%C3%B3" title="Uperització – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Uperització" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high_temperature_processing" title="Ultra-high temperature processing – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ultra-high temperature processing" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHT-behandling" title="UHT-behandling – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="UHT-behandling" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrahocherhitzung" title="Ultrahocherhitzung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ultrahocherhitzung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CF%85%CF%88%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Επεξεργασία εξαιρετικά υψηλής θερμοκρασίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επεξεργασία εξαιρετικά υψηλής θερμοκρασίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrapasteurizaci%C3%B3n" title="Ultrapasteurización – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ultrapasteurización" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrapaste%C5%ADrizado" title="Ultrapasteŭrizado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ultrapasteŭrizado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHT" title="UHT – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="UHT" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B4_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="پردازش در دمای فوق بالا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پردازش در دمای فوق بالا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lait_UHT" title="Lait UHT – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lait UHT" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bainne_UTC" title="Bainne UTC – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bainne UTC" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EA%B3%A0%EC%98%A8_%EC%B2%98%EB%A6%AC" title="초고온 처리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="초고온 처리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHT" title="UHT – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="UHT" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uperizzazione" title="Uperizzazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Uperizzazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%91_%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93" title="חלב עמיד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חלב עמיד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasteriliz%C4%81cija" title="Ultrasterilizācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ultrasterilizācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHT-sterilisatie" title="UHT-sterilisatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="UHT-sterilisatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%AB%98%E6%B8%A9%E5%8A%A0%E7%86%B1%E5%87%A6%E7%90%86%E6%B3%95" title="超高温加熱処理法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="超高温加熱処理法" 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title="Ультрапастеризация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ультрапастеризация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uperiz%C3%A1cia" title="Uperizácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Uperizácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskukuumennus" title="Iskukuumennus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Iskukuumennus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHT-behandling" title="UHT-behandling – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="UHT-behandling" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5" title="ยูเอชที – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยูเอชที" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHT" title="UHT – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="UHT" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%AB%98%E6%BA%AB%E6%B6%88%E6%AF%92%E6%B3%95" title="超高溫消毒法 – 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"UHT" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/UHT_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="UHT (disambiguation)">UHT (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetra_Pak_processing_equipment_Tetra_Lactenso_Aseptic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tetra_Pak_processing_equipment_Tetra_Lactenso_Aseptic.jpg/400px-Tetra_Pak_processing_equipment_Tetra_Lactenso_Aseptic.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tetra_Pak_processing_equipment_Tetra_Lactenso_Aseptic.jpg/600px-Tetra_Pak_processing_equipment_Tetra_Lactenso_Aseptic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tetra_Pak_processing_equipment_Tetra_Lactenso_Aseptic.jpg/800px-Tetra_Pak_processing_equipment_Tetra_Lactenso_Aseptic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Tetra_Pak" title="Tetra Pak">Tetra Pak</a> ultra-pasteurization line.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ultra-high temperature processing</b> (<b>UHT</b>), <b>ultra-heat treatment</b>, or <b>ultra-pasteurization</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a> technology that <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)" title="Sterilization (microbiology)">sterilizes</a> <a href="/wiki/Liquid_diet" title="Liquid diet">liquid food</a> by heating it above 140 °C (284 °F) – the temperature required to kill bacterial <a href="/wiki/Endospore" title="Endospore">endospores</a> – for two to five seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UHT is most commonly used in milk production, but the process is also used for fruit juices, cream, soy milk, yogurt, wine, soups, honey, and stews.<sup id="cite_ref-guelph_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guelph-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UHT milk was first developed in the 1960s and became generally available for consumption in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Times-pinta_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times-pinta-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heat used during the UHT process can cause <a href="/wiki/Maillard_reaction" title="Maillard reaction">Maillard browning</a> and change the taste and smell of dairy products.<sup id="cite_ref-Clare2005_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clare2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative process is <a href="/wiki/Flash_pasteurization" title="Flash pasteurization">flash pasteurization</a>, in which the milk is heated to 72 °C (162 °F) for at least fifteen seconds. </p><p>UHT milk packaged in a sterile container has a typical unrefrigerated <a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">shelf life</a> of six to nine months. In contrast, flash-pasteurized milk has a shelf life of about two weeks from processing, or about one week from being put on sale.<sup id="cite_ref-sciam_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciam-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra-high-temperature_processing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most commonly applied technique to provide a safe and shelf-stable milk is heat treatment. The first system involving indirect heating with continuous flow (125 °C [257 °F] for 6 min) was manufactured in 1893. In 1912, a continuous-flow, direct-heating method of mixing steam with milk at temperatures of 130 to 140 °C (266 to 284 °F; 403 to 413 K) was patented. However, without commercially available <a href="/wiki/Aseptic_processing" title="Aseptic processing">aseptic packaging</a> systems to pack and store the product, such technology was not very useful in itself, and further development was stalled until the 1950s. In 1953, APV pioneered a steam injection technology, involving direct injection of steam through a specially designed nozzle which raises the product temperature instantly, under brand name Uperiser; milk was packaged in sterile cans. In the 1960s, APV launched the first commercial steam infusion system under the Palarisator brand name.<sup id="cite_ref-SPX_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPX-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chavan_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chavan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milk_container_types.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Milk_container_types.jpg/220px-Milk_container_types.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Milk_container_types.jpg/330px-Milk_container_types.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Milk_container_types.jpg/440px-Milk_container_types.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shelf-stable_food" title="Shelf-stable food">Shelf-stable</a> UHT milk carton (on right).</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>In 1952, in Sweden, <a href="/wiki/Tetra_Pak" title="Tetra Pak">Tetra Pak</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrahedral">tetrahedral</a> paperboard cartons. They made a commercial breakthrough in the 1960s, after technological advances, combining carton assembling and aseptic packaging technologies, followed by international expansion. In aseptic processing, the product and the package are sterilized separately and then combined and sealed in a sterile atmosphere, in contrast to canning, where product and package are first combined and then sterilized.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1983, the <a href="/wiki/UK_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Parliament">UK Parliament</a> passed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Importation_of_Milk_Act_1983&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Importation of Milk Act 1983 (page does not exist)">Importation of Milk Act 1983</a>, following a successful appeal to the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> that prevented the government from banning the importation of UHT milk.<sup id="cite_ref-jukes_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jukes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1993, <a href="/wiki/Parmalat" title="Parmalat">Parmalat</a> introduced its UHT milk to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the American market, consumers are uneasy about consuming milk that is not delivered under refrigeration, and reluctant to buy it. To combat this, Parmalat is selling its UHT milk in old-fashioned containers, unnecessarily sold from the refrigerator aisle.<sup id="cite_ref-sciam_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciam-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UHT milk is also used for many dairy products.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2008, the UK government proposed to produce nine units out of every ten as UHT by 2020,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which they believed would significantly cut the need for refrigeration, and thus benefit the environment by reducing <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ltve_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ltve-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The milk industry opposed this, however, and the proposition was abandoned.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra-high-temperature_processing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ultra-high-temperature processing is performed in complex production plants, which perform several stages of food processing and packaging automatically and in succession:<sup id="cite_ref-Varnam2012_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varnam2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Flash heating</li> <li>Flash cooling</li> <li>Homogenization</li> <li>Aseptic packaging</li></ul> <p>In the heating stage, the treated liquid is first pre-heated to a noncritical temperature (70–80 °C [158–176 °F] for milk), and then quickly heated to the temperature required by the process. There are two types of heating technologies: <i>direct</i>, where the product is put in a direct contact with the hot steam, and <i>indirect</i>, where the product and the heating medium remain separated by the equipment's contact surfaces. The main goals of the design, both from product quality and from efficiency standpoints, are to maintain the high product temperature for the shortest period possible, and to ensure that the temperature is evenly distributed throughout.<sup id="cite_ref-Varnam2012_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varnam2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duizer_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duizer-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_heating_systems">Direct heating systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra-high-temperature_processing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Direct heating systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Direct systems have the advantage that the product is held at a high temperature for a shorter period of time, thereby reducing the thermal damage for sensitive products such as milk. There are two groups of direct systems:<sup id="cite_ref-Duizer_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duizer-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Injection-based, where the high-pressure steam is injected into the liquid. It allows fast heating and cooling, but is only suitable for some products. As the product comes in contact with the hot nozzle, there is a possibility of local overheating.</li> <li>Infusion-based, where the liquid is pumped through a nozzle into a chamber with high-pressure steam at a relatively low concentration, providing a large surface contact area. This method achieves near-instantaneous heating and cooling and even distribution of temperature, avoiding local overheating. It is suitable for liquids of both low and high <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indirect_heating_systems">Indirect heating systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra-high-temperature_processing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Indirect heating systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In indirect systems, the product is heated by a solid <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">heat exchanger</a> similar to those used for pasteurization. However, as higher temperatures are applied, it is necessary to employ higher pressures in order to prevent boiling.<sup id="cite_ref-Varnam2012_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varnam2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three types of exchangers in use:<sup id="cite_ref-Duizer_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duizer-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Plate exchangers,</li> <li>Tubular exchangers</li> <li>Scraped-surface exchangers.</li></ul> <p>For higher efficiency, pressurized water or steam is used as the medium for heating the exchangers themselves, accompanied with a regeneration unit which allows reuse of the medium and energy saving.<sup id="cite_ref-Varnam2012_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varnam2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flash_cooling">Flash cooling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra-high-temperature_processing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Flash cooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After heating, the hot product is passed to a holding tube and then to a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_chamber" title="Vacuum chamber">vacuum chamber</a>, where it suddenly loses the temperature and vaporizes. The process, referred to as <i>flash cooling</i>, reduces the risk of thermal damage, inactivates thermophilic microbes due to abruptly falling temperatures, removes some or all of the excess water obtained through the contact with steam, and removes some of the volatile compounds which negatively affect product quality. The cooling rate and quantity of water removed is determined by the level of vacuum, which must be carefully calibrated.<sup id="cite_ref-Varnam2012_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varnam2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homogenization">Homogenization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra-high-temperature_processing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Homogenization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Homogenization_(chemistry)" title="Homogenization (chemistry)">Homogenization (chemistry)</a></div> <p>Homogenization is part of the process specifically for milk. Homogenization is a mechanical treatment which results in a reduction of the size, and an increase in the number and total surface area, of fat globules in the milk. This reduces milk's tendency to form cream at the surface, and on contact with containers enhances its stability and makes it more palatable for consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-Duizer2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duizer2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worldwide_use">Worldwide use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra-high-temperature_processing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Worldwide use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>UHT milk has seen large success in much of Europe, where across the continent seven out of ten people consume it regularly.<sup id="cite_ref-cons_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cons-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In countries with a warmer climate such as Spain, UHT milk is preferred due to the high cost of refrigerated transportation and "inefficient cool cabinets".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UHT is less popular in Northern Europe and Scandinavia, particularly in Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom and Ireland. It is also less popular in Greece, where fresh pasteurized milk is the most popular, due to legislation and societal attitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While most regular milk sold in the United States is pasteurized, a significant share of organic milk sold in the US is UHT treated (organic milk is produced at fewer locations and consequently spends more time in the supply chain and could therefore spoil before or shortly after being sold if pasteurized).<sup id="cite_ref-sciam_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciam-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Consumption of UHT milk in Europe as a percentage of total consumption, as of 2007<sup id="cite_ref-ltve_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ltve-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th data-sort-type="number">percent </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Austria</td> <td>20.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Belgium</td> <td>96.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Croatia</td> <td>73<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Czech Republic</td> <td>71.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span>Denmark</td> <td>0.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span>Finland</td> <td>2.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>France</td> <td>95.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Germany</td> <td>66.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span>Greece</td> <td>0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Hungary</td> <td>35.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Ireland</td> <td>2.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span>Italy</td> <td>49.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Netherlands</td> <td>20.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span>Norway</td> <td>5.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span>Poland</td> <td>48.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span>Portugal</td> <td>92.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Slovakia</td> <td>35.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span>Spain</td> <td>95.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span>Sweden</td> <td>5.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span>Switzerland</td> <td>62.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span>Turkey</td> <td>53.1<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>United Kingdom</td> <td>8.4 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_quality">Effects on quality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra-high-temperature_processing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Effects on quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is missing information</b> about taste and nutrition in other products (such as juice or wine).<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Ultra-high-temperature_processing" title="Talk:Ultra-high-temperature processing">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Milk">Milk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra-high-temperature_processing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Milk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whole_milk_UHT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Whole_milk_UHT.jpg/220px-Whole_milk_UHT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Whole_milk_UHT.jpg/330px-Whole_milk_UHT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Whole_milk_UHT.jpg/440px-Whole_milk_UHT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3286" data-file-height="2190" /></a><figcaption>Capsules of UHT milk</figcaption></figure> <p>UHT milk contains the same amount of <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> as <a href="/wiki/Pasteurized_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteurized milk">pasteurized milk</a>. Some loss of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">vitamin B<sub>12</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a> (of which milk is not a significant source), and <a href="/wiki/Thiamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiamin">thiamin</a> can occur in UHT milk.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UHT milk contains <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6991100000000000000♠"></span>1 μg</span> of <a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">folate</a> per <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999100000000000000♠"></span>100 g</span>, while pasteurized milk contains <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6991900000000000000♠"></span>9 μg</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Times-pinta_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times-pinta-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="Times is not exactly a great source of nutritional information. doi:10.1080/07315724.2000.10718071 reports that the levels are reduced, but not so drastically. USDA #746782 reports no folate in any of the 12 samples with using microbiological analysis. Actually, given a 400 mcg Daily Value, does any of this even matter? (November 2023)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Ultra-high-temperature_processing#Dubious" title="Talk:Ultra-high-temperature processing">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>UHT milk's protein structure is different from that of <a href="/wiki/Pasteurized_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteurized milk">pasteurized milk</a>, which prevents it from separating in cheese making.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two studies published in the late 20th century showed that UHT treatment causes proteins contained in the milk to unfold and flatten, and the formerly "buried" <a href="/wiki/Sulfhydryl" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfhydryl">sulfhydryl</a> (SH) groups, which are normally masked in the natural protein, cause extremely-cooked or burnt flavours to be sensed by the human palate. One study reduced the <a href="/wiki/Thiol" title="Thiol">thiol</a> content by immobilizing <a href="/wiki/Sulfhydryl_oxidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfhydryl oxidase">sulfhydryl oxidase</a> in UHT-heated skim milk and reported, after <a href="/wiki/Enzymatic_oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymatic oxidation">enzymatic oxidation</a>, an improved flavor.<sup id="cite_ref-Clare2005_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clare2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two US authors prior to heating added the <a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">flavonoid</a> compound <a href="/wiki/Epicatechin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicatechin">epicatechin</a> to the milk, and reported a partial reduction of thermally generated aromas.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra-high-temperature_processing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aseptic_processing" title="Aseptic processing">Aseptic processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Food preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_storage" title="Food storage">Food storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_packaging" title="Food packaging">Food packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_engineering" title="Food engineering">Food engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasteurization" title="Pasteurization">Pasteurization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_pasteurization" title="Flash pasteurization">Flash pasteurization</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra-high-temperature_processing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Food+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Inhibition+of+key+aroma+compound+generated+during+ultrahigh-temperature+processing+of+bovine+milk+through+epicatechin+addition&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=398-402&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf0487248&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15656679&rft.aulast=Colahan-Sederstrom&rft.aufirst=P.+M.&rft.au=Peterson%2C+D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltra-high-temperature+processing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra-high-temperature_processing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" 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