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href="#Stærðfræði"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Stærðfræði</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stærðfræði-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heimspeki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heimspeki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Heimspeki</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Heimspeki-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sýna/fela Heimspeki undirkafla</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Heimspeki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hugspeki_og_sálfræði" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hugspeki_og_sálfræði"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Hugspeki og sálfræði</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hugspeki_og_sálfræði-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trú" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trú"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Trú</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trú-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rit_Descartes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rit_Descartes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rit Descartes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rit_Descartes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tilvísanir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tilvísanir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Tilvísanir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tilvísanir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heimildir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heimildir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Heimildir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heimildir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenglar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenglar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Tenglar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenglar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Efni" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Sýna/fela efnisyfirlit" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Sýna/fela efnisyfirlit</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">René Descartes</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Fara á grein á öðru tungumáli. Til staðar á 174 tungumálum" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-174" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">174 tungumál</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – afríkanska" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afríkanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – svissnesk þýska" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="svissnesk þýska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%94_%E1%8B%B4%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5" title="ረኔ ዴካርት – amharíska" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ረኔ ዴካርት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – aragonska" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="रने देकार्त – angíka" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रने देकार्त" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angíka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="رينيه ديكارت – arabíska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رينيه ديكارت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B7" title="روني ديكارط – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="روني ديكارط" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="رينيه ديكارت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رينيه ديكارت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="ৰেনে ডিকাৰ্ট – assamska" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰেনে ডিকাৰ্ট" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – astúríska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astúríska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="रने देकार्त – avadí" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="रने देकार्त" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="avadí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene_Dekart" title="Rene Dekart – aserska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rene Dekart" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A6_%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="رنئ دکارت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رنئ دکارت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Úrvalsgrein"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – baskír" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baskír" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C4%97_Dekarts" title="Renė Dekarts – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Renė Dekarts" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рэнэ Дэкарт – hvítrússneska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэнэ Дэкарт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="hvítrússneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рэнэ Дэкарт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рэнэ Дэкарт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – búlgarska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgarska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="रेने देकार्त – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रेने देकार्त" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E2%80%8D%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4" title="র‍্যনে দেকার্ত – bengalska" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="র‍্যনে দেকার্ত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D" title="རོས་ནེ་དེ་ཁར་ཏེ། – tíbeska" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རོས་ནེ་དེ་ཁར་ཏེ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tíbeska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – bretónska" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretónska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – bosníska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosníska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – katalónska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalónska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82,_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Декарт, Рене – tsjetsjenska" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Декарт, Рене" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tsjetsjenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – kebúanó" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="kebúanó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8E_%D8%AF%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="ڕێنێ دێکارت – miðkúrdíska" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕێنێ دێکارت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="miðkúrdíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – tékkneska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tékkneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – velska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="Gæðagrein"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – þýska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="þýska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AD_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84" title="Ρενέ Ντεκάρτ – gríska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρενέ Ντεκάρτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gríska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – enska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="enska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Kartezio" title="Renato Kartezio – esperantó" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Renato Kartezio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – spænska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spænska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – eistneska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="eistneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – baskneska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="رنه دکارت – persneska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رنه دکارت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – finnska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descartes%27i_Ren%C3%A9" title="Descartes'i René – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Descartes'i René" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – færeyska" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="færeyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – norðurfrísneska" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="norðurfrísneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – vesturfrísneska" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vesturfrísneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – írska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="írska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%85%92" title="笛卡兒 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="笛卡兒" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – skosk gelíska" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skosk gelíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – galisíska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – gvaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="gvaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – hása" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hása" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%93%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98" title="רנה דקארט – hebreska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רנה דקארט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="रेने देकार्त – hindí" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रेने देकार्त" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Úrvalsgrein"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – króatíska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="króatíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – haítíska" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haítíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ungverska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungverska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5_%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Ռենե Դեկարտ – armenska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռենե Դեկարտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – indónesíska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indónesíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – interlingve" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingve" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ílokó" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ílokó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ídó" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ídó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesio" title="Cartesio – ítalska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cartesio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ítalska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88" title="ルネ・デカルト – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルネ・デカルト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renei_Deikaat" title="Renei Deikaat – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Renei Deikaat" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/rynes_dekart" title="rynes dekart – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="rynes dekart" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – javanska" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="რენე დეკარტი – georgíska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რენე დეკარტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – kabíle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabíle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – kasakska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%81_%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F" title="រីណេ ដេកាត – kmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រីណេ ដេកាត" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="kmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86" title="ರೆನೆ ಡೆಸ್ಕಾರ್ಟೆ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೆನೆ ಡೆಸ್ಕಾರ್ಟೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A5%B4%EB%84%A4_%EB%8D%B0%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="르네 데카르트 – kóreska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="르네 데카르트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="kóreska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – kúrdíska" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kúrdíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – kornbreska" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornbreska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – kirgiska" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Úrvalsgrein"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renatus_Cartesius" title="Renatus Cartesius – latína" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Renatus Cartesius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latína" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene_Descartes" title="Rene Descartes – ladínska" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Rene Descartes" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladínska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – lúxemborgíska" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lúxemborgíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – limbúrgíska" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbúrgíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesi" title="Cartesi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cartesi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – litháíska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litháíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C4%93_Dekarts" title="Renē Dekarts – lettneska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Renē Dekarts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="रने देकार्त – maítílí" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="रने देकार्त" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maítílí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рэнэ Дэкарт – moksa" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Рэнэ Дэкарт" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – malagasíska" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagasíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – makedónska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedónska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="റെനെ ദെക്കാർത്ത് – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റെനെ ദെക്കാർത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – mongólska" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongólska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="रेने देकार्त – maratí" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रेने देकार्त" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maratí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – malaíska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – maltneska" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – mirandesíska" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7" title="ရနေး ဒေးကာ့ – búrmneska" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရနေး ဒေးကာ့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="búrmneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – ersja" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="ersja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="رنه دکارت – masanderaní" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رنه دکارت" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="masanderaní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – lágþýska; lágsaxneska" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="lágþýska; lágsaxneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8" title="रेने डेसकार्टस – nepalska" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रेने डेसकार्टस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" title="रेने देस्कार्तेस् – nevarí" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रेने देस्कार्तेस्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevarí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – hollenska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – nýnorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nýnorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – norskt bókmál" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bókmál" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – oksítaníska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksítaníska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4" title="ਰਨੇ ਦੇਕਾਰਤ – púnjabí" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਨੇ ਦੇਕਾਰਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="púnjabí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – papíamentó" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papíamentó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – pólska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="pólska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%92_%DA%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9" title="رینے ڈیکارٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رینے ڈیکارٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="رنه دیکارت – pastú" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رنه دیکارت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pastú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – portúgalska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portúgalska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – kvesjúa" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kvesjúa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – rúmenska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rúmenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82,_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Декарт, Рене – rússneska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Декарт, Рене" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rússneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – kínjarvanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kínjarvanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="रने देकार्त – sanskrít" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रने देकार्त" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrít" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – jakút" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakút" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B" title="ᱨᱚᱱᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱟᱨᱛ – santalí" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱚᱱᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱟᱨᱛ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesiu" title="Cartesiu – sikileyska" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cartesiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sikileyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – skoska" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skoska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8A%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BD" title="ڊيڪارٽ – sindí" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڊيڪارٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – serbókróatíska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbókróatíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rini_Dikar%E1%B9%AD" title="Rini Dikarṭ – tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Rini Dikarṭ" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A" title="රෙනේ ඩෙකාට් – singalíska" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රෙනේ ඩෙකාට්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – slóvakíska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slóvakíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%92_%DA%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9" title="رینے ڈیکارٹ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="رینے ڈیکارٹ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – slóvenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slóvenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ABne_Dekart" title="Rëne Dekart – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rëne Dekart" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – serbneska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – sænska" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sænska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – svahílí" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahílí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/lye-ney.ti-al" title="lye-ney.ti-al – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="lye-ney.ti-al" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%87_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="ரெனே டேக்கார்ட் – tamílska" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரெனே டேக்கார்ட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamílska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="డెకార్ట్ – telúgú" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="డెకార్ట్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telúgú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – tadsjikska" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadsjikska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95" title="เรอเน เดการ์ต – taílenska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เรอเน เดการ์ต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="taílenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene_Dekart" title="Rene Dekart – túrkmenska" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Rene Dekart" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="túrkmenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – tyrkneska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – tatarska" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82,_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Декарт, Рене – túvínska" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Декарт, Рене" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="túvínska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – úkraínska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="úkraínska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%92_%DA%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9" title="رینے ڈیکارٹ – úrdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رینے ڈیکارٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="úrdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – úsbekska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="úsbekska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartezio" title="Cartezio – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cartezio" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekart_Rene" title="Dekart Rene – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Dekart Rene" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – víetnamska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="víetnamska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – volapyk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – vallónska" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallónska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – varaí" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varaí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E5%86%85%C2%B7%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94" title="勒内·笛卡尔 – wu-kínverska" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="勒内·笛卡尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu-kínverska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="რენე დეკარტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რენე დეკარტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A2_%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98" title="רענע דעקארט – jiddíska" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רענע דעקארט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – jórúba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jórúba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E5%86%85%C2%B7%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94" title="勒内·笛卡尔 – kínverska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="勒内·笛卡尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kínverska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%85%92" title="笛卡兒 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="笛卡兒" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Minnan" lang="nan" 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.infobox .infobox-navbar{text-align:right}</style><table class="infobox width:23em; font-size:90%; text-align:left; padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 130%;"><span>René Descartes</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg/200px-Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg/300px-Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg/400px-Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">René Descartes, málverk eftir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frans_Hals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frans Hals (síða er ekki enn til)">Frans Hals</a> frá því um <a href="/wiki/1649" title="1649">1649</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender">Persónulegar upplýsingar</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fæddur</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/31._mars" title="31. mars">31. mars</a> <a href="/wiki/1596" title="1596">1596</a><br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Svæði</th><td class="infobox-data">Vestræn heimspeki</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tímabil</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heimspeki_17._aldar" title="Heimspeki 17. aldar">Heimspeki 17. aldar</a><br /><div class="references-small">(<a href="/wiki/N%C3%BDaldarheimspeki" title="Nýaldarheimspeki">Nýaldarheimspeki</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Skóli/hefð</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6khyggja" title="Rökhyggja">Rökhyggja</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Helstu ritverk</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Or%C3%B0r%C3%A6%C3%B0a_um_a%C3%B0fer%C3%B0" title="Orðræða um aðferð">Orðræða um aðferð</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Huglei%C3%B0ingar_um_frumspeki" title="Hugleiðingar um frumspeki">Hugleiðingar um frumspeki</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6gm%C3%A1l_heimspekinnar" title="Lögmál heimspekinnar">Lögmál heimspekinnar</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Helstu kenningar</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Or%C3%B0r%C3%A6%C3%B0a_um_a%C3%B0fer%C3%B0" title="Orðræða um aðferð">Orðræða um aðferð</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Huglei%C3%B0ingar_um_frumspeki" title="Hugleiðingar um frumspeki">Hugleiðingar um frumspeki</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6gm%C3%A1l_heimspekinnar" title="Lögmál heimspekinnar">Lögmál heimspekinnar</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Helstu viðfangsefni</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eekkingarfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Þekkingarfræði">þekkingarfræði</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frumspeki" title="Frumspeki">frumspeki</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADsindi" title="Vísindi">vísindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A6r%C3%B0fr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Stærðfræði">stærðfræði</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>René Descartes</b> einnig þekktur sem <b>Cartesius</b> á <a href="/wiki/Lat%C3%ADna" title="Latína">latínu</a> (<a href="/wiki/31._mars" title="31. mars">31. mars</a> <a href="/wiki/1596" title="1596">1596</a> – <a href="/wiki/11._febr%C3%BAar" title="11. febrúar">11. febrúar</a> <a href="/wiki/1650" title="1650">1650</a>) var <a href="/wiki/Frakkland" title="Frakkland">franskur</a> <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A6gir_st%C3%A6r%C3%B0fr%C3%A6%C3%B0ingar" class="mw-redirect" title="Frægir stærðfræðingar">stærðfræðingur</a> og <a href="/wiki/Heimspeki" title="Heimspeki">heimspekingur</a> og <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADsindama%C3%B0ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Vísindamaður">vísindamaður</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Descartes er stundum nefndur „faðir nútímaheimspeki“ og „faðir nútímastærðfræði“ en mikið af <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BDaldarheimspeki" title="Nýaldarheimspeki">nýaldarheimspeki</a> var beinlínis viðbragð við kenningum hans. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Æviágrip"><span id=".C3.86vi.C3.A1grip"></span>Æviágrip</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Breyti hluta: Æviágrip" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Æviágrip"><span>breyta frumkóða</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Descartes fæddist í <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Haye_en_Touraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Haye en Touraine (síða er ekki enn til)">La Haye en Touraine</a> (en bærinn heitir í dag Descartes) í <a href="/wiki/Indre-et-Loire_(s%C3%BDsla)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indre-et-Loire (sýsla)">Indre-et-Loire</a> í <a href="/wiki/Frakkland" title="Frakkland">Frakklandi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Móðir hans, Jeanne Brochard, lést úr <a href="/wiki/Berklar" title="Berklar">berklum</a> þegar hann var eins árs gamall. Faðir hans, Joachim, var hæstaréttardómari. Þegar Descartes var ellefu ára gamall hóf hann nám hjá jesúítum í hinum konunglega skóla Hinriks mikla í <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Fl%C3%A8che&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Flèche (síða er ekki enn til)">La Flèche</a>. Að náminu loknu lá leiðin til háskólans í Poitiers, þaðan sem Descartes brautskráðist með gráðu í <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6gfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Lögfræði">lögfræði</a> árið <a href="/wiki/1616" title="1616">1616</a>. Faðir Descartes ætlaði honum að verða lögfræðingur. </p><p>En Descartes starfaði aldrei sem lögfræðingur. Árið <a href="/wiki/1618" title="1618">1618</a> gekk hann í þjónustu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_fr%C3%A1_Nassau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice frá Nassau (síða er ekki enn til)">Maurice frá Nassau</a> í <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Hollandi</a>. Descartes hugðist skoða heiminn og uppgötva <a href="/wiki/Sannleikur" title="Sannleikur">sannleikann</a>. </p><p>Þann <a href="/wiki/10._n%C3%B3vember" title="10. nóvember">10. nóvember</a> 1618 kynntist Descartes <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Beeckman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac Beeckman (síða er ekki enn til)">Isaac Beeckman</a>, sem glæddi áhuga hans á <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A6r%C3%B0fr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Stærðfræði">stærðfræði</a> og hinni nýju <a href="/wiki/E%C3%B0lisfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Eðlisfræði">eðlisfræði</a>. Ári síðar, 10. nóvember <a href="/wiki/1619" title="1619">1619</a>, var Descartes á ferðalagi um <a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%BDskaland" title="Þýskaland">Þýskaland</a> og var hugsi um beitingu stærðfræðinnar til að leysa vandamál í eðlisfræði. Hann dreymdi draum þar sem hann „uppgötvaði undirstöður merkilegra vísinda“.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Undirstöðurnar sem Descartes dreymdi um urðu síðar að hnitarúmfræði þeirri sem Descartes fann upp. Hann helgaði líf sitt rannsóknum í stærðfræði, heimspeki og vísindum. Descartes las sér einnig til um hugmynd <a href="/wiki/%C3%81g%C3%BAst%C3%ADnus" title="Ágústínus">Ágústínusar</a> um <a href="/wiki/Frj%C3%A1ls_vilji" title="Frjáls vilji">frjálsan vilja</a>, þ.e. að vilji okkar sé óháður vilja guðs. </p><p>Árið <a href="/wiki/1622" title="1622">1622</a> sneri Descartes aftur til Frakklands. Næstu árum varði hann í <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%ADs" title="París">París</a> og víðar í <a href="/wiki/Evr%C3%B3pa" title="Evrópa">Evrópu</a>. Hann hélt til La Haye árið <a href="/wiki/1623" title="1623">1623</a>, seldi þar allar eignir sínar og fjárfesti í skuldabréfum. Arðurinn nægði Descartes til að framfleyta sér til æviloka. Árið <a href="/wiki/1628" title="1628">1628</a> flutti hann til Hollands og einbeitti sér að ritstörfum sínum. </p><p>Árið <a href="/wiki/1633" title="1633">1633</a> fordæmdi <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mversk-ka%C3%BE%C3%B3lska_kirkjan" title="Rómversk-kaþólska kirkjan">Rómversk-kaþólska kirkjan</a> <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>. Descartes hætti í kjölfarið við útgáfu á riti sínu <i>Um heiminn</i> sem hann hafði unnið að fjögur ár á undan. </p><p>Rit Descartes <i>Orðræða um aðferð</i> kom út árið <a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a>. Hann hélt áfram að semja og gefa út rit um stærðfræði og heimspeki. Árið <a href="/wiki/1643" title="1643">1643</a> fordæmdi háskólinn í Utrecht heimspekilegar kenningar Descartes. Descartes átti í miklum bréfaskriftum vegna þessa. Árið <a href="/wiki/1663" title="1663">1663</a>, að Descartes látnum, lét Alexander VII páfi setja rit Descartes á lista yfir bannfærðar bækur. </p><p>Descartes lést <a href="/wiki/11._febr%C3%BAar" title="11. febrúar">11. febrúar</a> <a href="/wiki/1650" title="1650">1650</a> í <a href="/wiki/Stokkh%C3%B3lmur" title="Stokkhólmur">Stokkhólmi</a> í <a href="/wiki/Sv%C3%AD%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Svíþjóð">Svíþjóð</a>, þar sem hann var gestur Kristínar Svíjadrottingar. Dánarorsök var sögð vera <a href="/wiki/Lungnab%C3%B3lga" title="Lungnabólga">lungnabólga</a>. Andlátsorð hans voru „ça, mon âme, il faut partir“ eða „Jæja, sál mín, tími til að fara“<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Descartes var borinn til grafar í kirkjugarði Adolf Friðriks-kirkjunnar í Stokkhólmi. Jarðneskar leifar hans voru síðar grafnar upp og fluttar til Frakklands þar sem þeim var komið fyrir í Sainte-Geneviève-du-Mont-kirkjunni í París. Leifar hans voru fluttar enn á ný á dögum <a href="/wiki/Franska_byltingin" title="Franska byltingin">frönsku byltingarinnar</a>, að þessu sinni til <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panth%C3%A9on,_Par%C3%ADs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panthéon, París (síða er ekki enn til)">Panthéon</a> í París þar sem margir að merkustu vísindamönnum Frakka eru grafnir. Grafhvelfing hans er nú í Saint-Germain-des-Prés-kirkjunni í París. Þorpið þar sem hann fæddist var nefnt <i>La Haye – Descartes</i> árið <a href="/wiki/1802" title="1802">1802</a> og stytt í Descartes árið <a href="/wiki/1967" title="1967">1967</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stærðfræði"><span id="St.C3.A6r.C3.B0fr.C3.A6.C3.B0i"></span>Stærðfræði</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Breyti hluta: Stærðfræði" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Stærðfræði"><span>breyta frumkóða</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Descartes varð þekktur fyrir nýjungar sínar sem fólust í því að nota <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebru</a> við lausnir rúmfræðilegra verkefna og einnig á hinn bóginn að nota <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BAmfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Rúmfræði">rúmfræði</a> við lausnir algebruverkefna.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Þetta svið stærðfræðinnar er nú þekkt sem „analytísk“ rúmfræði eða <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hnitar%C3%BAmfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hnitarúmfræði (síða er ekki enn til)">hnitarúmfræði</a>. Descartes skrifaði og gaf út bókina <i>La Géométrie</i>, en fyrstu hugmyndir hans um <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hnitareikning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hnitareikning (síða er ekki enn til)">hnitareikning</a> komu út sem dæmi í bókinni <i><a href="/wiki/Or%C3%B0r%C3%A6%C3%B0a_um_a%C3%B0fer%C3%B0" title="Orðræða um aðferð">Orðræða um aðferð</a></i> (<i>Discourse de la méthode</i>) <a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kartes%C3%ADskt_hnitakerfi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartesískt hnitakerfi">Kartesískt hnitakerfi</a> er nefnt eftir honum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heimspeki">Heimspeki</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Breyti hluta: Heimspeki" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Heimspeki"><span>breyta frumkóða</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Enda þótt heimspeki Descartes sé að einhverju leyti viðleitni til þess að losna undan áhrifum eldri spekinga fela ýmsir þættir í heimspeki hans í sér áhrif frá eldri kenningum, til dæmis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arist%C3%B3telismi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristótelismi (síða er ekki enn til)">aristótelisma</a>, <a href="/wiki/St%C3%B3uspeki" title="Stóuspeki">stóuspeki</a>, sem naut vinsælda á ný á <a href="/wiki/16._%C3%B6ld" class="mw-redirect" title="16. öld">16. öld</a>, og frá kenningum <a href="/wiki/%C3%81g%C3%BAst%C3%ADnus" title="Ágústínus">Ágústínusar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Descartes var einn mikilvægasti hugsuður <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6khyggja" title="Rökhyggja">rökhyggjunnar</a> á <a href="/wiki/17._%C3%B6ld" class="mw-redirect" title="17. öld">17. öld</a>, ásamt hugsuðunum <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a> og <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a>. Hann beitti <a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C3%B0fer%C3%B0afr%C3%A6%C3%B0ileg_efahyggja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aðferðafræðileg efahyggja (síða er ekki enn til)">aðferðafræðilega efahyggju</a>, sem gjarnan er kennd við Descartes en er þó er ekki réttnefnd <a href="/wiki/Efahyggja" title="Efahyggja">efahyggja</a>, heldur felst hún í því að vefengja kerfisbundið eigin hugmyndir og trú í þeim tilgangi að finna vísindalegri þekkingu traustan grunn.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Það eina sem hann gat ekki efast um var eigin tilvist úr því að hann efaðist. Þetta dró hann saman í þá frægu setningu: <i>Ég hugsa, þess vegna er ég til</i> (latína: <i><a href="/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum">Cogito, ergo sum</a></i>). Frá þessum upphafspunkti leiddi hann út ýmsa aðra <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eekking" title="Þekking">þekkingu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Þetta viðhorf — að alla þekkingu skuli að reisa á traustum grunni — nefnist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bjarghyggja_um_%C3%BEekkingu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bjarghyggja um þekkingu (síða er ekki enn til)">bjarghyggja um þekkingu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Descartes hafnaði aristótelísku greiningunni á efnislegum hlutum í efni og form sem verið hafði viðtekin í <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%B3laspeki" title="Skólaspeki">skólaspeki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Einnig hafnaði hann <a href="/wiki/Markhyggja" title="Markhyggja">markhyggjuskýringum</a> á náttúrufyrirbærum.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hugspeki_og_sálfræði"><span id="Hugspeki_og_s.C3.A1lfr.C3.A6.C3.B0i"></span>Hugspeki og sálfræði</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Breyti hluta: Hugspeki og sálfræði" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Hugspeki og sálfræði"><span>breyta frumkóða</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Descartes gerði skýran mun á <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1l" title="Sál">sál</a> og <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADkami" title="Líkami">líkama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samkvæmt kenningu hans um <a href="/wiki/Tv%C3%ADhyggja" title="Tvíhyggja">tvíhyggju</a> sálar og líkama stjórnast öll líkamsstarfsemi af lögmálum, til dæmis berast boð um <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1rsauki" title="Sársauki">sársauka</a> eftir <a href="/wiki/Taug" title="Taug">taug</a> til <a href="/wiki/Mannsheilinn" title="Mannsheilinn">heilans</a> þegar við komumst í snertingu við <a href="/wiki/Eldur" title="Eldur">eld</a>. Hins vegar taldi hann að mannssálin stjórnaðist ekki af vélrænum lögmálum heldur varð að kanna hana með <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sj%C3%A1lfssko%C3%B0un&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjálfsskoðun (síða er ekki enn til)">sjálfsskoðun</a> og íhugun. </p><p>Hann taldi að <a href="/wiki/Heilak%C3%B6ngull" title="Heilaköngull">heilaköngullinn</a> væri aðsetur hugans og tengdi saman samskipti milli hugar og líkama.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heilaköngullinn er eina <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADff%C3%A6ri" class="mw-redirect" title="Líffæri">líffærið</a> í heilanum sem er ekki tvískipt og hélt því að hann að hann væri nokkurs konar brú milli þess andlega og líkamlega. </p><p>Descartes kom einnig með nýjar uppgötvanir í líffræðilegri sálfræði, þótt hann hafi verið uppi löngu áður en sálfræði var viðurkennd fræðigrein. Hann var með þeim fyrstu til að reyna að skýra ákveðna hegðun með líffræðilegum þáttum, sbr. rannsóknir hans á taugakerfinu og viðbrögðum mannsins við sársauka. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trú"><span id="Tr.C3.BA"></span>Trú</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Breyti hluta: Trú" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Trú"><span>breyta frumkóða</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fræðimenn hafa deilt ákaft um hver trúarviðhorf Renés Descartes raunverulega voru. Hann kvaðst sjálfur vera dyggur <a href="/wiki/Ka%C3%BE%C3%B3lsk_tr%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaþólsk trú">kaþólikki</a> og hélt því fram að eitt markmiða sinna í <i><a href="/wiki/Huglei%C3%B0ingar_um_frumspeki" title="Hugleiðingar um frumspeki">Hugleiðingum um frumspeki</a></i> hafi verið að verja <a href="/wiki/Kristni" title="Kristni">kristna</a> trú. Descartes var aftur á móti sakaður um það á sínum tíma að aðhyllast <a href="/wiki/Frumgy%C3%B0istr%C3%BA" title="Frumgyðistrú">frumgyðistrú</a> á laun eða jafnvel <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0leysi" title="Guðleysi">guðleysi</a>. Samtímamaður hans, <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a>, sagði „Ég get ekki fyrirgefið Descartes. Í allri sinni heimspeki reyndi hann að ýta guði til hliðar. En Descartes gat ekki komist hjá því að nota guð til þess að setja heiminn í gang með sínum guðdómlega fingrasmelli. En eftir það hafði Descartes ekki meiri not fyrir guð.“<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Í ævisögu Descartes eftir Stephen Gaukroger kemur fram að „hann hafði djúpstæða guðstrú sem kaþólikki og hélt henni allt til æviloka ásamt harðákveðinni og ástríðufullri þrá eftir því að uppgötva sannleikann.“<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Að Descartes látnum í <a href="/wiki/Sv%C3%AD%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Svíþjóð">Svíþjóð</a> afsalaði Kristín Svíadrottning sér krúnunni og snerist til kaþólskrar trúar (en samkvæmt sænskum lögum varð þjóðhöfðinginn að vera mótmælenda trúar). Descartes var eini kaþólikkinn sem hún átti verulegt samneyti við. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rit_Descartes">Rit Descartes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Breyti hluta: Rit Descartes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Rit Descartes"><span>breyta frumkóða</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Principia_philosophiae.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Principia_philosophiae.tif/lossless-page1-220px-Principia_philosophiae.tif.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Principia_philosophiae.tif/lossless-page1-330px-Principia_philosophiae.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Principia_philosophiae.tif/lossless-page1-440px-Principia_philosophiae.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="3050" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption><i>Principia philosophiae</i>, 1685</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i>Musicae compendium</i> (<a href="/wiki/1618" title="1618">1618</a>)</li> <li><i>Regulae ad directionem ingenii</i> (um <a href="/wiki/1628" title="1628">1628</a>) <ul><li>(<i>Reglur um beitingu hugans</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Discours de la méthode pour bien conduire sa raison et chercher la vérité dans les sciences</i> <a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a> <ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Or%C3%B0r%C3%A6%C3%B0a_um_a%C3%B0fer%C3%B0" title="Orðræða um aðferð">Orðræða um aðferð til að beita skynseminni rétt og leita sannleikans í vísindum</a></i>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Dioptrique</i> (<a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a>)</li> <li><i>Les Météores</i> (<a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a>)</li> <li><i>La Géométrie</i> (<a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a>) <ul><li>(<i>Rúmfræðin</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Meditationes de prima philosophia</i> (<a href="/wiki/1641" title="1641">1641</a>) <ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Huglei%C3%B0ingar_um_frumspeki" title="Hugleiðingar um frumspeki">Hugleiðingar um frumspeki</a></i>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Principia philosophiae</i>. <a href="/wiki/1644" title="1644">1644</a> <ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6gm%C3%A1l_heimspekinnar" title="Lögmál heimspekinnar">Lögmál heimspekinnar</a></i>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Inquisitio veritatis per lumen naturale</i> (um <a href="/wiki/1647" title="1647">1647</a>)</li> <li><i>Les Passions de l'âme</i> (1649) <ul><li>(<i>Hræringar sálarinnar</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>De homine</i> (<a href="/wiki/1662" title="1662">1662</a>) <ul><li>(<i>Um manneskjuna</i>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tilvísanir"><span id="Tilv.C3.ADsanir"></span>Tilvísanir</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Breyti hluta: Tilvísanir" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Tilvísanir"><span>breyta frumkóða</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cottingham (2006) er greinasafn sem fjallar um nær allar hliðar heimspeki og vísindastarfs Descartes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Um ævi Descartes, sjá Elmar Geir Unnsteinsson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visindavefur.hi.is/?id=5406">„Hver var René Descartes og fyrir hvað er hann þekktur?“</a><sup>[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Link rot">óvirkur tengill</a></i>]</sup>, <i>Vísindavefurinn</i> 15.11.2005. (Skoðað 30.7.2007), og Douglas Burnham og James Fieser, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/descarte.htm#H1">„René Descartes (1596-1650): 1. Life“</a>, <i>The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (2006) (Skoðað 30.7.2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">„René Descartes“ í <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i> (1911).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Elmar Geir Unnsteinsson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visindavefur.hi.is/?id=5406">„Hver var René Descartes og fyrir hvað er hann þekktur?“</a><sup>[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Link rot">óvirkur tengill</a></i>]</sup>, <i>Vísindavefurinn</i> 15.11.2005. (Skoðað 30.7.2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Elmar Geir Unnsteinsson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visindavefur.hi.is/?id=5406">„Hver var René Descartes og fyrir hvað er hann þekktur?“</a><sup>[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Link rot">óvirkur tengill</a></i>]</sup>, <i>Vísindavefurinn</i> 15.11.2005. (Skoðað 30.7.2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Um heimspeki Descartes, sjá Wilson (1982).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Um þekkingarfræði Descartes, sjá Lex Newman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-epistemology/">„Descartes' Epistemology“</a>, <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (2005) (Skoðað 30.07.2007). Um hinn kerfisbundna efa sem aðferð, sjá einkum kafla 2.2 Method of Doubt.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Um upphafsreit Descartes, sjá Lex Newman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-epistemology/#4">„Descartes' Epistemology: 4. <i>Cogito Ergo Sum</i>“</a>, <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (2005) (Skoðað 30.07.2007). Sjá einnig Peter Markie, „The Cogito and Its Importance“ hjá John Cottingham (ritstj.), <i>Cambridge Companion to Descartes</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006): 140-73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sjá Lex Newman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-epistemology/#2.1">„Descartes' Epistemology 2.1 Foundationalism“</a>, <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (2005) (Skoðað 27.07.2011). Um bjarghyggju sem slíka, sjá Richard Fumerton, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justep-foundational/">„Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification“</a> (2010) (Skoðað 27. júlí 2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Um Descartes og skólaspeki, sjá Roger Ariew, „Descartes and scholasticism: the intellectual background to Descartes' thought“ hjá John Cottingham (ritstj.), <i>Cambridge Companion to Descartes</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006): 58-90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Um náttúruspeki Descartes, sjá Edward Slowik, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-physics/">„Descartes' Physics“</a>, <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (2005) (Skoðað 30.07.2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Um tvíhyggju Descartes, sjá Justin Skirry, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/descmind.htm">„Descartes: The Mind-Body Distinction“</a>, <i>The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (2006) (Skoðað 30.07.2007). Sjá einnig John Cottingham, „Cartesian dualism: theology, metaphysics, and science“ hjá John Cottingham (ritstj.), <i>Cambridge Companion to Descartes</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006): 236-57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sjá Gert-Jan Lokhorst, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pineal-gland/">„Descartes and the Pineal Gland“</a>, <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (2006) (Skoðað 30.07.2007). Sjá einnig Gary Hatfield, „Descartes' physiology and its relation to his psychology“ hjá John Cottingham (ritstj.), <i>Cambridge Companion to Descartes</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006): 335-70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thinkexist.com/quotation/i_cannot_forgive_descartes-in_all_his_philosophy/153298.html">Think Exist on Blaise Pascal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171112055348/http://thinkexist.com/quotation/i_cannot_forgive_descartes-in_all_his_philosophy/153298.html">Geymt</a> 12 nóvember 2017 í <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Skoðað 12. febrúar 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adherents.com/people/pd/Rene_Descartes.html">The Religious Affiliation of philosopher and mathematician Rene Descartes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130911000344/http://www.adherents.com/people/pd/Rene_Descartes.html">Geymt</a> 11 september 2013 í <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Skoðað 5. október 2005.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heimildir">Heimildir</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Breyti hluta: Heimildir" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Heimildir"><span>breyta frumkóða</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Clarke, Desmond, <i>Descartes: A Biography</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).</li> <li>Cottingham, John (ritstj.), <i>The Cambridge Companion to Descartes</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).</li> <li>Frankfurt, Harry G., <i>Demons, Dreamers, and Madmen: The Defense of Reason in Descartes's "Meditations"</i> (Indianapolis og New York: Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1970).</li> <li>Garber, Daniel, <i>Descartes' Metaphysical Physics</i> (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992).</li> <li>Gaukroger, Stephen, <i>Descartes: An Intellectual Biography</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).</li> <li>Grayling, A.C., <i>Descartes: The Life and times of a Genius</i> (New York: Walker Publishing Co., Inc, 2005).</li> <li>Sorrell, Tom, <i>Descartes</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987).</li> <li>Wilson, Margaret D., <i>Descartes</i> (London: Routledge, 1982).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tenglar">Tenglar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Breyti hluta: Tenglar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=5406">„Hver var René Descartes og fyrir hvað er hann þekktur?“</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADsindavefurinn" title="Vísindavefurinn">Vísindavefurinn</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=V%C3%ADsindavefurinn&rft.atitle=Hver+var+Ren%C3%A9+Descartes+og+fyrir+hva%C3%B0+er+hann+%C3%BEekktur%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visindavefur.is%2Fsvar.php%3Fid%3D5406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Descartes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=2070">„Hvernig get ég sannfært sjálfan mig svo vel um að ég sé ekki til að ég geti sýnt öðrum fram á það?“</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADsindavefurinn" title="Vísindavefurinn">Vísindavefurinn</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=V%C3%ADsindavefurinn&rft.atitle=Hvernig+get+%C3%A9g+sannf%C3%A6rt+sj%C3%A1lfan+mig+svo+vel+um+a%C3%B0+%C3%A9g+s%C3%A9+ekki+til+a%C3%B0+%C3%A9g+geti+s%C3%BDnt+%C3%B6%C3%B0rum+fram+%C3%A1+%C3%BEa%C3%B0%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visindavefur.is%2Fsvar.php%3Fid%3D2070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Descartes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=7078">„Hvernig er best að hugsa röklega?“</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADsindavefurinn" title="Vísindavefurinn">Vísindavefurinn</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=V%C3%ADsindavefurinn&rft.atitle=Hvernig+er+best+a%C3%B0+hugsa+r%C3%B6klega%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visindavefur.is%2Fsvar.php%3Fid%3D7078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Descartes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timarit.is/?issueID=418360&pageSelected=4&lang=0"><i>Descartes</i>; 1. grein í Lesbók Morgunblaðsins 1954</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timarit.is/?issueID=418362&pageSelected=4&lang=0"><i>Descartes</i>; 2. grein í Lesbók Morgunblaðsins 1954</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>:</i> „<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-epistemology">Descartes' Epistemology</a>“</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>:</i> „<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-ethics">Descartes' Ethics</a>“</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>:</i> „<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-works">Descartes' Life and Works</a>“</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>:</i> „<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-modal">Descartes' Modal Metaphysics</a>“</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>:</i> „<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-ontological">Descartes' Ontological Argument</a>“</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>:</i> „<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-physics">Descartes' Physics</a>“</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>:</i> „<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pineal-gland">Descartes and the Pineal Gland</a>“</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>:</i> „<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/descarte.htm">René Descartes: 1596-1650</a>“</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>:</i> „<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/descmind.htm">René Descartes: The Mind-Body Distinction</a>“</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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