CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Bochum - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"88be7d1f-ce96-448e-88e7-81e0a23b4463","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Bochum","wgTitle":"Bochum","wgCurRevisionId":1260480186,"wgRevisionId":1260480186,"wgArticleId":179042,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Pages using the Phonos extension","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)","Articles with German-language sources (de)","Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with bare URLs for citations","Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from July 2018","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 maint: unfit URL", "Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles containing Westphalian-language text","Coordinates on Wikidata","Pages with German IPA","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Articles containing German-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019","Commons link from Wikidata","Pages using the Kartographer extension","Cities in North Rhine-Westphalia","Bochum","Ruhr","Holocaust locations in Germany","Members of the Hanseatic League","Urban districts of North Rhine-Westphalia","Arnsberg (region)"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Bochum","wgRelevantArticleId":179042,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[], "wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Bochum,_Germany","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Bochum","wgCoordinates":{"lat":51.481944444444444,"lon":7.215833333333333},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2103","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform", "platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.kartographer.style":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.kartographer.staticframe","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.kartographer.style%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Bergbaumuseum.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Bergbaumuseum.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bergbaumuseum.jpg/640px-Bergbaumuseum.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="426"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Bochum - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Bochum rootpage-Bochum skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Bochum" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Bochum" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Bochum" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Bochum" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geographical_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Geographical position</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waterways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Waterways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waterways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegetation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Vegetation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mayor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mayor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mayor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>City council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Nazi_era_and_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Nazi_era_and_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The Nazi era and World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Nazi_era_and_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Post-war period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Places of interest</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Places_of_interest-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Places of interest subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Places_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Religious architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Parks and gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leisure_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leisure_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Leisure and entertainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leisure_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bermudadreieck" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bermudadreieck"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Bermudadreieck</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bermudadreieck-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annual_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annual_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Annual events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annual_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_galleries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_galleries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Art galleries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_galleries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Public art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Located_companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Located_companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Located companies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Located_companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Railways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bus,_tram,_underground" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus,_tram,_underground"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Bus, tram, underground</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus,_tram,_underground-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waterways_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterways_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Waterways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waterways_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Higher education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elementary_and_secondary_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elementary_and_secondary_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Elementary and secondary schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elementary_and_secondary_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bochum</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 96 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">96 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum,_Duitsland" title="Bochum, Duitsland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bochum, Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%85" title="بوخوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوخوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxum" title="Boxum – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Boxum" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%85" title="بوخوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بوخوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Бохум – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бохум" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Бохум – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бохум" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Бохум – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бохум" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum_(munisipyo)" title="Bochum (munisipyo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bochum (munisipyo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC" title="Μπόχουμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπόχουμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%85" title="بوخوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوخوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%ED%9B%94" title="보훔 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보훔" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Բոխում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բոխում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Бохум – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бохум" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9D" title="בוכום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בוכום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ბოხუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბოხუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Бохум – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бохум" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Бохум – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бохум" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baucum_(Germania)" title="Baucum (Germania) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Baucum (Germania)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohuma" title="Bohuma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bohuma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochumas" title="Bochumas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bochumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boochem" title="Boochem – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Boochem" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Бохум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бохум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE" title="बोखुम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बोखुम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%85" title="بوخوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بوخوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Бохум – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бохум" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%83%A0" title="ボーフム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ボーフム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxum" title="Boxum – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Boxum" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%85" title="بوخم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بوخم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%85" title="بوخوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بوخوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baukem" title="Baukem – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Baukem" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Бохум – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бохум" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%85" title="بۆخوم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بۆخوم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Бохум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бохум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Бохум – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бохум" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1" title="โบคุม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โบคุม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Бохум – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бохум" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%85" title="بوخم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بوخم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E9%B8%BF" title="波鸿 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="波鸿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E9%B4%BB" title="波鴻 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="波鴻" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bochum" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E9%B8%BF" title="波鸿 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波鸿" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2103#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bochum" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Bochum" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bochum"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bochum"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Bochum" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Bochum" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&oldid=1260480186" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Bochum&id=1260480186&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBochum"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBochum"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Bochum&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bochum" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Bochum" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2103" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bochum&params=51_28_55_N_07_12_57_E_type:city(366385)_region:DE-NW"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°28′55″N</span> <span class="longitude">07°12′57″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.48194°N 7.21583°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.48194; 7.21583</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum,_Germany&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Bochum, Germany">Bochum, Germany</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bochum_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bochum (disambiguation)">Bochum (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org"><span class="wrap">Bochum </span></div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><small><span title="Westphalian-language text"><i lang="wep">Baukem</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a>)</span></small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse;border:0px solid black;width:280px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2px 0 0 2px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bochum_080814_023_30.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bochum Skyline"><img alt="Bochum Skyline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bochum_080814_023_30.jpg/280px-Bochum_080814_023_30.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bochum_080814_023_30.jpg/420px-Bochum_080814_023_30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bochum_080814_023_30.jpg/560px-Bochum_080814_023_30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="168" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bergbaumuseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="German Mining Museum"><img alt="German Mining Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bergbaumuseum.jpg/139px-Bergbaumuseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bergbaumuseum.jpg/209px-Bergbaumuseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bergbaumuseum.jpg/278px-Bergbaumuseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeiss-Planetarium.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zeiss Planetarium Bochum"><img alt="Zeiss Planetarium Bochum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Zeiss-Planetarium.jpg/139px-Zeiss-Planetarium.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Zeiss-Planetarium.jpg/209px-Zeiss-Planetarium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Zeiss-Planetarium.jpg/278px-Zeiss-Planetarium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schauspielhaus_Bochum,_Nachtaufnahme.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Schauspielhaus Bochum"><img alt="Schauspielhaus Bochum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Schauspielhaus_Bochum%2C_Nachtaufnahme.JPG/139px-Schauspielhaus_Bochum%2C_Nachtaufnahme.JPG" decoding="async" width="139" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Schauspielhaus_Bochum%2C_Nachtaufnahme.JPG/209px-Schauspielhaus_Bochum%2C_Nachtaufnahme.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Schauspielhaus_Bochum%2C_Nachtaufnahme.JPG/278px-Schauspielhaus_Bochum%2C_Nachtaufnahme.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1328" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kammerspiele_Bochum.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bochum Kammerspiele"><img alt="Bochum Kammerspiele" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kammerspiele_Bochum.JPG/139px-Kammerspiele_Bochum.JPG" decoding="async" width="139" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kammerspiele_Bochum.JPG/209px-Kammerspiele_Bochum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kammerspiele_Bochum.JPG/278px-Kammerspiele_Bochum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Bochum Skyline, <a href="/wiki/German_Mining_Museum" title="German Mining Museum">German Mining Museum</a>, Zeiss Planetarium Bochum, <a href="/wiki/Schauspielhaus_Bochum" class="mw-redirect" title="Schauspielhaus Bochum">Schauspielhaus Bochum</a>, Bochum Kammerspiele</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Bochum_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Bochum"><img alt="Flag of Bochum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/DEU_Bochum_Flag.svg/100px-DEU_Bochum_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/DEU_Bochum_Flag.svg/150px-DEU_Bochum_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/DEU_Bochum_Flag.svg/200px-DEU_Bochum_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Bochum_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Bochum"><img alt="Coat of arms of Bochum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/DEU_Bochum_COA.svg/67px-DEU_Bochum_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="67" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/DEU_Bochum_COA.svg/101px-DEU_Bochum_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/DEU_Bochum_COA.svg/135px-DEU_Bochum_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="398" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; height:5px;">Location of Bochum</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <div class="center" style="margin-top:1em"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-overlays="["_051ea60ebfda45c663c13a9a4b7b53657d5d03b3"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Bochum&revid=1260480186&groups=_051ea60ebfda45c663c13a9a4b7b53657d5d03b3" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Bochum&revid=1260480186&groups=_051ea60ebfda45c663c13a9a4b7b53657d5d03b3 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bochum is located in Germany"><img alt="Bochum is located in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1272" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.798%;left:17.158%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bochum"><img alt="Bochum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Bochum </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Germany</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Rhine-Westphalia_location_map_01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bochum is located in North Rhine-Westphalia"><img alt="Bochum is located in North Rhine-Westphalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/North_Rhine-Westphalia_location_map_01.svg/250px-North_Rhine-Westphalia_location_map_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/North_Rhine-Westphalia_location_map_01.svg/375px-North_Rhine-Westphalia_location_map_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/North_Rhine-Westphalia_location_map_01.svg/500px-North_Rhine-Westphalia_location_map_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="524" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.835%;left:37.889%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bochum"><img alt="Bochum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Bochum </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of North Rhine-Westphalia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bochum&params=51_28_55_N_07_12_57_E_type:city(366385)_region:DE-NW"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°28′55″N</span> <span class="longitude">07°12′57″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.48194°N 7.21583°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.48194; 7.21583</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Admin. region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arnsberg_(region)" title="Arnsberg (region)">Arnsberg </a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urban_districts_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban districts of Germany">Urban district</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lord_mayor" title="Lord mayor">Lord mayor</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2020–25) </span></th><td class="infobox-data">Thomas Eiskirch<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">145.4 km<sup>2</sup> (56.1 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2023-12-31)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">366,385</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,500/km<sup>2</sup> (6,500/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,166,484</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Germany" title="Time in Germany">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Germany" title="Postal codes in Germany">Postal codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">44701-44894</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialling_codes_in_Germany" title="List of dialling codes in Germany">Dialling codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0234, 02327</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">BO, WAT</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bochum.de/">www.bochum.de</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bochum</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/x/: 'ch' in 'loch'">x</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">BOHKH</span>-uum</i></a>; <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">-⁠əm</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈboːxʊm]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/37\/De-Bochum.ogg\/De-Bochum.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Bochum.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/De-Bochum.ogg/De-Bochum.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Bochum.ogg" title="File:De-Bochum.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a>: <i lang="wep">Baukem</i>) is a city in <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>. With a population of 372,348 (April 2023),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is the sixth-largest city (after <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a>) in North Rhine-Westphalia, one of the most populous <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> federal states, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">16th-largest city</a> in Germany. On the Ruhr Heights (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ruhrhöhen</i></span>) <a href="/wiki/Hill_chain" title="Hill chain">hill chain</a>, between the rivers <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_(river)" title="Ruhr (river)">Ruhr</a> to the south and <a href="/wiki/Emscher" title="Emscher">Emscher</a> to the north (tributaries of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>), it is the second largest city of <a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalia</a> after Dortmund, and the fourth largest city of the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a> after Dortmund, Essen and Duisburg. It lies at the centre of the Ruhr, Germany's largest urban area, in the <a href="/wiki/Rhine-Ruhr" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine-Ruhr">Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_EU_metropolitan_areas_by_GDP" title="List of EU metropolitan areas by GDP">second biggest metropolitan region by GDP</a> in the European Union, and belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Arnsberg_(region)" title="Arnsberg (region)">region of Arnsberg</a>. Bochum is the sixth largest and one of the southernmost cities in the <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> dialect area. There are nine institutions of higher education in the city, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_University_Bochum" title="Ruhr University Bochum">Ruhr University Bochum</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ruhr-Universität Bochum</i></span>), one of the ten largest universities in Germany, and the Bochum University of Applied Sciences (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hochschule Bochum</i></span>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographical_position">Geographical position</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographical position"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city lies on the low rolling hills of Bochum land ridge (Bochumer Landrücken), part of the Ruhrhöhen (highest elevations) between the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emscher" title="Emscher">Emscher</a> rivers at the border of the southern and northern Ruhr coal region. The highest point of the city is at Kemnader Straße (Kemnader Street) in <a href="/wiki/Stiepel" title="Stiepel">Stiepel</a> at 196 metres (643 ft) above sea level; the lowest point is 43 metres (141 ft) at the Blumenkamp in <a href="/wiki/Hordel" title="Hordel">Hordel</a>. </p><p>The terrain of Bochum is characterised by rolling hills that rarely have more than three per cent graduation. Steeper graduation can be found at the Harpener Hellweg near the Berghofer Holz nature reserve (3.4%), at Westenfelder Straße in the <a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">borough</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wattenscheid" title="Wattenscheid">Wattenscheid</a> (3.47%), or at Kemnader Straße, which begins at the banks of the Ruhr in <a href="/wiki/Stiepel" title="Stiepel">Stiepel</a> (71 m, 233 ft), and rises to its highest point in the centre of Stiepel (196 m, 643 ft, a 5.1% increase). </p><p>The city extends north to south 13.0 km (8.1 mi) and 17.1 km (10.6 mi) east to west. The perimeter of the city limits is 67.2 km (41.8 mi). </p><p>It is surrounded by the cities of (in clockwise direction) <a href="/wiki/Herne,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Herne, Germany">Herne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castrop-Rauxel" title="Castrop-Rauxel">Castrop-Rauxel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witten" title="Witten">Witten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hattingen" title="Hattingen">Hattingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gelsenkirchen" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rock</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a>. The geological strata can be visited in the former quarry of Klosterbusch in Querenburg and at the Geological Gardens in Wiemelhausen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waterways">Waterways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Waterways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The urban area is divided into the river <a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a> catchment in the south and the <a href="/wiki/Emscher" title="Emscher">Emscher</a> catchment in the north. The Ruhr's tributaries are the Oelbach (where as well a waste water treatment plant is established<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), Gerther Mühlenbach, Harpener Bach, Langendreer Bach, <a href="/wiki/Lottenbach" title="Lottenbach">Lottenbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rsterholzer_Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="Hörsterholzer Bach">Hörsterholzer Bach</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kn%C3%B6selbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Knöselbach">Knöselbach</a>. The Ruhr in combination with upstream reservoirs is also used for drinking water abstraction. The Emscher's tributaries are Hüller Bach with Dorneburger Mühlenbach, Hofsteder Bach, Marbach, Ahbach, Kabeisemannsbach and Goldhammer Bach. The industrial developments in the region since the 19th century were leading to a kind of division of labour between the two river catchments, pumping drinking water from the Ruhr into the municipal supply system and discharging waste water mainly into the Emscher system. Today approximately 10% of the waste water in the Emscher catchment is discharged via the Hüller Bach.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and treated in the centralized waste water treatment plant of the <a href="/wiki/Emschergenossenschaft" title="Emschergenossenschaft">Emschergenossenschaft</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bottrop" title="Bottrop">Bottrop</a>. The ecological restoration of the Emscher tributaries initiated by the Emschergenossenschaft started with the <a href="/wiki/Internationale_Bauausstellung_Emscher_Park" title="Internationale Bauausstellung Emscher Park">Internationale Bauausstellung Emscher Park</a> in 1989. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetation">Vegetation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vegetation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The south of the city has woods, the best known of which are the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Weitmarer_Holz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weitmarer Holz (page does not exist)">Weitmarer Holz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weitmarer_Holz" class="extiw" title="de:Weitmarer Holz">de</a>]</span>. These are generally <a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">mixed forests</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a>. The occurrence of <a href="/wiki/Holly" title="Holly">holly</a> gives evidence of Bochum's <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climate</a>. 844 species of plants can be found within the city limts<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bochum features an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Oceanic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>Cfb</i>; <a href="/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification" title="Trewartha climate classification">Trewartha</a>: <i>Dobk</i>) characterized by cool winters and short warm summers. Extreme temperatures are uncommon. However, temperatures rising above 30 °C (86 °F) are to be expected on multiple days in summer and the climate station closest to the City did record a peak temperature of 40 °C<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (104 °F) on July 25, 2019. </p><p>On the other extreme, freezing temperatures are common between mid-November and late March. In some years, however, frosts may occur as late as early May. Temperatures below −10 °C are, especially in recent years, only seen on rare occasions. The city lies within the warmer extent of the 8a <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">USDA plant hardiness zone</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (−12.2 to −9.4 °C or 10 to 15 °F). Some winters may pass without a frost below −5 °C <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(data from the nearest active climate station). These comparably mild conditions in Winter permit the planting of plants that would either not be reliably hardy or not able to bloom throughout Germany like <i><a href="/wiki/Trachycarpus" title="Trachycarpus">Trachycarpus</a></i> palms, <a href="/wiki/Buddleja_davidii" title="Buddleja davidii">Summer lilac</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Paulownia_tomentosa" title="Paulownia tomentosa">Paulownia tomentosa</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">Rosemary</a>. </p><p>However, winters can be unpredictable with strong fluctuations in temperatures: In mid-February 2021, the city was affected by a severe cold spell bringing temperatures down to –15 degrees Celsius (5 °F) accompanied by heavy snowfall which hindered traffic<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for multiple days. A week later, a temperature of 17 °C (63 °F) was recorded,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an increase of 32K. </p><p>The total precipitation of 815mm<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is distributed relatively evenly through most of the year but has a peak in winter and two minima in late spring and July, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> June shows a second peak in precipitation due to the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon#Europe" title="Monsoon">return of the westerlies</a> which leads to more thunderstorms being generated along frontal boundaries of Atlantic low-pressure systems. In recent years, the city was affected by summer and spring droughts. Thunderstorms are not uncommon in the warm season and can generate intense downpours and sporadically hail. </p><p>The city experiences little sunshine in winter with a minimum of 1,3h per day in December and a lot more in early summer and late spring with May featuring 7,5h per day. The total amount of sunshine per year is 1689h.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the cities northern latitude of 51°N, seasonal day-length variation is significant. The longest day of the year, June 21, features 16 h 38 min. of daylight while the shortest day of the year which is December 21 is only 7 h and 50 min. long. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Bochum (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1940–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5<br />(83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.1<br />(89.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3<br />(97.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0<br />(96.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.3<br />(99.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.5<br />(92.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4<br />(81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6<br />(70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9<br />(64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.3<br />(99.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6<br />(54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5<br />(54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8<br />(74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3<br />(86.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8<br />(91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2<br />(82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7<br />(62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34.2<br />(93.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8<br />(42.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7<br />(42.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6<br />(51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1<br />(59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8<br />(67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6<br />(58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6<br />(49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4<br />(43.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.7<br />(58.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3<br />(37.9) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br />(37.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5<br />(43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1<br />(50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2<br />(64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8<br />(44.2) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7<br />(33.3) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.2<br />(31.6) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3<br />(36.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7<br />(40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1<br />(46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4<br />(56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8<br />(55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9<br />(49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9<br />(39.0) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br />(34.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.2<br />(43.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.4<br />(18.7) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.3<br />(18.9) </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.1<br />(24.6) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.6<br />(29.1) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7<br />(42.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5<br />(45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.1<br />(31.8) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3<br />(26.1) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.3<br />(20.7) </td> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−10.3<br />(13.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.3<br />(−4.5) </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.3<br />(0.9) </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.3<br />(9.9) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.4<br />(22.3) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4<br />(29.5) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5<br />(36.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1<br />(41.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5<br />(41.9) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(33.4) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.5<br />(23.9) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.1<br />(19.2) </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.1<br />(1.2) </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−20.3<br />(−4.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.8<br />(2.91) </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.0<br />(1.81) </td> <td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.4<br />(2.10) </td> <td style="background: #C4FFC4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.1<br />(1.50) </td> <td style="background: #B1FFB1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.9<br />(2.04) </td> <td style="background: #85FF85; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.2<br />(3.12) </td> <td style="background: #73FF73; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.6<br />(3.69) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.2<br />(3.31) </td> <td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.4<br />(2.57) </td> <td style="background: #A0FFA0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.3<br />(2.49) </td> <td style="background: #85FF85; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.8<br />(3.10) </td> <td style="background: #7EFF7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.9<br />(3.38) </td> <td style="background: #98FF98; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">813.7<br />(32.04) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9<br />(1.9) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7<br />(1.1) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9<br />(0.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(0.2) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(1.8) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.6<br />(3.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #1F1FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18.1 </td> <td style="background: #2323FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.2 </td> <td style="background: #4444FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.1 </td> <td style="background: #5050FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.7 </td> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.7 </td> <td style="background: #3D3DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.2 </td> <td style="background: #3838FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.1 </td> <td style="background: #3A3AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.9 </td> <td style="background: #5454FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.4 </td> <td style="background: #3838FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.1 </td> <td style="background: #0F0FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">20.6 </td> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">193.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #7DFF7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.9 </td> <td style="background: #82FF82; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.7 </td> <td style="background: #8BFF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.9 </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.7 </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.8 </td> <td style="background: #8EFF8E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.3 </td> <td style="background: #8EFF8E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.8 </td> <td style="background: #8CFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.3 </td> <td style="background: #84FF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.5 </td> <td style="background: #7FFF7F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.8 </td> <td style="background: #7CFF7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.6 </td> <td style="background: #7AFF7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.9 </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">77.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #606060; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">52.8 </td> <td style="background: #8D8D8D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.3 </td> <td style="background: #B8B850; color:#000000;" class="notheme">125.6 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">167.1 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">183.6 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">177.4 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">202.3 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">191.0 </td> <td style="background: #C3C310; color:#000000;" class="notheme">144.1 </td> <td style="background: #B0B082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">107.4 </td> <td style="background: #6F6F6F; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59.1 </td> <td style="background: #4C4C4C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.0 </td> <td style="background: #BABA46; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,522.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a>/SKlima.de<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Districts">Districts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bochum_-_Stadtbezirke-polished.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bochum_-_Stadtbezirke-polished.png/220px-Bochum_-_Stadtbezirke-polished.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bochum_-_Stadtbezirke-polished.png/330px-Bochum_-_Stadtbezirke-polished.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bochum_-_Stadtbezirke-polished.png/440px-Bochum_-_Stadtbezirke-polished.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Sections and Districts in Bochum</figcaption></figure> <p>Bochum is divided into six administrative sections (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">stadtbezirke</i></span>), alongside their respective sub-districts (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">stadtteile</i></span>), with a total of 362,213 inhabitants living in an urban area of 145.4 km<sup>2</sup> (56.1 sq mi). </p> <ul><li><b>Bochum-Mitte</b> includes <a href="/wiki/Bochum-Innenstadt" title="Bochum-Innenstadt">Innenstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bochum-Hamme" class="mw-redirect" title="Bochum-Hamme">Hamme</a> (including Goldhamme, and Stahlhausen), Hordel, Hofstede, Riemke, Grumme and Altenbochum There are 102,145 inhabitants living in an area of 32.60 km<sup>2</sup> (12.59 sq mi).</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wattenscheid" title="Wattenscheid">Wattenscheid</a></b> includes Wattenscheid-Mitte, Leithe, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnnigfeld" title="Günnigfeld">Günnigfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bochum-Westenfeld" title="Bochum-Westenfeld">Westenfeld</a>, Sevinghausen, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6ntrop" title="Höntrop">Höntrop</a>, Munscheid and Eppendorf (which includes Engelsburg and Heide). There are 74,602 inhabitants living in an area of 23.87 km<sup>2</sup> (9.22 sq mi).</li> <li><b>North</b> includes Bergen, <a href="/wiki/Bochum-Gerthe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bochum-Gerthe">Gerthe</a>, Harpen (including Rosenberg), Kornharpen, Hiltrop and Voede-Abzweig. There are 37,004 inhabitants living in an area of 18.86 km<sup>2</sup> (7.28 sq mi).</li> <li><b>East</b> includes <a href="/wiki/Bochum-Laer" title="Bochum-Laer">Laer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bochum-Werne" title="Bochum-Werne">Werne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Langendreer" title="Langendreer">Langendreer</a> (including Ümmingen and Kaltehardt). There are 55,193 inhabitants living in an area of 23.46 km<sup>2</sup> (9.06 sq mi).</li> <li><b>South</b> includes Wiemelhausen (which includes Brenschede, and Ehrenfeld), Stiepel (which includes Haar, Brockhausen and Schrick) and Querenburg (which includes Hustadt and Steinkuhl). There are 50,866 inhabitants living in an area of 27.11 km<sup>2</sup> (10.47 sq mi).</li> <li><b>Southwest</b> includes Weitmar (which includes Bärendorf, Mark, and Neuling), Sundern, <a href="/wiki/Bochum-Linden" title="Bochum-Linden">Linden</a> and Dahlhausen. There are 56,510 inhabitants living in an area of 19.50 km<sup>2</sup> (7.53 sq mi).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mayor">Mayor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mayor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current mayor of Bochum is Thomas Eiskirch of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> (SPD), who was elected in 2015 and re-elected in 2020. </p><p>The most recent mayoral election was held on 13 September 2020, and the results were as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Candidate </th> <th>Party </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E3000F"> </td> <td align="left">Thomas Eiskirch </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> </td> <td>85,397 </td> <td>61.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#151518"> </td> <td align="left">Christian Haardt </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a> </td> <td>28,125 </td> <td>20.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#BE3075"> </td> <td align="left">Amid Rabieh </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> </td> <td>8,335 </td> <td>6.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Jens Lücking </td> <td align="left">UWG: Free Citizens </td> <td>3,937 </td> <td>2.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFED00"> </td> <td align="left">Felix Haltt </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> </td> <td>3,441 </td> <td>2.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#B5152B"> </td> <td align="left">Nils-Frederick Brandt </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Die_PARTEI" title="Die PARTEI">Die PARTEI</a> </td> <td>3,357 </td> <td>2.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#8B4726"> </td> <td align="left">Ariane Meise </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party</a> </td> <td>2,546 </td> <td>1.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Volker Steude </td> <td align="left">The Citymakers </td> <td>2,351 </td> <td>1.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Günter Gleising </td> <td align="left">Social List Bochum </td> <td>790 </td> <td>0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Valid votes </th> <th>138,279 </th> <th>99.0 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Invalid votes </th> <th>1,438 </th> <th>1.0 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Total </th> <th>139,717 </th> <th>100.0 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Electorate/voter turnout </th> <th>287,216 </th> <th>48.6 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wahlergebnisse.nrw/kommunalwahlen/2020/aktuell/b911000kw2000.shtml">State Returning Officer</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_council">City council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: City council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020_Bochum_City_Council_election.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/2020_Bochum_City_Council_election.svg/350px-2020_Bochum_City_Council_election.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/2020_Bochum_City_Council_election.svg/525px-2020_Bochum_City_Council_election.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/2020_Bochum_City_Council_election.svg/700px-2020_Bochum_City_Council_election.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption>Results of the 2020 city council election.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Bochum city council governs the city alongside the mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 13 September 2020, and the results were as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>+/- </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/- </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E3000F"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> (SPD) </td> <td>46,626 </td> <td>33.7 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.9 </td> <td>29 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> (Grüne) </td> <td>30,658 </td> <td>22.2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 9.3 </td> <td>19 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#151518"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a> (CDU) </td> <td>28,799 </td> <td>20.8 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.9 </td> <td>18 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#BE3075"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> (Die Linke) </td> <td>8,434 </td> <td>6.1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>±0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#00A2DE"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> (AfD) </td> <td>7,774 </td> <td>5.6 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.1 </td> <td>5 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">UWG: Free Citizens (UWG) </td> <td>4,673 </td> <td>3.4 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.9 </td> <td>3 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFED00"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> (FDP) </td> <td>4,517 </td> <td>3.3 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.4 </td> <td>3 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#B5152B"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Die_PARTEI" title="Die PARTEI">Die PARTEI</a> (PARTEI) </td> <td>3,223 </td> <td>2.3 </td> <td>New </td> <td>2 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">The Citymakers (Die Stadtgestalter) </td> <td>2,387 </td> <td>1.7 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.6 </td> <td>2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Social List Bochum (SLB) </td> <td>814 </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.2 </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#8B4726"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party</a> (NPD) </td> <td>429 </td> <td>0.3 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.6 </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Valid votes </th> <th>138,334 </th> <th>99.0 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Invalid votes </th> <th>1,447 </th> <th>1.0 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Total </th> <th>139,781 </th> <th>100.0 </th> <th> </th> <th>86 </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Electorate/voter turnout </th> <th>287,203 </th> <th>48.7 </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.2 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wahlergebnisse.nrw/kommunalwahlen/2020/aktuell/a911000kw2000.shtml">State Returning Officer</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bochum_Ansicht_1840.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bochum_Ansicht_1840.jpg/220px-Bochum_Ansicht_1840.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bochum_Ansicht_1840.jpg/330px-Bochum_Ansicht_1840.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bochum_Ansicht_1840.jpg/440px-Bochum_Ansicht_1840.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>View of Bochum in 1840.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1889_Reich_10Pfg_Bochum_Mi41.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1889_Reich_10Pfg_Bochum_Mi41.jpg/150px-1889_Reich_10Pfg_Bochum_Mi41.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1889_Reich_10Pfg_Bochum_Mi41.jpg/225px-1889_Reich_10Pfg_Bochum_Mi41.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1889_Reich_10Pfg_Bochum_Mi41.jpg/300px-1889_Reich_10Pfg_Bochum_Mi41.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Stamp cancelled at BOCHUM 1 in 1889</figcaption></figure> <p>Bochum dates from the 9th century, when <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> set up a royal court at the junction of two important trade routes. It was first officially mentioned in 1041 as <i>Cofbuokheim</i> in a document of the archbishops of Cologne. In 1321, Count <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_II,_Count_of_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Engelbert II, Count of Mark">Engelbert II von der Marck</a> granted Bochum a town charter, but the town remained insignificant until the 19th century, when the <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> mining and <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> industries emerged in the Ruhr area, leading to the growth of the entire region. In the early 19th century it was part of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Berg" title="Grand Duchy of Berg">Grand Duchy of Berg</a>, a client state of <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a>, then it passed to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> in 1815, and in 1871 it became part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. The population of Bochum increased from about 4,500 in 1850 to 100,000 in 1904. Bochum acquired city status, incorporating neighbouring towns and villages. Additional population gains came from immigration, primarily from <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. Bochum was the main center of the <a href="/wiki/Ruhrpolen" title="Ruhrpolen">Polish community of the Ruhr</a>, being the seat of various Polish organizations and enterprises.<sup id="cite_ref-lwl_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lwl-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Poles were subjected to <a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">anti-Polish</a> policies aimed at <a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a>, and the Central Office for Monitoring the Polish Movement in the Rhine-Westphalian Industrial District (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Zentralstelle fur Uberwachung der Polenbewegung im Rheinisch-Westfalischen Industriebezirke</i></span>) was established by the German authorities in Bochum in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Nazi_era_and_World_War_II">The Nazi era and World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Nazi era and World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 28 October 1938, 250 Polish or stateless Jews were expelled from Bochum to Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-jvl_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jvl-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 November 1938, <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a>, the Bochum <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> was set on fire and there was rioting against Jewish citizens. The first Jews from Bochum were deported to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and many Jewish institutions and homes were destroyed. Some 500 Jewish citizens are known by name to have been killed in the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, including 19 who were younger than 16 years old. Joseph Klirsfeld was Bochum's rabbi at this time. He and his wife fled to Palestine. In December 1938, the Jewish elementary school teacher <a href="/wiki/Else_Hirsch" title="Else Hirsch">Else Hirsch</a> began organising groups of children and adolescents to be sent to the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, sending ten groups in all. Many Jewish children and those from other persecuted groups were taken in by Dutch families and thereby saved from abduction or deportation and death.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2008-0032,_Bochum,_Zerst%C3%B6rte_St._Marien_Kirche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2008-0032%2C_Bochum%2C_Zerst%C3%B6rte_St._Marien_Kirche.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2008-0032%2C_Bochum%2C_Zerst%C3%B6rte_St._Marien_Kirche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2008-0032%2C_Bochum%2C_Zerst%C3%B6rte_St._Marien_Kirche.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2008-0032%2C_Bochum%2C_Zerst%C3%B6rte_St._Marien_Kirche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2008-0032%2C_Bochum%2C_Zerst%C3%B6rte_St._Marien_Kirche.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2008-0032%2C_Bochum%2C_Zerst%C3%B6rte_St._Marien_Kirche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>Bombed St. Mary Church, 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>On 15 July 1939, the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> entered the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Poles_in_Germany" title="Union of Poles in Germany">Union of Poles in Germany</a> in Bochum, searched it and interrogated its chief Michał Wesołowski, however, it did not obtain the desired lists of Polish activists, which had been previously hidden by Poles.<sup id="cite_ref-mc_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mc-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increased Nazi terror and persecutions of Poles followed, and in response, many Poles from the region came to Bochum for organizational and information meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-mc_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mc-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the German <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a>, which started <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in September 1939, the Nazis carried out mass arrests of local Polish activists, who were then sent to concentration camps. Local Polish premises and seats of organizations were looted and expropriated by Nazi Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-lwl_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lwl-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the war, Germany operated a prison in the city with three <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a> subcamps within present-day city limits,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an additional detention center,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a camp for <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> in the present-day <a href="/wiki/Wattenscheid" title="Wattenscheid">Wattenscheid</a> district,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and three <a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Buchenwald" title="List of subcamps of Buchenwald">subcamps</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald concentration camp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A report from July 1943 listed 100 forced labour camps in Bochum.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because the Ruhr region was an area of high residential density and a centre for the manufacture of weapons, it was a major target in the war. Women with young children, school children and the homeless fled or were evacuated to safer areas, leaving cities largely deserted to the arms industry, coal mines and steel plants and those unable to leave. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1500</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1750</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,449</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+44.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">21,192</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1362.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1900</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">65,554</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+209.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1910</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">136,931</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+108.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1919</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">142,760</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1925</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">156,762</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1933</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">314,546</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+100.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1939</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">305,485</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">289,804</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−5.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">367,338</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+26.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">343,968</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−6.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1987</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">386,271</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">390,087</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">362,286</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−7.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2022</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">354,288</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.2%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">source:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During the Holocaust, in 1942–1943, local Jews were deported to German-occupied <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jvl_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jvl-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Allied_air_attacks"></span>Bochum was first bombed heavily in May and June 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 May 1943, the city hall was hit, destroying the top floor, and leaving the next two floors in flames. On 4 November 1944, in an attack involving 700 British bombers, the steel plant, Bochumer Verein, was hit. One of the largest steel plants in Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more than 10,000 high-explosive and 130,000 incendiary bombs were stored there, setting off a conflagration that destroyed the surrounding neighbourhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Homeless_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homeless-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An aerial photo shows the devastation.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The town centre of Bochum was a <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">strategic target</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Oil_campaign_of_World_War_II" title="Oil campaign of World War II">Oil Campaign</a>. In 150 air raids on Bochum, over 1,300 bombs were dropped on Bochum and <a href="/wiki/Gelsenkirchen" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a>. By the end of the war, 38% of Bochum had been destroyed. 70,000 citizens were homeless and at least 4,095 dead.<sup id="cite_ref-Homeless_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homeless-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of Bochum's more than 90,000 homes, only 25,000 remained for the 170,000 citizens who survived the war, many by fleeing to other areas. Most of the remaining buildings were damaged, many with only one usable room. Only 1,000 houses in Bochum remained undamaged after the war. Only two of 122 schools remained unscathed; others were totally destroyed. Hunger was rampant. A resident of neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a> was quoted on 23 April 1945 as saying, "Today, I used up my last potato... it will be a difficult time till the new [autumn] potatoes are ready to be picked – if they're not stolen."<sup id="cite_ref-Homeless_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homeless-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The US army ground advance into Germany reached Bochum in April 1945. Encountering desultory resistance, the US <a href="/wiki/79th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="79th Infantry Division (United States)">79th Infantry Division</a> captured the city on 10 April 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, Bochum was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/British_Zone_of_Occupation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Zone of Occupation">British</a>, who established two <a href="/wiki/DP_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="DP camp">camps</a> to house people <a href="/wiki/Displaced_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Displaced person">displaced by the war</a>. The majority of them were former Polish <i>Zwangsarbeiter</i>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_in_Germany_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labour in Germany during World War II">forced labourers</a>, many of them from the Bochumer Verein.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Allied bombing destroyed 83% of the built up area of Bochum during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today around a third of Bochum consists of buildings from before World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than sixty years after the war, bombs continue to be found in the region, usually by construction workers. One found in October 2008 in Bochum town centre led to the evacuation of 400 and involved hundreds of emergency workers.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A month earlier, a buried bomb exploded in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Hattingen" title="Hattingen">Hattingen</a>, injuring 17 people.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="infobox" style="float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Largest groups of foreign residents</b><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nationality</th> <th>Population (31.12.2018) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>8,852 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td> <td>8,075 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>3,779 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>2,021 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>1,902 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td> <td>1,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></td> <td>1,413 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td>1,260 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td> <td>1,209 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>1,010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>987 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td>983 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></td> <td>961 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td>850 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a></td> <td>850 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td> <td>748 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>719 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></td> <td>699 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_period">Post-war period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Post-war period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war, Bochum was part of <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> and the newly established state of North Rhine-Westphalia, consisting of the Rhineland and Westphalia. </p><p>In the postwar period, Bochum began developing as a cultural centre of the Ruhr area. In 1965, the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhr University">Ruhr University</a> was opened, the first modern <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a> in the Ruhr area and the first to be founded in Germany since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Since the seventies, Bochum's industry has moved from heavy industry to the service sector. Between 1960 and 1980, the coal mines all closed. Other industries, such as <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">automotive</a>, compensated for the loss of jobs. The <a href="/wiki/Opel_Astra" title="Opel Astra">Opel Astra</a> was assembled at the Opel Bochum <a href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">plant</a>; however, by 2009, the factory was in serious financial difficulties<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in December 2012, Opel announced that it would stop vehicle production at the Bochum plant in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the course of a comprehensive community reform in 1975, <a href="/wiki/Wattenscheid" title="Wattenscheid">Wattenscheid</a>, a formerly independent city, was integrated into the city of Bochum. A local referendum against the integration failed. In 2007, the new synagogue of the Jewish community of Bochum, Herne und Hattingen was opened. In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> closed down its production plant, causing the loss of thousands of jobs, both at the plant and at local suppliers. 20,000 people showed up to protest against the closing.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within months, the Canadian high-tech company, <a href="/wiki/Research_in_Motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Research in Motion">Research in Motion</a>, announced plans to open a research facility, its first outside Canada, adding several hundred jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Places_of_interest">Places of interest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Places of interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bochum_070608_095_00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Bochum_070608_095_00.jpg/220px-Bochum_070608_095_00.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Bochum_070608_095_00.jpg/330px-Bochum_070608_095_00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Bochum_070608_095_00.jpg/440px-Bochum_070608_095_00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2597" data-file-height="1877" /></a><figcaption>City Hall</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altes_Brauhaus_Bochum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Altes_Brauhaus_Bochum.JPG/220px-Altes_Brauhaus_Bochum.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Altes_Brauhaus_Bochum.JPG/330px-Altes_Brauhaus_Bochum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Altes_Brauhaus_Bochum.JPG/440px-Altes_Brauhaus_Bochum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Altes Brauhaus</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Bochum City Hall</b> was built from 1927 to 1931 and was designed by architect Karl Roth as a modern office building, but in the Renaissance style, reflecting the industrial era's middle class, inventions and discoveries. There were statues of bronze and stone, and in the city council chambers, a bell tower. The ornate décor gave the Nazis an excuse to hound the then-mayor, who was of Jewish descent, driving him to suicide in 1933.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Most of the bronze statues were melted down for the war effort and the stone carvings were damaged by the war, save for some small lion's heads over the entrance. Also left undamaged are two themed courtyard fountains made by August Vogel, the "Fountain of Beauty" and the "Fountain of Happiness", as well as Augusto Vasaris' florentine main entrance, which displays the motto, <i>In Labore Honos</i> (In labour lies honour). In 1951, a set of 28 chimes was installed, manufactured in Bochum. Known for their clarity of tone, they are the first cast steel chimes in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In front of the city hall is a large bell that was made by the Bochum "Verein für Bergbau und Gusstahlfabrikation AG" (Association for Mining and Cast Steel Manufacturing). Displayed at the 1867 Paris World's Fair, it has a diameter of 3.13 metres (10.3 ft) and weighs 15 tonnes (15 long tons; 17 short tons). It was damaged during World War II and can no longer be rung.</li> <li><b>Altes Brauhaus Rietkötter</b>, the Old Rietkötter Brewing House is one of the oldest houses in Bochum, dating from 1630. Originally a private home, it became a brewery in 1777. After nearly being torn down after the war, it now has preservation status and today houses a restaurant, where they still brew their own beer.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b>Kaufhaus Kortum</b> department store dates from 1913 and was built as one of the nearly 20 regional stores owned by Alsberg Bros. (Gebr. Alsberg, AG) of Cologne. During the Nazi era, these stores were taken away from their Jewish owners and put into non-Jewish hands. Today, the "Kaufhaus Kortum" building has preservation status and houses an electronics store.</li> <li>The <b>Friedrich Lueg Haus</b> was built in 1924–1925 as the first high-rise building in Bochum. Contracted by the Lueg Company, the seven-story building was designed by the architect Emil Pohle. It suffered a fire during a bombing raid in 1944 and was renovated after the war. Today, the upper floors are small offices and internet companies. The seven-theatre Bochum Union Cinema rents the ground floor, showing a variety of domestic and international films.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Mutter Wittig</b> is a baroque-style building in the town centre, originally opened as a bakery and inn in 1870. Damaged in World War II, its façade is protected by preservation status. It houses a restaurant and its windows are decorated with displays of old Bochum.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Sparkasse Bochum</b> (Bochum Savings Bank) is a town landmark designed by the architect <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Kreis" title="Wilhelm Kreis">Wilhelm Kreis</a>. It opened in 1928 and was emblematic of the modern era. It was heavily damaged during the war, but was afterwards restored to its former appearance.</li> <li>The <b>Schlegel Tower</b> is the only remaining structure of the once-important Schlegel brewery, which closed in 1980.</li> <li>The <b>Jahrhunderthalle</b> (Hall of the Century) is the former gas and power station of a steel mill built at the turn of the 20th century. With the closing of the mill, the plant was renovated and turned into a three-hall concert and event site with an industrial ambiance.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Dahlhauser Heide</b> is an example of social welfare provided by wealthy German industrialists for their workers. Built in the early 1900s by the <a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupp</a> family for their coal mine workers, the modest and tastefully designed two-family houses were to enable self-sufficiency by providing gardens and a stall for a pig or a goat, "the miner's cow". The estate, which has the appearance of a small, rural town, gained preservation status in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Burg_Blankenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Burg Blankenstein">Blankenstein Castle</a></b> was built in the 13th century by Count <a href="/wiki/Adolf_I_of_the_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolf I of the Mark">Adolf I of the Mark</a>. Though located in <a href="/wiki/Hattingen" title="Hattingen">Hattingen</a>, it is owned by Bochum and has a significant history. On 8 June 1321, Count <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_II_of_the_Mark" title="Engelbert II of the Mark">Engelbert II of the Mark</a> granted Bochum its town charter there. Today, only the gate and one tower remain.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Haus Kemnade</b> is a moated castle. Though located in the town of <a href="/wiki/Hattingen" title="Hattingen">Hattingen</a>, the castle is property of the city of Bochum in 1921. Documents regarding its earliest dates of construction have been lost; it is first mentioned in 1393. Parts of the castle were built during the Renaissance and baroque periods. The castle's location on the banks of the Ruhr river was changed when the flood of 1486 receded on the opposite side, cutting the castle off from the neighbouring village. The castle remained in private hands till 1921, when it was deeded to the city of Bochum. In 1961, a museum of local history was installed, including a large collection of 16th to 20th century musical instruments. A collection of East Asian objects is also now located there, as well as a satellite of the Bochum Museum and an art exhibition space. There is also a restaurant on site. Behind the castle is a <a href="/wiki/Fachwerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Fachwerk">timber-framed</a> farmhouse from 1800, now a museum exhibiting farm life from the past.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Exzenterhaus" title="Exzenterhaus">Exzenterhaus</a></b> is a commercial office building which is the tallest building in Bochum at 90.5 metres.<sup id="cite_ref-skyscrapercenter_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skyscrapercenter-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-emporis_bochum_list_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emporis_bochum_list-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was constructed on top of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> era bunker, with the more modern section of the building rising 15 storeys above the top of the bunker. The top 15 floors are split into three, five storey sections, each which cantilever up to 4.5 metres, giving the impression of twisting structure.<sup id="cite_ref-archello_exzenterhaus_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archello_exzenterhaus-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-skyscrapercenter_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skyscrapercenter-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_architecture">Religious architecture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Religious architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bochum_Probsteikirche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bochum_Probsteikirche.jpg/220px-Bochum_Probsteikirche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bochum_Probsteikirche.jpg/330px-Bochum_Probsteikirche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bochum_Probsteikirche.jpg/440px-Bochum_Probsteikirche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="872" /></a><figcaption>Church founded by <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bochum-Mitte,_Bermuda3eck_poging1_foto7_2016-08-14_09.14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bochum-Mitte%2C_Bermuda3eck_poging1_foto7_2016-08-14_09.14.jpg/220px-Bochum-Mitte%2C_Bermuda3eck_poging1_foto7_2016-08-14_09.14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bochum-Mitte%2C_Bermuda3eck_poging1_foto7_2016-08-14_09.14.jpg/330px-Bochum-Mitte%2C_Bermuda3eck_poging1_foto7_2016-08-14_09.14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bochum-Mitte%2C_Bermuda3eck_poging1_foto7_2016-08-14_09.14.jpg/440px-Bochum-Mitte%2C_Bermuda3eck_poging1_foto7_2016-08-14_09.14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4352" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Bochum-Mitte, das Bermuda3eck</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Propsteikirche St. Peter und Paul</b> is the oldest church in Bochum, built between 785 and 800 by <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>. It was rebuilt in the 11th century, but was severely damaged by fire in 1517. In 1547, it was again rebuilt, this time in the late Gothic style. The 68-metre (223 ft) high bell tower is one of the landmarks of Bochum. The interior includes a baptismal font from 1175, the reliquary shrine of St. <a href="/wiki/Perpetua" class="mw-redirect" title="Perpetua">Perpetua</a> and her slave Felicitas, and a high altar with a crucifix from 1352.</li> <li><b>Pauluskirche</b> is the main Protestant church of the city. After the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>, both Catholics and Lutherans shared the Propsteikirche, often contentiously. In 1655, the Lutherans began to build their own church with the help of donations from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Courland" title="Courland">Courland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>. The church was heavily damaged in a bombing raid on 12 June 1943 and was later rebuilt after the war. Next to the church is a monument to peace. A statue of an old woman searching for a loved one, it is also a memorial to the 4 November 1944 bombing raid on Bochum. <a href="/wiki/Hans_Ehrenberg" title="Hans Ehrenberg">Hans Ehrenberg</a> served as minister here, until he was arrested and sent to <a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a> by the Nazis.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b>Christuskirche</b>, built in the neo-Gothic style, opened in 1879 and was among the most beautiful churches in Europe. In 1931, the room in the steeple was extended to a <a href="/wiki/Cenotaph" title="Cenotaph">cenotaph</a> for those killed in World War I. During an air raid in 1943, the church was destroyed, except for the steeple. After the war, the ruins were integrated into a new, modern structure and the steeple became a memorial dedicated to peace and understanding among nations.</li> <li>The neo-Gothic <b>Marienkirche</b>, built between 1868 and 1872, was heavily damaged in World War II (see photo above), but was rebuilt after the war. It is now closed and scheduled for demolition. The stained glass windows have been removed and it has fallen victim to vandalism.</li> <li><b>Stiepeler Dorfkirche</b> is over 1000 years old and was commemorated by a stamp in 2008. A small church consisting of one room was built by Countess Imma von <a href="/wiki/Stiepel" title="Stiepel">Stiepel</a>. Between 1130 and 1170, the old church was replaced by a Romanesque basilica. Today, the steeple and transept remain. Between 1150 and 1200, the interior walls and ceiling were decorated with a number of Romanesque paintings.</li> <li>The <b>new synagogue</b>, which opened in 2007, consists of a white cube and stands in contrast to the round shape of the planetarium next door. The façade shows overall a variation on the Solomon's Seal achieved by relocated brickstones. The interior is graced with a gold-coloured canopy.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_gardens">Parks and gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Parks and gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bochum_ChinGarten_060418_008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bochum_ChinGarten_060418_008.jpg/200px-Bochum_ChinGarten_060418_008.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bochum_ChinGarten_060418_008.jpg/300px-Bochum_ChinGarten_060418_008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bochum_ChinGarten_060418_008.jpg/400px-Bochum_ChinGarten_060418_008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2503" data-file-height="1867" /></a><figcaption>Chinese garden at the <a href="/wiki/Botanischer_Garten_der_Ruhr-Universit%C3%A4t_Bochum" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanischer Garten der Ruhr-Universität Bochum">Ruhr University Botanical Gardens</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Bochum has a municipal zoo, a large municipal park and a number of other gardens and parks. The <a href="/wiki/Botanischer_Garten_der_Ruhr-Universit%C3%A4t_Bochum" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanischer Garten der Ruhr-Universität Bochum">Ruhr University Botanical Gardens</a> has thousands of plants from all over the world.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among others there is a tropical garden, a cactus garden, and a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_garden" title="Chinese garden">Chinese garden</a> designed in the southern Chinese style, the only one of its kind in Germany. </p><p>The Geological Garden was the first of its kind in Germany. The nearly 4-acre (16,000 m<sup>2</sup>) park is the site of an old coal mine, the Zeche Friederika, which operated from 1750 to 1907. In 1962, the property came under environmental protection and a decade later was turned into a geological garden.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other scenic areas include the West Park, Lake Kemnade, Lake Ümmingen and the municipal forest, Weitmarer Holz.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leisure_and_entertainment">Leisure and entertainment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Leisure and entertainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bochum is a cultural centre of the Ruhr region. There is a municipal theatre, the <a href="/wiki/Schauspielhaus_Bochum" class="mw-redirect" title="Schauspielhaus Bochum">Schauspielhaus Bochum</a>, and about 20 smaller theatres and stages. The musical <i><a href="/wiki/Starlight_Express#Bochum,_Germany" title="Starlight Express">Starlight Express</a></i>, which opened in 1988, is the longest-running musical in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bermudadreieck">Bermudadreieck</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bermudadreieck"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bermudadreieck" title="Bermudadreieck">Bermudadreieck</a> (Bermuda Triangle), in the city center of Bochum, functions as the town's nightlife hub. Around sixty different bars and restaurants are located there, serving multicultural cuisine such as Japanese, Chinese, Indian, Italian, Spanish and German gastronomic specialties. Close to the Bermudadreieck is the <a href="/wiki/Anneliese_Brost_Musikforum_Ruhr" title="Anneliese Brost Musikforum Ruhr">Anneliese Brost Musikforum Ruhr</a>, opened in 2016. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Annual_events">Annual events</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Annual events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Jumble Sale</i> – on the third Saturday of the month, in front of city hall</li> <li>April/May: <i>Maiabendfest</i> – local festival, hundreds of years old</li> <li>May: Steam Festival (every other year [even or odd?])</li> <li>June events:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Rubissimo</i>, Ruhr University's summer festival</dd> <dd><i>Kemnade International</i></dd> <dd><i>Extraschicht</i> – Night of Industrial Heritage (many locations all over the Ruhr area)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>June/July: <i>VfL for Fun</i> – summer festival for Bochum's football (soccer) team, VfL Bochum 1848</li> <li>July: <i>Bochum Total</i> (Music Festival) – starts on the first weekend after school lets out</li> <li>July or August: <i>Bochum kulinarisch</i> – culinary treats from various cuisines, held the last weekend of summer vacation</li> <li>August: <i>Bochumer Musiksommer</i>, Bochum's Summer of Music</li> <li>September: <i>Open Flair</i> – international cabaret and street theatre</li> <li>October: <i>Oktobermarkt</i> – October Market</li> <li>October/November: <i>Bochumer Bachtage</i> – music of composer <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a></li> <li>October/November: <i>Ruhrgebiets-Antiquariatstag</i> – used and antique book sale</li> <li>November: Children's and Teenagers' Theatre</li> <li>December: <i>Weihnachtsmarkt</i> – Christmas Market – month-long open air market spread over the heart of downtown Bochum, includes performance stages</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bergbaumuseum_Bochum_Blaue_Stunde_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bergbaumuseum_Bochum_Blaue_Stunde_2014.jpg/220px-Bergbaumuseum_Bochum_Blaue_Stunde_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bergbaumuseum_Bochum_Blaue_Stunde_2014.jpg/330px-Bergbaumuseum_Bochum_Blaue_Stunde_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bergbaumuseum_Bochum_Blaue_Stunde_2014.jpg/440px-Bergbaumuseum_Bochum_Blaue_Stunde_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3856" data-file-height="4486" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/German_Mining_Museum" title="German Mining Museum">Bergbaumuseum Bochum</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/German_Mining_Museum" title="German Mining Museum">German Mining Museum</a> is a museum about mining technology, complete with pithead tower.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bochum_Dahlhausen_Railway_Museum" title="Bochum Dahlhausen Railway Museum">Railway Museum</a></i> and <i>Station Dahlhausen</i> in the borough of <a href="/wiki/Dahlhausen" title="Dahlhausen">Dahlhausen</a>. Dr.-C.-Otto-Straße 191</li> <li>Zeiss Planetarium</li> <li>At the city's border with <a href="/wiki/Herne,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Herne, Germany">Herne</a>-(Röhlinghausen), is the former mine <i>Zeche Hannover</i> with the Malakow Tower and engine hall. There is a steam-powered winding engine, which is operated at events.</li> <li><i>Zeche Knirps</i> ("Small Boy Mine") located on the ground of Mine Hannover. It gives children the opportunity to experience the processes in a mine.</li> <li>Museum of local history <i>Helf's Farm</i>, Address: In den Höfen 37</li> <li><i>Farmhouse Museum</i> located on the grounds of moated Kemnade Castle</li> <li><i>Museum of historic medical tools</i> in the Malokos-Tower of former Mine Julius-Philipp from 1875. Address: Malakowturm, Markstraße 258a, 44799 Bochum</li> <li><i>Telefonmuseum</i>, Karl-Lange-Str. 17</li> <li><i>Kunstmuseum Bochum</i>, Kortumstraße 147, 44787 Bochum<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_galleries">Art galleries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Art galleries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Marckhoff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Villa_Marckhoff.jpg/220px-Villa_Marckhoff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Villa_Marckhoff.jpg/330px-Villa_Marckhoff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Villa_Marckhoff.jpg/440px-Villa_Marckhoff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Museum of Art</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Museum of Art</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collection's focus is central and eastern European avant garde art, German expressionism, surrealism and <a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">outsider art</a>. Kortumstraße 147, Bochum</li> <li><b>Ruhr University art collection</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern art meets the classical. Marble and bronze portraits of Greek and Roman emperors, collection of antique Greek vases from the 9th to 4th century, B.C. Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum</li> <li><b>Schlieker House</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the former apartment and studio of German painter <a href="/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Schlieker" title="Hans-Jürgen Schlieker">Hans-Jürgen Schlieker</a> (1924–2004); changing exhibitions. Paracelsusweg 16, 44801 Bochum</li> <li><b>Situation Kunst</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Situation Art) Located at "Haus Weitmar" park. Indoor permanent exhibition with works by Gianni Colombo, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Flavin" title="Dan Flavin">Dan Flavin</a>, Gotthard Graupner, <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Kricke" title="Norbert Kricke">Norbert Kricke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Ufan" title="Lee Ufan">Lee Ufan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Morellet" title="François Morellet">François Morellet</a>, Maria Nordman, <a href="/wiki/David_Rabinowitch" title="David Rabinowitch">David Rabinowitch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_Rainer" title="Arnulf Rainer">Arnulf Rainer</a>, Dirk Reinartz, <a href="/wiki/Ad_Reinhardt" title="Ad Reinhardt">Ad Reinhardt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ryman" title="Robert Ryman">Robert Ryman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Serra" title="Richard Serra">Richard Serra</a>, Jan J. Schoonhoven; also the Africa and Asia Room. Nevelstraße 29c, 44795 Bochum</li> <li><b>Musical Instrument Collection, Hans and Hede Grumbt</b>: Large collection of musical instruments, also the clarinet collection of Johan van Kalker. An der Kemnade 10, 45527 Hattingen</li> <li><b>Ostasiatika Collection Ehrich</b>: Kurt Ehrich's east Asian collection of Japanese <i>netsuke</i>, belt buckles, a display of the seven "lucky gods" and other additional objects. An der Kemnade 10, 45527 Hattingen,</li> <li><b>ER MindArts</b>: Contemporary Art online Gallery was established in Bochum in 2014. www.ermindarts.com</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_art">Public art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Public art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bochum_070217_035_00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bochum_070217_035_00.jpg/220px-Bochum_070217_035_00.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bochum_070217_035_00.jpg/330px-Bochum_070217_035_00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bochum_070217_035_00.jpg/440px-Bochum_070217_035_00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>"Terminal" by sculptor <a href="/wiki/Richard_Serra" title="Richard Serra">Richard Serra</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Else_Hirsch_stolperstein_on_sidewalk_in_Bochum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Else_Hirsch_stolperstein_on_sidewalk_in_Bochum.jpg/220px-Else_Hirsch_stolperstein_on_sidewalk_in_Bochum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Else_Hirsch_stolperstein_on_sidewalk_in_Bochum.jpg/330px-Else_Hirsch_stolperstein_on_sidewalk_in_Bochum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Else_Hirsch_stolperstein_on_sidewalk_in_Bochum.jpg/440px-Else_Hirsch_stolperstein_on_sidewalk_in_Bochum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Stolperstein for <a href="/wiki/Else_Hirsch" title="Else Hirsch">Else Hirsch</a> on pavement in Bochum</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Richard Serra's sculpture, "Terminal" is located in the town centre, near the central station. It consists of four 12-metre (over 39 feet) tall steel plates.</li> <li>Ulrich Rückriem's sculpture, "Ohne Titel" (titled "Untitled"), in front of the Kunstmuseum Bochum (Museum of Art).</li> <li>Memorial of the herdsman at Massenberg-Boulevard: Memorial for "the good old times", when Bochum was a farmers town. The herdsmans of the town guided until 1870 the cattle of the citizens to the "Vöde", a grassland outside the town limits, a part of it is today the municipal park. Local legends say it is "the last herdsman Fritz Kortebusch". But he died 1866, nevertheless he done this job for a long time.</li> <li>Engelbert statue in the front of the Propsteikirche. In former times it was a fountain with statue at the Kortumstrasse. It is for memory of Earl Engelbert III, who founded the so-called Maiabendfest. It is often assumed that the statue shows his grandfather Engelbert II, who granted extended market rights to Bochum in 1321.</li> <li>Jobsiade-fountain at Husemann-Square. Shown is a scene of the examination of Hieronymus Jobs, the main character of the "Jobsiade", a comical poem of the poet Carl Armold Kortum.</li> <li>"The envolvement of the City", sculpture of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl-Henning_Seemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl-Henning Seemann (page does not exist)">Karl-Henning Seemann</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Henning_Seemann" class="extiw" title="de:Karl-Henning Seemann">de</a>]</span> at Schützenbahn street.</li> <li>Collection of sculptures inside the municipal park.</li> <li>The bell in front of the city hall serves as a reminder of the improvement of steel-casting in Bochum. The bell was built in 1867 for the Paris World's Fair.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolpersteine" class="mw-redirect" title="Stolpersteine">Stolpersteine</a> (literally, "stumbling stones") are small, cobblestone-sized, brass <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_plaques" class="mw-redirect" title="Commemorative plaques">commemorative plaques</a> which are set in sidewalks <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_country_that_have_Stolpersteine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities by country that have Stolpersteine">all over Europe</a>, marking the homes or work places of Jews and others who were arrested and murdered during the Nazi era. There are 38 stolpersteine in Bochum.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cenotaph for the victims of the mine disaster at "Vereinigte Präsident" in 1936 at the graveyard in Bochum-Hamme. The sculpture was created by Wilhelm Wulff. Strict guidelines for artwork were in effect during the Nazi dictatorship, yet the sculpture follows only a few of them. The inscription also avoids typical Nazi phraseology.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Founded in 1919, Bochum's orchestra, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bochumer-symphoniker.de/">Bochumer Symphoniker</a>, has developed over the course of its history into one of the most important concert orchestras in western Germany. Since October 28, 2016, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bochumer-symphoniker.de/musikforum/">Anneliese Brost Musikforum Ruhr</a> has been a permanent venue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bochumer-symphoniker.de/orchester/der-generalmusikdirektor/">Tung-Chieh Chuang</a> has been General Music Director of the Bochum Symphony Orchestra and Artistic Director of the Anneliese Brost Musikforum Ruhr since the 2021/2022 season. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bochumer-symphoniker.de/orchester/der-philharmonische-chor-bochum/">Bochum Philharmonic Choir</a> gives about four to five concerts a year and usually performs together with the Bochum Symphony Orchestra. In one of the venues, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baukunst-nrw.de/objekte/Audimax-Ruhr-Universitaet-Bochum--3590.htm">Audimax of the Ruhr University Bochum</a>, there is also one of the most modern organs from the <a href="/wiki/Klais_Orgelbau" title="Klais Orgelbau">Klais Orgelbau</a> with 82 registers. </p><p>The free rock festival <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ruhr.amazingcapitals.com/things-to-do/events/bochm-total/">Bochum Total</a> has been taking place in Bochum city center since 1986. With 900,000 spectators, it is now one of the largest music events in Europe. </p><p>Since the summer of 1995, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kunstwerkstattamhellweg.de/aktuelles/">Kunstwerkstatt</a> <Art Workshop> am Hellweg, a former carpenter's workshop, has hosted a wide variety of concerts all year round, from medieval music to baroque music, from Bach to jazz and boogie-woogie. In this informal setting, music fans have the opportunity not only to “sit in the front row”, but also to come into direct contact with the artists. Often artists also play here who can be heard in the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Concertgebouw,_Amsterdam" title="Concertgebouw, Amsterdam">Concertgebouw</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic" title="Berlin Philharmonic">Berlin Philharmonic</a> or in the Great Hall of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conservatory" title="Moscow Conservatory">Tchaikovsky Conservatory</a>. Again and again. The initiators, Dr. Reinhard Cebulla and his wife Anna, received the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bochum.de/Ehrenplakette-der-Stadt-Bochum">Badge of Honor from the city of Bochum</a> in 2013 and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wattenscheider-hbv.de/zeitschr/pdf/2014-06-2.pdf">Wattenscheid St. Gertrudis Prize</a> in 2014. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> club <a href="/wiki/VfL_Bochum" title="VfL Bochum">VfL Bochum</a> played in the first Division from 1971 to 1992, and from 1992 to 2010 was alternating almost every year between first and second Division, but mostly first. From 2010 to 2021 it played in the second Division (<a href="/wiki/2._Bundesliga" title="2. Bundesliga">2. Bundesliga</a>) before being promoted back to the first Division for the 2021–2022 season.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VfL_AstroStars_Bochum" title="VfL AstroStars Bochum">VfL AstroStars Bochum</a> – professional basketball team. Home arena is the Rundsporthalle.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkassen_Giro_Bochum" title="Sparkassen Giro Bochum">Sparkassen Giro Bochum</a> – annual road bike race.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Located_companies">Located companies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Located companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UCI_Kinowelt_Logo_im_SVG-Format.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/UCI_Kinowelt_Logo_im_SVG-Format.svg/220px-UCI_Kinowelt_Logo_im_SVG-Format.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/UCI_Kinowelt_Logo_im_SVG-Format.svg/330px-UCI_Kinowelt_Logo_im_SVG-Format.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/UCI_Kinowelt_Logo_im_SVG-Format.svg/440px-UCI_Kinowelt_Logo_im_SVG-Format.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>The German headquarters of the United Cinemas International Multiplex GmbH has its seat in Bochum</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vonovia-8665-HD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Vonovia-8665-HD.jpg/220px-Vonovia-8665-HD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Vonovia-8665-HD.jpg/330px-Vonovia-8665-HD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Vonovia-8665-HD.jpg/440px-Vonovia-8665-HD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Vonovia headquarters in Bochum</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GEA_Group_Dorstener_Stra%C3%9Fe_Verwaltung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/GEA_Group_Dorstener_Stra%C3%9Fe_Verwaltung.jpg/220px-GEA_Group_Dorstener_Stra%C3%9Fe_Verwaltung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/GEA_Group_Dorstener_Stra%C3%9Fe_Verwaltung.jpg/330px-GEA_Group_Dorstener_Stra%C3%9Fe_Verwaltung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/GEA_Group_Dorstener_Stra%C3%9Fe_Verwaltung.jpg/440px-GEA_Group_Dorstener_Stra%C3%9Fe_Verwaltung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>GEA Group's former headquarters in Bochum Hofstede</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GLS_Bank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/GLS_Bank.jpg/220px-GLS_Bank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/GLS_Bank.jpg/330px-GLS_Bank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/GLS_Bank.jpg/440px-GLS_Bank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>GLS Bank, main administration</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_AG" title="Aral AG">ARAL AG</a> (Head Office), an enterprise of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deutsche_BP_AG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deutsche BP AG (page does not exist)">Deutsche BP AG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochumer_Eisenh%C3%BCtte_Heintzmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bochumer Eisenhütte Heintzmann (page does not exist)">Bochumer Eisenhütte Heintzmann GmbH & Co. KG</a> – Mining, tunnelling and heat treatment</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochumer_Verein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bochumer Verein (page does not exist)">Bochumer Verein</a> – formerly the "Inoxum" part of the <a href="/wiki/ThyssenKrupp" title="ThyssenKrupp">ThyssenKrupp</a> enterprise, now <a href="/wiki/Outokumpu_Nirosta" title="Outokumpu Nirosta">Outokumpu Nirosta</a><sup id="cite_ref-on12_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-on12-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogestra">Bogestra</a> (Head Office) – Bochum-Gelsenkirchener Straßenbahnen AG, local traffic firm</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkasse_Bochum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sparkasse Bochum (page does not exist)">Sparkasse Bochum</a> – public-law bank</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vonovia" title="Vonovia">Vonovia</a> – Germany's largest residential property company (headquarters)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dr._C._Otto_%26_Comp.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dr. C. Otto & Comp. (page does not exist)">Dr. C. Otto & Comp.</a> – fire-proof materials</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faber_Lotto-Service_GmbH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faber Lotto-Service GmbH (page does not exist)">Faber Lotto-Service GmbH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G_Data_CyberDefense" title="G Data CyberDefense">G Data CyberDefense AG</a> (Head Office) – contractor of IT security solutions. well-known product: G Data AntiVirus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEA_Group" title="GEA Group">GEA Group AG</a> founded in Bochum, headquarter moved to Düsseldorf in 2011</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gebr._Eickhoff_Maschinenfabrik_und_Eisengie%C3%9Ferei_GmbH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gebr. Eickhoff Maschinenfabrik und Eisengießerei GmbH (page does not exist)">Gebr. Eickhoff Maschinenfabrik und Eisengießerei GmbH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLS_Gemeinschaftsbank" class="mw-redirect" title="GLS Gemeinschaftsbank">GLS Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=I.S.T._Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I.S.T. Services (page does not exist)">I.S.T. Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Controls" title="Johnson Controls">Johnson Controls</a>, just-in-time industry supplier for parts of the car, especially for Opel</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteomedia_GmbH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteomedia GmbH (page does not exist)">Meteomedia GmbH</a> (Head Office) – private weather service, German subsidiary of the Swiss <a href="/wiki/Meteomedia_AG" title="Meteomedia AG">Meteomedia ag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B6bel_Hardeck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Möbel Hardeck (page does not exist)">Möbel Hardeck</a> – furniture shop</li> <li>Office Jack- home and office furniture shop</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatbrauerei_Moritz_Fiege&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Privatbrauerei Moritz Fiege (page does not exist)">Privatbrauerei Moritz Fiege</a>, middle-large regional beer brewery</li> <li><a href="/wiki/QVC" title="QVC">QVC</a> – call centre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roeser_Medical" title="Roeser Medical">Roeser Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThyssenKrupp" title="ThyssenKrupp">ThyssenKrupp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Cinemas_International" class="mw-redirect" title="United Cinemas International">United Cinemas International</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USB_Umweltservice_Bochum_GmbH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USB Umweltservice Bochum GmbH (page does not exist)">USB Umweltservice Bochum GmbH</a> – municipal disposal firm (100% subsidiary of the Bochumer Stadtwerke)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wollschl%C3%A4ger_Gruppe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wollschläger Gruppe (page does not exist)">Wollschläger Gruppe</a> (Head Office) – trading house in the sector tooling equipment and machines (bankrupt)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Roads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bochum is connected to the <a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahn</a> network by the <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_40" title="Bundesautobahn 40">A 40</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_43" title="Bundesautobahn 43">A 43</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_44" title="Bundesautobahn 44">A 44</a> autobahns. In addition, Bochum has a ring road, built to expressway standards, consisting of four segments; the Donezk, Oviedo, Nordhausen and Sheffield-Ring roads. It serves as a three-quarter loop around central Bochum and begins and ends at Autobahn A40. <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_University_Bochum" title="Ruhr University Bochum">Ruhr University Bochum</a> is also served by an expressway running from the Nordhausen-Ring to Autobahn A43. Until 2012, a new interchange (Dreieck Bochum-West) between the Donezk-Ring and Autobahn A40 is being constructed within tight parameters due to the existence of a nearby factory. </p><p>Apart from the autobahns and expressways, there is also a small ring road around the centre of Bochum, where most roads radiating out of Bochum begin. Most main roads in Bochum are multi-lane roads with traffic lights. Bochum is also served by the <a href="/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_51" title="Bundesstraße 51">Bundesstraße 51</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_226&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bundesstraße 226 (page does not exist)">Bundesstraße 226</a>. B51 runs to Herne and Hattingen, and B226 runs to Gelsenkirchen and Witten. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railways">Railways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Railways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bochum_-_Kurt-Schumacher-Platz_-_Hbf_01_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bochum_-_Kurt-Schumacher-Platz_-_Hbf_01_ies.jpg/220px-Bochum_-_Kurt-Schumacher-Platz_-_Hbf_01_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bochum_-_Kurt-Schumacher-Platz_-_Hbf_01_ies.jpg/330px-Bochum_-_Kurt-Schumacher-Platz_-_Hbf_01_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bochum_-_Kurt-Schumacher-Platz_-_Hbf_01_ies.jpg/440px-Bochum_-_Kurt-Schumacher-Platz_-_Hbf_01_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bochum_Hauptbahnhof" title="Bochum Hauptbahnhof">Bochum Hauptbahnhof</a>, the city's main railway station</figcaption></figure> <p>Bochum has a <a href="/wiki/Bochum_Hauptbahnhof" title="Bochum Hauptbahnhof">central station</a> situated on the <a href="/wiki/Witten/Dortmund%E2%80%93Oberhausen/Duisburg_railway" title="Witten/Dortmund–Oberhausen/Duisburg railway">line from Duisburg to Dortmund</a>, connecting the city to the long-distance network of <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn" title="Deutsche Bahn">Deutsche Bahn</a> as well as to the <a href="/wiki/Rhine-Ruhr" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine-Ruhr">Rhine-Ruhr</a> <a href="/wiki/S-Bahn" title="S-Bahn">S-Bahn</a> network. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus,_tram,_underground"><span id="Bus.2C_tram.2C_underground"></span>Bus, tram, underground</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bus, tram, underground"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Local service is supplied mainly by <a href="/wiki/BOGESTRA" title="BOGESTRA">BOGESTRA</a>, a joint venture handling transportation between the cities of Bochum and Gelsenkirchen. The <a href="/wiki/Bochum_Stadtbahn" title="Bochum Stadtbahn">Bochum Stadtbahn</a> is a single underground line connecting the University of Bochum to <a href="/wiki/Herne,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Herne, Germany">Herne</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Bochum/Gelsenkirchen" title="Trams in Bochum/Gelsenkirchen">Bochum/Gelsenkirchen tramway network</a> is made up of several lines, partially underground, connecting to Gelsenkirchen, Hattingen and <a href="/wiki/Witten" title="Witten">Witten</a>. Public transport in the city is priced according to the fare system of the <a href="/wiki/Verkehrsverbund_Rhein-Ruhr" title="Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr">VRR</a> transport association. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waterways_2">Waterways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Waterways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As one of the few <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhr area">Ruhr area</a> cities, Bochum is not directly connected with the German waterway net; the closest link is in the more northern located <a href="/wiki/Herne_Common" class="mw-redirect" title="Herne Common">Herne</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Rhine-Herne_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine-Herne Canal">Rhine-Herne Canal</a>. In the south the border of Bochum is marked by the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a>. Up to the first half of the 19th century it was one of the most-travelled rivers in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and was mainly used for coal departure. Aside from cruise ships, it is no longer used for commercial navigation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The closest airports are <a href="/wiki/Essen/M%C3%BClheim_Airport" title="Essen/Mülheim Airport">Essen/Mülheim Airport</a> (27 km), <a href="/wiki/Dortmund_Airport" title="Dortmund Airport">Dortmund Airport</a> (31 km) and <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_Airport" title="Düsseldorf Airport">Düsseldorf Airport</a> (47 km). To reach the airport in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, there are <a href="/wiki/InterCityExpress" class="mw-redirect" title="InterCityExpress">ICE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intercity_(Deutsche_Bahn)" title="Intercity (Deutsche Bahn)">InterCity</a>, RE and S railway lines. Other reachable airports are the <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Bonn_Airport" title="Cologne Bonn Airport">Cologne Bonn Airport</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Weeze_Airport" title="Weeze Airport">Weeze Airport</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%BCnster_International_Airport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Münster International Airport (page does not exist)">Münster International Airport</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Paderborn_Lippstadt_Airport" title="Paderborn Lippstadt Airport">Paderborn Lippstadt Airport</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruhr-Universit%C3%A4t_Bochum_Luftaufnahme_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ruhr-Universit%C3%A4t_Bochum_Luftaufnahme_2014.jpg/220px-Ruhr-Universit%C3%A4t_Bochum_Luftaufnahme_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ruhr-Universit%C3%A4t_Bochum_Luftaufnahme_2014.jpg/330px-Ruhr-Universit%C3%A4t_Bochum_Luftaufnahme_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ruhr-Universit%C3%A4t_Bochum_Luftaufnahme_2014.jpg/440px-Ruhr-Universit%C3%A4t_Bochum_Luftaufnahme_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3735" data-file-height="1606" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_University_Bochum" title="Ruhr University Bochum">Ruhr University Bochum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:THGA_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/THGA_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude_2016.jpg/220px-THGA_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/THGA_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude_2016.jpg/330px-THGA_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/THGA_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude_2016.jpg/440px-THGA_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1969" /></a><figcaption>Main building of the <a href="/wiki/Technische_Hochschule_Georg_Agricola" title="Technische Hochschule Georg Agricola">Georg Agricola University of Applied Sciences</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_education">Higher education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Higher education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruhr_University_Bochum" title="Ruhr University Bochum">Ruhr University Bochum</a>, founded 1965</li> <li>Bochum University of Applied Sciences (Hochschule Bochum, formerly <i>Fachhochschule Bochum</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technische_Hochschule_Georg_Agricola" title="Technische Hochschule Georg Agricola">Georg Agricola University of Applied Sciences</a> (TH Georg Agricola)</li> <li>Protestant University of Applied Sciences, Rheinland-Westphalia-Lippe (Evangelische FH Rheinland-Westfalen-Lippe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schauspielschule_Bochum" title="Schauspielschule Bochum">Schauspielschule Bochum</a> (Bochum drama school)</li> <li>College of the Federal Social Security, Department of Social Insurance for Seafarers (Fachhochschule des Bundes der Sozialversicherung, Abteilung Knappschaft-Bahn-See)</li> <li>University of Health Sciences (Hochschule für Gesundheit)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elementary_and_secondary_schools">Elementary and secondary schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Elementary and secondary schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 61 <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary schools</a>, 9 <a href="/wiki/Hauptschule" title="Hauptschule">Hauptschulen</a> ("general schools") and 14 <a href="/wiki/Special_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Special school">special schools</a>. </p><p>In addition, there are 11 preparatory (British: grammar) schools ("<a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(Germany)" title="Gymnasium (Germany)">Gymnasien</a>"), 5 <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">comprehensive schools</a> ("Gesamtschulen"), 8 <a href="/wiki/Realschule" class="mw-redirect" title="Realschule">Realschulen</a> and 2 private <a href="/wiki/Waldorf_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldorf school">Waldorf schools</a>. </p><p>"Gymnasien" – preparatory schools (British: grammar school): </p> <ul><li>Goethe-Schule Bochum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graf-Engelbert-Schule" title="Graf-Engelbert-Schule">Graf-Engelbert-Schule</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich-von-Kleist-Schule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich-von-Kleist-Schule (page does not exist)">Heinrich-von-Kleist-Schule</a></li> <li>Hellweg-Schule</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegardis-Schule_Bochum" title="Hildegardis-Schule Bochum">Hildegardis-Schule</a></li> <li>Lessing-Schule</li> <li>Märkische Schule</li> <li>Neues Gymnasium Bochum (school formed by merger of the former <a href="/wiki/Albert-Einstein-Schule" title="Albert-Einstein-Schule">Albert-Einstein-Schule</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_am_Ostring" title="Gymnasium am Ostring">Gymnasium am Ostring</a>)</li> <li>Schiller-Schule</li> <li>Theodor-Körner-Schule</li></ul> <p>"Gesamtschulen" – <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">comprehensive schools</a>: </p> <ul><li>Erich Kästner-Gesamtschule Schule</li> <li>Heinrich-Böll-Gesamtschule</li> <li>Maria Sibylla Merian-Gesamtschule</li> <li>Willy-Brandt-Gesamtschule</li> <li>Matthias-Claudius-Schulen</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Realschule" class="mw-redirect" title="Realschule">Realschulen</a> – high schools: </p> <ul><li>Anne-Frank-Schule</li> <li>Annette-von-Droste-Hülshoff-Schule</li> <li>Franz-Dinnendahl-Schule</li> <li>Hans-Böckler-Schule</li> <li>Helene-Lange-Schule</li> <li>Hugo-Schultz-Schule</li> <li>Pestalozzi-Schule</li> <li>Realschule Höntrop</li> <li>Freie-Schule Bochum (with elementary school)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Waldorf_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldorf school">Waldorf schools</a>: </p> <ul><li>Rudolf Steiner Schule Bochum</li> <li>Widar Schule Wattenscheid</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Germany" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany">List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany</a></div> <p>Bochum is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, England, United Kingdom (1950)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo</a>, Spain (1980)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a>, Ukraine (1987)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a>, Germany (1990)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tsukuba" title="Tsukuba">Tsukuba</a>, Japan (2019)</li></ul> <p>There is a major road in Bochum named Sheffield-Ring after its sister city Sheffield, England. There is also a long section of dual carriageway on the south-western edge of Sheffield, between the suburbs of Meadowhead and Gleadless, named Bochum Parkway. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eigen,Manfred_1996_G%C3%B6ttingen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Eigen%2CManfred_1996_G%C3%B6ttingen.jpg/140px-Eigen%2CManfred_1996_G%C3%B6ttingen.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Eigen%2CManfred_1996_G%C3%B6ttingen.jpg/210px-Eigen%2CManfred_1996_G%C3%B6ttingen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Eigen%2CManfred_1996_G%C3%B6ttingen.jpg/280px-Eigen%2CManfred_1996_G%C3%B6ttingen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Eigen" title="Manfred Eigen">Manfred Eigen</a>, 1996</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Else_Hirsch_stolperstein_in_Bochum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Else_Hirsch_stolperstein_in_Bochum.jpg/140px-Else_Hirsch_stolperstein_in_Bochum.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Else_Hirsch_stolperstein_in_Bochum.jpg/210px-Else_Hirsch_stolperstein_in_Bochum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Else_Hirsch_stolperstein_in_Bochum.jpg/280px-Else_Hirsch_stolperstein_in_Bochum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1133" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Commemorative plaque for Else Hirsch, 1889–1943</div></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lammert,_Norbert-0829.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Lammert%2C_Norbert-0829.jpg/140px-Lammert%2C_Norbert-0829.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Lammert%2C_Norbert-0829.jpg/210px-Lammert%2C_Norbert-0829.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Lammert%2C_Norbert-0829.jpg/280px-Lammert%2C_Norbert-0829.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="4256" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Lammert" title="Norbert Lammert">Norbert Lammert</a>, 2014</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostermann.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ostermann.jpg/140px-Ostermann.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ostermann.jpg/210px-Ostermann.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ostermann.jpg/280px-Ostermann.jpg 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="1476" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Osterman" title="Andrey Osterman">Andrey Osterman</a> 1740–1741</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019-06-11_Fu%C3%9Fball,_M%C3%A4nner,_L%C3%A4nderspiel,_Deutschland-Estland_StP_2074_LR10_by_Stepro_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/2019-06-11_Fu%C3%9Fball%2C_M%C3%A4nner%2C_L%C3%A4nderspiel%2C_Deutschland-Estland_StP_2074_LR10_by_Stepro_%28cropped%29.jpg/140px-2019-06-11_Fu%C3%9Fball%2C_M%C3%A4nner%2C_L%C3%A4nderspiel%2C_Deutschland-Estland_StP_2074_LR10_by_Stepro_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/2019-06-11_Fu%C3%9Fball%2C_M%C3%A4nner%2C_L%C3%A4nderspiel%2C_Deutschland-Estland_StP_2074_LR10_by_Stepro_%28cropped%29.jpg/210px-2019-06-11_Fu%C3%9Fball%2C_M%C3%A4nner%2C_L%C3%A4nderspiel%2C_Deutschland-Estland_StP_2074_LR10_by_Stepro_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/2019-06-11_Fu%C3%9Fball%2C_M%C3%A4nner%2C_L%C3%A4nderspiel%2C_Deutschland-Estland_StP_2074_LR10_by_Stepro_%28cropped%29.jpg/280px-2019-06-11_Fu%C3%9Fball%2C_M%C3%A4nner%2C_L%C3%A4nderspiel%2C_Deutschland-Estland_StP_2074_LR10_by_Stepro_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2072" data-file-height="3108" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leon_Goretzka" title="Leon Goretzka">Leon Goretzka</a>, 2019</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lore_Agnes" title="Lore Agnes">Lore Agnes</a> (1876–1953), politician and women's rights activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Biedenkopf" title="Kurt Biedenkopf">Kurt Biedenkopf</a> (1930–2021), politician (CDU), 1967–1969 Rector of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bochum" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Bochum">Ruhr University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochen_Borchert" title="Jochen Borchert">Jochen Borchert</a> (born 1940), politician (CDU), 1993–1998 Federal Minister of Food, Agriculture and Forestry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willi_Brokmeier" title="Willi Brokmeier">Willi Brokmeier</a> (born 1928), operatic tenor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmar_Budde" title="Elmar Budde">Elmar Budde</a> (born 1935), musicologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Clement" title="Wolfgang Clement">Wolfgang Clement</a> (1940–2020), politician (SPD), former Minister of Economy and Labour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ehrenberg" title="Hans Ehrenberg">Hans Ehrenberg</a> (1883–1958), theologian, Nazi critic, and co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Confessing_Church" title="Confessing Church">Confessing Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Eigen" title="Manfred Eigen">Manfred Eigen</a> (1927–2019), 1967 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> winner in chemistry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Finke" title="Tommy Finke">Tommy Finke</a> (born 1981), songwriter and composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Franke" title="Josef Franke">Josef Franke</a> (1876–1944), architect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuno_Gonschior" title="Kuno Gonschior">Kuno Gonschior</a> (1935–2010), painter and university professor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Goosen" title="Frank Goosen">Frank Goosen</a> (born 1966), cabaret artist and author, wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Learning_to_Lie" title="Learning to Lie">Learning to Lie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gr%C3%B6nemeyer" title="Herbert Grönemeyer">Herbert Grönemeyer</a> (born 1956), actor (<i><a href="/wiki/Das_Boot_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Das Boot (film)">Das Boot</a></i>), singer, songwriter of the song <i>"Bochum"</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Herchenr%C3%B6der" title="Erna Herchenröder">Erna Herchenröder</a> (1903–1977), politician (SPD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Holm" title="Claus Holm">Claus Holm</a> (1918–1996), actor, born in Bochum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Else_Hirsch" title="Else Hirsch">Else Hirsch</a> (1889–1943), Jewish teacher who organised 10 <a href="/wiki/Kindertransport" title="Kindertransport">Kindertransports</a> to England and the Netherlands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Imdahl" title="Max Imdahl">Max Imdahl</a> (1925–1988), art historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Kanies" title="Rolf Kanies">Rolf Kanies</a> (born 1957), actor, studied at <a href="/wiki/Schauspielschule_Bochum" title="Schauspielschule Bochum">Schauspielschule Bochum</a> and performed at <a href="/wiki/Schauspielhaus_Bochum" class="mw-redirect" title="Schauspielhaus Bochum">Schauspielhaus Bochum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Kaminski" title="Heinz Kaminski">Heinz Kaminski</a> (1921–2002), chemical engineer and space scientist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Keller" title="Alfred Keller">Alfred Keller</a> (1882–1974), general in the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> during the Second World War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershon_Kingsley" title="Gershon Kingsley">Gershon Kingsley</a> (1922–2019), Broadway musical director and composer, most notably of the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic</a> hit <i><a href="/wiki/Popcorn_(instrumental)" title="Popcorn (instrumental)">Popcorn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_K%C3%B6ner" title="Thomas Köner">Thomas Köner</a> (born 1965), multimedia artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Arnold_Kortum" title="Carl Arnold Kortum">Carl Arnold Kortum</a> (1745–1824), physician and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Lang" title="Christine Lang">Christine Lang</a> (born 1957), German microbiologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Lammert" title="Norbert Lammert">Norbert Lammert</a> (born 1948), politician (CDU), president (Speaker) of the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> (German parliament)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Heinz_von_Liebezeit" title="Karl-Heinz von Liebezeit">Karl-Heinz von Liebezeit</a> (born 1960), actor, went to grammar and drama schools in Bochum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Matth%C3%B6fer" title="Hans Matthöfer">Hans Matthöfer</a> (1925–2009), politician (SPD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingo_Naujoks" title="Ingo Naujoks">Ingo Naujoks</a> (born 1962), actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Niggemeyer" title="Elisabeth Niggemeyer">Elisabeth Niggemeyer</a> (born 1930), photographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Werner_Olm" title="Hans Werner Olm">Hans Werner Olm</a> (born 1955), comedian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Osterman" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrei Osterman">Andrei Osterman</a> (1686–1747), Bochum-born Russian statesman.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastian_Pastewka" title="Bastian Pastewka">Bastian Pastewka</a> (born 1972), actor and comedian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Raiser" title="Konrad Raiser">Konrad Raiser</a> (born 1938), former General Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a>, taught theology in Bochum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Redl" title="Christian Redl">Christian Redl</a> (born 1948), actor, studied at <a href="/wiki/Schauspielschule_Bochum" title="Schauspielschule Bochum">Schauspielschule Bochum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armin_Rohde" title="Armin Rohde">Armin Rohde</a> (born 1955), actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Charles_Rump" title="Gerhard Charles Rump">Gerhard Charles Rump</a> (born 1947), art historian and art dealer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schily" title="Otto Schily">Otto Schily</a> (born 1932), lawyer, politician (first The Greens, now SPD), former Minister of the Interior</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Schlieker" title="Hans-Jürgen Schlieker">Hans-Jürgen Schlieker</a> (1924–2004), painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Scholl-Latour" title="Peter Scholl-Latour">Peter Scholl-Latour</a> (1924–2014), German-French journalist and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sethe" title="Paul Sethe">Paul Sethe</a> (1901–1967), journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Sondermann" title="Dirk Sondermann">Dirk Sondermann</a> (born 1960), theologian and folklore expert</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATB_(DJ)" title="ATB (DJ)">André Tanneberger</a> (born 1973), also known as "ATB", electronic music producer, began his career in <a href="/wiki/Wattenscheid" title="Wattenscheid">Wattenscheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_Xiang_(actress)" title="Jing Xiang (actress)">Jing Xiang</a> (born 1993), actress at <a href="/wiki/Schauspielhaus_Bochum" class="mw-redirect" title="Schauspielhaus Bochum">Schauspielhaus Bochum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Stengel" title="Werner Stengel">Werner Stengel</a> (born 1936), rollercoaster designer and engineer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bollmann" title="Albert Bollmann">Albert Bollmann</a> (1889–1959), football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Gerland" title="Hermann Gerland">Hermann Gerland</a> (born 1954), football player and coach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Goretzka" title="Leon Goretzka">Leon Goretzka</a> (born 1995), football player, Olympic silver medalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%ABl_Matip" title="Joël Matip">Joël Matip</a> (born 1991), German-born Cameroonian football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Sandtler" title="Tim Sandtler">Tim Sandtler</a> (born 1987), racing driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Warnecke" title="Mark Warnecke">Mark Warnecke</a> (born 1970), breaststroke swimmer, won the world title at the age of 35</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lirim_Zendeli" title="Lirim Zendeli">Lirim Zendeli</a> (born 1999), racing driver</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VfL_Bochum#staff_and_celebrities" title="VfL Bochum">VfL Bochum: personnel and celebrities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruppwerke" title="Kruppwerke">Kruppwerke</a>, part of the city of Bochum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdinnenstadt" title="Südinnenstadt">Südinnenstadt</a>, part of the city of Bochum</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wahlergebnisse.nrw/kommunalwahlen/2020/index_obb_lr.shtml#ob_lr">Kommunalwahlen 2020</a>. <i>Wahlergebnisse in NRW</i> (in German). Der Landeswahlleiter des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.landesdatenbank.nrw.de/ldbnrw/online?operation=result&code=12411-31iz&leerzeilen=false&language=de">"Bevölkerung der Gemeinden Nordrhein-Westfalens am 31. Dezember 2023 – Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes auf Basis des Zensus vom 9. Mai 2011"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Landesbetrieb_Information_und_Technik_NRW" class="mw-redirect" title="Landesbetrieb Information und Technik NRW">Landesbetrieb Information und Technik NRW</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerung+der+Gemeinden+Nordrhein-Westfalens+am+31.+Dezember+2023+%E2%80%93+Fortschreibung+des+Bev%C3%B6lkerungsstandes+auf+Basis+des+Zensus+vom+9.+Mai+2011&rft.pub=Landesbetrieb+Information+und+Technik+NRW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.landesdatenbank.nrw.de%2Fldbnrw%2Fonline%3Foperation%3Dresult%26code%3D12411-31iz%26leerzeilen%3Dfalse%26language%3Dde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-AHD-Bochum" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Bochum">"Bochum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (5th ed.). HarperCollins<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=Bochum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DBochum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/bochum">"Bochum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Bochum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Famp%2Fenglish%2Fbochum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190418112416/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Bochum">"Bochum"</a> (US) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201027122129/https://www.lexico.com/definition/bochum">"Bochum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Bochum">the original</a> on 27 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bochum&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FBochum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Bochum">"Bochum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Bochum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FBochum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bochum.de/Referat-fuer-politische-Gremien-Buergerbeteiligung-und-Kommunikation/Statistik/Die-wichtigsten-Zahlen-zur-Bochumer-Bevoelkerung">Statistik</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ruhrverband.de/index.php?id=340">"Was sind PFT"</a>. <i>Ruhrverband.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ruhrverband.de&rft.atitle=Was+sind+PFT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruhrverband.de%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">emscher:dialog in Bochum, planning process document, published by Emschergenossenschaft, April 16th 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJagel2021" class="citation book cs1">Jagel, Armin (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.botanik-bochum.de/flora/Flora_Bochum_Jagel.pdf"><i>Flora von Bochum</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flora+von+Bochum&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Jagel&rft.aufirst=Armin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.botanik-bochum.de%2Fflora%2FFlora_Bochum_Jagel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wetterdienst.de:443/Deutschlandwetter/Bochum/Klima/">"Klima Bochum"</a>. <i>Wetterdienst.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wetterdienst.de&rft.atitle=Klima+Bochum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wetterdienst.de%3A443%2FDeutschlandwetter%2FBochum%2FKlima%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://green-24.de/forum/usda-karte-der-klima-und-winterhaerte-zonen-in-deutschland-t51878.html">"USDA-Karte der Klima- und Winterhärte-Zonen in Deutschland – Garten & Pflanzen News – GREEN24 Hilfe Pflege Bilder"</a>. <i>green-24.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=green-24.de&rft.atitle=USDA-Karte+der+Klima-+und+Winterh%C3%A4rte-Zonen+in+Deutschland+%E2%80%93+Garten+%26+Pflanzen+News+%E2%80%93+GREEN24+Hilfe+Pflege+Bilder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreen-24.de%2Fforum%2Fusda-karte-der-klima-und-winterhaerte-zonen-in-deutschland-t51878.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wetterkontor.de/de/wetter/deutschland/rueckblick.asp?id=55&datum0=26.12.2020&datum1=22.01.2021&jr=2021&mo=1&datum=22.01.2020&t=4&part=2">"Rückblick für Essen – WetterKontor"</a>. <i>Wetterkontor.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wetterkontor.de&rft.atitle=R%C3%BCckblick+f%C3%BCr+Essen+%E2%80%93+WetterKontor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wetterkontor.de%2Fde%2Fwetter%2Fdeutschland%2Frueckblick.asp%3Fid%3D55%26datum0%3D26.12.2020%26datum1%3D22.01.2021%26jr%3D2021%26mo%3D1%26datum%3D22.01.2020%26t%3D4%26part%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiesewetter2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kiesewetter, Bernd (2021-02-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.waz.de/staedte/bochum/feuerwehr-bochum-warnt-vor-glaette-bitte-seid-vorsichtig-id231498079.html">"Wintereinbruch in Bochum: Müllabfuhr wird nicht garantiert"</a>. <i>Waz.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Waz.de&rft.atitle=Wintereinbruch+in+Bochum%3A+M%C3%BCllabfuhr+wird+nicht+garantiert&rft.date=2021-02-07&rft.aulast=Kiesewetter&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.waz.de%2Fstaedte%2Fbochum%2Ffeuerwehr-bochum-warnt-vor-glaette-bitte-seid-vorsichtig-id231498079.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wetterkontor.de/de/wetter/deutschland/rueckblick.asp?id=55">"Rückblick für Essen - WetterKontor"</a>. <i>Wetterkontor.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wetterkontor.de&rft.atitle=R%C3%BCckblick+f%C3%BCr+Essen+-+WetterKontor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wetterkontor.de%2Fde%2Fwetter%2Fdeutschland%2Frueckblick.asp%3Fid%3D55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sklima.de/datenbank_auswertung.php?tab=2">"Monatsauswertung"</a>. <i>sklima.de</i> (in German). SKlima<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sklima.de&rft.atitle=Monatsauswertung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsklima.de%2Fdatenbank_auswertung.php%3Ftab%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lwl-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lwl_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lwl_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lwl.org/fremde-impulse-download/start/LWL/Kultur/fremde-impulse/die_impulse/Impuls-Polen-um-1900/index-lang=en.html">"Bochum as the center of the Polish movement"</a>. <i>Lwl.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lwl.org&rft.atitle=Bochum+as+the+center+of+the+Polish+movement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lwl.org%2Ffremde-impulse-download%2Fstart%2FLWL%2FKultur%2Ffremde-impulse%2Fdie_impulse%2FImpuls-Polen-um-1900%2Findex-lang%3Den.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChojnacki1981" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chojnacki, Wojciech (1981). "Księgarstwo polskie w Westfalii i Nadarenii do 1914 roku". <i>Studia Polonijne</i> (in Polish). No. 4. <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a>: Towarzystwo Naukowe <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II_Catholic_University_of_Lublin" title="John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin">KUL</a>. p. 202.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Polonijne&rft.atitle=Ksi%C4%99garstwo+polskie+w+Westfalii+i+Nadarenii+do+1914+roku&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=202&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Chojnacki&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jvl-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jvl_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jvl_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/bochum">"Bochum"</a>. <i>Jewish Virtual Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=Bochum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fbochum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karin Finkbohner, Betti Helbing, Carola Horn, Anita Krämer, Astrid Schmidt-Ritter, Kathy Vowe. <i>Wider das Vergessen — Widerstand und Verfolgung Bochumer Frauen und Zwangsarbeiterinnen 1933–1945</i> pp. 62–63. Europäischer Universitätsverlag, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-932329-62-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-932329-62-3">978-3-932329-62-3</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mc-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mc_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mc_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCygański1984" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cygański, Mirosław (1984). "Hitlerowskie prześladowania przywódców i aktywu Związków Polaków w Niemczech w latach 1939-1945". <i>Przegląd Zachodni</i> (in Polish) (4): 55–56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Przegl%C4%85d+Zachodni&rft.atitle=Hitlerowskie+prze%C5%9Bladowania+przyw%C3%B3dc%C3%B3w+i+aktywu+Zwi%C4%85zk%C3%B3w+Polak%C3%B3w+w+Niemczech+w+latach+1939-1945&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=55-56&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Cyga%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Miros%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=480">"Strafgefängnis Bochum"</a>. <i>Bundesarchiv.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bundesarchiv.de&rft.atitle=Strafgef%C3%A4ngnis+Bochum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesarchiv.de%2Fzwangsarbeit%2Fhaftstaetten%2Findex.php%3Faction%3D2.2%26tab%3D7%26id%3D480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=479">"Untersuchungshaftanstalt Bochum"</a>. <i>Bundesarchiv.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bundesarchiv.de&rft.atitle=Untersuchungshaftanstalt+Bochum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesarchiv.de%2Fzwangsarbeit%2Fhaftstaetten%2Findex.php%3Faction%3D2.2%26tab%3D7%26id%3D479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100000993">"Lager für Sinti und Roma Bochum-Wattenscheid"</a>. <i>Bundesarchiv.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bundesarchiv.de&rft.atitle=Lager+f%C3%BCr+Sinti+und+Roma+Bochum-Wattenscheid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesarchiv.de%2Fzwangsarbeit%2Fhaftstaetten%2Findex.php%3Faction%3D2.2%26tab%3D7%26id%3D100000993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutschland-ein-denkmal.de/ded/database/category?cat=kz.buw&request_locale=en">"List of places: Concentration camps and outlying camps. Concentration camp Buchenwald"</a>. <i>Deutschland-ein-denkmal.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutschland-ein-denkmal.de&rft.atitle=List+of+places%3A+Concentration+camps+and+outlying+camps.+Concentration+camp+Buchenwald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutschland-ein-denkmal.de%2Fded%2Fdatabase%2Fcategory%3Fcat%3Dkz.buw%26request_locale%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bo-alternativ.de/NSDAP-Bericht.htm">"Zwangsarbeit in Bochum"</a>. <i>Bo-alternativ.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bo-alternativ.de&rft.atitle=Zwangsarbeit+in+Bochum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bo-alternativ.de%2FNSDAP-Bericht.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.landesdatenbank.nrw.de/ldbnrw/online?sequenz=tabelleErgebnis&selectionname=12411-01i">"Bevölkerungsstand – Gemeinden – Stichtag"</a>. Landesbetrieb für Information und Technik Nordrhein-Westfalen (IT.NRW)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerungsstand+%E2%80%93+Gemeinden+%E2%80%93+Stichtag&rft.pub=Landesbetrieb+f%C3%BCr+Information+und+Technik+Nordrhein-Westfalen+%28IT.NRW%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.landesdatenbank.nrw.de%2Fldbnrw%2Fonline%3Fsequenz%3DtabelleErgebnis%26selectionname%3D12411-01i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citypopulation.de/en/germany/cities/">"Germany: States and Major Cities"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germany%3A+States+and+Major+Cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcitypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fgermany%2Fcities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.57squadron.co.uk/finaloperation.html">"The Final Operation – Bochum"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100416174914/http://www.57squadron.co.uk/finaloperation.html">Archived</a> 2010-04-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 57 Squadron. Accessed 8 March 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christuskirche-bochum.de/christuskirche/geschichte/">"Geschichte: Gottesfurcht Vaterland"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522152431/http://www.christuskirche-bochum.de/christuskirche/geschichte/">Archived</a> 2013-05-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Christuskirche Bochum. Retrieved 23 January 2011 <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bochumer-verein.de/englisch/s621.html">Chronology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090713190606/http://www.bochumer-verein.de/englisch/s621.html">Archived</a> 2009-07-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Official web site, Bochumer Verein. Accessed 7 March 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Homeless-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Homeless_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Homeless_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Homeless_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110910234136/http://www.bochumer-geschichte.de/Geschichte/Politik/Krieg/II-Weltkrieg/70-000-Obdachlose-in-Bochums-Zentrum">70 000 Obdachlose in Bochums Zentrum</a> History of Bochum, World War II. "70,000 homeless in downtown Bochum" (4 November 1944). <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230206100012/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C279257">"Bochum, Germany. 1944-11. Aerial view of Bochum, after attacks by RAF Bomber Command"</a>. Australian War Memorial. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C279257">the original</a> on 6 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bochum%2C+Germany.+1944-11.+Aerial+view+of+Bochum%2C+after+attacks+by+RAF+Bomber+Command.&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FC279257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bochumer-geschichte.de/Geschichte/Politik/Krieg/II-Weltkrieg/Zahl-der-Kriegs-und-NS-Opfer-nicht-mehr-feststellbar">"Zahl der Kriegs- und NS-Opfer nicht mehr feststellbar"</a> History of Bochum, World War II. (1 July 1945) "Number of war and Nazi victims no longer ascertainable" Accessed 8 March 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100924020036/http://www.bochumer-geschichte.de/Geschichte/Politik/Krieg/II-Weltkrieg/Grossoffensive">"Großoffensive"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bochumer-geschichte.de/Geschichte/Politik/Krieg/II-Weltkrieg/Grossoffensive">the original</a> on 2010-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gro%C3%9Foffensive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bochumer-geschichte.de%2FGeschichte%2FPolitik%2FKrieg%2FII-Weltkrieg%2FGrossoffensive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanton, Shelby, <i>World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946</i> (Revised Edition, 2006), Stackpole Books, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Benz" title="Wolfgang Benz">Wolfgang Benz</a> and Barbara Distel. <i>Der Ort des Terrors: Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager, Band 3</i> (Site of Terror: The History of Nazi Concentration Camps, Volume 3) p. 395 (2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-52963-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-52963-4">978-3-406-52963-4</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/worldwar2/theatres-of-war/western-europe/investigation/hamburg/sources/docs/6/">"The National Archives | World War II | Western Europe 1939-1945: Hamburg | Why did the RAF bomb cities?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+National+Archives+%26%23124%3B+World+War+II+%26%23124%3B+Western+Europe+1939-1945%3A+Hamburg+%26%23124%3B+Why+did+the+RAF+bomb+cities%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Feducation%2Fworldwar2%2Ftheatres-of-war%2Fwestern-europe%2Finvestigation%2Fhamburg%2Fsources%2Fdocs%2F6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Aufsaetze_Archiv/2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4">https://zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Aufsaetze_Archiv/2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110910232844/http://www.bochumer-geschichte.de/Geschichte/Politik/Krieg/II-Weltkrieg/10-Zentner-Bombe-gefunden">"10-Zentner Bombe gefunden"</a> History of Bochum, World War II. "1000-pound bomb found." <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelocal.de/society/20080919-14407.html">"WWII bomb injures 17 at Hattingen construction site"</a> <i>The Local,</i> German news in English. 19 September 2008. Accessed March 8, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180625021632/https://www.bochum.de/C125708500379A31/vwContentByKey/W28XFFNJ266BOCMDE/nav/9GGBAZ978BOCM">"Ausländer und Staatenlose 2013 bis 2017 in Bochum"</a>. Stadt Bochum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bochum.de/C125708500379A31/vwContentByKey/W28XFFNJ266BOCMDE/nav/9GGBAZ978BOCM">the original</a> on 2018-06-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ausl%C3%A4nder+und+Staatenlose+2013+bis+2017+in+Bochum&rft.pub=Stadt+Bochum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bochum.de%2FC125708500379A31%2FvwContentByKey%2FW28XFFNJ266BOCMDE%2Fnav%2F9GGBAZ978BOCM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2009" class="citation news cs1">Schwartz, Nelson D. (2009-05-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/26/business/global/26eurocar.html">"Europe Feels the Strain of Protecting Workers and Plants"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Europe+Feels+the+Strain+of+Protecting+Workers+and+Plants&rft.date=2009-05-26&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Nelson+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F05%2F26%2Fbusiness%2Fglobal%2F26eurocar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150109004400/http://ca.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idCABRE8B90HA20121210">"Opel sees no alternative to closing Bochum"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 10 December 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ca.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idCABRE8B90HA20121210">the original</a> on January 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Opel+sees+no+alternative+to+closing+Bochum&rft.date=2012-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fca.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FbusinessNews%2FidCABRE8B90HA20121210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/nokia-to-close-bochum-germany-plant/276336/">"Nokia to close Bochum, Germany, plant"</a>. <i>The Financial Express</i>. 2008-02-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Express&rft.atitle=Nokia+to+close+Bochum%2C+Germany%2C+plant&rft.date=2008-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialexpress.com%2Farchive%2Fnokia-to-close-bochum-germany-plant%2F276336%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hs.fi/english/article/1135233441536">"Anger at Nokia swells in Germany; top politicians join fray over plant closure"</a> <i>Helsingin Sanomat International Edition.</i> 21 January 2008. Accessed 1 March 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.gtai.com/homepage/info-service/press-releases/press-releases-2008/mar-apr-08/rim/?backlink=Back%20to%20Press%20Releases%202008">[1]</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091018110524/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2008/04/14/afx4884426.html">"Blackberry maker RIM to set up R&D; site in Bochum, add 300 jobs - report"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>. 2009-10-18. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2008/04/14/afx4884426.html">the original</a> on 2009-10-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Blackberry+maker+RIM+to+set+up+R%26D%3B+site+in+Bochum%2C+add+300+jobs+-+report&rft.date=2009-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Ffeeds%2Fafx%2F2008%2F04%2F14%2Fafx4884426.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005000143/http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/germany-allemagne/highlights-faits/BlackberryBold9700-Nov09.aspx?lang=en">"Blackberry Bold 9700 launch"</a>. <i>Government Affairs Canada</i>. 17 November 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/germany-allemagne/highlights-faits/BlackberryBold9700-Nov09.aspx?lang=en">the original</a> on 5 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+Affairs+Canada&rft.atitle=Blackberry+Bold+9700+launch&rft.date=2009-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadainternational.gc.ca%2Fgermany-allemagne%2Fhighlights-faits%2FBlackberryBold9700-Nov09.aspx%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oktober.de/rundgang/rathaus.html">City Hall</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100823070216/http://www.oktober.de/rundgang/rathaus.html">Archived</a> 2010-08-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Historischer Rundgang Bochum – Rathaus". Accessed 4 March 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.altes-brauhaus-rietkoetter.de/html/historie.html">Altes Brauhaus Rietkötter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090819103221/http://www.altes-brauhaus-rietkoetter.de/html/historie.html">Archived</a> 2009-08-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Official website. Accessed 4 March 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kino-bochum.de/">"Union Filmtheater: Home"</a>. <i>www.kino-bochum.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kino-bochum.de&rft.atitle=Union+Filmtheater%3A+Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kino-bochum.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oktober.de/rundgang/mutter_wittig.html">"Mutter Wittig"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100823065828/http://www.oktober.de/rundgang/mutter_wittig.html">Archived</a> 2010-08-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Historischer Rundgang Bochum – Mutter Wittig". Accessed 4 March 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruhr-tourismus.de/en/bochum/jahrhunderthalle-bochum.html">Ruhr Tourism website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100616081658/http://www.ruhr-tourismus.de/en/bochum/jahrhunderthalle-bochum.html">Archived</a> 2010-06-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Jahrhunderthalle". Accessed 4 March 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jahrhunderthalle-bochum.de/">"IndustrieDenkmal. KulturKathedrale. ReiseZiel. Jahrhunderthalle Bochum"</a>. <i>Jahrhunderthalle Bochum</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jahrhunderthalle+Bochum&rft.atitle=IndustrieDenkmal.+KulturKathedrale.+ReiseZiel.+Jahrhunderthalle+Bochum.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jahrhunderthalle-bochum.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eugene C. McCreary. "Social Welfare and Business: The Krupp Welfare Program, 1860–1914". <i>The Business History Review</i>, Vol. 42, No. 1 (Spring, 1968), pp. 24–49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaquet2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jaquet, Pierre (19 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ruhr-guide.de/freizeit/industriekultur/bergarbeitersiedlung-dahlhauser-heide/36,0,0.html">"Bergarbeitersiedlung Dahlhauser Heide"</a>. <i>www.ruhr-guide.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ruhr-guide.de&rft.atitle=Bergarbeitersiedlung+Dahlhauser+Heide&rft.date=2007-10-19&rft.aulast=Jaquet&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruhr-guide.de%2Ffreizeit%2Findustriekultur%2Fbergarbeitersiedlung-dahlhauser-heide%2F36%2C0%2C0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaquet2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jaquet, Pierre (22 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ruhr-guide.de/freizeit/burgen-und-schloesser/burg-blankenstein/9672,0,0.html">"Burg Blankenstein"</a>. <i>www.ruhr-guide.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ruhr-guide.de&rft.atitle=Burg+Blankenstein&rft.date=2021-10-22&rft.aulast=Jaquet&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruhr-guide.de%2Ffreizeit%2Fburgen-und-schloesser%2Fburg-blankenstein%2F9672%2C0%2C0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaquet2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jaquet, Pierre (26 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ruhr-guide.de/freizeit/burgen-und-schloesser/wasserburg-haus-kemnade/9393,0,0.html">"Wasserburg Haus Kemnade"</a>. <i>www.ruhr-guide.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ruhr-guide.de&rft.atitle=Wasserburg+Haus+Kemnade&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft.aulast=Jaquet&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruhr-guide.de%2Ffreizeit%2Fburgen-und-schloesser%2Fwasserburg-haus-kemnade%2F9393%2C0%2C0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-skyscrapercenter-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-skyscrapercenter_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-skyscrapercenter_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/exzenterhaus-bochum/16759">"Exzenterhaus Bochum"</a>. <i>The Skyscraper Center</i>. <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Tall_Buildings_and_Urban_Habitat" title="Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat">Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH)</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Skyscraper+Center&rft.atitle=Exzenterhaus+Bochum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.skyscrapercenter.com%2Fbuilding%2Fexzenterhaus-bochum%2F16759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-emporis_bochum_list-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-emporis_bochum_list_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200226014817/https://www.emporis.com/statistics/tallest-buildings/city/100574/bochum-germany">"Tallest buildings in Bochum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Emporis" title="Emporis">Emporis</a></i>. Emporis GmbH. Archived from the original on February 26, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Emporis&rft.atitle=Tallest+buildings+in+Bochum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emporis.com%2Fstatistics%2Ftallest-buildings%2Fcity%2F100574%2Fbochum-germany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archello_exzenterhaus-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-archello_exzenterhaus_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archello.com/project/exzenterhaus-bochum">"Exzenterhaus Bochum"</a>. <i>Archello</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archello&rft.atitle=Exzenterhaus+Bochum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchello.com%2Fproject%2Fexzenterhaus-bochum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bochum.de/C125708500379A31/vwContentByKey/W2733H35173BOLDDE">"Station 12: Christuskirche"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727104847/http://www.bochum.de/C125708500379A31/vwContentByKey/W2733H35173BOLDDE">Archived</a> 2011-07-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Stadt Bochum (City of Bochum), official website. Retrieved 2 April 2011 <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100331175611/http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/boga/html/">"Botanical Garden Bochum - picture gallery"</a>. <i>Ruhr University Botanical Gardens</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/boga/html/">the original</a> on 2010-03-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ruhr+University+Botanical+Gardens&rft.atitle=Botanical+Garden+Bochum+-+picture+gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruhr-uni-bochum.de%2Fboga%2Fhtml%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bochum.de/C125708500379A31/vwContentByKey/W27RDACS789BOLDDE?open&MCL=7RDACA913BOLD">Bochum Geological Garden</a> City of Bochum website. Accessed 8 March 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bochum.de/C125708500379A31/vwContentByKey/W27SDD89756BOLDDE">Schöne Plätze und erholsame Orte</a> City of Bochum website. (Beautiful and relaxing spots.) Accessed 8 March 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110107085853/http://www.starlight-express-musical.de/index.php?id=599">"STARLIGHT EXPRESS zählt 12 Millionen Besucher!"</a> (in German). 2008-03-27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.starlight-express-musical.de/index.php?id=599">the original</a> on 2011-01-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STARLIGHT+EXPRESS+z%C3%A4hlt+12+Millionen+Besucher%21&rft.date=2008-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.starlight-express-musical.de%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEiland2001" class="citation journal cs1">Eiland, Murray (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9454988">"Germany's Museum of Ancient Mining"</a>. <i>Rock and Gem</i>. <b>31</b> (4): 56–59 – via academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rock+and+Gem&rft.atitle=Germany%27s+Museum+of+Ancient+Mining&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=56-59&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Eiland&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9454988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kunstmuseumbochum.de">"Kunstmuseum Bochum"</a>. <i>Kunstmuseumbochum.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kunstmuseumbochum.de&rft.atitle=Kunstmuseum+Bochum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kunstmuseumbochum.de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kunstmuseumbochum.de/">"Kunstmuseum Bochum"</a>. <i>Kunstmuseumbochum.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kunstmuseumbochum.de&rft.atitle=Kunstmuseum+Bochum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kunstmuseumbochum.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuhr-Universität_Bochum_–_Kunstsammlungen_Antike_Kunst" class="citation web cs1">Ruhr-Universität Bochum – Kunstsammlungen Antike Kunst. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rub.de/kusa">"KUNSTSAMMLUNGEN DER RUHR UNIVERSITÄT BOCHUM · ANTIKE KUNST"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KUNSTSAMMLUNGEN+DER+RUHR+UNIVERSIT%C3%84T+BOCHUM+%C2%B7+ANTIKE+KUNST&rft.au=Ruhr-Universit%C3%A4t+Bochum+%E2%80%93+Kunstsammlungen+Antike+Kunst&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rub.de%2Fkusa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schlieker-haus.de/">"Schlieker Haus"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schlieker+Haus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schlieker-haus.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://situation-kunst.de/situation-kunst">"Situation Kunst -"</a>. <i>Situation-kunst.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Situation-kunst.de&rft.atitle=Situation+Kunst+-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsituation-kunst.de%2Fsituation-kunst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.genealogy.net/Bochum/Stolpersteine">"Bochum/Stolpersteine – GenWiki"</a>. <i>wiki.genealogy.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wiki.genealogy.net&rft.atitle=Bochum%2FStolpersteine+%E2%80%93+GenWiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.genealogy.net%2FBochum%2FStolpersteine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.waz.de/sport/lokalsport/bochum/schmerzgrenze-bochum-verliert-spieler-innerhalb-der-pro-a-id238795277.html">"Wären an die Schmerzgrenze gegangen": Bochum verliert Spieler innerhalb der Pro A</a> Philipp Ziser (<a href="/wiki/Westdeutsche_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung">Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung</a>), 26 June 2023. Accessed 30 June 2023.<span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-on12-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-on12_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerlachVassinen2012" class="citation news cs1">Gerlach, Marilyn; Vassinen, Eero (31 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thyssenkrupp-idUSTRE80U0FE20120131">"Outokumpu to buy Thyssen stainless steel unit in $3.5"</a>. Reuters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Outokumpu+to+buy+Thyssen+stainless+steel+unit+in+%243.5&rft.date=2012-01-31&rft.aulast=Gerlach&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rft.au=Vassinen%2C+Eero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-thyssenkrupp-idUSTRE80U0FE20120131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bochum.de/Partnerstaedte">"Partnerstädte"</a>. <i>bochum.de</i> (in German). Bochum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bochum.de&rft.atitle=Partnerst%C3%A4dte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bochum.de%2FPartnerstaedte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBain1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet_Bain" title="Robert Nisbet Bain">Bain, Robert Nisbet</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Osterman, Andrei Ivanovich, Count"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Osterman,_Andrei_Ivanovich,_Count">"Osterman, Andrei Ivanovich, Count" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). p. 357.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Osterman%2C+Andrei+Ivanovich%2C+Count&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=357&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bain&rft.aufirst=Robert+Nisbet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABochum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bochum&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bochum" class="extiw" title="commons:Bochum"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Bochum</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Bochum#Q2103" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Bochum">Bochum</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bochum.de/">Official website</a></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Urban_and_rural_districts_in_the_state_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia_in_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Template:Germany districts North Rhine-Westphalia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germany_districts_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Template talk:Germany districts North Rhine-Westphalia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany_districts_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germany districts North Rhine-Westphalia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Urban_and_rural_districts_in_the_state_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia_in_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Urban and rural districts in the state of <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> in Germany</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urban_districts_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban districts of Germany">Urban districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bochum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottrop" title="Bottrop">Bottrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsenkirchen" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagen" title="Hagen">Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamm,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia">Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herne,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia">Herne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Köln (<i>Cologne</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krefeld" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverkusen" title="Leverkusen">Leverkusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nchengladbach" title="Mönchengladbach">Mönchengladbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BClheim" title="Mülheim">Mülheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberhausen" title="Oberhausen">Oberhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remscheid" title="Remscheid">Remscheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solingen" title="Solingen">Solingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutschland_Lage_von_Nordrhein-Westfalen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Deutschland_Lage_von_Nordrhein-Westfalen.svg/90px-Deutschland_Lage_von_Nordrhein-Westfalen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Deutschland_Lage_von_Nordrhein-Westfalen.svg/135px-Deutschland_Lage_von_Nordrhein-Westfalen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Deutschland_Lage_von_Nordrhein-Westfalen.svg/180px-Deutschland_Lage_von_Nordrhein-Westfalen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="801" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rural_districts_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rural districts of Germany">Rural districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aachen_(district)" title="Aachen (district)">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borken_(district)" title="Borken (district)">Borken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coesfeld_(district)" title="Coesfeld (district)">Coesfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCren_(district)" title="Düren (district)">Düren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis" title="Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis">Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euskirchen_(district)" title="Euskirchen (district)">Euskirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCtersloh_(district)" title="Gütersloh (district)">Gütersloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinsberg_(district)" title="Heinsberg (district)">Heinsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herford_(district)" title="Herford (district)">Herford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochsauerlandkreis" title="Hochsauerlandkreis">Hochsauerlandkreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6xter_(district)" title="Höxter (district)">Höxter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleve_(district)" title="Kleve (district)">Kleve (<i>Cleves</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippe_(district)" title="Lippe (district)">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4rkischer_Kreis" title="Märkischer Kreis">Märkischer Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mettmann_(district)" title="Mettmann (district)">Mettmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minden-L%C3%BCbbecke" title="Minden-Lübbecke">Minden-Lübbecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberbergischer_Kreis" title="Oberbergischer Kreis">Oberbergischer Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olpe_(district)" title="Olpe (district)">Olpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paderborn_(district)" title="Paderborn (district)">Paderborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recklinghausen_(district)" title="Recklinghausen (district)">Recklinghausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheinisch-Bergischer_Kreis" title="Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis">Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhein-Erft-Kreis" title="Rhein-Erft-Kreis">Rhein-Erft-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhein-Kreis_Neuss" title="Rhein-Kreis Neuss">Rhein-Kreis Neuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhein-Sieg-Kreis" title="Rhein-Sieg-Kreis">Rhein-Sieg-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegen-Wittgenstein" title="Siegen-Wittgenstein">Siegen-Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soest_(district)" title="Soest (district)">Soest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinfurt_(district)" title="Steinfurt (district)">Steinfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unna_(district)" title="Unna (district)">Unna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viersen_(district)" title="Viersen (district)">Viersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warendorf_(district)" title="Warendorf (district)">Warendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesel_(district)" title="Wesel (district)">Wesel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts</a> of German states</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Germany" title="List of districts of Germany">Full list</a>) <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Template:Germany districts Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Bavaria" title="Template:Germany districts Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Brandenburg" title="Template:Germany districts Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Bremen" title="Template:Germany districts Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Hesse" title="Template:Germany districts Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Lower_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Template:Districts of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Template:Germany districts North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Template:Germany districts Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saarland" title="Template:Germany districts Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Template:Germany districts Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Thuringia" title="Template:Germany districts Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_in_Germany_by_population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_in_Germany" title="Template:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_in_Germany" title="Template talk:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_in_Germany_by_population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Cities in Germany by population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000–999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt am Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000–499,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bochum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsenkirchen" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle (Saale)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krefeld" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nchengladbach" title="Mönchengladbach">Mönchengladbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberhausen" title="Oberhausen">Oberhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000–199,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergisch_Gladbach" title="Bergisch Gladbach">Bergisch Gladbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottrop" title="Bottrop">Bottrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlangen" title="Erlangen">Erlangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrth" title="Fürth">Fürth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCtersloh" title="Gütersloh">Gütersloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagen" title="Hagen">Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamm,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia">Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanau" title="Hanau">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herne,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia">Herne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingolstadt" title="Ingolstadt">Ingolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverkusen" title="Leverkusen">Leverkusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwigshafen" title="Ludwigshafen">Ludwigshafen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moers" title="Moers">Moers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BClheim" title="Mülheim">Mülheim an der Ruhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuss" title="Neuss">Neuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offenbach_am_Main" title="Offenbach am Main">Offenbach am Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paderborn" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim">Pforzheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recklinghausen" title="Recklinghausen">Recklinghausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remscheid" title="Remscheid">Remscheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reutlingen" title="Reutlingen">Reutlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegen" title="Siegen">Siegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solingen" title="Solingen">Solingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Germany" title="List of municipalities in Germany">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_regions_in_Germany" title="Metropolitan regions in Germany">Metropolitan regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hanseatic_League" title="Template talk:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> by quarter, and trading posts of the Hanseatic League</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Chief cities shown in <span class="smallcaps">smallcaps</span>.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free Imperial Cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wendish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lübeck" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;;padding:0.75em 1.0em;"><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklam" title="Anklam">Anklam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demmin" title="Demmin">Demmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kolberg <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kołobrzeg)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%82owo" title="Darłowo">Rügenwalde <span style="font-size:85%;">(Darłowo)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin <span style="font-size:85%;">(Szczecin)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Stolp <span style="font-size:85%;">(Słupsk)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargard" title="Stargard">Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wismar" title="Wismar">Wismar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/150px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/225px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/300px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="603" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/150px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/225px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/300px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3720" data-file-height="2996" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BrunswickMagdeburg" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Brunswick</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt an der Oder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Baltic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Danzig(Gdańsk)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk"><span class="smallcaps">Danzig</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(Gdańsk)</span></span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Breslau <span style="font-size:85%;">(Wrocław)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Dorpat <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tartu)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbing <span style="font-size:85%;">(Elbląg)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Cracow <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kraków)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Reval <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tallinn)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga <span style="font-size:85%;">(Rīga)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Thorn <span style="font-size:85%;">(Toruń)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Westphalian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cologne_1Dortmund_1" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></i></span> <span class="nobold"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span><br /><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></i></span> <span class="nobold"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampen,_Overijssel" title="Kampen, Overijssel">Kampen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soest,_Germany" title="Soest, Germany">Soest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><hr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor">Kontore</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bryggen" title="Bryggen">Bryggen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontor_of_Bruges" title="Kontor of Bruges">Kontor of Bruges</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a><sup>2</sup><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelyard" title="Steelyard">Steelyard</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterhof_(Novgorod)" title="Peterhof (Novgorod)">Peterhof</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Vitten</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falsterbo" title="Falsterbo">Falsterbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">Bishop's Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire" title="Boston, Lincolnshire">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ipswich" title="Port of Ipswich">Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herford" title="Herford">Herford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Yarmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> were both chief city of the Westphalian Quarter at different times.</li><li><sup><small>2</small></sup> The kontor was moved to <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> once <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> became inaccessible due to the silting of the <a href="/wiki/Zwin" title="Zwin">Zwin</a> channel.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2103#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2103#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2103#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/243390212">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204471/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjRT9mMY3yPyrRBTpXcfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4007328-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79018140">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119703066">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119703066">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bochum (Německo)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134072&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5810037">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007554816005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/154ef74f-bcd3-4472-bfee-dd1dec672864">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bochum&oldid=1260480186">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bochum&oldid=1260480186</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Category:Cities in North Rhine-Westphalia">Cities in North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bochum" title="Category:Bochum">Bochum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ruhr" title="Category:Ruhr">Ruhr</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_locations_in_Germany" title="Category:Holocaust locations in Germany">Holocaust locations in Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League" title="Category:Members of the Hanseatic League">Members of the Hanseatic League</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Urban_districts_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Category:Urban districts of North Rhine-Westphalia">Urban districts of North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arnsberg_(region)" title="Category:Arnsberg (region)">Arnsberg (region)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Polish-language_sources_(pl)" title="Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)">CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:Articles with German-language sources (de)">Articles with German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:All articles with bare URLs for citations">All articles with bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024">Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2018">Articles with dead external links from July 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Westphalian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Westphalian-language text">Articles containing Westphalian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_German_IPA" title="Category:Pages with German IPA">Pages with German IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link from Wikidata">Commons link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Kartographer_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Kartographer extension">Pages using the Kartographer extension</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 December 2024, at 00:20<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bochum&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-46n87","wgBackendResponseTime":192,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_051ea60ebfda45c663c13a9a4b7b53657d5d03b3":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q2103","properties":{"title":"Bochum","fill-opacity":0.5,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":3,"fill":"#606060"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoline?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q2103","properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Bochum"}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.770","walltime":"2.229","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16809,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":300318,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":35727,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":30,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":247368,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1854.624 1 -total"," 35.94% 666.481 1 Template:Infobox_German_place"," 35.03% 649.640 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 32.19% 597.079 1 Template:Infobox"," 19.82% 367.551 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.88% 275.889 44 Template:Cite_web"," 8.23% 152.701 7 Template:Navbox"," 6.89% 127.713 7 Template:Population_Germany"," 6.26% 116.027 7 Template:Metadata_Population_DE-NW"," 5.91% 109.539 1 Template:Native_name"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.945","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":28779727,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-74f675c4bb-6l2l4","timestamp":"20241201230123","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Bochum","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bochum","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2103","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2103","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-02-04T18:30:20Z","dateModified":"2024-12-01T00:20:15Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/77\/Bergbaumuseum.jpg","headline":"city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany"}</script> </body> </html>