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<span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Upper_extremity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_extremity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Upper extremity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_extremity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Head" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Head</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomical_neck" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomical_neck"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Anatomical neck</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatomical_neck-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surgical_neck" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgical_neck"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Surgical neck</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surgical_neck-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greater_tubercle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greater_tubercle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Greater tubercle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greater_tubercle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lesser_tubercle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lesser_tubercle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Lesser tubercle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lesser_tubercle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bicipital_groove" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bicipital_groove"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>Bicipital groove</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bicipital_groove-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shaft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Shaft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shaft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distal_humerus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distal_humerus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Distal humerus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distal_humerus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articular_surface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articular_surface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Articular surface</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articular_surface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Fossae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Epicondyles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epicondyles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Epicondyles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epicondyles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Borders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Borders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Borders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Articulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nerves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nerves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Nerves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nerves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Muscular_attachment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muscular_attachment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Muscular attachment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muscular_attachment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ossification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ossification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ossification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ossification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Humerus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%B9%D8%B6%D8%AF" title="عظم عضد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عظم عضد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazu_s%C3%BCm%C3%BCy%C3%BC" title="Bazu sümüyü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bazu sümüyü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF" title="প্রগণ্ডাস্থি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রগণ্ডাস্থি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C5%8Dng-phok-kut" title="Siōng-phok-kut – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siōng-phok-kut" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Раменна кост – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Раменна кост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadlakti%C4%8Dna_kost" title="Nadlaktična kost – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nadlaktična kost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paler" title="Paler – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Paler" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BAmer" title="Húmer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Húmer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BB_%D1%88%C4%83%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Хул шăмми – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хул шăмми" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%BEn%C3%AD_kost" title="Pažní kost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pažní kost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Humerus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberarmknochen" title="Oberarmknochen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oberarmknochen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%AA%DE%8D%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%8B%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%91%DE%A8_%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%81%DE%A8%DE%8E%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%91%DE%AA" title="މުލައްދަނޑި ކަށިގަނޑު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މުލައްދަނޑި ކަށިގަނޑު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8C" title="Βραχιόνιο οστό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βραχιόνιο οστό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BAmero" title="Húmero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Húmero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humero" title="Humero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Humero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besahezur" title="Besahezur – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Besahezur" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88" title="استخوان بازو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استخوان بازو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum%C3%A9rus" title="Humérus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Humérus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Amero" title="Úmero – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Úmero" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%8C%94%EB%BC%88" title="위팔뼈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위팔뼈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AF%D6%80" title="Բազուկոսկր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բազուկոսկր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="प्रगंडिका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रगंडिका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramena_kost" title="Ramena kost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ramena kost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humero" title="Humero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Humero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang_lengan_atas" title="Tulang lengan atas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tulang lengan atas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upphandleggsbein" title="Upphandleggsbein – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Upphandleggsbein" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omero_(anatomia)" title="Omero (anatomia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Omero (anatomia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A2" title="עצם הזרוע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עצם הזרוע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umerus_(os)" title="Umerus (os) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Umerus (os)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aug%C5%A1delma_kauls" title="Augšdelma kauls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Augšdelma kauls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDastikaulis" title="Žastikaulis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žastikaulis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omero" title="Omero – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Omero" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felkarcsont" title="Felkarcsont – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Felkarcsont" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рамена коска – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рамена коска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opperarmbeen" title="Opperarmbeen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Opperarmbeen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="ह्युमरस – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ह्युमरस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E8%85%95%E9%AA%A8" title="上腕骨 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="上腕骨" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Humerus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overarmsbein" title="Overarmsbein – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Overarmsbein" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelka_suyagi" title="Yelka suyagi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yelka suyagi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%9B%C4%87_ramienna" title="Kość ramienna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kość ramienna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Amero" title="Úmero – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Úmero" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Humerus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Плечевая кость – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плечевая кость" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krahu_i_njeriut" title="Krahu i njeriut – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Krahu i njeriut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Humerus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramenn%C3%A1_kos%C5%A5" title="Ramenná kosť – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ramenná kosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadlahtnica" title="Nadlahtnica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nadlahtnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="ئێسکی باسک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێسکی باسک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Рамена кост – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рамена кост" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramena_kost" title="Ramena kost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ramena kost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olkaluu" title="Olkaluu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Olkaluu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96verarmsben" title="Överarmsben – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Överarmsben" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humero" title="Humero – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Humero" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="புய எலும்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புய எலும்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BF" title="భుజాస్థి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భుజాస్థి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%99" title="กระดูกต้นแขน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กระดูกต้นแขน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Humerus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Плечова кістка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Плечова кістка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_c%C3%A1nh_tay" title="Xương cánh tay – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xương cánh tay" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Humerus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%B1%E9%AA%A8" title="肱骨 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="肱骨" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%B1%E9%AA%A8" title="肱骨 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="肱骨" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%B1%E9%AA%A8" title="肱骨 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="肱骨" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q162595#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Humerus" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Long bone of the upper arm</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Humeral" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Humoral_immunity" title="Humoral immunity">humoral immunity</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:whitesmoke">Humerus</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Humerus_-_anterior_view.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Humerus_-_anterior_view.png/250px-Humerus_-_anterior_view.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Humerus_-_anterior_view.png/375px-Humerus_-_anterior_view.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Humerus_-_anterior_view.png/500px-Humerus_-_anterior_view.png 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="4500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Position of humerus (<i>shown in red</i>)<br /> from an anterior viewpoint</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>humerus</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D006811">D006811</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/02.4.04.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A02.4.04.001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=1180">1180</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma13303">13303</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_bone" title="Anatomical terms of bone">Anatomical terms of bone</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162595" class="extiw" title="d:Q162595">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>humerus</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/juː/: 'u' in 'cute'">juː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: <b>humeri</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Long_bone" title="Long bone">long bone</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">arm</a> that runs from the <a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">shoulder</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">elbow</a>. It connects the <a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">scapula</a> and the two bones of the lower arm, the <a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">radius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">ulna</a>, and consists of three sections. The <b>humeral</b> <a href="/wiki/Upper_extremity_of_humerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper extremity of humerus">upper extremity</a> consists of a rounded head, a narrow neck, and two short processes (<a href="/wiki/Tubercle" title="Tubercle">tubercles</a>, sometimes called tuberosities). The <a href="/wiki/Body_of_humerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Body of humerus">body</a> is cylindrical in its upper portion, and more <a href="/wiki/Prism_(geometry)" title="Prism (geometry)">prismatic</a> below. The <a href="/wiki/Lower_extremity_of_humerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower extremity of humerus">lower extremity</a> consists of 2 <a href="/wiki/Epicondyle" title="Epicondyle">epicondyles</a>, 2 processes (<a href="/wiki/Trochlea_of_the_humerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochlea of the humerus">trochlea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capitulum_of_the_humerus" title="Capitulum of the humerus">capitulum</a>), and 3 fossae (<a href="/wiki/Radial_fossa" title="Radial fossa">radial fossa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronoid_fossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronoid fossa">coronoid fossa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olecranon_fossa" title="Olecranon fossa">olecranon fossa</a>). As well as its true anatomical neck, the constriction below the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus is referred to as its <a href="/wiki/Surgical_neck_of_the_humerus" title="Surgical neck of the humerus">surgical neck</a> due to its tendency to fracture, thus often becoming the focus of surgeons. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humerus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "humerus" is derived from <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">humerus</i></span>, from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">umerus</i></span>, meaning upper arm, shoulder, and is linguistically related to <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> <span title="Gothic-language text"><i lang="got">ams</i></span> (shoulder) and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el">ōmos</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humerus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upper_extremity">Upper extremity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humerus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Upper extremity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>upper</b> or <b>proximal extremity of the humerus</b> consists of the bone's large rounded head joined to the body by a constricted portion called the neck, and two eminences, the greater and lesser tubercles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Head">Head</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humerus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Head"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Humerus-Head.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Humerus-Head.gif/220px-Humerus-Head.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Humerus-Head.gif/330px-Humerus-Head.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Humerus-Head.gif/440px-Humerus-Head.gif 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Head of the humerus</figcaption></figure> <p>The head (<i>caput humeri</i>), is nearly hemispherical in form. It is directed upward, medialward, and a little backward, and articulates with the <a href="/wiki/Glenoid_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenoid cavity">glenoid cavity</a> of the scapula to form the <a href="/wiki/Glenohumeral_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenohumeral joint">glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint)</a>. The circumference of its articular surface is slightly constricted and is termed the anatomical neck, in contradistinction to a constriction below the tubercles called the surgical neck which is frequently the seat of fracture. Fracture of the anatomical neck rarely occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray's_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray's-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diameter of the humeral head is generally larger in men than in women. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anatomical_neck">Anatomical neck</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humerus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anatomical neck"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_neck_of_the_humerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomical neck of the humerus">Anatomical neck of the humerus</a></div> <p>The anatomical neck (<i>collum anatomicum</i>) is obliquely directed, forming an obtuse angle with the body. It is best marked in the lower half of its circumference; in the upper half it is represented by a narrow groove separating the head from the tubercles. The line separating the head from the rest of the upper end is called the <i>anatomical neck.</i> It affords attachment to the articular capsule of the shoulder-joint, and is perforated by numerous vascular <a href="/wiki/Foramen" title="Foramen">foramens</a>. Fracture of the anatomical neck rarely occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray's_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray's-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The anatomical neck of the humerus is an indentation distal to the head of the humerus on which the articular capsule attaches. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neck-of-Humerus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Neck-of-Humerus.jpg/400px-Neck-of-Humerus.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Neck-of-Humerus.jpg/600px-Neck-of-Humerus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Neck-of-Humerus.jpg/800px-Neck-of-Humerus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="915" /></a><figcaption>Anatomical vs surgical neck of humerus</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surgical_neck">Surgical neck</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humerus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Surgical neck"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Surgical_neck_of_the_humerus" title="Surgical neck of the humerus">Surgical neck of the humerus</a></div> <p>The surgical neck is a narrow area distal to the tubercles that is a common site of fracture. It makes contact with the <a href="/wiki/Axillary_nerve" title="Axillary nerve">axillary nerve</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_humeral_circumflex_artery" title="Posterior humeral circumflex artery">posterior humeral circumflex artery</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greater_tubercle">Greater tubercle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humerus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Greater tubercle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greater_tubercle" title="Greater tubercle">Greater tubercle</a></div> <p>The greater tubercle (<i>tuberculum majus</i>; greater tuberosity) is a large, posteriorly placed projection that is placed laterally. The greater tubercle is where <i>supraspinatus</i>, <i>infraspinatus</i> and <i>teres minor</i> muscles are attached. The crest of the greater tubercle forms the lateral lip of the bicipital groove and is the site for insertion of <i>pectoralis major</i>. </p><p>The greater tubercle is just lateral to the anatomical neck. Its upper surface is rounded and marked by three flat impressions: the highest of these gives insertion to the <a href="/wiki/Supraspinatus_muscle" title="Supraspinatus muscle">supraspinatus muscle</a>; the middle to the <a href="/wiki/Infraspinatus_muscle" title="Infraspinatus muscle">infraspinatus muscle</a>; the lowest one, and the body of the bone for about 2.5 cm. below it, to the <a href="/wiki/Teres_minor_muscle" title="Teres minor muscle">teres minor muscle</a>. The lateral surface of the greater tubercle is convex, rough, and continuous with the lateral surface of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray's_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray's-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater-Tubercle-of-Right-Humerus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Greater-Tubercle-of-Right-Humerus.jpg/400px-Greater-Tubercle-of-Right-Humerus.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Greater-Tubercle-of-Right-Humerus.jpg/600px-Greater-Tubercle-of-Right-Humerus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Greater-Tubercle-of-Right-Humerus.jpg/800px-Greater-Tubercle-of-Right-Humerus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>Greater tubercle of the right humerus</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attachments-of-greater-tubercle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Attachments-of-greater-tubercle.jpg/400px-Attachments-of-greater-tubercle.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Attachments-of-greater-tubercle.jpg/600px-Attachments-of-greater-tubercle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Attachments-of-greater-tubercle.jpg/800px-Attachments-of-greater-tubercle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1787" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>Attachments on the greater tubercle</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lesser_tubercle">Lesser tubercle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humerus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lesser tubercle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lesser_tubercle" title="Lesser tubercle">Lesser tubercle</a></div> <p>The lesser tubercle (<i>tuberculum minus</i>; lesser tuberosity) is smaller, anterolaterally placed to the head of the humerus. The lesser tubercle provides insertion to <i>subscapularis</i> muscle. Both these tubercles are found in the proximal part of the shaft. The crest of the lesser tubercle forms the medial lip of the bicipital groove and is the site for insertion of <i>teres major</i> and <i>latissimus dorsi</i> muscles. </p><p>The lesser tuberosity, is more prominent than the greater: it is situated in front, and is directed medialward and forward. Above and in front it presents an impression for the insertion of the tendon of the <a href="/wiki/Subscapularis_muscle" title="Subscapularis muscle">subscapularis muscle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray's_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray's-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesser-Tubercle-of-Right-Humerus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lesser-Tubercle-of-Right-Humerus.jpg/400px-Lesser-Tubercle-of-Right-Humerus.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lesser-Tubercle-of-Right-Humerus.jpg/600px-Lesser-Tubercle-of-Right-Humerus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lesser-Tubercle-of-Right-Humerus.jpg/800px-Lesser-Tubercle-of-Right-Humerus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption>Lesser tubercle of the right humerus</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Insertion-of-subscapularis-muscle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Insertion-of-subscapularis-muscle.jpg/400px-Insertion-of-subscapularis-muscle.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Insertion-of-subscapularis-muscle.jpg/600px-Insertion-of-subscapularis-muscle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Insertion-of-subscapularis-muscle.jpg/800px-Insertion-of-subscapularis-muscle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption>Insertion of subscapularis muscle on the lesser tubercle</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bicipital_groove">Bicipital groove</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humerus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bicipital groove"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tubercles are separated from each other by a deep groove, the <a href="/wiki/Bicipital_groove" title="Bicipital groove">bicipital groove</a> (intertubercular groove; bicipital sulcus), which lodges the long tendon of the <a href="/wiki/Biceps_brachii_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Biceps brachii muscle">biceps brachii muscle</a> and transmits a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_humeral_circumflex_artery" title="Anterior humeral circumflex artery">anterior humeral circumflex artery</a> to the shoulder-joint. It runs obliquely downward, and ends near the junction of the upper with the middle third of the bone. In the fresh state its upper part is covered with a thin layer of cartilage, lined by a prolongation of the <a href="/wiki/Synovial_membrane" title="Synovial membrane">synovial membrane</a> of the shoulder-joint; its lower portion gives insertion to the tendon of the <a href="/wiki/Latissimus_dorsi_muscle" title="Latissimus dorsi muscle">latissimus dorsi muscle</a>. It is deep and narrow above, and becomes shallow and a little broader as it descends. Its lips are called, respectively, the crests of the greater and lesser tubercles (<i>bicipital ridges</i>), and form the upper parts of the anterior and medial borders of the body of the bone.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray's_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray's-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bicipital-groove.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bicipital-groove.jpg/400px-Bicipital-groove.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bicipital-groove.jpg/600px-Bicipital-groove.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bicipital-groove.jpg/800px-Bicipital-groove.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1570" data-file-height="892" /></a><figcaption>Bicipital groove</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shaft">Shaft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humerus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Shaft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:whitesmoke">Body of humerus</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray207.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gray207.png/250px-Gray207.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="473" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gray207.png/375px-Gray207.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gray207.png/500px-Gray207.png 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="1235" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Left humerus. Anterior view.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray208.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gray208.png/250px-Gray208.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="977" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Gray208.png 1.5x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Left humerus. Posterior view.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>corpus humeri</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D006811">D006811</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/02.4.04.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A02.4.04.001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=1180">1180</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma13303">13303</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_bone" title="Anatomical terms of bone">Anatomical terms of bone</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162595" class="extiw" title="d:Q162595">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>body</b> or <b>shaft</b> of the humerus is triangular to cylindrical in cut section and is compressed anteroposteriorly. It has 3 surfaces, namely: </p> <ul><li>Anterolateral surface: the area between the lateral border of the humerus to the line drawn as a continuation of the crest of the greater tubercle. The antero-lateral surface is directed lateralward above, where it is smooth, rounded, and covered by the <a href="/wiki/Deltoid_muscle" title="Deltoid muscle">deltoid muscle</a>; forward and lateralward below, where it is slightly concave from above downward, and gives origin to part of the <a href="/wiki/Brachialis_muscle" title="Brachialis muscle">brachialis</a>. About the middle of this surface is a rough, rectangular elevation, the <a href="/wiki/Deltoid_tuberosity" title="Deltoid tuberosity">deltoid tuberosity</a> for the insertion of the <a href="/wiki/Deltoid_muscle" title="Deltoid muscle">deltoid muscle</a>; below this is the <a href="/wiki/Radial_sulcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Radial sulcus">radial sulcus</a>, directed obliquely from behind, forward, and downward, and transmitting the <a href="/wiki/Radial_nerve" title="Radial nerve">radial nerve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deep_artery_of_arm" title="Deep artery of arm">profunda artery</a>.</li> <li>Anteromedial surface: the area between the medial border of the humerus to the line drawn as a continuation of the crest of the greater tubercle. The antero-medial surface, less extensive than the antero-lateral, is directed medialward above, forward and medialward below; its upper part is narrow, and forms the floor of the <a href="/wiki/Intertubercular_groove" class="mw-redirect" title="Intertubercular groove">intertubercular groove</a> which gives insertion to the tendon of the <a href="/wiki/Latissimus_dorsi_muscle" title="Latissimus dorsi muscle">latissimus dorsi muscle</a>; its middle part is slightly rough for the attachment of some of the fibers of the tendon of insertion of the <a href="/wiki/Coracobrachialis_muscle" title="Coracobrachialis muscle">coracobrachialis muscle</a>; its lower part is smooth, concave from above downward, and gives origin to the <a href="/wiki/Brachialis_muscle" title="Brachialis muscle">brachialis muscle</a>.</li> <li>Posterior surface: the area between the medial and lateral borders. The posterior surface appears somewhat twisted, so that its upper part is directed a little medialward, its lower part backward and a little lateralward. Nearly the whole of this surface is covered by the lateral and medial heads of the Triceps brachii, the former arising above, the latter below the radial sulcus.</li></ul> <p>Its three borders are: </p> <ul><li>Anterior: the anterior border runs from the front of the greater tubercle above to the <a href="/wiki/Coronoid_fossa_of_the_humerus" title="Coronoid fossa of the humerus">coronoid fossa</a> below, separating the antero-medial from the antero-lateral surface. Its upper part is a prominent ridge, the crest of the greater tubercle; it serves for the insertion of the tendon of the <a href="/wiki/Pectoralis_major_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectoralis major muscle">pectoralis major muscle</a>. About its center it forms the anterior boundary of the <a href="/wiki/Deltoid_tuberosity" title="Deltoid tuberosity">deltoid tuberosity</a>, on which the <a href="/wiki/Deltoid_muscle" title="Deltoid muscle">deltoid muscle</a> attaches; below, it is smooth and rounded, affording attachment to the <a href="/wiki/Brachialis_muscle" title="Brachialis muscle">brachialis muscle</a>.</li> <li>Lateral: the lateral border runs from the back part of the greater tubercle to the lateral <a href="/wiki/Epicondyle" title="Epicondyle">epicondyle</a>, and separates the anterolateral from the posterior surface. Its upper half is rounded and indistinctly marked, serving for the attachment of the lower part of the insertion of the <a href="/wiki/Teres_minor_muscle" title="Teres minor muscle">teres minor muscle</a>, and below this giving origin to the lateral head of the <a href="/wiki/Triceps_brachii_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Triceps brachii muscle">triceps brachii muscle</a>; its center is traversed by a broad but shallow oblique depression, the <a href="/wiki/Spiral_groove" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiral groove">spiral groove</a> (<i>musculospiral groove</i>). The <a href="/wiki/Radial_nerve" title="Radial nerve">radial nerve</a> runs in the spiral groove. Its lower part forms a prominent, rough margin, a little curved from backward, forward the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_supracondylar_ridge" title="Lateral supracondylar ridge">lateral supracondylar ridge</a>, which presents an anterior lip for the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Brachioradialis_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachioradialis muscle">brachioradialis muscle</a> two-thirds above, and <a href="/wiki/Extensor_carpi_radialis_longus_muscle" title="Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle">extensor carpi radialis longus muscle</a> one-third below, a posterior lip for the <a href="/wiki/Triceps_brachii_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Triceps brachii muscle">triceps brachii muscle</a>, and an intermediate ridge for the attachment of the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_intermuscular_septum_of_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral intermuscular septum of arm">lateral intermuscular septum</a>.</li> <li>Medial: the medial border extends from the lesser tubercle to the <a href="/wiki/Medial_epicondyle_of_the_humerus" title="Medial epicondyle of the humerus">medial epicondyle</a>. Its upper third consists of a prominent ridge, the crest of the lesser tubercle, which gives insertion to the tendon of the <a href="/wiki/Teres_major_muscle" title="Teres major muscle">teres major muscle</a>. About its center is a slight impression for the insertion of the <a href="/wiki/Coracobrachialis_muscle" title="Coracobrachialis muscle">coracobrachialis muscle</a>, and just below this is the entrance of the nutrient canal, directed downward; sometimes there is a second nutrient canal at the commencement of the <a href="/wiki/Radial_sulcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Radial sulcus">radial sulcus</a>. The inferior third of this border is raised into a slight ridge, the <a href="/wiki/Medial_supracondylar_ridge" title="Medial supracondylar ridge">medial supracondylar ridge</a>, which became very prominent below; it presents an anterior lip for the origins of the <a href="/wiki/Brachialis_muscle" title="Brachialis muscle">brachialis muscle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pronator_teres_muscle" title="Pronator teres muscle">pronator teres muscle</a>, a posterior lip for the medial head of the <a href="/wiki/Triceps_brachii_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Triceps brachii muscle">triceps brachii muscle</a>, and an intermediate ridge for the attachment of the <a href="/wiki/Medial_intermuscular_septum_of_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial intermuscular septum of arm">medial intermuscular septum</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anterior-view-of-the-humerus-showing-borders-and-surfaces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Anterior-view-of-the-humerus-showing-borders-and-surfaces.jpg/400px-Anterior-view-of-the-humerus-showing-borders-and-surfaces.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Anterior-view-of-the-humerus-showing-borders-and-surfaces.jpg/600px-Anterior-view-of-the-humerus-showing-borders-and-surfaces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Anterior-view-of-the-humerus-showing-borders-and-surfaces.jpg/800px-Anterior-view-of-the-humerus-showing-borders-and-surfaces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1743" data-file-height="937" /></a><figcaption>Anterior view of the humerus showing borders and surfaces</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Posterior-view-of-the-humerus-showing-borders-and-surfaces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Posterior-view-of-the-humerus-showing-borders-and-surfaces.jpg/400px-Posterior-view-of-the-humerus-showing-borders-and-surfaces.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Posterior-view-of-the-humerus-showing-borders-and-surfaces.jpg/600px-Posterior-view-of-the-humerus-showing-borders-and-surfaces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Posterior-view-of-the-humerus-showing-borders-and-surfaces.jpg/800px-Posterior-view-of-the-humerus-showing-borders-and-surfaces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1597" data-file-height="929" /></a><figcaption>Posterior view of the humerus showing the medial and lateral borders and the posterior surface of the humerus</figcaption></figure> <p>The deltoid tuberosity is a roughened surface on the lateral surface of the shaft of the humerus and acts as the site of insertion of <i>deltoideus</i> muscle. The posterorsuperior part of the shaft has a crest, beginning just below the surgical neck of the humerus and extends till the superior tip of the deltoid tuberosity. This is where the lateral head of <i>triceps brachii</i> is attached. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deltoid-Tuberosity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Deltoid-Tuberosity.jpg/400px-Deltoid-Tuberosity.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Deltoid-Tuberosity.jpg/600px-Deltoid-Tuberosity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Deltoid-Tuberosity.jpg/800px-Deltoid-Tuberosity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="913" /></a><figcaption>Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus</figcaption></figure> <p>The radial sulcus, also known as the spiral groove is found on the posterior surface of the shaft and is a shallow oblique groove through which the radial nerve passes along with deep vessels. This is located posteroinferior to the deltoid tuberosity. The inferior boundary of the spiral groove is continuous distally with the lateral border of the shaft. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radial-groove-continuing-as-lateral-border-of-shaft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Radial-groove-continuing-as-lateral-border-of-shaft.jpg/400px-Radial-groove-continuing-as-lateral-border-of-shaft.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Radial-groove-continuing-as-lateral-border-of-shaft.jpg/600px-Radial-groove-continuing-as-lateral-border-of-shaft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Radial-groove-continuing-as-lateral-border-of-shaft.jpg/800px-Radial-groove-continuing-as-lateral-border-of-shaft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1438" data-file-height="837" /></a><figcaption>Radial groove continuing as the lateral border of shaft of the humerus</figcaption></figure> <p>The nutrient foramen of the humerus is located in the anteromedial surface of the humerus. The nutrient arteries enter the humerus through this foramen. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nutrient-Foramen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nutrient-Foramen.jpg/400px-Nutrient-Foramen.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nutrient-Foramen.jpg/600px-Nutrient-Foramen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nutrient-Foramen.jpg/800px-Nutrient-Foramen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1457" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption>Nutrient foramen of the humerus</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distal_humerus">Distal humerus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humerus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Distal humerus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:whitesmoke">Lower extremity of humerus</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray207.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gray207.png/250px-Gray207.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="473" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gray207.png/375px-Gray207.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gray207.png/500px-Gray207.png 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="1235" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Left humerus. Anterior view.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>extremitas distalis humeri</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D006811">D006811</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/02.4.04.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A02.4.04.001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=1180">1180</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma13303">13303</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_bone" title="Anatomical terms of bone">Anatomical terms of bone</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162595" class="extiw" title="d:Q162595">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>distal</b> or <b>lower extremity</b> of the humerus is flattened from before backward, and curved slightly forward; it ends below in a broad, articular surface, which is divided into two parts by a slight ridge. Projecting on either side are the lateral and medial <a href="/wiki/Epicondyle" title="Epicondyle">epicondyles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Articular_surface">Articular surface</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humerus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Articular surface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The articular surface extends a little lower than the epicondyles, and is curved slightly forward; its medial extremity occupies a lower level than the lateral. The <i>lateral</i> portion of this surface consists of a smooth, rounded eminence, named the <a href="/wiki/Capitulum_of_the_humerus" title="Capitulum of the humerus">capitulum of the humerus</a>; it articulates with the cup-shaped depression on the head of the radius, and is limited to the front and lower part of the bone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossae">Fossae</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humerus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fossae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Above the front part of the trochlea is a small depression, the <a href="/wiki/Coronoid_fossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronoid fossa">coronoid fossa</a>, which receives the <a href="/wiki/Coronoid_process_of_the_ulna" title="Coronoid process of the ulna">coronoid process</a> of the ulna during <a href="/wiki/Flexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexion">flexion</a> of the forearm. </p><p>Above the back part of the trochlea is a deep triangular depression, the <a href="/wiki/Olecranon_fossa" title="Olecranon fossa">olecranon fossa</a>, in which the summit of the <a href="/wiki/Olecranon" title="Olecranon">olecranon</a> is received in <a href="/wiki/Extension_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extension (kinesiology)">extension</a> of the forearm. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olecranon-fossa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Olecranon-fossa.jpg/220px-Olecranon-fossa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Olecranon-fossa.jpg/330px-Olecranon-fossa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Olecranon-fossa.jpg/440px-Olecranon-fossa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1596" data-file-height="851" /></a><figcaption>Olecranon fossa of the humerus</figcaption></figure> <p>The coronoid fossa is the medial hollow part on the anterior surface of the distal humerus. The coronoid fossa is smaller than the olecranon fossa and receives the coronoid process of the ulna during maximum flexion of the elbow. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronoid-Fossa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coronoid-Fossa.jpg/400px-Coronoid-Fossa.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coronoid-Fossa.jpg/600px-Coronoid-Fossa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coronoid-Fossa.jpg/800px-Coronoid-Fossa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1561" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption>Coronoid fossa of the humerus</figcaption></figure> <p>Above the front part of the <a href="/wiki/Capitulum_of_the_humerus" title="Capitulum of the humerus">capitulum</a> is a slight depression, the <a href="/wiki/Radial_fossa" title="Radial fossa">radial fossa</a>, which receives the anterior border of the head of the radius, when the forearm is flexed. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radial-Fossa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Radial-Fossa.jpg/400px-Radial-Fossa.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Radial-Fossa.jpg/600px-Radial-Fossa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Radial-Fossa.jpg/800px-Radial-Fossa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="871" /></a><figcaption>Radial fossa of the humerus</figcaption></figure> <p>These fossæ are separated from one another by a thin, transparent lamina of bone, which is sometimes perforated by a <a href="/wiki/Supratrochlear_foramen" title="Supratrochlear foramen">supratrochlear foramen</a>; they are lined in the fresh state by the synovial membrane of the <a href="/wiki/Elbow-joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbow-joint">elbow-joint</a>, and their margins afford attachment to the anterior and posterior ligaments of this articulation. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Capitulum_of_the_humerus" title="Capitulum of the humerus">capitulum</a> is a rounded eminence forming the lateral part of the distal humerus. The head of the radius articulates with the capitulum. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitulum-and-trochlea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Capitulum-and-trochlea.jpg/400px-Capitulum-and-trochlea.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Capitulum-and-trochlea.jpg/600px-Capitulum-and-trochlea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Capitulum-and-trochlea.jpg/800px-Capitulum-and-trochlea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="873" /></a><figcaption>Capitulum on the lateral side and trochlea on the medial side of the humerus</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Trochlea_of_humerus" title="Trochlea of humerus">trochlea</a> is spool-shaped medial portion of the distal humerus and articulates with the ulna. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trochlea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Trochlea.jpg/400px-Trochlea.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Trochlea.jpg/600px-Trochlea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Trochlea.jpg/800px-Trochlea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1735" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption>Trochlea of the humerus</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Epicondyles">Epicondyles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humerus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Epicondyles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The epicondyles are continuous above with the supracondylar ridges. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Lateral_epicondyle_of_the_humerus" title="Lateral epicondyle of the humerus">lateral epicondyle</a> is a small, tuberculated eminence, curved a little forward, and giving attachment to the radial collateral ligament of the elbow-joint, and to a tendon common to the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Supinator" class="mw-redirect" title="Supinator">supinator</a> and some of the extensor muscles.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Medial_epicondyle_of_the_humerus" title="Medial epicondyle of the humerus">medial epicondyle</a>, larger and more prominent than the lateral, is directed a little backward; it gives attachment to the ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow-joint, to the <a href="/wiki/Pronator_teres" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronator teres">pronator teres</a>, and to a common tendon of origin of some of the flexor muscles of the forearm; the <a href="/wiki/Ulnar_nerve" title="Ulnar nerve">ulnar nerve</a> runs in a groove on the back of this epicondyle.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medial-epicondyle-and-lateral-epicondyle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Medial-epicondyle-and-lateral-epicondyle.jpg/400px-Medial-epicondyle-and-lateral-epicondyle.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Medial-epicondyle-and-lateral-epicondyle.jpg/600px-Medial-epicondyle-and-lateral-epicondyle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Medial-epicondyle-and-lateral-epicondyle.jpg/800px-Medial-epicondyle-and-lateral-epicondyle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="873" /></a><figcaption>Medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medial-supracondylar-crest-and-lateral-supracondylar-crest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Medial-supracondylar-crest-and-lateral-supracondylar-crest.jpg/400px-Medial-supracondylar-crest-and-lateral-supracondylar-crest.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Medial-supracondylar-crest-and-lateral-supracondylar-crest.jpg/600px-Medial-supracondylar-crest-and-lateral-supracondylar-crest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Medial-supracondylar-crest-and-lateral-supracondylar-crest.jpg/800px-Medial-supracondylar-crest-and-lateral-supracondylar-crest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="873" /></a><figcaption>Medial and lateral supracondylar ridges of the humerus</figcaption></figure> <p>The medial supracondylar crest forms the sharp medial border of the distal humerus continuing superiorly from the medial epicondyle. The lateral supracondylar crest forms the sharp lateral border of the distal humerus continuing superiorly from the lateral epicondyle.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Borders">Borders</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humerus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Borders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The medial portion of the articular surface is named the <a href="/wiki/Trochlea_of_humerus" title="Trochlea of humerus">trochlea</a>, and presents a deep depression between two well-marked borders; it is convex from before backward, concave from side to side, and occupies the anterior, lower, and posterior parts of the extremity. </p> <ul><li>The <i>lateral border</i> separates it from the groove which articulates with the margin of the head of the radius.</li> <li>The <i>medial border</i> is thicker, of greater length, and consequently more prominent, than the lateral.</li></ul> <p>The grooved portion of the articular surface fits accurately within the <a href="/wiki/Semilunar_notch" class="mw-redirect" title="Semilunar notch">semilunar notch</a> of the ulna; it is broader and deeper on the posterior than on the anterior aspect of the bone, and is inclined obliquely downward and forward toward the medial side. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articulations">Articulations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humerus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Articulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the shoulder, the head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid fossa of the <a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">scapula</a>. More distally, at the elbow, the capitulum of the humerus articulates with the head of the <a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">radius</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Trochlea_of_humerus" title="Trochlea of humerus">trochlea of the humerus</a> articulates with the trochlear notch of the <a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">ulna</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shoulder_joint.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram of the human shoulder joint, front view"><img alt="Diagram of the human shoulder joint, front view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Shoulder_joint.svg/180px-Shoulder_joint.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Shoulder_joint.svg/270px-Shoulder_joint.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Shoulder_joint.svg/360px-Shoulder_joint.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="353" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Diagram of the human <a href="/wiki/Glenohumeral_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenohumeral joint">shoulder joint</a>, front view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shoulder_joint_back-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram of the human shoulder joint, back view"><img alt="Diagram of the human shoulder joint, back view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Shoulder_joint_back-en.svg/180px-Shoulder_joint_back-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Shoulder_joint_back-en.svg/270px-Shoulder_joint_back-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Shoulder_joint_back-en.svg/360px-Shoulder_joint_back-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="353" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Diagram of the human shoulder joint, back view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray326.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The left shoulder and acromioclavicular joints, and the proper ligaments of the scapula."><img alt="The left shoulder and acromioclavicular joints, and the proper ligaments of the scapula." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gray326.png/163px-Gray326.png" decoding="async" width="163" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gray326.png/244px-Gray326.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gray326.png/325px-Gray326.png 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The left shoulder and <a href="/wiki/Acromioclavicular_joint" title="Acromioclavicular joint">acromioclavicular joints</a>, and the proper ligaments of the scapula.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide4KKKK.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Head of humerus"><img alt="Head of humerus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Slide4KKKK.JPG/180px-Slide4KKKK.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Slide4KKKK.JPG/270px-Slide4KKKK.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Slide4KKKK.JPG/360px-Slide4KKKK.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Head of humerus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray420.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The supinator."><img alt="The supinator." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gray420.png/107px-Gray420.png" decoding="async" width="107" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gray420.png/161px-Gray420.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gray420.png/215px-Gray420.png 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Supinator_muscle" title="Supinator muscle">supinator</a>.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nerves">Nerves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humerus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Nerves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Axillary_nerve" title="Axillary nerve">axillary nerve</a> is located at the proximal end, against the shoulder girdle. Dislocation of the humerus's <a href="/wiki/Glenohumeral_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenohumeral joint">glenohumeral joint</a> has the potential to injure the axillary nerve or the <a href="/wiki/Axillary_artery" title="Axillary artery">axillary artery</a>. Signs and symptoms of this dislocation include a loss of the normal shoulder contour and a palpable depression under the acromion. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Radial_nerve" title="Radial nerve">radial nerve</a> follows the humerus closely. At the midshaft of the humerus, the radial nerve travels from the posterior to the anterior aspect of the bone in the <i>spiral groove</i>. A fracture of the humerus in this region can result in radial nerve injury. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ulnar_nerve" title="Ulnar nerve">ulnar nerve</a> lies at the distal end of the humerus near the elbow. When struck, it can cause a distinct tingling sensation, and sometimes a significant amount of pain. It is sometimes popularly referred to as 'the funny bone', possibly due to this sensation (a "funny" feeling), as well as the fact that the bone's name is a homophone of 'humorous'.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It lies posterior to the medial epicondyle, and is easily damaged in elbow injuries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The original link was broken. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray413_color.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Horizontal section at the middle of upper arm."><img alt="Horizontal section at the middle of upper arm." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gray413_color.png/180px-Gray413_color.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gray413_color.png/270px-Gray413_color.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gray413_color.png/360px-Gray413_color.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_section" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal section">Horizontal section</a> at the middle of <a href="/wiki/Upper_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper arm">upper arm</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide8B.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Horizontal section of upper arm."><img alt="Horizontal section of upper arm." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Slide8B.JPG/180px-Slide8B.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Slide8B.JPG/270px-Slide8B.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Slide8B.JPG/360px-Slide8B.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Horizontal section of upper arm.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide1dj.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Humerus"><img alt="Humerus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Slide1dj.JPG/180px-Slide1dj.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Slide1dj.JPG/270px-Slide1dj.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Slide1dj.JPG/360px-Slide1dj.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Humerus</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humerus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muscular_attachment">Muscular attachment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humerus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Muscular attachment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Deltoid_muscle" title="Deltoid muscle">deltoid</a> originates on the lateral third of the <a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">clavicle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acromion" title="Acromion">acromion</a> and the crest of the <a href="/wiki/Spine_of_scapula" title="Spine of scapula">spine</a> of the scapula. It is inserted on the <a href="/wiki/Deltoid_tuberosity" title="Deltoid tuberosity">deltoid tuberosity</a> of the humerus and has several actions including abduction, extension, and circumduction of the shoulder. The <a href="/wiki/Supraspinatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Supraspinatus">supraspinatus</a> also originates on the spine of the scapula. It inserts on the greater tubercle of the humerus, and assists in abduction of the shoulder. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pectoralis_major" title="Pectoralis major">pectoralis major</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teres_major" class="mw-redirect" title="Teres major">teres major</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latissimus_dorsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Latissimus dorsi">latissimus dorsi</a> insert at the <i>intertubercular groove</i> of the humerus. They work to adduct and medially, or internally, rotate the humerus. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Infraspinatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraspinatus">infraspinatus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teres_minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Teres minor">teres minor</a> insert on the greater tubercle, and work to laterally, or externally, rotate the humerus. In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Subscapularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscapularis">subscapularis</a> muscle inserts onto the lesser tubercle and works to medially, or internally, rotate the humerus. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Biceps_brachii" class="mw-redirect" title="Biceps brachii">biceps brachii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brachialis" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachialis">brachialis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brachioradialis" title="Brachioradialis">brachioradialis</a> (which attaches distally) act to flex the elbow. (The biceps do not attach to the humerus.) The <a href="/wiki/Triceps_brachii" class="mw-redirect" title="Triceps brachii">triceps brachii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anconeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anconeus">anconeus</a> extend the elbow, and attach to the posterior side of the humerus. </p><p>The four muscles of supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis form a musculo-ligamentous girdle called the <a href="/wiki/Rotator_cuff" title="Rotator cuff">rotator cuff</a>. This cuff stabilizes the very mobile but inherently unstable <a href="/wiki/Glenohumeral_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenohumeral joint">glenohumeral joint</a>. The other muscles are used as counterbalances for the actions of lifting/pulling and pressing/pushing. </p> <table class="wikitable" align="left"> <caption>Left humerus. Anterior view. </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Humerus_ant_(mirroed).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Humerus_ant_%28mirroed%29.png/65px-Humerus_ant_%28mirroed%29.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Humerus_ant_%28mirroed%29.png/98px-Humerus_ant_%28mirroed%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Humerus_ant_%28mirroed%29.png/130px-Humerus_ant_%28mirroed%29.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="1793" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Left_humerus_-_anterior_view.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Left_humerus_-_anterior_view.png/140px-Left_humerus_-_anterior_view.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Left_humerus_-_anterior_view.png/210px-Left_humerus_-_anterior_view.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Left_humerus_-_anterior_view.png/280px-Left_humerus_-_anterior_view.png 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="4500" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Left_humerus_-_close-up_-_animation_-_stop_at_anterior_view.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Left_humerus_-_close-up_-_animation_-_stop_at_anterior_view.gif/100px-Left_humerus_-_close-up_-_animation_-_stop_at_anterior_view.gif" decoding="async" width="100" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Left_humerus_-_close-up_-_animation_-_stop_at_anterior_view.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="301" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HumerusFront.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/HumerusFront.png/160px-HumerusFront.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/HumerusFront.png/240px-HumerusFront.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/HumerusFront.png/320px-HumerusFront.png 2x" data-file-width="2009" data-file-height="3406" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_left_humerus_-_anterior_view_-_muscles.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Human_left_humerus_-_anterior_view_-_muscles.svg/125px-Human_left_humerus_-_anterior_view_-_muscles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Human_left_humerus_-_anterior_view_-_muscles.svg/188px-Human_left_humerus_-_anterior_view_-_muscles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Human_left_humerus_-_anterior_view_-_muscles.svg/250px-Human_left_humerus_-_anterior_view_-_muscles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="1364" /></a></span></td> <td><div><ol style="list-style-type:upper-alpha"><li><a href="/wiki/Supraspinatus_muscle" title="Supraspinatus muscle">Supraspinatus muscle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Latissimus_dorsi_muscle" title="Latissimus dorsi muscle">Latissimus dorsi muscle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pectoralis_major_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectoralis major muscle">Pectoralis major muscle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Deltoid_muscle" title="Deltoid muscle">Deltoid muscle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Brachioradialis" title="Brachioradialis">Brachioradialis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_carpi_radialis_longus_muscle" title="Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle">Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Common_extensor_tendon" title="Common extensor tendon">Common extensor tendon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Subscapularis_muscle" title="Subscapularis muscle">Subscapularis muscle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Teres_major_muscle" title="Teres major muscle">Teres major muscle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Coracobrachialis_muscle" title="Coracobrachialis muscle">Coracobrachialis muscle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Brachialis_muscle" title="Brachialis muscle">Brachialis muscle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pronator_teres_muscle" title="Pronator teres muscle">Pronator teres muscle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Common_flexor_tendon" title="Common flexor tendon">Common flexor tendon</a></li></ol></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable" align="left"> <caption>Left humerus. Posterior view. </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Humerus_post_(mirroed).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Humerus_post_%28mirroed%29.png/65px-Humerus_post_%28mirroed%29.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Humerus_post_%28mirroed%29.png/98px-Humerus_post_%28mirroed%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Humerus_post_%28mirroed%29.png/130px-Humerus_post_%28mirroed%29.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="1745" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Left_humerus_-_posterior_view.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Left_humerus_-_posterior_view.png/140px-Left_humerus_-_posterior_view.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Left_humerus_-_posterior_view.png/210px-Left_humerus_-_posterior_view.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Left_humerus_-_posterior_view.png/280px-Left_humerus_-_posterior_view.png 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="4500" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Left_humerus_-_close-up_-_animation_-_stop_at_posterior_view.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Left_humerus_-_close-up_-_animation_-_stop_at_posterior_view.gif/100px-Left_humerus_-_close-up_-_animation_-_stop_at_posterior_view.gif" decoding="async" width="100" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Left_humerus_-_close-up_-_animation_-_stop_at_posterior_view.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="301" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HumerusBack.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/HumerusBack.png/140px-HumerusBack.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/HumerusBack.png/210px-HumerusBack.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/HumerusBack.png/280px-HumerusBack.png 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="3139" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray208.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gray208.png/70px-Gray208.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gray208.png/105px-Gray208.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gray208.png/140px-Gray208.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humerus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Primitive fossils of <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> had little, if any, shaft connecting the upper and lower extremities, making their limbs very short. In most living <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a>, however, the humerus has a similar form to that of humans. In many <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> (where it is the primitive state), the lower extremity includes a large opening called the <a href="/wiki/Entepicondylar_foramen" title="Entepicondylar foramen">entepicondylar foramen</a> to allow the passage of nerves and blood vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humerus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Humerus_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Position of humerus (shown in red). Animation."><img alt="Position of humerus (shown in red). Animation." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Humerus_animation.gif/120px-Humerus_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Humerus_animation.gif/180px-Humerus_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Humerus_animation.gif/240px-Humerus_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Position of humerus (shown in red). Animation.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Left_humerus_-_close-up_-_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Left humerus. Animation."><img alt="Left humerus. Animation." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Left_humerus_-_close-up_-_animation.gif/48px-Left_humerus_-_close-up_-_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="48" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Left_humerus_-_close-up_-_animation.gif/71px-Left_humerus_-_close-up_-_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Left_humerus_-_close-up_-_animation.gif/95px-Left_humerus_-_close-up_-_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="301" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Left humerus. Animation.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span class="mw-3d-wrapper" data-label="3D"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_humerus_2.stl" class="mw-file-description" title="3D image"><img alt="3D image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Human_humerus_2.stl/120px-Human_humerus_2.stl.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Human_humerus_2.stl/180px-Human_humerus_2.stl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Human_humerus_2.stl/240px-Human_humerus_2.stl.png 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="2880" /></a></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">3D image</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_arm_bones_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Human arm bones diagram."><img alt="Human arm bones diagram." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Human_arm_bones_diagram.svg/120px-Human_arm_bones_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Human_arm_bones_diagram.svg/180px-Human_arm_bones_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Human_arm_bones_diagram.svg/240px-Human_arm_bones_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Human arm bones diagram.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inferior_epiphysis_of_humerus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Humerus - inferior epiphysis. Anterior view."><img alt="Humerus - inferior epiphysis. Anterior view." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Inferior_epiphysis_of_humerus.jpg/120px-Inferior_epiphysis_of_humerus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Inferior_epiphysis_of_humerus.jpg/180px-Inferior_epiphysis_of_humerus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Inferior_epiphysis_of_humerus.jpg/240px-Inferior_epiphysis_of_humerus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Humerus - inferior epiphysis. Anterior view.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide10DEN.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Trochlea. Posterior view."><img alt="Trochlea. Posterior view." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Slide10DEN.JPG/120px-Slide10DEN.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Slide10DEN.JPG/180px-Slide10DEN.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Slide10DEN.JPG/240px-Slide10DEN.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trochlea. Posterior view.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LeftHumanPosteriorDistalHumerusFlexed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Humerus - inferior epiphysis. Posterior view."><img alt="Humerus - inferior epiphysis. Posterior view." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/LeftHumanPosteriorDistalHumerusFlexed.jpg/109px-LeftHumanPosteriorDistalHumerusFlexed.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/LeftHumanPosteriorDistalHumerusFlexed.jpg/164px-LeftHumanPosteriorDistalHumerusFlexed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/LeftHumanPosteriorDistalHumerusFlexed.jpg/219px-LeftHumanPosteriorDistalHumerusFlexed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1397" data-file-height="1533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Humerus - inferior epiphysis. Posterior view.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AnteroMedialHeadofLeftHumerus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Humerus - superior epiphysis. Anterior view."><img alt="Humerus - superior epiphysis. Anterior view." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/AnteroMedialHeadofLeftHumerus.jpg/81px-AnteroMedialHeadofLeftHumerus.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/AnteroMedialHeadofLeftHumerus.jpg/122px-AnteroMedialHeadofLeftHumerus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/AnteroMedialHeadofLeftHumerus.jpg/163px-AnteroMedialHeadofLeftHumerus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="987" data-file-height="1453" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Humerus - superior epiphysis. Anterior view.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Superior_epiphysis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Humerus - superior epiphysis. Posterior view."><img alt="Humerus - superior epiphysis. Posterior view." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Superior_epiphysis.jpg/120px-Superior_epiphysis.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Superior_epiphysis.jpg/180px-Superior_epiphysis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Superior_epiphysis.jpg/240px-Superior_epiphysis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Humerus - superior epiphysis. Posterior view.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elbow_joint_-_deep_dissection_(anterior_view,_human_cadaver).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elbow joint. Deep dissection. Anterior view."><img alt="Elbow joint. Deep dissection. Anterior view." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Elbow_joint_-_deep_dissection_%28anterior_view%2C_human_cadaver%29.jpg/120px-Elbow_joint_-_deep_dissection_%28anterior_view%2C_human_cadaver%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Elbow_joint_-_deep_dissection_%28anterior_view%2C_human_cadaver%29.jpg/180px-Elbow_joint_-_deep_dissection_%28anterior_view%2C_human_cadaver%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Elbow_joint_-_deep_dissection_%28anterior_view%2C_human_cadaver%29.jpg/240px-Elbow_joint_-_deep_dissection_%28anterior_view%2C_human_cadaver%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Elbow joint. Deep dissection. Anterior view.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide1bgbg.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Elbow joint. Deep dissection. Posterior view."><img alt="Elbow joint. Deep dissection. Posterior view." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Slide1bgbg.JPG/120px-Slide1bgbg.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Slide1bgbg.JPG/180px-Slide1bgbg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Slide1bgbg.JPG/240px-Slide1bgbg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Elbow joint. Deep dissection. Posterior view.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide3bgbg.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Elbow joint. Deep dissection. Posterior view."><img alt="Elbow joint. Deep dissection. Posterior view." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Slide3bgbg.JPG/120px-Slide3bgbg.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Slide3bgbg.JPG/180px-Slide3bgbg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Slide3bgbg.JPG/240px-Slide3bgbg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Elbow joint. Deep dissection. Posterior view.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray326.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The left shoulder and acromioclavicular joints, and the proper ligaments of the scapula"><img alt="The left shoulder and acromioclavicular joints, and the proper ligaments of the scapula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gray326.png/108px-Gray326.png" decoding="async" width="108" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gray326.png/163px-Gray326.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gray326.png/217px-Gray326.png 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The left shoulder and acromioclavicular joints, and the proper ligaments of the scapula</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray207.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Left humerus. Anterior view."><img alt="Left humerus. Anterior view." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gray207.png/63px-Gray207.png" decoding="async" width="63" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gray207.png/95px-Gray207.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gray207.png/127px-Gray207.png 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="1235" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Left humerus. Anterior view.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray208.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Left humerus. Posterior view."><img alt="Left humerus. Posterior view." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gray208.png/30px-Gray208.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gray208.png/46px-Gray208.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gray208.png/61px-Gray208.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Left humerus. Posterior view.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AnteriorHeadOfLeftHumerus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Left humerus. Anteriolateral view."><img alt="Left humerus. Anteriolateral view." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/AnteriorHeadOfLeftHumerus.jpg/118px-AnteriorHeadOfLeftHumerus.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/AnteriorHeadOfLeftHumerus.jpg/176px-AnteriorHeadOfLeftHumerus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/AnteriorHeadOfLeftHumerus.jpg/235px-AnteriorHeadOfLeftHumerus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1167" data-file-height="1191" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Left humerus. Anteriolateral view.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MedialHeadOfLeftHumerus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Left humerus. Medial view."><img alt="Left humerus. Medial view." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/MedialHeadOfLeftHumerus.jpg/83px-MedialHeadOfLeftHumerus.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/MedialHeadOfLeftHumerus.jpg/125px-MedialHeadOfLeftHumerus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/MedialHeadOfLeftHumerus.jpg/167px-MedialHeadOfLeftHumerus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="1344" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Left humerus. Medial view.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ProxHumeralFracture.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Fracture of the proximal humerus"><img alt="Fracture of the proximal humerus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ProxHumeralFracture.png/104px-ProxHumeralFracture.png" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ProxHumeralFracture.png/156px-ProxHumeralFracture.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ProxHumeralFracture.png/208px-ProxHumeralFracture.png 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="782" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fracture of the proximal humerus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray329.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Left elbow-joint, showing anterior and ulnar collateral ligaments."><img alt="Left elbow-joint, showing anterior and ulnar collateral ligaments." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gray329.png/58px-Gray329.png" decoding="async" width="58" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gray329.png/86px-Gray329.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gray329.png/115px-Gray329.png 2x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Left elbow-joint, showing anterior and ulnar collateral ligaments.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray332.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Capsule of elbow-joint (distended). Posterior aspect."><img alt="Capsule of elbow-joint (distended). Posterior aspect." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gray332.png/54px-Gray332.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gray332.png/81px-Gray332.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gray332.png/108px-Gray332.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Capsule of elbow-joint (distended). Posterior aspect.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Humerus_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/120px--Humerus_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="68" data-durationhint="130" data-mwtitle="Humerus_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b8/Humerus_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/Humerus_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b8/Humerus_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/Humerus_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Humerus_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b8/Humerus_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/Humerus_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b8/Humerus_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/Humerus_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b8/Humerus_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/Humerus_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b8/Humerus_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/Humerus_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Humerus anatomy</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ossification">Ossification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humerus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ossification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ossification" title="Ossification">ossification</a></div> <p>During embryonic development, the humerus is one of the first structures to ossify, beginning with the first <a href="/wiki/Ossification_center" title="Ossification center">ossification center</a> in the shaft of the bone. Ossification of the humerus occurs predictably in the embryo and fetus, and is therefore used as a fetal biometric measurement when determining gestational age of a fetus. At birth, the neonatal humerus is only ossified in the shaft. The epiphyses are cartilaginous at birth.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The medial humeral head develops an ossification center around 4 months of age and the greater tuberosity around 10 months of age. These ossification centers begin to fuse at 3 years of age. The process of ossification is complete by 13 years of age, though the <a href="/wiki/Epiphyseal_plate" title="Epiphyseal plate">epiphyseal plate</a> (growth plate) persists until skeletal maturity, usually around 17 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humerus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humerus_fracture" title="Humerus fracture">Humerus fracture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humerus&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=humerus&searchmode=none">"Humerus"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Humerus&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fallowed_in_frame%3D0%26search%3Dhumerus%26searchmode%3Dnone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumerus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray's-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gray's_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray's_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray's_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray's_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray's_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Anatomy" title="Gray's Anatomy">Gray's Anatomy</a></i>, see infobox</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docjana.com/Humerus-3d-Anatomy/">"Humerus Anatomy at DocJana.com"</a>. <i>docjana.com</i>. 2 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=docjana.com&rft.atitle=Humerus+Anatomy+at+DocJana.com&rft.date=2019-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocjana.com%2FHumerus-3d-Anatomy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumerus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.word-detective.com/2012/01/funny-bone/">"<i>Funny Bone</i>"</a>. <i>Word Detective</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Word+Detective&rft.atitle=Funny+Bone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.word-detective.com%2F2012%2F01%2Ffunny-bone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumerus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VB-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VB_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomer,_Alfred_SherwoodParsons,_Thomas_S.1977" class="citation book cs1">Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). <i>The Vertebrate Body</i>. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 198–199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-910284-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-03-910284-X"><bdi>0-03-910284-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vertebrate+Body&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=198-199&rft.pub=Holt-Saunders+International&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-03-910284-X&rft.au=Romer%2C+Alfred+Sherwood&rft.au=Parsons%2C+Thomas+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumerus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiśniewskiBaumgartGrzonkowskaMałkowski2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wiśniewski, Marcin; Baumgart, Mariusz; Grzonkowska, Magdalena; Małkowski, Bogdan; Wilińska-Jankowska, Arnika; Siedlecki, Zygmunt; Szpinda, Michał (October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5610672">"Ossification center of the humeral shaft in the human fetus: a CT, digital, and statistical study"</a>. <i>Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy</i>. <b>39</b> (10): 1107–1116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00276-017-1849-4">10.1007/s00276-017-1849-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1279-8517">1279-8517</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5610672">5610672</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28357556">28357556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surgical+and+Radiologic+Anatomy&rft.atitle=Ossification+center+of+the+humeral+shaft+in+the+human+fetus%3A+a+CT%2C+digital%2C+and+statistical+study&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1107-1116&rft.date=2017-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5610672%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1279-8517&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28357556&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00276-017-1849-4&rft.aulast=Wi%C5%9Bniewski&rft.aufirst=Marcin&rft.au=Baumgart%2C+Mariusz&rft.au=Grzonkowska%2C+Magdalena&rft.au=Ma%C5%82kowski%2C+Bogdan&rft.au=Wili%C5%84ska-Jankowska%2C+Arnika&rft.au=Siedlecki%2C+Zygmunt&rft.au=Szpinda%2C+Micha%C5%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5610672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumerus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwongKotharyPoncinelli2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kwong, Steven; Kothary, Shefali; Poncinelli, Leonardo Lobo (February 2014). "Skeletal Development of the Proximal Humerus in the Pediatric Population: MRI Features". <i>American Journal of Roentgenology</i>. <b>202</b> (2): 418–425. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2214%2FAJR.13.10711">10.2214/AJR.13.10711</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0361-803X">0361-803X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24450686">24450686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Roentgenology&rft.atitle=Skeletal+Development+of+the+Proximal+Humerus+in+the+Pediatric+Population%3A+MRI+Features&rft.volume=202&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=418-425&rft.date=2014-02&rft.issn=0361-803X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24450686&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2214%2FAJR.13.10711&rft.aulast=Kwong&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Kothary%2C+Shefali&rft.au=Poncinelli%2C+Leonardo+Lobo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumerus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Humerus&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumerus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/curricula/first-year-medical-curriculum/sequence-1-Foundations/session-1-basic-body-plan-patterns/bluelink">Humerus</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> - BlueLink Anatomy, University of Michigan Medical School</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bones_of_upper_limb" title="Template:Bones of upper limb"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bones_of_upper_limb" title="Template talk:Bones of upper limb"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bones_of_upper_limb" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bones of upper limb"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bones_of_the_arm" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bones</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">arm</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_girdle" title="Shoulder girdle">Shoulder girdle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">clavicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conoid_tubercle" class="mw-redirect" title="Conoid tubercle">conoid tubercle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapezoid_line" title="Trapezoid line">trapezoid line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costal_tuberosity_of_clavicle" title="Costal tuberosity of clavicle">costal tuberosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subclavian_groove" title="Subclavian groove">subclavian groove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">Scapula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>fossae</i> (<a href="/wiki/Subscapular_fossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscapular fossa">subscapular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supraspinatous_fossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Supraspinatous fossa">supraspinatous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infraspinatous_fossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraspinatous fossa">infraspinatous</a>)</li> <li><i>notches</i> (<a href="/wiki/Suprascapular_notch" title="Suprascapular notch">suprascapular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_scapular_notch" title="Great scapular notch">great scapular</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenoid_fossa" title="Glenoid fossa">glenoid fossa</a></li> <li><i>tubercles</i> (<a href="/wiki/Infraglenoid_tubercle" title="Infraglenoid tubercle">infraglenoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supraglenoid_tubercle" title="Supraglenoid tubercle">supraglenoid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spine_of_scapula" title="Spine of scapula">spine of scapula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acromion" title="Acromion">acromion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracoid_process" title="Coracoid process">coracoid process</a></li> <li><i>angles</i> (<a href="/wiki/Superior_angle_of_scapula" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior angle of scapula">superior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inferior_angle_of_the_scapula" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior angle of the scapula">inferior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lateral_angle_of_the_scapula" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral angle of the scapula">lateral</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Humerus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_extremity_of_humerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper extremity of humerus">upper extremity</a>:</i> <i>necks</i> (<a href="/wiki/Anatomical_neck_of_humerus" title="Anatomical neck of humerus">anatomical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surgical_neck_of_the_humerus" title="Surgical neck of the humerus">surgical</a>)</li> <li><i>tubercles</i> (<a href="/wiki/Greater_tubercle" title="Greater tubercle">greater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_tubercle" title="Lesser tubercle">lesser</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicipital_groove" title="Bicipital groove">bicipital groove</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Body_of_humerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Body of humerus">body</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Radial_sulcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Radial sulcus">radial sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltoid_tuberosity" title="Deltoid tuberosity">deltoid tuberosity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lower_extremity_of_humerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower extremity of humerus">lower extremity</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Capitulum_of_the_humerus" title="Capitulum of the humerus">capitulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochlea_of_humerus" title="Trochlea of humerus">trochlea</a></li> <li><i>epicondyles</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lateral_epicondyle_of_the_humerus" title="Lateral epicondyle of the humerus">lateral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medial_epicondyle_of_the_humerus" title="Medial epicondyle of the humerus">medial</a>)</li> <li><i>supracondylar ridges</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lateral_supracondylar_ridge" title="Lateral supracondylar ridge">lateral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medial_supracondylar_ridge" title="Medial supracondylar ridge">medial</a>)</li> <li><i>fossae</i> (<a href="/wiki/Radial_fossa" title="Radial fossa">radial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronoid_fossa_of_the_humerus" title="Coronoid fossa of the humerus">coronoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olecranon_fossa" title="Olecranon fossa">olecranon</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">Forearm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">Radius</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>near elbow (<a href="/wiki/Head_of_radius" title="Head of radius">head</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radial_tuberosity" title="Radial tuberosity">tuberosity</a>)</li> <li>near wrist (<a href="/wiki/Ulnar_notch_of_the_radius" title="Ulnar notch of the radius">ulnar notch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radial_styloid_process" title="Radial styloid process">styloid process</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lister%27s_tubercle" title="Lister's tubercle">Lister's tubercle</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">Ulna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>near elbow (<a href="/wiki/Tuberosity_of_the_ulna" title="Tuberosity of the ulna">tuberosity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olecranon" title="Olecranon">olecranon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronoid_process_of_the_ulna" title="Coronoid process of the ulna">coronoid process</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radial_notch" title="Radial notch">radial notch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trochlear_notch" title="Trochlear notch">trochlear notch</a>)</li> <li>near wrist (<a href="/wiki/Ulnar_styloid_process" title="Ulnar styloid process">styloid process</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">Hand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">Carpal bones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scaphoid_bone" title="Scaphoid bone">scaphoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunate_bone" title="Lunate bone">lunate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triquetral_bone" title="Triquetral bone">triquetral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisiform_bone" title="Pisiform bone">pisiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapezium_(bone)" title="Trapezium (bone)">trapezium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapezoid_bone" title="Trapezoid bone">trapezoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitate_bone" title="Capitate bone">capitate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamate_bone" title="Hamate bone">hamate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamulus_of_hamate_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamulus of hamate bone">hamulus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metacarpal_bones" title="Metacarpal bones">Metacarpal bones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_metacarpal_bone" title="First metacarpal bone">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_metacarpal_bone" title="Second metacarpal bone">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_metacarpal_bone" title="Third metacarpal bone">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_metacarpal_bone" title="Fourth metacarpal bone">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_metacarpal_bone" title="Fifth metacarpal bone">5th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phalanx_bone" title="Phalanx bone">Phalanges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proximal_phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Proximal phalanges">proximal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate phalanges">intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Distal phalanges">distal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bones_in_the_tetrapod_skeleton" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tetrapod_osteology" title="Template:Tetrapod osteology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tetrapod_osteology" title="Template talk:Tetrapod osteology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tetrapod_osteology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tetrapod osteology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bones_in_the_tetrapod_skeleton" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bones</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapod</a> <a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">skeleton</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Skull" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">Skull</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranium">Cranium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Skull_roof" title="Skull roof">Skull roof</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frontal_bone" title="Frontal bone">Frontal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internasal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internasal (page does not exist)">Internasal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intertemporal_bone" title="Intertemporal bone">Intertemporal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Jugal">Jugal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zygomatic_bone" title="Zygomatic bone">Zygomatic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_bone" title="Lacrimal bone">Lacrimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">Maxilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_bone" title="Nasal bone">Nasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parietal_bone" title="Parietal bone">Parietal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfrontal_bone" title="Postfrontal bone">Postfrontal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postorbital" class="mw-redirect" title="Postorbital">Postorbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postparietal" title="Postparietal">Postparietal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_bone" title="Prefrontal bone">Prefrontal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premaxilla" title="Premaxilla">Premaxilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratojugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadratojugal">Quadratojugal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rostral_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Rostral bone">Rostral</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septomaxilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Septomaxilla (page does not exist)">Septomaxilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamosal" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamosal">Squamosal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supratemporal_bone" title="Supratemporal bone">Supratemporal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabular_bone" title="Tabular bone">Tabular</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Composite_bones" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Composite bones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interparietal" class="mw-redirect" title="Interparietal">Interparietal</a> (Postparietal+Tabular)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braincase</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basioccipital" class="mw-redirect" title="Basioccipital">Basioccipital</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basisphenoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basisphenoid (page does not exist)">Basisphenoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethmoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethmoid">Ethmoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoccipital" class="mw-redirect" title="Exoccipital">Exoccipital</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laterosphenoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laterosphenoid (page does not exist)">Laterosphenoid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthotic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opisthotic (page does not exist)">Opisthotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbitosphenoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbitosphenoid">Orbitosphenoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasphenoid" title="Parasphenoid">Parasphenoid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prootic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prootic (page does not exist)">Prootic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sphenethmoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sphenethmoid (page does not exist)">Sphenethmoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supraoccipital" class="mw-redirect" title="Supraoccipital">Supraoccipital</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Composite_bones" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Composite bones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occipital" class="mw-redirect" title="Occipital">Occipital</a> (Supraoccipital+Exoccipital+Basioccipital)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otoccipital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otoccipital (page does not exist)">Otoccipital</a> (Exoccipital+Opisthotic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabasisphenoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Parabasisphenoid">Parabasisphenoid</a> (Parasphenoid+Basisphenoid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrous_part_of_the_temporal_bone" title="Petrous part of the temporal bone">Petrosal</a> (Prootic+Opisthotic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_bone" title="Temporal bone">Temporal</a> (Squamosal+Petrosal+Ectotympanic)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ectopterygoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ectopterygoid (page does not exist)">Ectopterygoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epipterygoid" title="Epipterygoid">Epipterygoid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alisphenoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alisphenoid">Alisphenoid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_bone" title="Palatine bone">Palatine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prevomer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prevomer (page does not exist)">Prevomer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterygoid_bone" title="Pterygoid bone">Pterygoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrate_bone" title="Quadrate bone">Quadrate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incus" title="Incus">Incus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomer" title="Vomer">Vomer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columella_(auditory_system)" title="Columella (auditory system)">Columella</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stapes" title="Stapes">Stapes</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Entotympanic" title="Entotympanic">Entotympanic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extracolumella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Extracolumella (page does not exist)">Extracolumella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sclerotic_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Sclerotic ring">Sclerotic ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormian_bones" title="Wormian bones">Wormian bones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">Mandible</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angular_bone" title="Angular bone">Angular</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ectotympanic" title="Ectotympanic">Ectotympanic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articular" class="mw-redirect" title="Articular">Articular</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malleus" title="Malleus">Malleus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronoid_bone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coronoid bone (page does not exist)">Coronoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Dentary">Dentary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prearticular&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prearticular (page does not exist)">Prearticular</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Predentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Predentary">Predentary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splenial" title="Splenial">Splenial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surangular" title="Surangular">Surangular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hyoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoid">Hyoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basihyoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basihyoid (page does not exist)">Basihyoid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceratohyoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceratohyoid (page does not exist)">Ceratohyoid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epihyoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epihyoid (page does not exist)">Epihyoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylohyoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Stylohyoid">Stylohyoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrohyoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyrohyoid">Thyrohyoid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tympanohyoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tympanohyoid (page does not exist)">Tympanohyoid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Postcranial_skeleton" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Postcranial skeleton</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Axial_skeleton" title="Axial skeleton">Axial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vertebrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrae">Vertebrae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proatlas" title="Proatlas">Proatlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlas vertebra">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis vertebra">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae" title="Cervical vertebrae">Cervical vertebrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_vertebrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal vertebrae">Dorsal vertebrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">Sacrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caudal_vertebrae" title="Caudal vertebrae">Caudal vertebrae</a> <div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coccyx" title="Coccyx">Coccyx</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pygostyle" title="Pygostyle">Pygostyle</a></i></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemal_arches" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemal arches">Haemal arches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ribs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribs">Ribs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_rib" title="Cervical rib">Cervical rib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorsal_rib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorsal rib (page does not exist)">Dorsal rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caudal_rib" title="Caudal rib">Caudal rib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Appendicular_skeleton" title="Appendicular skeleton">Appendicular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pectoral_girdle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectoral girdle">Pectoral girdle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">Clavicle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Furcula" title="Furcula">Furcula</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleithrum" title="Cleithrum">Cleithrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracoid" title="Coracoid">Coracoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interclavicle" title="Interclavicle">Interclavicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">Scapula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">Sternum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forelimb" title="Forelimb">Forelimb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Humerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">Radius (bone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">Ulna</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Manus" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manus_(anatomy)" title="Manus (anatomy)">Manus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Carpus" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">Carpus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiale_(bone)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiale (bone) (page does not exist)">Radiale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scaphoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Scaphoid">Scaphoid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulnare" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulnare">Ulnare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Triquetral" class="mw-redirect" title="Triquetral">Triquetral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermedium" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermedium">Intermedium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lateral_centrale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lateral centrale (page does not exist)">Lateral centrale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lunate_bone" title="Lunate bone">Lunate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medial_centrale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medial centrale (page does not exist)">Medial centrale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisiform">Pisiform</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pteroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteroid">Pteroid</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Distal_carpals" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Distal carpals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Distal carpal 1 (<a href="/wiki/Trapezium_(bone)" title="Trapezium (bone)">Trapezium</a>)</li> <li>Distal carpal 2 (<a href="/wiki/Trapezoid_bone" title="Trapezoid bone">Trapezoid</a>)</li> <li>Distal carpal 3 (<a href="/wiki/Capitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitate">Capitate</a>)</li> <li>Distal carpal 4 (<a href="/wiki/Hamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamate">Hamate</a>)</li> <li>Distal carpal 5</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metacarpal" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacarpal">Metacarpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalanges">Phalanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungual" title="Ungual">Ungual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_girdle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelvic girdle">Pelvic girdle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ischium" title="Ischium">Ischium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilium_(bone)" title="Ilium (bone)">Ilium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pubis_(bone)" title="Pubis (bone)">Pubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epipubic_bone" title="Epipubic bone">Epipubic bone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindlimb" title="Hindlimb">Hindlimb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">Femur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">Tibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">Fibula</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">Patella</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pes_(anatomy)" title="Pes (anatomy)">Pes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tarsus" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)" title="Tarsus (skeleton)">Tarsus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proximal tarsals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibiale" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibiale">Tibiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermedium" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermedium">Intermedium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibulare" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibulare">Fibulare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calcaneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcaneum">Calcaneum</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centralia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Centrale 1</li> <li>Centrale 2</li> <li>Centrale 3</li> <li>Centrale 4</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Distal tarsals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Distal tarsal 1 (<a href="/wiki/Medial_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial cuneiform">Medial cuneiform</a>)</li> <li>Distal tarsal 2 (<a href="/wiki/Intermediate_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate cuneiform">Intermediate cuneiform</a>)</li> <li>Distal tarsal 3 (<a href="/wiki/Lateral_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral cuneiform">Lateral cuneiform</a>)</li> <li>Distal tarsal 4</li> <li>Distal tarsal 5</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Composite tarsals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astragalus_(bone)" class="mw-redirect" title="Astragalus (bone)">Astragalus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Talus_bone" title="Talus bone">Talus</a>) (Tibiale+Intermedium+Centrale 3+4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navicular" class="mw-redirect" title="Navicular">Navicular</a> (Centrale 1+2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuboid_bone" title="Cuboid bone">Cuboid</a> (Distal tarsal 4+5)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metatarsal" class="mw-redirect" title="Metatarsal">Metatarsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalanges">Phalanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungual" title="Ungual">Ungual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baculum" title="Baculum">Baculum</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Baubellum" class="mw-redirect" title="Baubellum">Baubellum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastralia" title="Gastralia">Gastralia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossified_tendon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossified tendon">Ossified tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteoderms" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteoderms">Osteoderms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Parentheses denote bones that receive a different name in particular clades</li> <li>Italics denote neomorphic bones present only in particular clades</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen 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