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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">African-American philologist</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;">Dr.</div><div class="fn">Georgiana Rose Simpson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:GSimpson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Simpson in 1921, wearing academic dress for her graduation from the University of Chicago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/GSimpson.jpg/220px-GSimpson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/GSimpson.jpg/330px-GSimpson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/GSimpson.jpg/440px-GSimpson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="570" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Simpson in 1921, wearing <a href="/wiki/Academic_dress" title="Academic dress">academic dress</a> for her graduation from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1865</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1944 (aged 78–79)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Professor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1915–1944</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data">University of Chicago<sup id="cite_ref-SCRC_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCRC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">'<b>Herder's Conception of "Das Volk"'</b> (1921)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philologist">Philologist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sub-discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a><sup id="cite_ref-SCRC_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCRC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Georgiana Rose Simpson</b> (1865–1944) was a <a href="/wiki/Philologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philologist">philologist</a> and the first African-American woman to receive a <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> in the United States. Simpson received her doctoral degree in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> in 1921. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgiana_Simpson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Simpson was born in Washington, D.C., on 31 March 1865, eldest daughter of David and Catherine Simpson, where she attended public school.<sup id="cite_ref-Jordan_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She later received training to teach in city elementary schools at <a href="/wiki/Miner_Normal_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Miner Normal School">Miner Normal School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and started teaching in 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-Gates_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gates-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bowean_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowean-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, she taught within German immigrant communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Gates_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gates-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was encouraged to continue learning and to formally study German in college by one of her former teachers, <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Ella_Moten" title="Lucy Ella Moten">Dr. Lucy E. Moten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jordan_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Simpson enrolled at the University of Chicago in 1907, and received a bachelor of arts degree in German in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-Jordan_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To avoid the pervasive racism on campus, she finished her studies mainly through summer and correspondence courses.<sup id="cite_ref-SCRC_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCRC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bowean_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowean-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She completed her master's degree with her thesis, <i>The Phonology of Merigarto</i> which examined an early <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> poem.<sup id="cite_ref-SCRC_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCRC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simpson was also teaching at <a href="/wiki/Dunbar_High_School_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Dunbar High School (Washington, D.C.)">Dunbar High School (Washington, D.C.)</a> during her post-graduate years. At age 55, she completed her dissertation, <i>Herder's Conception of "Das Volk"</i>, and received her PhD in German on 14 June 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-May_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-May-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miss Simpson was a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Incorporated.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Experience_and_contributions_during_segregation">Experience and contributions during segregation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgiana_Simpson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Experience and contributions during segregation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woolley-JudsonLetter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Woolley-JudsonLetter.jpg/220px-Woolley-JudsonLetter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Woolley-JudsonLetter.jpg/330px-Woolley-JudsonLetter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Woolley-JudsonLetter.jpg/440px-Woolley-JudsonLetter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>A letter condemning the removal of Simpson from Univ. of Chicago campus housing</figcaption></figure> <p>Simpson and her achievements have been discussed in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">civil rights movement</a> during segregation. She experienced racial prejudice very early on in her enrollment at the University of Chicago, particularly in housing; that she was invited to reside in the women's dormitory was met with protest from white students.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was initially asked to leave the women's dormitory by <a href="/wiki/Sophonisba_Breckinridge" title="Sophonisba Breckinridge">Sophonisba Breckinridge</a>, who headed the residence hall, but Simpson refused.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breckinridge reversed her decision so that Simpson could remain, but she was overruled by university president <a href="/wiki/Harry_Pratt_Judson" title="Harry Pratt Judson">Harry Pratt Judson</a>, who asked Simpson to leave, to which she complied.<sup id="cite_ref-SCRC2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCRC2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, Simpson took her courses during the summer to avoid further racially motivated conflicts with the predominantly white, southern student body.<sup id="cite_ref-Jordan_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, a letter from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Douglass_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Douglass Centre (page does not exist)">Frederick Douglass Centre</a> was sent to President Judson condemning their action to remove Simpson: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The case of Miss Simpson ... who upon your demand gave up her room there and sought quarters outside the campus, is one which has aroused deep interest and concern in and out of university circles.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Cecelia Woolley, in a letter to University of Chicago president, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Pratt_Judson" title="Harry Pratt Judson">Harry Pratt Judson</a> (1907).<sup id="cite_ref-SCRC2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCRC2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Simpson was the first black woman to be awarded a doctoral degree in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Potter_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gates2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gates2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simpson returned to <a href="/wiki/Dunbar_High_School_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Dunbar High School (Washington, D.C.)">Dunbar High School</a> in Washington, D.C., to teach as most universities did not hire black women outside of <a href="/wiki/Family_and_consumer_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Family and consumer science">home economics</a> courses at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simpson also wrote a letter to <a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Dubois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Dubois">W.E.B. Dubois</a> in 1936 inquiring about an encyclopedic project and how she may contribute an article on the "Negro dialect" or on the "philosophy of Negro folk literature."<sup id="cite_ref-UMass_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMass-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her final major publication was a translation of a French work, detailing the biography of <a href="/wiki/Toussaint_L%27Ouverture" class="mw-redirect" title="Toussaint L'Ouverture">Toussaint L'Ouverture</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SCRC_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCRC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After leaving Dunbar High School, Simpson was a professor at Howard University, retiring in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, the Monumental Women Project, co-founded by Asya Akca and Shae Omonijo, honored Simpson by commissioning a <a href="/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)" title="Bust (sculpture)">bust</a> of her in the Reynolds Club at the University of Chicago, which was placed directly across from a relief that honors President Judson.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowean_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowean-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miss Simpson was a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Incorporated. Miss Simpson marched in the 1913 <a href="/wiki/Woman_Suffrage_Procession" title="Woman Suffrage Procession">Womens Suffrage Parade.</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgiana_Simpson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgiana_Simpson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SCRC-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SCRC_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCRC_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCRC_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCRC_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCRC_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/webexhibits/IntegratingTheLifeOfTheMind/GeorgianaSimpson.html">"Future Intellectuals: Georgiana Simpson (AB 1911, PhD 1921)"</a>. <i>Integrating the Life of the Mind: African Americans at the University of Chicago 1870–1940</i>. Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Integrating+the+Life+of+the+Mind%3A+African+Americans+at+the+University+of+Chicago+1870%E2%80%931940.&rft.atitle=Future+Intellectuals%3A+Georgiana+Simpson+%28AB+1911%2C+PhD+1921%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.uchicago.edu%2Fe%2Fwebexhibits%2FIntegratingTheLifeOfTheMind%2FGeorgianaSimpson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgiana+Simpson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jordan-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jordan_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jordan_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jordan_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jordan_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan2013" class="citation book cs1">Jordan, John H. (2013). <i>Black Americans 17th Century to 21st Century: Black Struggles and Successes</i>. Trafford Publishing. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4907-1733-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4907-1733-3"><bdi>978-1-4907-1733-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Americans+17th+Century+to+21st+Century%3A+Black+Struggles+and+Successes&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4907-1733-3&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgiana+Simpson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gates-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gates_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gates_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates2011" class="citation book cs1">Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeuponthesesho00gate/page/267"><i>Life Upon These Shores: Looking at African American History, 1513–2008</i></a></span>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeuponthesesho00gate/page/267">267</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-59342-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-59342-9"><bdi>978-0-307-59342-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+Upon+These+Shores%3A+Looking+at+African+American+History%2C+1513%E2%80%932008&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-307-59342-9&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Henry+Louis+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeuponthesesho00gate%2Fpage%2F267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgiana+Simpson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowean-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bowean_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowean_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowean_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowean2017" class="citation news cs1">Bowean, Lolly (27 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-met-simpson-statue-university-chicago-20171121-story.html">"U. of C. statue gives black scholar her place in history"</a>. <i>chicagotribune.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=chicagotribune.com&rft.atitle=U.+of+C.+statue+gives+black+scholar+her+place+in+history&rft.date=2017-11-27&rft.aulast=Bowean&rft.aufirst=Lolly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fbreaking%2Fct-met-simpson-statue-university-chicago-20171121-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgiana+Simpson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-May-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-May_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay2012" class="citation book cs1">May, Vivian M. (2012). <i>Anna Julia Cooper, Visionary Black Feminist: A Critical Introduction</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 18, 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-91155-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-91155-3"><bdi>978-1-135-91155-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anna+Julia+Cooper%2C+Visionary+Black+Feminist%3A+A+Critical+Introduction&rft.pages=18%2C+192&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-135-91155-3&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Vivian+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgiana+Simpson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeta2017" class="citation web cs1">Beta (March 8, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/100064624274409/posts/757810407719634/">"Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated Beta Chapter"</a>. <i>Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated Beta Chapter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alpha+Kappa+Alpha+Sorority%2C+Incorporated+Beta+Chapter&rft.atitle=Alpha+Kappa+Alpha+Sorority%2C+Incorporated+Beta+Chapter&rft.date=2017-03-08&rft.au=Beta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2F100064624274409%2Fposts%2F757810407719634%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgiana+Simpson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2010" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Joan Marie (2010). <i>Southern Women at the Seven Sister Colleges: Feminist Values and Social Activism, 1875–1915</i>. University of Georgia Press. pp. 104–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3468-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3468-4"><bdi>978-0-8203-3468-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Women+at+the+Seven+Sister+Colleges%3A+Feminist+Values+and+Social+Activism%2C+1875%E2%80%931915&rft.pages=104-105&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-3468-4&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Joan+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgiana+Simpson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCRC2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SCRC2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCRC2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/webexhibits/IntegratingTheLifeOfTheMind/SocialQuestionRoundOne.html">"The Social Question – Round One"</a>. <i>Integrating the Life of the Mind: African Americans at the University of Chicago 1870–1940</i>. Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Integrating+the+Life+of+the+Mind%3A+African+Americans+at+the+University+of+Chicago+1870%E2%80%931940.&rft.atitle=The+Social+Question+%E2%80%93+Round+One&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.uchicago.edu%2Fe%2Fwebexhibits%2FIntegratingTheLifeOfTheMind%2FSocialQuestionRoundOne.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgiana+Simpson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Potter-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Potter_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2014" class="citation book cs1">Potter, Joan (2014). <i>African American Firsts: Famous, Little-known and Unsung Triumphs of Blacks in America</i> (Fourth edition ; fully revised and updated. ed.). Kensington Publishing Corp. pp. 40–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7582-9242-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7582-9242-1"><bdi>978-0-7582-9242-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+American+Firsts%3A+Famous%2C+Little-known+and+Unsung+Triumphs+of+Blacks+in+America&rft.pages=40-41&rft.edition=Fourth+edition+%3B+fully+revised+and+updated.&rft.pub=Kensington+Publishing+Corp.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7582-9242-1&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgiana+Simpson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gates2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gates2_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGatesWolf" class="citation web cs1">Gates, Henry Louis; Wolf, Julie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160222002503/http://www.theroot.com/articles/history/2015/03/_3_black_women_who_broke_barriers_in_academic_achievement.html">"Who Was the 1st Black Female Ph.D.?"</a>. <i>The Root</i>. Univision Communications. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theroot.com/articles/history/2015/03/_3_black_women_who_broke_barriers_in_academic_achievement.html">the original</a> on 22 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Root&rft.atitle=Who+Was+the+1st+Black+Female+Ph.D.%3F&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Henry+Louis&rft.au=Wolf%2C+Julie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theroot.com%2Farticles%2Fhistory%2F2015%2F03%2F_3_black_women_who_broke_barriers_in_academic_achievement.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgiana+Simpson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francille_Wilson" title="Francille Wilson">Wilson, Francille Rusan</a> (2006). <i>The segregated scholars: Black social scientists and the creation of Black labor studies, 1890–1950</i>. Charlottesville, VA: Univ. of Virginia Press. pp. 113, 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8139-2550-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8139-2550-9"><bdi>0-8139-2550-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+segregated+scholars%3A+Black+social+scientists+and+the+creation+of+Black+labor+studies%2C+1890%E2%80%931950&rft.place=Charlottesville%2C+VA&rft.pages=113%2C+210&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8139-2550-9&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Francille+Rusan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgiana+Simpson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UMass-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UMass_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mums312-b080-i250">"Letter from Georgiana R. Simpson to W. E. B. Du Bois, March 26, 1936"</a>. <i>Special Collections and University Archives</i>. University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Special+Collections+and+University+Archives&rft.atitle=Letter+from+Georgiana+R.+Simpson+to+W.+E.+B.+Du+Bois%2C+March+26%2C+1936&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcredo.library.umass.edu%2Fview%2Ffull%2Fmums312-b080-i250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgiana+Simpson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.uchicago.edu/story/100-years-ago-georgiana-simpson-made-history-first-black-woman-graduate-phd">"100 years ago, Georgiana Simpson made history as the first Black woman to graduate with a Ph.D. | University of Chicago News"</a>. <i>news.uchicago.edu</i>. 2021-06-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=100+years+ago%2C+Georgiana+Simpson+made+history+as+the+first+Black+woman+to+graduate+with+a+Ph.D.+%7C+University+of+Chicago+News&rft.date=2021-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.uchicago.edu%2Fstory%2F100-years-ago-georgiana-simpson-made-history-first-black-woman-graduate-phd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgiana+Simpson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1010220402">"Biographical Sketch of Georgia Rose Simpson, 1864-1944"</a>. <i>Alexander Street</i>. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alexander+Street&rft.atitle=Biographical+Sketch+of+Georgia+Rose+Simpson%2C+1864-1944&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments.alexanderstreet.com%2Fd%2F1010220402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgiana+Simpson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/210808853">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Simpson, Georgiana R. 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