CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Wangerooge Frisian - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"7b5fa348-52b5-41ec-9763-4fc23b02150b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Wangerooge_Frisian","wgTitle":"Wangerooge Frisian","wgCurRevisionId":1282787165,"wgRevisionId":1282787165,"wgArticleId":24112657,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages with plain IPA","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use American English from March 2025","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Languages without Glottolog code","Language articles with unreferenced extinction date","Articles containing German-language text","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Articles containing Saterland Frisian-language text","Articles containing Old Frisian-language text","CS1 interwiki-linked names","CS1 Danish-language sources (da)","CS1 Western Frisian-language sources (fy)","CS1 German-language sources (de)","East Frisian language","Extinct languages of Europe","Extinct Germanic languages","Wangerooge"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Wangerooge_Frisian","wgRelevantArticleId":24112657,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q489819","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/ASKEN1AB.JPG/1200px-ASKEN1AB.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="896"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/ASKEN1AB.JPG/960px-ASKEN1AB.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="597"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="478"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Wangerooge Frisian - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangerooge_Frisian"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Wangerooge_Frisian&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangerooge_Frisian"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Wangerooge_Frisian rootpage-Wangerooge_Frisian skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Wangerooge+Frisian" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Wangerooge+Frisian" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Wangerooge+Frisian" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Wangerooge+Frisian" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Documentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary_and_syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary_and_syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vocabulary and syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary_and_syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wangerooge Frisian</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangerooger_Friesisch" title="Wangerooger Friesisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wangerooger Friesisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangereagersk" title="Wangereagersk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wangereagersk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Frisia_Wangerooge" title="Bahasa Frisia Wangerooge – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Frisia Wangerooge" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangeroogs" title="Wangeroogs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wangeroogs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangeroogs" title="Wangeroogs – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Wangeroogs" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangeroogs" title="Wangeroogs – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wangeroogs" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangerooger_Freesch" title="Wangerooger Freesch – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Wangerooger Freesch" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Вангерогский диалект – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вангерогский диалект" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangeroogisk" title="Wangeroogisk – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Wangeroogisk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisk_n_Vangrug" title="Frisk n Vangrug – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Frisk n Vangrug" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q489819#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wangerooge_Frisian" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Wangerooge_Frisian" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wangerooge_Frisian"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangerooge_Frisian&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangerooge_Frisian&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wangerooge_Frisian"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangerooge_Frisian&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangerooge_Frisian&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Wangerooge_Frisian" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Wangerooge_Frisian" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangerooge_Frisian&oldid=1282787165" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangerooge_Frisian&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Wangerooge_Frisian&id=1282787165&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWangerooge_Frisian"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWangerooge_Frisian"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Wangerooge_Frisian&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangerooge_Frisian&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q489819" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extinct East Frisian variety</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Wangerooge Frisian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ASKEN1AB.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An open book with serif font" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/ASKEN1AB.JPG/250px-ASKEN1AB.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/ASKEN1AB.JPG/330px-ASKEN1AB.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/ASKEN1AB.JPG/500px-ASKEN1AB.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2308" data-file-height="1723" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">A text in Wangerooge Frisian from Ehrentraut's 1854 publication</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Wangerooge" title="Wangerooge">Wangerooge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/East_Frisians" title="East Frisians">East Frisians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1950</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a>?<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Weser<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Wangerooge Frisian</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/wgf" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:wgf">wgf</a></code> (rejected in 2022)<sup id="cite_ref-ISO_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Wadden_-_Wangerooge.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Wadden_-_Wangerooge.PNG/250px-Wadden_-_Wangerooge.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Wadden_-_Wangerooge.PNG/500px-Wadden_-_Wangerooge.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="512" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wangerooge" title="Wangerooge">Wangerooge</a> marked in red in the <a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Wangerooge Frisian</b>, also known as <b>Wangeroogic</b> or <b>Wangeroogish</b>, is an extinct variety of the <a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian language</a>, formerly spoken on the <a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="East Frisian Island">East Frisian Island</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wangerooge" title="Wangerooge">Wangerooge</a>. Descended from the Weser subdialect of <a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a>, it flourished on the island until <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Year%27s_Flood_of_1855&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Year's Flood of 1855 (page does not exist)">a massive storm</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neujahrsflut_von_1855" class="extiw" title="de:Neujahrsflut von 1855">de</a>]</span> struck during the winter of 1854–1855, causing the inhabitants to flee to the mainland near <a href="/wiki/Varel" title="Varel">Varel</a>. Following the rebuilding of the island a few years later under the administration of the city of <a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a>, Wangerooge was flooded with non-Frisian speakers and the population who had fled the island adopted the languages native to the mainland. The last two speakers died in 1950 in Varel. </p><p>Research on the dialect began as early as 1799, but Wangerooge Frisian remains well-attested largely due to the later efforts of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Georg_Ehrentraut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Georg Ehrentraut (page does not exist)">Heinrich Georg Ehrentraut</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Georg_Ehrentraut" class="extiw" title="de:Heinrich Georg Ehrentraut">de</a>]</span>, a German <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurist</a>, between 1837 and 1841. Along with his main <a href="/wiki/Informant_(linguistics)" title="Informant (linguistics)">informant</a> Anna Metta Claßen, Ehrentraut analyzed the dialect and compiled an extensive corpus with speakers in the first half of the 1800s, originally published in two volumes of a short-lived <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journal</a>; a third volume was published in 1996 using Ehrentraut's <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Nachla%C3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Nachlaß">Nachlaß</a></i></span>. Modern attention has been paid to Wangerooge Frisian for its preservation of archaic phonological phenomena, its unique phonology among <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>, and its <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_innovation" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic innovation">linguistic innovations</a> over time. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangerooge_Frisian&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangerooge_Frisian&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian#Classification" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian § Classification</a></div> <p>Wangerooge Frisian was a variety of the <a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian language</a> once spoken on <a href="/wiki/Wangerooge" title="Wangerooge">Wangerooge</a>, an island in the <a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether it is a dialect of a larger East Frisian language or forms a separate language within a larger East Frisian language family is the subject of scholarly debate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a77_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a77-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch Frisian scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arjen_Versloot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arjen Versloot (page does not exist)">Arjen Versloot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjen_Versloot" class="extiw" title="fy:Arjen Versloot">fy</a>]</span> has argued that based on the evidence, it is likely that the difference between Wangerooge and <a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a> – the only living East Frisian language – was at least <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Danish,_Norwegian_and_Swedish" title="Comparison of Danish, Norwegian and Swedish">as divergent as the Mainland Scandinavian languages are from one another</a>, "if not more so".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a77–78_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a77–78-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wangerooge Frisian is descended from the eastern <a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a> dialect now known as Old Weser Frisian, the language of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%BCstring_Manuscripts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rüstring Manuscripts (page does not exist)">Rüstring Manuscripts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is closely related to the other two descendants of Old Weser Frisian, <a href="/wiki/Wursten_Frisian" title="Wursten Frisian">Wursten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harlingerland_Frisian" title="Harlingerland Frisian">Harlingerland Frisian</a>, both of which are also now extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremmer2009111_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremmer2009111-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinter20226_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter20226-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether the language of the Rüstring Manuscripts is the direct ancestor of Wangerooge and Wursten Frisian is the matter of some scholarly debate; Patrick Stiles argues that the language of the manuscripts is extremely close phylogenetically, but not the parent language, whereas Bremmer describes Wangerooge and Wursten Frisian as descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremmer2009111_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremmer2009111-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStiles2008176–177_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStiles2008176–177-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wangerooge Frisian is considered to be among the most <a href="/wiki/Conservative_and_innovative_language" title="Conservative and innovative language">conservative forms</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerslootAdamczyk201827_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerslootAdamczyk201827-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among several Frisian languages and dialects, English, and <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>, it shows the highest percentage of archaic features and is second-highest in irregular forms, including innovative and conservative irregularities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerslootAdamczyk201846–47_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerslootAdamczyk201846–47-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documentation">Documentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangerooge_Frisian&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Documentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:202px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Enno_Littmann_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A thin-bearded man with small, round glasses in a pale suit and a rather tall hat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Enno_Littmann_%28cropped%29.JPG/250px-Enno_Littmann_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="137" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Enno_Littmann_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-Enno_Littmann_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:202px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodor_Siebs_(1922).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A dark-bearded man in a dark suit sitting in a chair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Theodor_Siebs_%281922%29.jpg/250px-Theodor_Siebs_%281922%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Theodor_Siebs_%281922%29.jpg/330px-Theodor_Siebs_%281922%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="634" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Enno_Littmann" title="Enno Littmann">Enno Littmann</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Siebs" title="Theodor Siebs">Theodor Siebs</a> both published data on Wangerooge Frisian in the 1920s.</div></div></div></div> <p>The earliest documentation of Wangerooge Frisian was done by the German naturalist <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Jasper_Seetzen" title="Ulrich Jasper Seetzen">Ulrich Jasper Seetzen</a>, who visited the island in 1799.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001423_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001423-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly thereafter during the winter of 1806–1807, <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Oken" title="Lorenz Oken">Lorenz Oken</a>, another German naturalist, followed suit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202450_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen202450-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time at the beginning of the 19th century, there were around two hundred speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202342_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen202342-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dialect of Wangerooge is well-attested, largely due to the efforts of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Georg_Ehrentraut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Georg Ehrentraut (page does not exist)">Heinrich Georg Ehrentraut</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Georg_Ehrentraut" class="extiw" title="de:Heinrich Georg Ehrentraut">de</a>]</span>, a German <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurist</a> from <a href="/wiki/Jever" title="Jever">Jever</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of his collection comprises <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographic works</a>, and texts about life on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a78_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a78-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the help of his principal <a href="/wiki/Informant_(linguistics)" title="Informant (linguistics)">informant</a> Anna Metta Claßen, an elderly Wangerooge native, Ehrentraut published most of his work on the dialect in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Friesisches Archiv</i></span> ('Frisian Archive'), his briefly-published <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journal</a> which saw only two volumes, one in 1849 and one in 1854, though his <a href="/wiki/Fieldwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Fieldwork">fieldwork</a> took place on four expeditions between 1837 and 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the recorded materials from these trips were of Claßen's speech.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a86_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a86-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, Versloot was able to publish the rest of Ehrentraut's documentation after he gained access to his <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Nachla%C3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Nachlaß">Nachlaß</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStiles2022369_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStiles2022369-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ehrentraut's work comprises the majority of the extant corpora.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202450_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen202450-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStiles2008177_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStiles2008177-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only a few sources were collected in the 19th century after Ehrentraut's expeditions. Among them are a handful of collected texts published in a compendium published in 1854 and a translation of the <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Prodigal_Son" title="Parable of the Prodigal Son">Parable of the Prodigal Son</a> published twenty years later. In the 1920s, <a href="/wiki/Enno_Littmann" title="Enno Littmann">Enno Littmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Siebs" title="Theodor Siebs">Theodor Siebs</a> published some data on Wangerooge Frisian, though the data collection took place in or around 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a78_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a78-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Littmann, however, actively edited the speech of his informants, some marked with brackets or comments while others are completely unmarked. For example, he repeatedly applies <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">siin</i></span>, the masculine possessive determiner, "against other information in [his] transcript", so it is unknown what term his informants actually used.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a84_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a84-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Ehrentraut may have introduced some effects of normalization, his work is generally considered to be the most reliable record.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a84_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a84-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Siebs captured several audio recordings in the 1920s as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a78_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a78-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1924 and 1925, the German linguist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Bremer_(linguist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Bremer (linguist) (page does not exist)">Otto Bremer</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Bremer" class="extiw" title="de:Otto Bremer">de</a>]</span> collected a series of sound recordings of the dialect too, though full transcriptions of these have not been published.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202460_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen202460-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A small corpus of Wangerooge Frisian documents published in the 1920s and 1930s by the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sipperverband der Alt-Wangerooger</i></span> ('Genealogical Society of Old Wangeroogers') was discovered through a digital search of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldenburg_State_Library&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oldenburg State Library (page does not exist)">Oldenburg State Library</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesbibliothek_Oldenburg" class="extiw" title="de:Landesbibliothek Oldenburg">de</a>]</span>. The corpus comprises the parts of the society's bulletin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202460_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen202460-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most notable among them is a birthday invitation given to the founder of the society – a schoolteacher named Otto Luths – by his aunt Louwine in 1934, which includes a German-language <a href="/wiki/Interlinear_gloss" title="Interlinear gloss">gloss</a> mostly likely provided by Otto himself.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The invitation has several noteworthy departures from the language recorded by Ehrentraut and others nearly a hundred years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202455–56_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen202455–56-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the term <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">bopp</i></span> is attested in the 19th-century source material as 'maternal aunt', but Louwine calls herself Otto's <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">bopp</i></span> despite being related to him through his father's line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202455_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen202455-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ehrentraut developed his own German-based orthography for Wangerooge Frisian, which marked long vowels with a <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a> diacritic and <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute</a>. In the 1874 corpus, the editor Johan Winkler was clearly influenced by Ehrentraut's earlier orthography, such as using <span class="nowrap">⟨ô<sub>e</sub>⟩</span> for the centering <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oːə̯/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this compendium departs by marking a subscript <i>r</i> for an unpronounced but historically-present <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span>, such as in <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">sjê<sub>r</sub>l</i></span> ('man') and <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">bê<sub>r</sub>n</i></span> ('child'); despite the orthographic representation, these words were pronounced as if they were spelled <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">sjêl</i></span> and <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">bên</i></span>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a83_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a83-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Versloot later modified Ehrentraut's orthography in 1996, marking long vowels by doubling them and marking stress with an acute; when a long vowel is stressed, the acute is marked on the first vowel in the duplication.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a79_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a79-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taken together, the entirety of the surviving texts number around 100,000 words in total with several thousand unique <a href="/wiki/Lexical_token" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical token">lexical tokens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a81_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a81-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many of the works are unique to Wangerooge Frisian, several others are translations from German, usually biblical texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a81–82_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a81–82-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangerooge_Frisian&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Friedrich_Voigt_Wangerooge_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A beachfront illustration from a perspective under an ornate canopy; in the distance are other buildings, small sand dunes, and boats, while in the foreground are men in suits with top hats, women in broad dresses, and children playing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Carl_Friedrich_Voigt_Wangerooge_001.jpg/220px-Carl_Friedrich_Voigt_Wangerooge_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Carl_Friedrich_Voigt_Wangerooge_001.jpg/330px-Carl_Friedrich_Voigt_Wangerooge_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Carl_Friedrich_Voigt_Wangerooge_001.jpg/440px-Carl_Friedrich_Voigt_Wangerooge_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1353" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of life on Wangerooge about thirteen years before the New Year's Flood that devastated the island in 1855</figcaption></figure> <p>Although well-documented, the dialect is now extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1854, Wangerooge had a population of about 400, but a devastating storm – now known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Year%27s_Flood_of_1855&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Year's Flood of 1855 (page does not exist)">New Year's Flood of 1855</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neujahrsflut_von_1855" class="extiw" title="de:Neujahrsflut von 1855">de</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Neujahrsflut von 1855</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202450_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen202450-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – struck the western side of the island between Christmas and New Year's Eve.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001423_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001423-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A storm surge on New Year's Eve that continued into the following day destroyed significant portions of the island's only village and by 1861, the island's population dwindled to only 86 residents.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a> government's rebuilding of the island in 1863, speakers of other languages began to outnumber the native Frisian-speaking population, who stopped passing it on to their children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001423_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001423-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the island's inhabitants later moved to a small community outside of <a href="/wiki/Varel" title="Varel">Varel</a> which they called "New Wangerooge" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Neu-Wangerooge</i></span>), but they soon adopted the local <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> spoken in the area and the national language, <a href="/wiki/Standard_High_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard High German">High German</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoekstra202399_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoekstra202399-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202450_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen202450-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1890, the German census only counted thirty-two speakers while around ten years later, Siebs reported thirty-six, though they could "no longer [speak] completely clearly"; these thirty-six are considered to have been <a href="/wiki/Speaker_types#Semi-speakers" title="Speaker types">semi-speakers</a>. When he traveled to Varel in 1927, their number had shrunk to seven elderly speakers around eighty or older.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last person known to have spoken Wangerooge Frisian died in 1950 in Varel.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two last speakers of the dialect were Heinrich Christian Luths and Hayo Hayen, who both died the same year, though they were likely <a href="/wiki/Speaker_types#Rememberers" title="Speaker types">rememberers</a> or semi-speakers rather than fluent speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202450_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen202450-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangerooge_Frisian&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangerooge_Frisian&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Short vowels<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Near-front </th> <th rowspan="2">Central </th> <th rowspan="2">Back </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Unrounded vowel">unrounded</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rounded vowel">rounded</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Close </th> <td>i </td> <td>y </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <th>Near-close </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ɪ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Close-mid </th> <td>ɛ </td> <td>ø </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mid </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Open-mid </th> <td> </td> <td>œ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ɔ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Low </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>a </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Long vowels<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Near-front </th> <th rowspan="2">Central </th> <th rowspan="2">Back </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Unrounded vowel">unrounded</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rounded vowel">rounded</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Close </th> <td>iː </td> <td>(yː) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>uː </td></tr> <tr> <th>Near-close </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ɪː </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Close-mid </th> <td>ɛː </td> <td>øː </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>oː </td></tr> <tr> <th>Open-mid </th> <td> </td> <td>œː </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ɔː </td></tr> <tr> <th>Low </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ɑː </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ehrentraut mentions in his work that /a/ and /ɛ/ both had long forms based on their stress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This vowel length system appears to have been attested by other researchers operating around the same time as Ehrentraut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dialect's short <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> were /ai/, /au/, /oi/,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> /ou/, and /ju/; its long diphthongs were /oːi/, /joː/, and /juː/.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phonemes /œ/ and /œː/ were probably loan phonemes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, the Old Frisian diphthongs <span title="Old Frisian-language text"><i lang="ofs">iā</i></span> and <span title="Old Frisian-language text"><i lang="ofs">iū</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Merger_(phonology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Merger (phonology)">merged</a> after <a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid consonants">liquids</a> in Wangerlooge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2022402_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersloot2022402-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Wurster Frisian had a stronger tendency towards <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>, the Wangerlooge dialect also exhibits some of the characteristics; both regressive harmony from the word-final vowel and progressive harmony from the root vowel are attested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaltings202295–96_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaltings202295–96-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other Weser Frisian dialects, final /i/, /u/, and /o/ did not neutralize to <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> in coda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaltings202296_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaltings202296-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To what extent /y/ existed alongside /y:/ remains unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1932, the Swedish Germanicist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_L%C3%B6fstedt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Löfstedt (page does not exist)">Ernst Löfstedt</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_L%C3%B6fstedt" class="extiw" title="sv:Ernst Löfstedt">sv</a>]</span> published work which described the processes by which short vowels in the stem became long in Old Weser Frisian, now termed the "replicated <i>a</i>-umlaut". This process describes the lengthening of short <span title="Old Frisian-language text">*<i lang="ofs">i</i></span> and <span title="Old Frisian-language text">*<i lang="ofs">u</i></span> in open syllables in the word stem as long as the following vowel was not <span title="Old Frisian-language text">*<i lang="ofs">a</i></span>; some instances of the resulting long <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">i</i></span> were later rounded in Wangerooge Frisian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStiles2008177_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStiles2008177-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before <span title="Old Frisian-language text">*<i lang="ofs">a</i></span>, these vowels underwent a <a href="/wiki/Phonological_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonological merger">phonological merger</a> with <span title="Old Frisian-language text">*<i lang="ofs">e</i></span> and <span title="Old Frisian-language text">*<i lang="ofs">o</i></span>, respectively. Examples of this process include <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">wüüduu</i></span> ('widow') as compared with <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">wükke</i></span> ('weeks'), where the final <span title="Old Frisian-language text"><i lang="ofs">e</i></span> represents a historical <span title="Old Frisian-language text">*<i lang="ofs">a</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStiles2008177_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStiles2008177-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At an earlier point in Wangerooge Frisian, known as Old Wangeroogic, final <span title="Old Frisian-language text">*<i lang="ofs">i</i></span> and <span title="Old Frisian-language text">*<i lang="ofs">u</i></span> were lengthened following historically light syllables, explaining the long <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">u</i></span> at the end of <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">wüüduu</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStiles2008178_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStiles2008178-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Old Wangeroogic also experienced a shift from <span title="Old Frisian-language text">*<i lang="ofs">e</i></span> to long <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">i</i></span> in coda as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStiles2008182_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStiles2008182-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is unclear precisely under what circumstances Wangerooge Frisian vowels underwent rounding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStiles2008183_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStiles2008183-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears that the vowels were rounded if the following vowel was rounded – such as <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">wüüduu</i></span> as compared to <span title="Old Frisian-language text"><i lang="ofs">widue</i></span>, the form found in the Rüstring Manuscripts – and in contexts where the vowel was adjacent to a labial, such as in <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">püüper</i></span> ('pepper') from Old East Frisian <span title="Old Frisian-language text"><i lang="ofs">piper</i></span>, or a liquid consonant, as in <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">pürre</i></span> from an earlier unattested <span title="Old Frisian-language text">*<i lang="ofs">pera</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStiles2008183_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStiles2008183-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blocking probably occurred if a long <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">i</i></span> is found in the following syllable, as in <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">ipiin</i></span> ('open').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStiles2008183_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStiles2008183-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangerooge_Frisian&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Consonants<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labiodental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental trill">r̪</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The consonantal makeup of Wangerooge Frisian is unique in the family in several ways. For one, the rhotic sound was apical instead of alveolar; although this was once common, it is rare among <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> today. Similarly, the dialect has a complete absence of word-initial voiced fricatives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001424–425_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001424–425-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike other Germanic languages, Wangerooge Frisian did not undergo <a href="/wiki/Final-obstruent_devoicing" title="Final-obstruent devoicing">final-obstruent devoicing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425_22-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cluster <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hw/</span> was simplified from Old Frisian to a simple <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>, as in <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">woo</i></span> ('who') from Old Frisian <span title="Old Frisian-language text"><i lang="ofs">hwa</i></span> attested in the Rüstring Manscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425_22-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the distribution of dental fricatives was predetermined by position in Old Frisian, the elision of some sounds during the development of the Wangerooge dialect allowed the voiced phoneme to be pronounced in different positions than in earlier forms of the language, namely in word-final position. Based on this historical <a href="/wiki/Apocope" title="Apocope">apocope</a>, this only occurred after long vowels and <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>, such as in <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">sjoo<sub>e</sub>ð</i></span> ('to cook') and <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">miið</i></span> ('to avoid'), respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425_22-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As early as Oken's 1806 visit, the <a href="/wiki/Dental_fricative" title="Dental fricative">dental fricatives</a> began to collapse into <a href="/wiki/Dental_stop" title="Dental stop">dental stops</a>, which continued to at least until Ehrentraut's journeys during the first half of the 19th century. Oken described the sound as similar – but not identical – to "the English tongue-thrust <i>th</i><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">den englischen Zungenstoß <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049405">.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}</style><span class="noitalic">th</span></i>) and stated that not everyone he studied could pronounce the fricative as such.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202456_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen202456-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some instances, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ð/</span> became <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span>. The phonemes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/g/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> all had <a href="/wiki/Geminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminate">geminate</a> forms and it is likely that the same is true for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span>. It is unlikely <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ð/</span> had a geminate form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425_22-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Old Weser Frisian underwent a process of "<a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian#Old_Weser_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">vowel balance</a>", whereby certain vowels were found at the end of words based on the internal structure of the preceding syllable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinter20226_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter20226-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremmer2009112_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremmer2009112-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process affected the stress pattern of both the Wangerooge and Wursten dialects which are descended from it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremmer2009112_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremmer2009112-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A characteristic of the history of Wangerooge Frisian is the <a href="/wiki/Excrescence_(phonology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excrescence (phonology)">excrescence</a> of <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">r</i></span> following a <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> flanked by dental stops or a voiced dental fricative in syllabic <a href="/wiki/Coda_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coda (linguistics)">coda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoekstra199826_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoekstra199826-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by the time of Ehrentraut, this sound change had been largely reanalyzed through other processes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoekstra199846_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoekstra199846-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This insertion also sometimes occurred in contexts in which the schwa was flanked by /n/, such as in the phrase <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">in 'er nacht</i></span>, where the expected form is <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text">*<i lang="stq">in 'e nacht</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoekstra2023104_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoekstra2023104-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangerooge_Frisian&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Morphologically, Wangerooge Frisian distinguished between two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">numbers</a> (singular and plural) and three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical genders</a> (masculine, feminine, and neuter).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a79_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a79-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While gender is not interpretable from the noun itself, it is marked by the use of other syntactic markers such as <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite articles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstratives</a>, adjectives, <a href="/wiki/Anaphoric_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaphoric pronoun">anaphoric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Possessive_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive pronoun">possessive pronouns</a>, and numerals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a79_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a79-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gender was not distinguishable in the plural with the use of articles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a79_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a79-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wangerooge Frisian preserved some archaic <i>i</i>-mutations which were leveled in other Germanic languages, such as <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">kiier</i></span> 'cows' which can be compared with the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> form <i>kine</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerslootAdamczyk201829_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerslootAdamczyk201829-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, the dialect also experienced some <i>i</i>-mutation leveling that did not occur in other, more innovative languages, such as pluralizing <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">goos</i></span> ('goose') as <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">gooz</i></span> from an earlier <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">gooze</i></span> form; this form is irregular, but an innovated form as the expected outcome would be <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text">*<i lang="stq">goos</i></span> or <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text">*<i lang="stq">goosen</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerslootAdamczyk201843_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerslootAdamczyk201843-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pluralizing suffix <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">-er</i></span> was later extended to nouns which denoted livestock and household members. This included works like <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">kiier</i></span> from the original suffixless Old Frisian term <span title="Old Frisian-language text"><i lang="ofs">kī</i></span>, as well as others such as <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">laumer</i></span> ('lambs'), <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">hingster</i></span> ('horses'), <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">wüüfer</i></span> ('wives'), and possibly <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">ooiier</i></span> ('eggs').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerslootAdamczyk201850_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerslootAdamczyk201850-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary_and_syntax">Vocabulary and syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangerooge_Frisian&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vocabulary and syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the relative isolation of the island, terminology was influenced by the mainland. Terms like <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">gefallen</i></span> were borrowed directly from German ('to appeal to'), while others like <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">var langerer tid</i></span>, were <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calqued</a> instead (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">vor längerer Zeit</i></span> 'a long time ago').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202456–57_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen202456–57-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dialect also experienced semantic influence from German. The term <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">onlidder</i></span> ('to invite'), for example, originally meant 'to load' (as a ship or a gun), but <a href="/wiki/Analogical_change#Contamination" title="Analogical change">semantic contamination</a> from German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">laden</i></span> ('to invite') appears to have <a href="/wiki/Semantic_change" title="Semantic change">shifted the meaning</a>, as demonstrated in Louwine Luths's birthday invitation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202456_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen202456-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dialect experienced some innovation over the course of its existence. The term <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">huskoep</i></span> ('house purchase'), composed of <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">huus</i></span> ('house') and <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">koo<sub>e</sub>p</i></span> ('purchase'), is not found as a compound in the Ehrentraut corpora.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202456,_59_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen202456,_59-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some verbs were displaced, such as Old Frisian <span title="Old Frisian-language text"><i lang="ofs">ieva</i></span> ('to give'), which remained only in a few <a href="/wiki/Fossilization_(linguistics)" title="Fossilization (linguistics)">fossilized</a> phrases (<span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">too hoo<sub>e</sub>p gívve</i></span> 'to unite in matrimony', <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">to give together</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) and affixed terms (<span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">fargívve</i></span> 'to forgive').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoekstra2023140_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoekstra2023140-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other verbs had suppletive forms, such as <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">sjoo</i></span> ('to see'), which had the suppletive past tense and past participle form (<span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">blauket</i></span>) taken from the otherwise unattested word <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text">*<i lang="stq">biilauk</i></span> ('to watch', <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">to belook</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoekstra2023140_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoekstra2023140-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These suppletive forms were more common in the East Frisian dialects than in any of the other Frisian dialects or Germanic languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoekstra2023140_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoekstra2023140-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">heit</i></span>, originally meaning 'to be called',<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was <a href="/wiki/Grammaticalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammaticalized">grammaticalized</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copula</a> and is well-attested in Ehrentraut's corpus. Shortly thereafter, this grammaticalization halted and began to completely reverse; there are no attested uses of the copular <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">heit</i></span> beginning in the second half of the 19th century and onward, despite there being over a hundred such examples in Ehrentraut's records.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoekstra202399–100_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoekstra202399–100-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the period in which <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">heit</i></span> was used as a copula, it retained its use as a verb meaning 'to be called', as attested in the following example from Ehrentraut's corpus:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoekstra2023100_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoekstra2023100-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(a)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Dan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">the</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">junġst</p><p style="margin: 0px;">youngest</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">deerfón</p><p style="margin: 0px;">thereof</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">that one</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>hat</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>is</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">'n</p><p style="margin: 0px;">a</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gansen</p><p style="margin: 0px;">very</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">grúundúumën,</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ground stupid one,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">that one</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>hat</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>is called</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Hans.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Hans.</p></div><p style="display: none;">Dan junġst deerfón dan <b>hat</b> 'n gansen grúundúumën, dan <b>hat</b> Hans.</p><p style="display: none;">the youngest thereof {that one} <b>is</b> a very {ground stupid one}, {that one} {<b>is called</b>} Hans.</p><p style="clear: left;">'The youngest of them, he is a very stupid fellow; he is called Hans.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The use of <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">heit</i></span> was common, but is nearly always only found in the third-person singular present context as <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">hat</i></span>. In other grammatical contexts, the original copula <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">wízze</i></span> ('to be') was used.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoekstra2023110_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoekstra2023110-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Old Frisian almost always required a <a href="/wiki/Dummy_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Dummy subject">dummy subject</a>, Wangerooge Frisian exhibits a <a href="/wiki/Pro-drop" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-drop">pro-drop</a> tendency; the <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstrative</a> <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">dait</i></span>, for example, is dropped before <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">heit</i></span> a little more than fifty percent of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(b)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;">[he]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Hat</p><p style="margin: 0px;">is</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">liifháftiig</p><p style="margin: 0px;">incarnate</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">der</p><p style="margin: 0px;">the</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">düüvel.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">devil</p></div><p style="display: none;">{} Hat liifháftiig der düüvel.</p><p style="display: none;">[he] is incarnate the devil</p><p style="clear: left;">'He is the devil incarnate.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Like other <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>, Wangerooge Frisian exhibited qualities of a <a href="/wiki/Verb-second_word_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb-second word order">verb-second word order</a>. It only appears to have followed this word order in <a href="/wiki/Complement_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Complement clause">complement clauses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202340_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen202340-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example is given below, where the brackets indicate a complement clause.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202341_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen202341-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(c)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Nu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">now</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">qua</p><p style="margin: 0px;">say.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jen</p><p style="margin: 0px;">toward</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sin</p><p style="margin: 0px;">his</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wüüf,</p><p style="margin: 0px;">wife</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[dat</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[that</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wul</p><p style="margin: 0px;">want.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">him</p><p style="margin: 0px;">him</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">úpmacki].</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="infinitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INF</abbr>]</p></div><p style="display: none;">Nu qua hi jen sin wüüf, [dat hi wul him úpmacki].</p><p style="display: none;">now say.3SG he toward his wife [that he want.3SG him go.INF]</p><p style="clear: left;">'Now he tells his wife that he wants to leave.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Wangerooge Frisian distinguished between two kinds of definite articles, a strong and a weak form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a71_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a71-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The forms are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a79_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a79-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Strong </th> <th>Weak </th></tr> <tr> <th>Neuter </th> <td><span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">dait</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">'t</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Feminine </th> <td><span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">djuu</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">de</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Masculine </th> <td><span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">dan</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Plural </th> <td><span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">daa</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The word <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">det</i></span> was an alternative form of the weak neuter definite article. It appears to have been interchangeable with the <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">'t</i></span> form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a79_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a79-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternate forms include <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">d'</i></span>, <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">'e</i></span>, <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">'er</i></span>, <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">der</i></span>. The form <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">'er</i></span> was a possible <a href="/wiki/Allomorph" title="Allomorph">allomorph</a> of <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">'e</i></span> before dental stops; <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">der</i></span> was similarly allomorphic before dental stops where <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">de</i></span> and <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">d'</i></span> are otherwise expected. The reduction may also occur after certain prepositions, as exemplified below:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a79–80_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a79–80-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(d)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Nuu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">now</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">laítert</p><p style="margin: 0px;">let.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yaa</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hírii</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, feminine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3F</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="oblique case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OBL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">iin</p><p style="margin: 0px;">home</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hállii</p><p style="margin: 0px;">fetch.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="infinitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">uut</p><p style="margin: 0px;">from</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">'er</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="weak definite article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">WDEF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tuun.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">church</p></div><p style="display: none;">Nuu laítert yaa hírii iin hállii uut 'er tuun.</p><p style="display: none;">now let.PL 3PL 3F.OBL home fetch.INF from <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="weak definite article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">WDEF</abbr> church</p><p style="clear: left;">'Now they have her brought home from the church.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The difference between the strong and weak forms of the definite article had syntactic and semantic functions. The strong forms were used in common in anaphoric contexts, expressions of time, and most contexts in which an unfamiliar referent is mentioned. Below is an example of an anaphoric context:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a89_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a89-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(e)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Deer</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="expletive/dummy" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EXPL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">licht</p><p style="margin: 0px;">lie.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">'n</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="indefinite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INDF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gróo<sub>e</sub>t-en</p><p style="margin: 0px;">big.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="indefinite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INDF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">riiz</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ogre</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">far</p><p style="margin: 0px;">before</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dan</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="strong definite article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SDEF</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">barg,</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mountain</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">deer</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="relative(izer)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>dan</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="strong definite article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SDEF</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>riiz</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>ogre</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">uurwin</p><p style="margin: 0px;">defeat.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="infinitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kan,</p><p style="margin: 0px;">can.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dee</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="relative(izer)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kricht</p><p style="margin: 0px;">get.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">djuu</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="strong definite article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SDEF</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">F</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">faun.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">girl</p></div><p style="display: none;">Deer licht 'n gróo<sub>e</sub>t-en riiz far dan barg, deer <b>dan</b> <b>riiz</b> uurwin kan, dee kricht djuu faun.</p><p style="display: none;">EXPL lie.3SG INDF big.M-INDF ogre before <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="strong definite article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SDEF</abbr>.M mountain REL <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="strong definite article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SDEF</abbr>.M <b>ogre</b> defeat.INF can.3SG REL get.3SG <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="strong definite article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SDEF</abbr>.F girl</p><p style="clear: left;">'There is a big ogre lying in front of the mountain, whoever can defeat the ogre will get the girl.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The weak forms were found in <a href="/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">proper nouns</a>, such as <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">de Turkíi</i></span> ('<a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>') and <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">de Tääms</i></span> ('the <a href="/wiki/Thames" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames">Thames</a>'), and in generic references, as in <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">un daa farkóo<sub>e</sub>pet yaa him an <b>de</b> fránsmon</i></span> ('and then they sell him to <b>the</b> French').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a89_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a89-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Superlative" class="mw-redirect" title="Superlative">Superlative</a> forms could be weak (<span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq"><b>de</b> állersómst síi<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">th</span>en klóo<sub>e</sub>der</i></span> '<b>the</b> nicest silk clothes') or strong (<span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq"><b>dait</b> naast weertshuus</i></span> '<b>the</b> nearest inn').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a89_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a89-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangerooge_Frisian&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frisia" title="Frisia">Frisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_Islands" title="Frisian Islands">Frisian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisians" title="East Frisians">East Frisians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangerooge_Frisian&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangerooge_Frisian&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregersen2024">Gregersen (2024)</a> states that in personal communication, he and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arjen_Versloot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arjen Versloot (page does not exist)">Arjen Versloot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjen_Versloot" class="extiw" title="fy:Arjen Versloot">fy</a>]</span> did not believe that transcriptions have been made.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202460_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen202460-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in <a href="#CITEREFVersloot2001">Versloot (2001)</a>, at least part of these recordings have been transcribed to describe long vowel behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVersloot2001">Versloot (2001)</a> describes this orthographic convention as the short diphthong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oi/</span> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This article uses the Versloot orthography for consistency.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregersen2024a">Gregersen (2024a)</a> describes this diphthong as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oːə̯/</span> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a83_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a83-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This term is cognate with German <i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hei%C3%9Fen#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:heißen">heißen</a></i> and Dutch <i lang="nl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heten#Dutch" class="extiw" title="wikt:heten">heten</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoekstra2023100_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoekstra2023100-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangerooge_Frisian&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ISO-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISO_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2021-007">"Change Request Documentation: 2021-007"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/SIL_International" class="mw-redirect" title="SIL International">SIL International</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIL+International&rft.atitle=Change+Request+Documentation%3A+2021-007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiso639-3.sil.org%2Frequest%2F2021-007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWangerooge+Frisian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBremmer2001">Bremmer 2001</a>, p. 7.</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHoekstra2023">Hoekstra 2023</a>, p. 99.</li><li><a href="#CITEREFWinter2022">Winter 2022</a>, p. 6.</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a77-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a77_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregersen2024a">Gregersen 2024a</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a77–78-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a77–78_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregersen2024a">Gregersen 2024a</a>, pp. 77–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHoekstra2023">Hoekstra 2023</a>, p. 99.</li><li><a href="#CITEREFStiles2022">Stiles 2022</a>, p. 369.</li><li><a href="#CITEREFVersloot2001">Versloot 2001</a>, p. 423.</li><li><a href="#CITEREFWinter2022">Winter 2022</a>, pp. 5–6</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremmer2009111-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremmer2009111_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremmer2009111_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBremmer2009">Bremmer 2009</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter20226-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinter20226_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinter20226_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinter2022">Winter 2022</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStiles2008176–177-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStiles2008176–177_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStiles2008">Stiles 2008</a>, pp. 176–177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerslootAdamczyk201827-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerslootAdamczyk201827_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerslootAdamczyk2018">Versloot & Adamczyk 2018</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerslootAdamczyk201846–47-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerslootAdamczyk201846–47_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerslootAdamczyk2018">Versloot & Adamczyk 2018</a>, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001423-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001423_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001423_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001423_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVersloot2001">Versloot 2001</a>, p. 423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen202450-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202450_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202450_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202450_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202450_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202450_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregersen2024">Gregersen 2024</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen202342-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202342_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregersen2023">Gregersen 2023</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFVersloot2001">Versloot 2001</a>, p. 423.</li><li><a href="#CITEREFStiles2022">Stiles 2022</a>, p. 369.</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGregersen2024">Gregersen 2024</a>, p. 49.</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a78-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a78_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a78_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a78_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregersen2024a">Gregersen 2024a</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;">For Claßen's role, see <a href="#CITEREFGregersen2024">Gregersen 2024</a>, p. 49.</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;">For Claßen's age and life, see <a href="#CITEREFGregersen2024a">Gregersen 2024a</a>, p. 78.</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;">For the years of Ehrentraut's fieldwork, see <a href="#CITEREFGregersen2024">Gregersen 2024</a>, p. 50.</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;">For the number of expeditions, see <a href="#CITEREFGregersen2024a">Gregersen 2024a</a>, p. 86.</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;">For everything else, see <a href="#CITEREFStiles2022">Stiles 2022</a>, p. 369, <a href="#CITEREFGregersen2024">Gregersen 2024</a>, p. 49, and <a href="#CITEREFVersloot2001">Versloot 2001</a>, p. 423.</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a86-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a86_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregersen2024a">Gregersen 2024a</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStiles2022369-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStiles2022369_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStiles2022">Stiles 2022</a>, p. 369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStiles2008177-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStiles2008177_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStiles2008177_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStiles2008177_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStiles2008">Stiles 2008</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a84-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a84_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a84_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregersen2024a">Gregersen 2024a</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen202460-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202460_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202460_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202460_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregersen2024">Gregersen 2024</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425_22-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425_22-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425_22-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425_22-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425_22-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425_22-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001425_22-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVersloot2001">Versloot 2001</a>, p. 425.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;">For Otto Luths as the founder of the society and his profession, see <a href="#CITEREFGregersen2024">Gregersen 2024</a>, p. 51.</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;">For the context of the invitation and Otto's provision of the gloss, see <a href="#CITEREFGregersen2024">Gregersen 2024</a>, p. 53.</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen202455–56-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202455–56_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregersen2024">Gregersen 2024</a>, pp. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen202455-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202455_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregersen2024">Gregersen 2024</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a83-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a83_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a83_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregersen2024a">Gregersen 2024a</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a79-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a79_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a79_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a79_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a79_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a79_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a79_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregersen2024a">Gregersen 2024a</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a81-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a81_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregersen2024a">Gregersen 2024a</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a81–82-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a81–82_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregersen2024a">Gregersen 2024a</a>, pp. 81–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFVersloot2001">Versloot 2001</a>, p. 423.</li><li><a href="#CITEREFStiles2022">Stiles 2022</a>, p. 369.</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBremmer2009">Bremmer 2009</a>, p. 111.</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHoekstra2023">Hoekstra 2023</a>, p. 98.</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;">For the storm surge, see <a href="#CITEREFHoekstra2023">Hoekstra 2023</a>, p. 99.</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;">For the population in 1861, see <a href="#CITEREFVersloot2001">Versloot 2001</a>, p. 423.</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoekstra202399-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoekstra202399_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoekstra2023">Hoekstra 2023</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;">For the 1890 German census and Siebs's 1927 trip, see <a href="#CITEREFGregersen2024">Gregersen 2024</a>, p. 50.</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;">For Siebs's trip around the turn of the 20th century and that the thirty-six reported were semi-speakers, see <a href="#CITEREFGregersen2023">Gregersen 2023</a>, p. 42.</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFVersloot2001">Versloot 2001</a>, p. 423.</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHoekstra2023">Hoekstra 2023</a>, p. 99.</li><li><a href="#CITEREFWinter2022">Winter 2022</a>, pp. 8–9.</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>For the schwa, see <a href="#CITEREFStiles2008">Stiles 2008</a>, p. 182.</li><li>For everything else, <a href="#CITEREFVersloot2001">Versloot 2001</a>, p. 425.</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersloot2022402-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2022402_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVersloot2022">Versloot 2022</a>, p. 402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaltings202295–96-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaltings202295–96_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaltings2022">Faltings 2022</a>, pp. 95–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaltings202296-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaltings202296_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaltings2022">Faltings 2022</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStiles2008178-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStiles2008178_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStiles2008">Stiles 2008</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStiles2008182-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStiles2008182_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStiles2008">Stiles 2008</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStiles2008183-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStiles2008183_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStiles2008183_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStiles2008183_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStiles2008">Stiles 2008</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001424–425-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersloot2001424–425_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVersloot2001">Versloot 2001</a>, pp. 424–425.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen202456-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202456_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202456_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregersen2024">Gregersen 2024</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremmer2009112-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremmer2009112_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremmer2009112_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBremmer2009">Bremmer 2009</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoekstra199826-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoekstra199826_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoekstra1998">Hoekstra 1998</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoekstra199846-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoekstra199846_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoekstra1998">Hoekstra 1998</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoekstra2023104-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoekstra2023104_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoekstra2023">Hoekstra 2023</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerslootAdamczyk201829-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerslootAdamczyk201829_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerslootAdamczyk2018">Versloot & Adamczyk 2018</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerslootAdamczyk201843-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerslootAdamczyk201843_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerslootAdamczyk2018">Versloot & Adamczyk 2018</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerslootAdamczyk201850-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerslootAdamczyk201850_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerslootAdamczyk2018">Versloot & Adamczyk 2018</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen202456–57-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202456–57_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregersen2024">Gregersen 2024</a>, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen202456,_59-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202456,_59_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregersen2024">Gregersen 2024</a>, pp. 56, 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoekstra2023140-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoekstra2023140_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoekstra2023140_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoekstra2023140_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoekstra2023">Hoekstra 2023</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoekstra2023100-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoekstra2023100_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoekstra2023100_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoekstra2023">Hoekstra 2023</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoekstra202399–100-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoekstra202399–100_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoekstra2023">Hoekstra 2023</a>, pp. 99–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoekstra2023110-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoekstra2023110_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoekstra2023">Hoekstra 2023</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;">For Old Frisian requiring dummy subjects, see <a href="#CITEREFde_Haan2010">de Haan 2010</a>, p. 53.</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;">For everything else, see <a href="#CITEREFHoekstra2023">Hoekstra 2023</a>, pp. 106–107.</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen202340-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202340_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregersen2023">Gregersen 2023</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen202341-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen202341_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregersen2023">Gregersen 2023</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a71-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a71_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregersen2024a">Gregersen 2024a</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a79–80-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a79–80_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregersen2024a">Gregersen 2024a</a>, pp. 79–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a89-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a89_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a89_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregersen2024a89_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregersen2024a">Gregersen 2024a</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangerooge_Frisian&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 50em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBremmer2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Bremmer" title="Rolf Bremmer">Bremmer, Jr, Rolf H.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uWYsSOp6g58C&pg=PA1"><i>An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary</i></a>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-9004-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-9004-5"><bdi>978-90-272-9004-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Old+Frisian%3A+History%2C+Grammar%2C+Reader%2C+Glossary&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-272-9004-5&rft.aulast=Bremmer%2C+Jr&rft.aufirst=Rolf+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuWYsSOp6g58C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWangerooge+Frisian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDammelEitelmannSchmuck2018" class="citation book cs1">Dammel, Antje; Eitelmann, Matthias; Schmuck, Mirjam, eds. (2018). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1075/slcs.203/html"><i>Reorganising Grammatical Variation: Diachronic studies in the retention, redistribution and refunctionalisation of linguistic variants</i></a></span>. Studies in Language Companion Series. Vol. 203. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fslcs.203">10.1075/slcs.203</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-6342-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-6342-1"><bdi>978-90-272-6342-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0165-7763">0165-7763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reorganising+Grammatical+Variation%3A+Diachronic+studies+in+the+retention%2C+redistribution+and+refunctionalisation+of+linguistic+variants&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Studies+in+Language+Companion+Series&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=0165-7763&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fslcs.203&rft.isbn=978-90-272-6342-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1075%2Fslcs.203%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWangerooge+Frisian" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><span id="CITEREFVerslootAdamczyk2018" class="citation"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjen_Versloot" class="extiw" title="fy:Arjen Versloot">Versloot, Arjen P.</a>; Adamczyk, Elżbieta. "Plural inflection in North Sea Germanic languages". In <a href="#CITEREFDammelEitelmannSchmuck2018">Dammel, Eitelmann & Schmuck (2018)</a>, pp. 17–56.</span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Haan2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name">de Haan, Germen J. (2010). <a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarich_Hoekstra" class="extiw" title="fy:Jarich Hoekstra">Hoekstra, Jarich</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Western Frisian]</span>; Visser, Willem; Jensma, Goffe (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wW_D3RxTQDkC"><i>Studies in West Frisian Grammar: Selected Papers</i></a>. Linguistics Aktuell. Vol. 161. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-8798-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-8798-4"><bdi>978-90-272-8798-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+West+Frisian+Grammar%3A+Selected+Papers&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Linguistics+Aktuell&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-272-8798-4&rft.aulast=de+Haan&rft.aufirst=Germen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwW_D3RxTQDkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWangerooge+Frisian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGregersen2023" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gregersen, Sune (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tidsskrift.dk/nfg/article/download/137952/184176">"Komplementsætninger med V2-ledstilling i wangeroogefrisisk"</a> [Complement clauses with V2-position in Wangerooge Frisian]. <i>Ny Forskning i Grammatik</i> (in Danish) (30): <span class="nowrap">40–</span>56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7146%2Fnfg.v1i30.137952">10.7146/nfg.v1i30.137952</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2446-1709">2446-1709</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ny+Forskning+i+Grammatik&rft.atitle=Komplements%C3%A6tninger+med+V2-ledstilling+i+wangeroogefrisisk&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7146%2Fnfg.v1i30.137952&rft.issn=2446-1709&rft.aulast=Gregersen&rft.aufirst=Sune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftidsskrift.dk%2Fnfg%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F137952%2F184176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWangerooge+Frisian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGregersen2024" class="citation journal cs1">Gregersen, Sune (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ugp.rug.nl/uswurk/article/download/42042/39100">"An Overlooked Source of Wangerooge Frisian: The Birthday Invitation of Louwine Luths"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Us_Wurk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Us Wurk (page does not exist)">Us Wurk</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us_Wurk" class="extiw" title="fy:Us Wurk">fy</a>; <a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us_Wurk" class="extiw" title="frr:Us Wurk">frr</a>]</span></i>. <b>73</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">49–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21827%2Fuw.73.49-64">10.21827/uw.73.49-64</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2772-8021">2772-8021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Us+Wurk%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bfy%3B+frr%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.atitle=An+Overlooked+Source+of+Wangerooge+Frisian%3A+The+Birthday+Invitation+of+Louwine+Luths&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21827%2Fuw.73.49-64&rft.issn=2772-8021&rft.aulast=Gregersen&rft.aufirst=Sune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fugp.rug.nl%2Fuswurk%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F42042%2F39100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWangerooge+Frisian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGregersen2024a" class="citation journal cs1">Gregersen, Sune (2024a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.uba.uva.nl/bitstreams/f40ddefe-5864-4ef0-a939-2996e4883687/download">"Split Definiteness and Historical Language Documentation: Observations from Wangerooge Frisian"</a>. <i>Linguistics in Amsterdam</i>. <b>15</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Amsterdam" title="University of Amsterdam">University of Amsterdam</a>: <span class="nowrap">71–</span>96. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1878-4569">1878-4569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistics+in+Amsterdam&rft.atitle=Split+Definiteness+and+Historical+Language+Documentation%3A+Observations+from+Wangerooge+Frisian&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=2024&rft.issn=1878-4569&rft.aulast=Gregersen&rft.aufirst=Sune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdspace.uba.uva.nl%2Fbitstreams%2Ff40ddefe-5864-4ef0-a939-2996e4883687%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWangerooge+Frisian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoekstra1998" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarich_Hoekstra" class="extiw" title="fy:Jarich Hoekstra">Hoekstra, J.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Western Frisian]</span> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ugp.rug.nl/uswurk/article/view/27884">"R-ynfoeging yn it Wangereagersk"</a> [R-insertion in Wangerooge Frisian]. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Us_Wurk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Us Wurk (page does not exist)">Us Wurk</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us_Wurk" class="extiw" title="fy:Us Wurk">fy</a>; <a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us_Wurk" class="extiw" title="frr:Us Wurk">frr</a>]</span></i> (in Western Frisian). <b>47</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">25–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2772-8021">2772-8021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Us+Wurk%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bfy%3B+frr%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.atitle=R-ynfoeging+yn+it+Wangereagersk&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=2772-8021&rft.aulast=Hoekstra&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fugp.rug.nl%2Fuswurk%2Farticle%2Fview%2F27884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWangerooge+Frisian" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/20px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoekstra2023" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarich_Hoekstra" class="extiw" title="fy:Jarich Hoekstra">Hoekstra, Jarich</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Western Frisian]</span> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/41DBCFD49E9DDD34A80DC12188284F07/S1470542722000113a.pdf/div-class-title-from-naming-verb-to-copula-the-case-of-wangerooge-frisian-span-class-italic-heit-span-div.pdf">"From Naming Verb to Copula: The Case of Wangerooge Frisian <i>Heit</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Germanic_Linguistics" title="Journal of Germanic Linguistics">Journal of Germanic Linguistics</a></i>. <b>35</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">97–</span>147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1470542722000113">10.1017/S1470542722000113</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1470-5427">1470-5427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Germanic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=From+Naming+Verb+to+Copula%3A+The+Case+of+Wangerooge+Frisian+Heit&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E147&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1470542722000113&rft.issn=1470-5427&rft.aulast=Hoekstra&rft.aufirst=Jarich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F41DBCFD49E9DDD34A80DC12188284F07%2FS1470542722000113a.pdf%2Fdiv-class-title-from-naming-verb-to-copula-the-case-of-wangerooge-frisian-span-class-italic-heit-span-div.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWangerooge+Frisian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMunske2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Munske, Horst Haider, ed. (2001). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110946925/html?lang=en"><i>Handbuch des Friesischen / Handbook of Frisian Studies</i></a></span> (in German and English). <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a>: <a href="/wiki/Max_Niemeyer_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Niemeyer Verlag">Max Niemeyer Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110946925">10.1515/9783110946925</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-094692-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-094692-5"><bdi>978-3-11-094692-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbuch+des+Friesischen+%2F+Handbook+of+Frisian+Studies&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Max+Niemeyer+Verlag&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110946925&rft.isbn=978-3-11-094692-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110946925%2Fhtml%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWangerooge+Frisian" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><span id="CITEREFBremmer2001" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Bremmer" title="Rolf Bremmer">Bremmer, Rolf H.</a> "1. The Study of Frisian to the End of the 19th Century". In <a href="#CITEREFMunske2001">Munske (2001)</a>, pp. 1–11.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><span id="CITEREFVersloot2001" class="citation"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjen_Versloot" class="extiw" title="fy:Arjen Versloot">Versloot, Arjen P.</a> "37. Das Wangeroogische". In <a href="#CITEREFMunske2001">Munske (2001)</a>, pp. 423–429.</span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStiles2008" class="citation journal cs1">Stiles, Patrick V. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ugp.rug.nl/uswurk/article/view/27361/24787">"A note on the development of Old Wangeroogic <i>*e</i> and <i>*o</i> in open syllables"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Us_Wurk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Us Wurk (page does not exist)">Us Wurk</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us_Wurk" class="extiw" title="fy:Us Wurk">fy</a>; <a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us_Wurk" class="extiw" title="frr:Us Wurk">frr</a>]</span></i>. <b>57</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">176–</span>194. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2772-8021">2772-8021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Us+Wurk%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bfy%3B+frr%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.atitle=A+note+on+the+development+of+Old+Wangeroogic+%2Ae+and+%2Ao+in+open+syllables&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E176-%3C%2Fspan%3E194&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=2772-8021&rft.aulast=Stiles&rft.aufirst=Patrick+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fugp.rug.nl%2Fuswurk%2Farticle%2Fview%2F27361%2F24787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWangerooge+Frisian" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/20px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalkerHoekstraJensmaVanselow2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Walker, Alastair; Hoekstra, Eric; Jensma, Goffe; Vanselow, Wendy; Visser, Willem; Winter, Christoph, eds. (2022). <i>From West to North Frisia, A Journey Along the North Sea Coast: Frisian Studies in Honour of Jarich Hoekstra</i>. NOWELE Supplement Series (in English and German). Vol. 33. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fnss.33">10.1075/nss.33</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-1016-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-1016-6"><bdi>978-90-272-1016-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0900-8675">0900-8675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+West+to+North+Frisia%2C+A+Journey+Along+the+North+Sea+Coast%3A+Frisian+Studies+in+Honour+of+Jarich+Hoekstra&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=NOWELE+Supplement+Series&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2022&rft.issn=0900-8675&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fnss.33&rft.isbn=978-90-272-1016-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWangerooge+Frisian" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><span id="CITEREFFaltings2022" class="citation">Faltings, Volker F. "Addenda zum <i>Etymologischen Wörterbuch der friesischen Adjektiva</i>, Teil II". In <a href="#CITEREFWalkerHoekstraJensmaVanselow2022">Walker et al. (2022)</a>, pp. 89–102.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><span id="CITEREFStiles2022" class="citation">Stiles, Patrick V. "Two notes on the Old Frisian Version of 'The Fifteen Days before Doomsday': Days Ten and Fourteen". In <a href="#CITEREFWalkerHoekstraJensmaVanselow2022">Walker et al. (2022)</a>, pp. 361–374.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><span id="CITEREFVersloot2022" class="citation"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjen_Versloot" class="extiw" title="fy:Arjen Versloot">Versloot, Arjen P.</a> "Die Entwicklung von protogermanischem <i>*ai</i> im Niederdeutschen: Ein Erklärungsversuch für die Spaltung des altsächsischen ē<sup>2</sup>". In <a href="#CITEREFWalkerHoekstraJensmaVanselow2022">Walker et al. (2022)</a>, pp. 361–374.</span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinter2022" class="citation book cs1">Winter, Christoph (2022). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/linguistics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-938">"Frisian"</a></span>. <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.013.938">10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.938</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938465-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938465-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938465-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Frisian&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.013.938&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938465-5&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Flinguistics%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199384655-e-938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWangerooge+Frisian" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangerooge_Frisian&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGregersen2024b" class="citation journal cs1">Gregersen, Sune (2024b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.uba.uva.nl/bitstreams/1b877511-5313-4e9d-83c3-1220acd9d109/download">"Complement-dependent semantics in Wangerooge Frisian <i>quídder</i> 'say, tell; ask<span style="padding-right:0.15em;">'</span>"</a>. <i>Linguistics in Amsterdam</i>. <b>15</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Amsterdam" title="University of Amsterdam">University of Amsterdam</a>: <span class="nowrap">153–</span>158. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1878-4569">1878-4569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistics+in+Amsterdam&rft.atitle=Complement-dependent+semantics+in+Wangerooge+Frisian+qu%C3%ADdder+%27say%2C+tell%3B+ask%3Cspan+style%3D%22padding-right%3A0.15em%3B%22%3E%26%2339%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E153-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.date=2024&rft.issn=1878-4569&rft.aulast=Gregersen&rft.aufirst=Sune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdspace.uba.uva.nl%2Fbitstreams%2F1b877511-5313-4e9d-83c3-1220acd9d109%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWangerooge+Frisian" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/20px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGregersen2024c" class="citation journal cs1">Gregersen, Sune (2024c). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03740463.2024.2359804">"An evidential perfect in Wangerooge Frisian"</a></span>. <i>Acta Linguistica Hafniensia</i>. <b>56</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03740463.2024.2359804">10.1080/03740463.2024.2359804</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0374-0463">0374-0463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Linguistica+Hafniensia&rft.atitle=An+evidential+perfect+in+Wangerooge+Frisian&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03740463.2024.2359804&rft.issn=0374-0463&rft.aulast=Gregersen&rft.aufirst=Sune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F03740463.2024.2359804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWangerooge+Frisian" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangerooge_Frisian&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soundcloud.com/friesfilmenaudioarchief/av0065siebs-895-mod?in=friesfilmenaudioarchief/sets/dialecten-friesland-theodor-siebs&utm_source=clipboard&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=social_sharing">Sound recordings of Wangerooge speakers recorded by Theodor Siebs in 1922</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Frisian_languages284" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Frisian_languages" title="Template:Frisian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Frisian_languages" title="Template talk:Frisian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Frisian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Frisian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Frisian_languages284" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Frisian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Frisian language">Middle Frisian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_languages" title="West Frisian languages">West Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindeloopen_Frisian" title="Hindeloopen Frisian">Hindeloopens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiermonnikoog_Frisian" title="Schiermonnikoog Frisian">Schiermonnikoogs</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Westlauwers–Terschellings32" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.25em;font-weight:normal;">Westlauwers–<br />Terschellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terschelling_Frisian" title="Terschelling Frisian">Terschellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Lauwers Frisian</a> <ul><li>Clay Frisian</li> <li>Wood Frisian <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Westereendersk" title="Westereendersk">Westereendersk</a></small></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.25em;font-weight:normal;">Ems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upgant_Frisian" title="Upgant Frisian">Upgant</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.25em;font-weight:normal;">Weser</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wangerooge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wursten_Frisian" title="Wursten Frisian">Wursten</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harlingerland_Frisian" title="Harlingerland Frisian">Harlingerland</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.25em;font-weight:normal;">Mainland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde_North_Frisian" title="Bökingharde North Frisian">Bökingharde (Mooring)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian" title="Goesharde Frisian">Goesharde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrharde_Frisian" title="Karrharde Frisian">Karrharde</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strand_Frisian" title="Strand Frisian">Strand</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halligen_Frisian" title="Halligen Frisian">Halligen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian" title="Wiedingharde Frisian">Wiedingharde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.25em;font-weight:normal;">Insular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eiderstedt_Frisian" title="Eiderstedt Frisian">Eiderstedt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6hr_Frisian" class="mw-redirect" title="Föhr Frisian">Föhr</a>–<a href="/wiki/Amrum_Frisian" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrum Frisian">Amrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland_Frisian" title="Heligoland Frisian">Heligolandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylt_North_Frisian" title="Sylt North Frisian">Sylt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Substratum dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amelands" title="Amelands">Amelands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon" title="East Frisian Low Saxon">East Frisian Low Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></li> <li>Midslands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bildts" title="Bildts">Bildts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_Dutch" title="West Frisian Dutch">West Frisian Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_languages377" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_languages" title="Template talk:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_languages377" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>According to contemporary <a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">philology</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="West377" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of English">dialects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Irish Middle English</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fingallian" title="Fingallian">Fingallian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kildare_Poems#Linguistic_features" title="Kildare Poems">Kildare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yola_dialect" title="Yola dialect">Yola</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Frisian" title="Middle Frisian">Middle Frisian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upgant_Frisian" title="Upgant Frisian">Upgant Frisian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i>Weser</i> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wangerooge Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wursten_Frisian" title="Wursten Frisian">Wursten Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harlingerland_Frisian" title="Harlingerland Frisian">Harlingerland Frisian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Insular <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eiderstedt_Frisian" title="Eiderstedt Frisian">Eiderstedt</a></i></li> <li>Föhr–Amrum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian" title="Föhr North Frisian">Föhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrum_North_Frisian" title="Amrum North Frisian">Amrum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland_Frisian" title="Heligoland Frisian">Heligolandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylt_North_Frisian" title="Sylt North Frisian">Sylt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mainland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde_North_Frisian" title="Bökingharde North Frisian">Bökingharde</a> <ul><li>Mooring</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halligen_Frisian" title="Halligen Frisian">Halligen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian" title="Goesharde Frisian">Goesharde</a> <ul><li>Northern</li> <li>Central</li> <li><i>Southern</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrharde_Frisian" title="Karrharde Frisian">Karrharde</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strand_Frisian" title="Strand Frisian">Strand</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian" title="Wiedingharde Frisian">Wiedingharde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_languages" title="West Frisian languages">West Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindeloopen_Frisian" title="Hindeloopen Frisian">Hindeloopen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiermonnikoog_Frisian" title="Schiermonnikoog Frisian">Schiermonnikoog</a></li> <li>Westlauwers–Terschellings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">Mainland West Frisian</a> <ul><li>Clay Frisian</li> <li>Wood Frisian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westereendersk" title="Westereendersk">Westereendersk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terschelling_Frisian" title="Terschelling Frisian">Terschelling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West Low German">West Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellingwarfs_dialect" title="Stellingwarfs dialect">Stellingwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweants_dialect" title="Tweants dialect">Tweants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A8ents_dialects" title="Drèents dialects">Drèents</a></li> <li>Gelders-Overijssels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achterhooks" title="Achterhooks">Achterhooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallaans_dialect" title="Sallaans dialect">Sallaans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkers_dialect" title="Urkers dialect">Urkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veluws_dialect" title="Veluws dialect">Veluws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon" title="East Frisian Low Saxon">East Frisian Low Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastphalian_language" title="Eastphalian language">Eastphalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Low_German" title="East Low German">East Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect" title="Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect">Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburgisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburgisch dialect">Brandenburgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Pomeranian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Pomeranian (page does not exist)">Central Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pomeranian">East Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect" title="Low Prussian dialect">Low Prussian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaps" title="Kaaps">Kaaps</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Low Franconian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects" title="Central Dutch dialects">Central Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Dutch" title="Surinamese Dutch">Surinamese Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch_language" title="Jersey Dutch language">Jersey Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch" title="Mohawk Dutch">Mohawk Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bildts" title="Bildts">Bildts</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amelands" title="Amelands">Amelands</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midslands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midslands (page does not exist)">Midslands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Low_Franconian" title="South Low Franconian">East Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cover groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergish_dialects" title="Bergish dialects">Bergish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse-Rhenish" title="Meuse-Rhenish">Meuse-Rhenish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_High_German" title="New High German">New High German</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Standard_German" title="German Standard German">German Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard variants</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian German">Namibian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Black_German" title="Namibian Black German">Namibian Black German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_German" title="Berlin German">Berlinerisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unserdeutsch" title="Unserdeutsch">Unserdeutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barossa_German" title="Barossa German">Barossa German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotwelsch" title="Rotwelsch">Rotwelsch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenish_language" title="Yenish language">Yenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Eastern_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Western_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland#"Scots-Yiddish"" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Scots Yiddish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian_languages" title="Central Franconian languages">Central Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Limburgish_dialect" title="Southeast Limburgish dialect">Southeast Limburgish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian_language" title="Moselle Franconian language">Moselle Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect" title="Transylvanian Saxon dialect">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunsrückisch dialect">Hunsrückisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunsrik" title="Hunsrik">Hunsrik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Franconian languages">Rhine Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans#Language" title="Volga Germans">Volga German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_dialects" title="Hessian dialects">Hessian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hessian" title="Central Hessian">Central Hessian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amana_German" title="Amana German">Amana German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Central_German" title="East Central German">East Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thuringian_dialect" title="Thuringian dialect">Thuringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzgebirgisch" title="Erzgebirgisch">Erzgebirgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_dialects" title="Lusatian dialects">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Prussian_dialect" title="High Prussian dialect">High Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wymysorys_language" title="Wymysorys language">Wymysorys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzenau_dialect" title="Alzenau dialect">Halcnovian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> in the broad sense <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German" title="Low Alemannic German">Low Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect" title="Colonia Tovar dialect">Coloniero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic_German" title="High Alemannic German">High Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_Alemannic_German" title="Highest Alemannic German">Highest Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bavarian" title="Northern Bavarian">Northern Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bavarian" title="Central Bavarian">Central Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_German" title="Viennese German">Viennese German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">South Tyrolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottscheerish" title="Gottscheerish">Gottscheerish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Franconian_German" title="South Franconian German">South Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Franconian_German" title="East Franconian German">East Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vogtlandian" title="Vogtlandian">Vogtlandian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Langobardic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_and_East377" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></i> <ul><li><i>Old West Norse</i></li> <li><i>Old East Norse</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergensk" title="Bergensk">Bergensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebabnorsk" title="Kebabnorsk">Kebabnorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sognam%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Sognamål dialect">Sognamål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallingm%C3%A5l-Valdris" title="Hallingmål-Valdris">Valdris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestlandsk" title="Vestlandsk">Vestlandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikv%C3%A6rsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikværsk">Vikværsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> (written)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> (written)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_Icelandic" title="Old Norse">Old Icelandic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Icelandic#Middle_Icelandic_(1350–1550)" title="History of Icelandic">Middle Icelandic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Norse" title="Greenlandic Norse">Greenlandic Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects" title="Swedish dialects">Swedish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinkeby_Swedish" title="Rinkeby Swedish">Rinkebysvenska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_dialects" title="Danish dialects">Danish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Danish" title="Insular Danish">Insular Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutlandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutlandic dialect">Jutlandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Jutlandic" title="South Jutlandic">South Jutlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Danish" title="East Danish">East Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornholm_dialect" title="Bornholm dialect">Bornholmsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanian_dialect" title="Scanian dialect">Scanian</a> (historically)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Schleswig_Danish" title="Southern Schleswig Danish">Southern Schleswig Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B8tudanskt_accent" title="Gøtudanskt accent">Gøtudanskt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkerdansk" title="Perkerdansk">Perkerdansk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Old Danish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Middle Danish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_language" title="Dalecarlian language">Dalecarlian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gutnish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gutnish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutnish language">Mainland Gutnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A5r%C3%B6m%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Fårömål dialect">Fårö Gutnish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths#Gothic_language" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoth</a></i></li> <li><i>Visigoth</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gepids#Language" title="Gepids">Gepid</a></i> ?</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burgundians#Language" title="Burgundians">Burgundian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vandalic_language" title="Vandalic language">Vandalic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heruli#Language" title="Heruli">Herulian</a></i> ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sciri#Language" title="Sciri">Skirian</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philology377" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">Philology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maurer_(linguist)" title="Friedrich Maurer (linguist)">Language subgroups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" title="Elbe Germanic">Elbe (Irminonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weser-Rhine_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Weser-Rhine Germanic">Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea (Ingvaeonic)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" title="Northwest Germanic">Northwest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotho-Nordic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotho-Nordic">Gotho-Nordic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Germanic" title="South Germanic">South</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_grammar" title="Proto-Germanic grammar">Proto-Germanic grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diachronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">Grimm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verner%27s_law" title="Verner's law">Verner's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holtzmann%27s_law" title="Holtzmann's law">Holtzmann's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievers%27s_law" title="Sievers's law">Sievers's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluge%27s_law" title="Kluge's law">Kluge's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Germanic substrate hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_gemination" title="West Germanic gemination">West Germanic gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_a-mutation" title="Germanic a-mutation">Germanic a-mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">Germanic umlaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_spirant_law" title="Germanic spirant law">Germanic spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_nasal_spirant_law" title="Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law">Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synchronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Germanic verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatischer_Wechsel" title="Grammatischer Wechsel">Grammatischer Wechsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Indo-European ablaut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wangerooge_Frisian&oldid=1282787165">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wangerooge_Frisian&oldid=1282787165</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Frisian_language" title="Category:East Frisian language">East Frisian language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extinct_languages_of_Europe" title="Category:Extinct languages of Europe">Extinct languages of Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extinct_Germanic_languages" title="Category:Extinct Germanic languages">Extinct Germanic languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wangerooge" title="Category:Wangerooge">Wangerooge</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_March_2025" title="Category:Use American English from March 2025">Use American English from March 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_without_Glottolog_code" title="Category:Languages without Glottolog code">Languages without Glottolog code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_unreferenced_extinction_date" title="Category:Language articles with unreferenced extinction date">Language articles with unreferenced extinction date</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Saterland_Frisian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Saterland Frisian-language text">Articles containing Saterland Frisian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_Frisian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old Frisian-language text">Articles containing Old Frisian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_interwiki-linked_names" title="Category:CS1 interwiki-linked names">CS1 interwiki-linked names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Danish-language_sources_(da)" title="Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)">CS1 Danish-language sources (da)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Western_Frisian-language_sources_(fy)" title="Category:CS1 Western Frisian-language sources (fy)">CS1 Western Frisian-language sources (fy)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 March 2025, at 16:19<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wangerooge_Frisian&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wangerooge Frisian</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>10 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-g84cf","wgBackendResponseTime":2657,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.459","walltime":"2.438","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15533,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":332627,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13815,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":122223,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2182.550 1 -total"," 41.58% 907.565 2 Template:Reflist"," 29.10% 635.017 6 Template:Multiref"," 17.59% 384.009 11 Template:Tfm/dated"," 11.96% 261.096 92 Template:Sfn"," 10.49% 229.058 103 Template:Lang"," 8.89% 193.937 31 Template:Harvnb"," 7.36% 160.723 5 Template:Multiref2"," 5.34% 116.570 14 Template:Navbox"," 4.88% 106.557 1 Template:Infobox_language"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.849","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19667640,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBremmer2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBremmer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDammelEitelmannSchmuck2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaltings2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregersen2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregersen2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregersen2024a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregersen2024b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregersen2024c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoekstra1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoekstra2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunske2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStiles2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStiles2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVersloot2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVersloot2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerslootAdamczyk2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalkerHoekstraJensmaVanselow2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinter2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Haan2010\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'-\"] = 1,\n [\"-\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"Angle bracket\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"Frisian languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Gcl\"] = 4,\n [\"Germanic languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Harnvb\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvb\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvc\"] = 6,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 31,\n [\"IPA\"] = 24,\n [\"IPA link\"] = 18,\n [\"Ill\"] = 12,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlinear\"] = 5,\n [\"Lang\"] = 103,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Lit\"] = 2,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiref\"] = 6,\n [\"Multiref2\"] = 5,\n [\"Noitalic\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Open access\"] = 3,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Schwa\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 92,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 8,\n [\"Smallcaps\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-g84cf","timestamp":"20250331044403","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Wangerooge Frisian","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wangerooge_Frisian","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q489819","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q489819","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2009-08-26T00:30:44Z","dateModified":"2025-03-28T16:19:19Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/31\/ASKEN1AB.JPG","headline":"dialect"}</script> </body> </html>