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id="toc-British_Isles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Isles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>British Isles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Isles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mainland_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mainland_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Mainland Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mainland_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broader_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broader_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Broader definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broader_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Operation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Lines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Network_topologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Network_topologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Network topologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Network_topologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passenger_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passenger_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Passenger information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passenger_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_and_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_and_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Safety and security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_and_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Added_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Added_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Added features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Added_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Trains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tracks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tracks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Tracks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tracks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motive_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motive_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Motive power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motive_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tunnels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunnels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Tunnels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunnels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elevated_railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elevated_railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Elevated railways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elevated_railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Stations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crew_size_and_automation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crew_size_and_automation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Crew size and automation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crew_size_and_automation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modal_tradeoffs_and_interconnections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modal_tradeoffs_and_interconnections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Modal tradeoffs and interconnections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modal_tradeoffs_and_interconnections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costs,_benefits,_and_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costs,_benefits,_and_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Costs, benefits, and impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costs,_benefits,_and_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rapid transit</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 105 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-105" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">105 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moltrein" title="Moltrein – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Moltrein" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9" title="نظام النقل السريع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام النقل السريع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metr%C3%B4" title="Metrô – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Metrô" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro" title="Metro – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Metro" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro" title="Metro – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Metro" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88" title="مترو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مترو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="দ্রুতগামী গণপরিবহন ব্যবস্থা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্রুতগামী গণপরিবহন ব্যবস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93-h%C4%81-thih" title="Tē-hā-thih – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tē-hā-thih" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Метрапалітэн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Метрапалітэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Мэтрапалітэн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэтрапалітэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Метро – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Метро" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro" title="Metro – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Metro" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro" title="Metro – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Metro" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Метрополитен – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Метрополитен" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro" title="Metro – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Metro" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergrundsbane" title="Undergrundsbane – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Undergrundsbane" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro" title="Metro – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Metro" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-Bahn" title="U-Bahn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="U-Bahn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroo" title="Metroo – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Metroo" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CF%8C" title="Μετρό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μετρό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(sistema_de_transporte)" title="Metro (sistema de transporte) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Metro (sistema de transporte)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroo" title="Metroo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Metroo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(garraiobidea)" title="Metro (garraiobidea) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Metro (garraiobidea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88" title="مترو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مترو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tro" title="Métro – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Métro" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro" title="Metro – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Metro" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meariompar" title="Meariompar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Meariompar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(transporte)" title="Metro (transporte) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Metro (transporte)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%ED%95%98%EC%B2%A0" title="지하철 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지하철" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Մետրոպոլիտեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մետրոպոլիտեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8" title="त्वरित परिवहन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="त्वरित परिवहन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podzemna_%C5%BEeljeznica" title="Podzemna željeznica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Podzemna željeznica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbala_ferovoyo" title="Urbala ferovoyo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Urbala ferovoyo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkutan_cepat" title="Angkutan cepat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Angkutan cepat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitano" title="Metropolitano – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Metropolitano" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relvia_subterran" title="Relvia subterran – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Relvia subterran" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne%C3%B0anjar%C3%B0arlest" title="Neðanjarðarlest – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Neðanjarðarlest" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitana" title="Metropolitana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Metropolitana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="רכבת תחתית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רכבת תחתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81" title="ಮೆಟ್ರೋ ರೈಲು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೆಟ್ರೋ ರೈಲು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მეტროპოლიტენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეტროპოლიტენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Метро – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Метро" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Метрополитен – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Метрополитен" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-Ban" title="B-Ban – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="B-Ban" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro" title="Metro – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Metro" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrivia_subterranea" title="Ferrivia subterranea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ferrivia subterranea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro" title="Metro – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Metro" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro" title="Metro – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Metro" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitenas" title="Metropolitenas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Metropolitenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oondergr%C3%B3ndse" title="Oondergróndse – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Oondergróndse" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitana" title="Metropolitana – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Metropolitana" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metr%C3%B3" title="Metró – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Metró" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Метро – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Метро" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="അതിവേഗഗതാഗതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അതിവേഗഗതാഗതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8" title="जलद परिवहन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जलद परिवहन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მეტროპოლიტენი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მეტროპოლიტენი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%88" title="بنشو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بنشو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_aliran" title="Transit aliran – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Transit aliran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AA-ti%C3%A9k" title="Dê-tiék – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dê-tiék" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(trasporte)" title="Metro (trasporte) – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Metro (trasporte)" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Метро – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Метро" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%91%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="မြေအောက်မီးရထား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြေအောက်မီးရထား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(vervoermiddel)" title="Metro (vervoermiddel) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Metro (vervoermiddel)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%8B%E9%89%84" title="地下鉄 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地下鉄" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnelbane" title="Tunnelbane – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tunnelbane" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnelbane" title="Tunnelbane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tunnelbane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8tro" title="Mètro – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mètro" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Метрополитен – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Метрополитен" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropoliten" title="Metropoliten – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Metropoliten" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81_%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="عاجلانہ آوا جائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عاجلانہ آوا جائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88" title="ميترو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ميترو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro" title="Metro – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Metro" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitano" title="Metropolitano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Metropolitano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro" title="Metro – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Metro" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrou" title="Metrou – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Metrou" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Метро – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Метро" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Метрополитен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Метрополитен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Метро – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Метро" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rapid transit" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropulitana" title="Metropulitana – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Metropulitana" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rapid transit" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(podzemn%C3%A1_%C5%BEeleznica)" title="Metro (podzemná železnica) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Metro (podzemná železnica)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podzemna_%C5%BEeleznica" title="Podzemna železnica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Podzemna železnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%94%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%97%D1%82%D1%94%D0%BD%D1%8A" title="Мєтрополїтєнъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Мєтрополїтєнъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Метро – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Метро" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro" title="Metro – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Metro" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro" title="Metro – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Metro" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnelbana" title="Tunnelbana – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tunnelbana" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(sistemang_daambakal)" title="Metro (sistemang daambakal) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Metro (sistemang daambakal)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="விரைவுப் போக்குவரத்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விரைவுப் போக்குவரத்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Метрополитен – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Метрополитен" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="మెట్రోరైలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మెట్రోరైలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A7" title="ระบบขนส่งมวลชนเร็ว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบขนส่งมวลชนเร็ว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Метро – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Метро" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro" title="Metro – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Metro" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Метрополітен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Метрополітен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81_%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84_%D9%88_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84" title="عاجلانہ نقل و حمل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عاجلانہ نقل و حمل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%90%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88" title="مېترو – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مېترو" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0u_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_ng%E1%BA%A7m" title="Tàu điện ngầm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tàu điện ngầm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(sistema_hin_panakayan)" title="Metro (sistema hin panakayan) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Metro (sistema hin panakayan)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%93%81" title="地铁 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="地铁" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9F" title="אונטערגרונט באן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אונטערגרונט באן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%8B%E9%90%B5" title="地下鐵 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="地下鐵" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro" title="Metro – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Metro" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%90%B5" title="地鐵 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地鐵" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metro_system&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro system">Metro system</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">High-capacity public transport</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about metro rail, a type of rapid, high-capacity public transport system. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Metrorail_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Metrorail (disambiguation)">Metrorail</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mass rapid transit" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mass_rapid_transit_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mass rapid transit (disambiguation)">Mass rapid transit (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rapid transit (disambiguation)">Rapid transit (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Metropolitan train" redirects here. For the German train service, see <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Express_Train" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Express Train">Metropolitan Express Train</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Underground_1992_Stock_at_Theydon_Bois_by_tompagenet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/London_Underground_1992_Stock_at_Theydon_Bois_by_tompagenet.jpg/250px-London_Underground_1992_Stock_at_Theydon_Bois_by_tompagenet.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/London_Underground_1992_Stock_at_Theydon_Bois_by_tompagenet.jpg/375px-London_Underground_1992_Stock_at_Theydon_Bois_by_tompagenet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/London_Underground_1992_Stock_at_Theydon_Bois_by_tompagenet.jpg/500px-London_Underground_1992_Stock_at_Theydon_Bois_by_tompagenet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4451" data-file-height="2966" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a> is the world's first and oldest rapid transit system, opening in 1863.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R160_E_enters_42nd_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/R160_E_enters_42nd_Street.jpg/250px-R160_E_enters_42nd_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/R160_E_enters_42nd_Street.jpg/375px-R160_E_enters_42nd_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/R160_E_enters_42nd_Street.jpg/500px-R160_E_enters_42nd_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a> is the world's largest single-operator rapid transit system by number of <a href="/wiki/Metro_station" title="Metro station">metro stations</a>, at 472.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metro_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Metro_in_the_World.svg/250px-Metro_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Metro_in_the_World.svg/375px-Metro_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Metro_in_the_World.svg/500px-Metro_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Metro in the world:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p><b>Rapid transit</b> or <b>mass rapid transit</b> (<b>MRT</b>) or <b>heavy rail</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-EnBr_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnBr-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-APTA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APTA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commonly referred to as <b>metro</b>, is a type of high-capacity <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a> that is generally built in <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban areas</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade separated</a> rapid transit line below ground surface through a <a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">tunnel</a> can be regionally called a <b>subway</b>, <b>tube</b>, <b>metro</b> or <b>underground</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-miriamwebster_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miriamwebster-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IUTPMetro_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUTPMetro-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aptaglossary_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aptaglossary-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mrt_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mrt-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are sometimes grade-separated on <a href="/wiki/Elevated_railway" title="Elevated railway">elevated railways</a>, in which case some are referred to as <b>el trains</b> – short for "elevated" – or <b>skytrains</b>. Rapid transit systems are <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">railways</a>, usually <a href="/wiki/Electric_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric railway">electric</a>, that unlike <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">trams</a> operate on an exclusive <a href="/wiki/Right-of-way_(transportation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-of-way (transportation)">right-of-way</a>, which cannot be accessed by pedestrians or other vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern services on rapid transit systems are provided on designated lines between <a href="/wiki/Metro_station" title="Metro station">stations</a> typically using <a href="/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit" title="Electric multiple unit">electric multiple units</a> on <a href="/wiki/Railway_track" title="Railway track">railway tracks</a>. Some systems use <a href="/wiki/Rubber-tyred_metro" title="Rubber-tyred metro">guided rubber tires</a>, magnetic levitation (<i><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">maglev</a></i>), or <a href="/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail">monorail</a>. The stations typically have high platforms, without steps inside the trains, requiring custom-made trains in order to minimize gaps between train and platform. They are typically integrated with other public transport and often operated by the same <a href="/wiki/Transit_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit authority">public transport authorities</a>. Some rapid transit systems have at-grade intersections between a rapid transit line and a road or between two rapid transit lines.<sup id="cite_ref-UrbanRail.net_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UrbanRail.net-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The world's first rapid transit system was the partially underground <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Railway" title="Metropolitan Railway">Metropolitan Railway</a> which opened in 1863 using <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotives</a>, and now forms part of the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-150Anniv_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150Anniv-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1868, New York opened the elevated <a href="/wiki/IRT_Ninth_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Ninth Avenue Line">West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway</a>, initially a cable-hauled line using <a href="/wiki/Stationary_steam_engine" title="Stationary steam engine">stationary steam engines</a>. </p><p>As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rapid_transit&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> has the largest number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_metro_systems" title="List of metro systems">rapid transit systems in the world</a> – 40 in number,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> running on over 4,500 km (2,800 mi) of track – and was responsible for most of the world's rapid-transit expansion in the 2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The world's longest single-operator rapid transit system by <a href="/wiki/Network_length_(transport)" title="Network length (transport)">route length</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Metro" title="Shanghai Metro">Shanghai Metro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The world's largest single rapid transit service provider by number of stations (472 stations in total)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a>. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_metro_systems" title="List of metro systems">busiest rapid transit systems in the world</a> by annual ridership are the Shanghai Metro, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_subway" title="Tokyo subway">Tokyo subway system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metro" title="Seoul Metro">Seoul Metro</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Metro" title="Moscow Metro">Moscow Metro</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_transit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg/65px-Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg/98px-Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg/130px-Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="472" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport" title="History of rail transport">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_company" title="Rail transport company">Company types</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Infrastructure</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_infrastructure_manager" title="Railway infrastructure manager">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_yard" title="Rail yard">Rail yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">Railway station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations" title="List of railway stations">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_track" title="Railway track">Railway track</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_track#Maintenance" title="Railway track">Maintenance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">Track gauge</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Service and <a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">rolling stock</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogie" title="Bogie">Bogie (truck)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_coupling" title="Railway coupling">Couplings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freight_rail_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight rail transport">Freight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">Locomotives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_unit" title="Multiple unit">Multiple units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_train" title="Passenger train">Passenger train</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">Commuter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">Inter-city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_rail" title="Regional rail">Regional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_subsidies" title="Rail subsidies">Rail subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_car" title="Railroad car">Railroad cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_undertaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway undertaking">Operating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">Trains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail">Monorail</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Urban_rail_transit" title="Urban rail transit">Urban rail transit</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">Tram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_trams" title="History of trams">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">Light rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">Interurban</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rapid transit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rapid_transit" title="History of rapid transit">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_guideway_transit" title="Automated guideway transit">Automated</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Miscellanea</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rail_accidents" title="Lists of rail accidents">Accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Railroad_attractions" title="Category:Railroad attractions">Attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_by_country" title="Rail transport by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_companies" title="List of railway companies">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_trains" title="List of high-speed trains">List of high-speed trains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longest_train_services" title="Longest train services">Longest train services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_modelling" title="Rail transport modelling">Modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_museums" title="List of railway museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_screen_doors" title="Platform screen doors">Platform screen doors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_speed_record" title="Railway speed record">Railway speed record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_suicide" title="Rail suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rail_transport_terms" title="Glossary of rail transport terms">Terminology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Australian_railway_terms" title="Glossary of Australian railway terms">AU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_North_American_railway_terms" title="Glossary of North American railway terms">NA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_New_Zealand_railway_terms" title="Glossary of New Zealand railway terms">NZ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_United_Kingdom_railway_terms" title="Glossary of United Kingdom railway terms">UK</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Transport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output 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title="Template talk:Train topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Train_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Train topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Passenger_rail_terminology" title="Passenger rail terminology">Passenger rail terminology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_Yat-sen_University_Station_platform_at_old_Line_2_in_Guangzhou_Metro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sun_Yat-sen_University_Station_platform_at_old_Line_2_in_Guangzhou_Metro.jpg/220px-Sun_Yat-sen_University_Station_platform_at_old_Line_2_in_Guangzhou_Metro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sun_Yat-sen_University_Station_platform_at_old_Line_2_in_Guangzhou_Metro.jpg/330px-Sun_Yat-sen_University_Station_platform_at_old_Line_2_in_Guangzhou_Metro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sun_Yat-sen_University_Station_platform_at_old_Line_2_in_Guangzhou_Metro.jpg/440px-Sun_Yat-sen_University_Station_platform_at_old_Line_2_in_Guangzhou_Metro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A station of the <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Metro" title="Guangzhou Metro">Guangzhou Metro</a> in 2005</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nordwestbahnhof_Wien_2017_1010_U-Bahn_f%C3%BCr_Riad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nordwestbahnhof_Wien_2017_1010_U-Bahn_f%C3%BCr_Riad.jpg/220px-Nordwestbahnhof_Wien_2017_1010_U-Bahn_f%C3%BCr_Riad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nordwestbahnhof_Wien_2017_1010_U-Bahn_f%C3%BCr_Riad.jpg/330px-Nordwestbahnhof_Wien_2017_1010_U-Bahn_f%C3%BCr_Riad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nordwestbahnhof_Wien_2017_1010_U-Bahn_f%C3%BCr_Riad.jpg/440px-Nordwestbahnhof_Wien_2017_1010_U-Bahn_f%C3%BCr_Riad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5161" data-file-height="3440" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Riyadh_Metro" title="Riyadh Metro">Riyadh Metro</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metro_de_Paris_-_Ligne_10_-_Mabillon_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Metro_de_Paris_-_Ligne_10_-_Mabillon_01.jpg/220px-Metro_de_Paris_-_Ligne_10_-_Mabillon_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Metro_de_Paris_-_Ligne_10_-_Mabillon_01.jpg/330px-Metro_de_Paris_-_Ligne_10_-_Mabillon_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Metro_de_Paris_-_Ligne_10_-_Mabillon_01.jpg/440px-Metro_de_Paris_-_Ligne_10_-_Mabillon_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mabillon_station" title="Mabillon station">Mabillon station</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_10" title="Paris Métro Line 10">Line 10</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro" title="Paris Métro">Paris Métro</a> in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>Metro</i> is the most commonly used term for underground rapid transit systems used by non-native English speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rapid transit systems may be named after the medium by which passengers travel in busy <a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">central business districts</a>; the use of <a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">tunnels</a> inspires names such as <i>subway</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>underground</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Untergrundbahn</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Rapid-transit_in_Germany#U-Bahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid-transit in Germany">U-Bahn</a>)</i> in German,<sup id="cite_ref-white63_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-white63-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <i><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Tunnelbana</i></span></i> <i>(T-bana)</i> in Swedish.<sup id="cite_ref-ovenden93_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ovenden93-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of <a href="/wiki/Viaduct" title="Viaduct">viaducts</a> inspires names such as <i>elevated</i> (<i>L</i> or <i>el</i>), <i>skytrain</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-ovenden16_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ovenden16-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>overhead</i>, <i>overground</i> or <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hochbahn</i></span></i> in German. One of these terms may apply to an entire system, even if a large part of the network, for example, in outer suburbs, runs at ground level. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Isles">British Isles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_transit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: British Isles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most of <a href="/wiki/England,_Wales_and_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="England, Wales and Scotland">Britain</a>, a <i>subway</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_underpass" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedestrian underpass">pedestrian underpass</a>. The terms <i>Underground</i> and <i>Tube</i> are used for the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>. The North East England <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_Metro" title="Tyne and Wear Metro">Tyne and Wear Metro</a>, mostly overground, is known as the <i>Metro</i>. In <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Subway" title="Glasgow Subway">Glasgow Subway</a> underground rapid transit system is known as the <i>Subway</i>. In <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Area_Rapid_Transit" title="Dublin Area Rapid Transit">Dublin Area Rapid Transit</a> is despite the name considered a <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter rail</a> due to usage of mainline railways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mainland_Europe">Mainland Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_transit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mainland Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In France, large cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Paris_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Metro">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marseille_Metro" title="Marseille Metro">Marseille</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyon_Metro" title="Lyon Metro">Lyon</a>, feature a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Métro</i></span>. Also the smaller cities of <a href="/wiki/Lille_Metro" title="Lille Metro">Lille</a> <a href="/wiki/Rennes_Metro" title="Rennes Metro">Rennes</a> have a light metro. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Metro" title="Brussels Metro">Brussels</a> in Belgium, and <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Metro" title="Amsterdam Metro">Amsterdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Metro" title="Rotterdam Metro">Rotterdam</a> in the Netherlands have metro systems in place. </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern European</a> contries also have a metro. In Spain, such systems are present in <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Metro" title="Madrid Metro">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Metro" title="Barcelona Metro">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilbao_metro" title="Bilbao metro">Bilbao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metrovalencia" title="Metrovalencia">Valencia</a>. In Portugal, <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Metro" title="Lisbon Metro">Lisbon</a> has a metro. The Italian cities of <a href="/wiki/Catania_Metro" title="Catania Metro">Catania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genoa_Metro" title="Genoa Metro">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan_Metro" title="Milan Metro">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples_Metro" title="Naples Metro">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome_Metro" title="Rome Metro">Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turin_Metro" title="Turin Metro">Turin</a> also have metro lines. </p><p>In Germany and Austria they rapid transit is known as <i><a href="/wiki/U-Bahn" class="mw-redirect" title="U-Bahn">U-Bahn</a></i>, which are often supported by <i><a href="/wiki/S-Bahn" title="S-Bahn">S-Bahn</a></i> systems. In Germany, <i>U-Bahn</i> systems exist in <a href="/wiki/Berlin_U-Bahn" title="Berlin U-Bahn">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_U-Bahn" title="Hamburg U-Bahn">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munich_U-Bahn" title="Munich U-Bahn">Munich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_U-Bahn" title="Nuremberg U-Bahn">Nuremberg</a>, while in Austria such a system exists in <a href="/wiki/Vienna_U-Bahn" title="Vienna U-Bahn">Vienna</a>. In addition, the small, car-free town of <a href="/wiki/Serfaus" title="Serfaus">Serfaus</a> in the Austrian state of <a href="/wiki/Tyrol_(state)" title="Tyrol (state)">Tyrol</a> also features a short <i><a href="/wiki/U-Bahn_Serfaus" title="U-Bahn Serfaus">U-Bahn</a></i> line. There are no <i>U-Bahn</i> systems in the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German-speaking</a> part of Switzerland, but the city of <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a> has its own, small <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_M%C3%A9tro" title="Lausanne Métro">metro</a> system. In Zurich, Switzerland's largest city, a project for a <i><a href="/wiki/Zurich_Underground_Railway" title="Zurich Underground Railway">U-Bahn</a></i> network was stopped by a referendum in the 1970s and instead its <a href="/wiki/Zurich_S-Bahn" title="Zurich S-Bahn">S-Bahn</a> system was developed further. Other <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central European</a> countries also have metro lines, for example in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Metro" title="Budapest Metro">Budapest</a> (Hungary), <a href="/wiki/Prague_Metro" title="Prague Metro">Prague</a> (Czech Republic) and <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Metro" title="Warsaw Metro">Warsaw</a> (Poland). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, metro systems are in operation in <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Metro" title="Minsk Metro">Minsk</a> (Belarus), <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Metro" title="Kyiv Metro">Kyiv</a> (Ukraine) and <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Metro" title="Moscow Metro">Moscow</a> (Russia). In <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern European</a> countries, there are metro systems in <a href="/wiki/Athens_Metro" title="Athens Metro">Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_Metro" title="Thessaloniki Metro">Thessaloniki</a> (Greece), <a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Metro" title="Belgrade Metro">Belgrade</a> (Serbia), <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Metro" title="Sofia Metro">Sofia</a> (Bulgaria) and <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Metro" title="Istanbul Metro">Istanbul</a> (Turkey). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>, rapid transit systems exist in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Metro" title="Copenhagen Metro">Copenhagen</a> (Denmark), <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Metro" title="Oslo Metro">Oslo</a> (Norway), <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Metro" title="Stockholm Metro">Stockholm</a> (Sweden) and <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Metro" title="Helsinki Metro">Helsinki</a> (Finland). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_transit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various terms are used for rapid transit systems around <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. The term <i>metro</i> is a shortened reference to a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a>. Rapid transit systems such as the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Metro" title="Washington Metro">Washington Metrorail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Rail" title="Los Angeles Metro Rail">Los Angeles Metro Rail</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Metrorail_(Miami-Dade_County)" title="Metrorail (Miami-Dade County)">Miami Metrorail</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Metro" title="Montreal Metro">Montreal Metro</a> are generally called the <i>Metro</i>. In <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, the term "El" is used for the <a href="/wiki/Market%E2%80%93Frankford_Line" title="Market–Frankford Line">Market–Frankford Line</a> which runs mostly on an elevated track, while the term "subway" applies to the <a href="/wiki/Broad_Street_Line" title="Broad Street Line">Broad Street Line</a> which is almost entirely underground. <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter rail</a> system that serves the entire metropolitan area is called <i><a href="/wiki/Metra" title="Metra">Metra</a></i> (short for <b>Met</b>ropolitan <b>Ra</b>il), while its rapid transit system that serves the city is called the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_%22L%22" title="Chicago "L"">"L"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Transportation_Authority" title="Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority">Boston's subway system</a> is known locally as "The T". In <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Atlanta_Rapid_Transit_Authority" title="Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority">Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority</a> goes by the acronym "MARTA." In the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a>, residents refer to <a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Rapid_Transit" title="Bay Area Rapid Transit">Bay Area Rapid Transit</a> by its acronym "BART".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a> is referred to simply as "the subway", despite 40% of the system running above ground. The term "L" or "El" is not used for elevated lines in general as the lines in the system are already designated with letters and numbers. The "L" train or <a href="/wiki/L_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="L (New York City Subway service)">L (New York City Subway service)</a> refers specifically to the 14th Street–Canarsie Local line, and not other elevated trains. Similarly, the Toronto Subway is referred to as "the subway", with some of its system also running above ground. These are the only two <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> systems that are primarily called "subways". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_transit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, rapid transit systems are primarily known by the <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> <i>MRT</i>. The meaning varies from one country to another. In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, the acronym stands for <i><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_MRT" title="Jakarta MRT">Moda Raya Terpadu</a></i> or <i>Integrated Mass [Transit] Mode</i> in English.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, it stands for <i><a href="/wiki/Manila_Metro_Rail_Transit_System" title="Manila Metro Rail Transit System">Metro Rail Transit</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Makati_Intra-city_Subway" title="Makati Intra-city Subway">Two</a> underground <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila_Subway" title="Metro Manila Subway">lines</a> use the term <i>subway</i>. In <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, it stands for <i><a href="/wiki/MRT_(Bangkok)" title="MRT (Bangkok)">Metropolitan Rapid Transit</a></i>, previously using the <i>Mass Rapid Transit</i> name.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside of Southeast Asia, <a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung" title="Kaohsiung">Kaohsiung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taoyuan,_Taiwan" title="Taoyuan, Taiwan">Taoyuan, Taiwan</a>, have their own <i>MRT</i> systems which stands for <i>Mass Rapid Transit</i>, as with <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broader_definition">Broader definition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_transit&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Broader definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general rapid transit is a synonym for "metro" type transit, though sometimes rapid transit is defined to include "metro", commuter trains and <a href="/wiki/Semi-metro" title="Semi-metro">grade separated light rail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CT77_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CT77-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also high-capacity bus-based transit systems can have features similar to "metro" systems.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_transit&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_rapid_transit" title="History of rapid transit">History of rapid transit</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constructing_the_Metropolitan_Railway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Constructing_the_Metropolitan_Railway.jpg/220px-Constructing_the_Metropolitan_Railway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Constructing_the_Metropolitan_Railway.jpg/330px-Constructing_the_Metropolitan_Railway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Constructing_the_Metropolitan_Railway.jpg/440px-Constructing_the_Metropolitan_Railway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8536" data-file-height="5904" /></a><figcaption>Initial construction stages of London's <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Railway" title="Metropolitan Railway">Metropolitan Railway</a> at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Cross_St_Pancras_tube_station" title="King's Cross St Pancras tube station">King's Cross St Pancras</a> in 1861</figcaption></figure> <p>The opening of London's steam-hauled <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Railway" title="Metropolitan Railway">Metropolitan Railway</a> in 1863 marked the beginning of rapid transit. Initial experiences with steam engines, despite ventilation, were unpleasant. Experiments with <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatic railway">pneumatic railways</a> failed in their extended adoption by cities. </p><p>In 1890, the <a href="/wiki/City_%26_South_London_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="City & South London Railway">City & South London Railway</a> was the first electric-traction rapid transit railway, which was also fully underground.<sup id="cite_ref-Ovenden7_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ovenden7-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to opening, the line was to be called the "City and South London Subway", thus introducing the term Subway into railway terminology.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both railways, alongside others, were eventually merged into <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>. The 1893 <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Overhead_Railway" title="Liverpool Overhead Railway">Liverpool Overhead Railway</a> was designed to use electric traction from the outset.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The technology quickly spread to other <a href="/wiki/List_of_metro_systems_in_Europe" title="List of metro systems in Europe">cities in Europe</a>, the United States, Argentina, and Canada, with some railways being converted from steam and others being designed to be electric from the outset. <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> all converted or purpose-designed and built electric rail services.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Home_Front_in_Britain_during_the_Second_World_War_HU44272.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_Home_Front_in_Britain_during_the_Second_World_War_HU44272.jpg/220px-The_Home_Front_in_Britain_during_the_Second_World_War_HU44272.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_Home_Front_in_Britain_during_the_Second_World_War_HU44272.jpg/330px-The_Home_Front_in_Britain_during_the_Second_World_War_HU44272.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_Home_Front_in_Britain_during_the_Second_World_War_HU44272.jpg/440px-The_Home_Front_in_Britain_during_the_Second_World_War_HU44272.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="2431" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aldwych_tube_station" title="Aldwych tube station">Aldwych tube station</a> in London being used as a bomb shelter in 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>Advancements in technology have allowed new automated services. Hybrid solutions have also evolved, such as <a href="/wiki/Tram-train" title="Tram-train">tram-train</a> and <a href="/wiki/Premetro" title="Premetro">premetro</a>, which incorporate some of the features of rapid transit systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Ovenden7_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ovenden7-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to cost, engineering considerations and topological challenges some cities have opted to construct tram systems, particularly those in Australia, where density in cities was low and <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburbs</a> tended to <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">spread out</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pulling_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pulling-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1970s, the viability of underground train systems in Australian cities, particularly <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, has been reconsidered and proposed as a solution to over-capacity. Melbourne had <a href="/wiki/City_Loop" title="City Loop">tunnels and stations</a> developed in the 1970s and opened in 1980. The <a href="/wiki/Metro_North_West_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro North West Line">first line</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Metro" title="Sydney Metro">Sydney Metro</a> was opened in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1960s, many new systems have been introduced in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-white63_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-white63-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 21st century, most new expansions and systems are located in Asia, with China becoming the world's leader in metro expansion, operating some of the largest and busiest systems while possessing almost 60 cities that are operating, constructing or planning a <a href="/wiki/Urban_rail_transit_in_China" title="Urban rail transit in China">rapid transit system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_transit&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M4_San_Babila_appena_inaugurata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/M4_San_Babila_appena_inaugurata.jpg/220px-M4_San_Babila_appena_inaugurata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/M4_San_Babila_appena_inaugurata.jpg/330px-M4_San_Babila_appena_inaugurata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/M4_San_Babila_appena_inaugurata.jpg/440px-M4_San_Babila_appena_inaugurata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Milan_Metro" title="Milan Metro">Milan Metro</a> is the largest rapid transit system in Italy in terms of length, number of stations and ridership; and the fifth longest in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and the eighth in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Rapid transit is used for local transport in <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">cities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_agglomeration" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban agglomeration">agglomerations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan areas</a> to transport large numbers of people often short distances at high <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extent of the rapid transit system varies greatly between cities, with several transport strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-mrt_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mrt-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some systems may extend only to the limits of the inner city, or to its inner ring of <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburbs</a> with trains making frequent station stops. The outer suburbs may then be reached by a separate <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter rail</a> network where more widely spaced stations allow higher speeds. In some cases the differences between urban rapid transit and suburban systems are not clear.<sup id="cite_ref-aptaglossary_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aptaglossary-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rapid transit systems may be supplemented by other systems such as <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybuses</a>, regular <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">trams</a>, or commuter rail. This combination of transit modes serves to offset certain limitations of rapid transit such as limited stops and long walking distances between outside access points. Bus or tram feeder systems transport people to rapid transit stops.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lines">Lines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_transit&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ana_rosa,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro,_Line_blue,_Brazil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ana_rosa%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro%2C_Line_blue%2C_Brazil.jpg/220px-Ana_rosa%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro%2C_Line_blue%2C_Brazil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ana_rosa%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro%2C_Line_blue%2C_Brazil.jpg/330px-Ana_rosa%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro%2C_Line_blue%2C_Brazil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ana_rosa%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro%2C_Line_blue%2C_Brazil.jpg/440px-Ana_rosa%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro%2C_Line_blue%2C_Brazil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4231" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ana_Rosa_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro)" title="Ana Rosa (São Paulo Metro)">Ana Rosa station</a> platform, <a href="/wiki/Line_2_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro)" title="Line 2 (São Paulo Metro)">line 2</a> in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro" title="São Paulo Metro">São Paulo Metro</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delhi_Metro_-_Magenta_Line.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Delhi_Metro_-_Magenta_Line.jpg/220px-Delhi_Metro_-_Magenta_Line.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Delhi_Metro_-_Magenta_Line.jpg/330px-Delhi_Metro_-_Magenta_Line.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Delhi_Metro_-_Magenta_Line.jpg/440px-Delhi_Metro_-_Magenta_Line.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3920" data-file-height="2204" /></a><figcaption>The coaches of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Metro" title="Delhi Metro">Delhi Metro</a> are color-coded to indicate different service lines.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lauttasaaren_metroasema_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lauttasaaren_metroasema_2.jpg/220px-Lauttasaaren_metroasema_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lauttasaaren_metroasema_2.jpg/330px-Lauttasaaren_metroasema_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lauttasaaren_metroasema_2.jpg/440px-Lauttasaaren_metroasema_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3880" data-file-height="2525" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Metro" title="Helsinki Metro">Helsinki Metro</a> is the northernmost metro system in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Each rapid transit system consists of one or more <i>lines</i>, or circuits. Each line is serviced by at least one specific route with trains stopping at all or some of the line's stations. Most systems operate several routes, and distinguish them by colors, names, numbering, or a combination thereof. Some lines may share track with each other for a portion of their route or operate solely on their own right-of-way. Often a line running through the city center forks into two or more branches in the suburbs, allowing a higher service frequency in the center. This arrangement is used by many systems, such as the <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Metro" title="Copenhagen Metro">Copenhagen Metro</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Milan_Metro" title="Milan Metro">Milan Metro</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Metro" title="Oslo Metro">Oslo Metro</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Metro" title="Istanbul Metro">Istanbul Metro</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternatively, there may be a single central terminal (often shared with the central railway station), or multiple interchange stations between lines in the city center, for instance in the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Metro" title="Prague Metro">Prague Metro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro" title="Paris Métro">Paris Métro</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are densely built systems with a matrix of crisscrossing lines throughout the cities. The <a href="/wiki/Chicago_%27L%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago 'L'">Chicago 'L'</a> has most of its lines converging on <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Downtown Chicago">The Loop</a>, the main business, financial, and cultural area. Some systems have a circular line around the city center connecting to radially arranged outward lines, such as the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Metro" title="Moscow Metro">Moscow Metro</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Koltsevaya_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Koltsevaya Line">Koltsevaya Line</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Subway" title="Beijing Subway">Beijing Subway</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Line_10,_Beijing_Subway" class="mw-redirect" title="Line 10, Beijing Subway">Line 10</a>. </p><p>The capacity of a line is obtained by multiplying the car capacity, the train length, and the <a href="/wiki/Headway" title="Headway">service frequency</a>. Heavy rapid transit trains might have six to twelve cars, while lighter systems may use four or fewer. Cars have a capacity of 100 to 150 passengers, varying with the <a href="/wiki/Seated_to_standing_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Seated to standing ratio">seated to standing ratio</a> – more standing gives higher capacity. The minimum time interval between trains is shorter for rapid transit than for mainline railways owing to the use of <a href="/wiki/Communications-based_train_control" title="Communications-based train control">communications-based train control</a>: the minimum headway can reach 90 seconds, but many systems typically use 120 seconds to allow for recovery from delays. Typical capacity lines allow 1,200 people per train, giving 36,000 <a href="/wiki/Passengers_per_hour_per_direction" title="Passengers per hour per direction">passengers per hour per direction</a>. However, much higher capacities are attained in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> with ranges of 75,000 to 85,000 people per hour achieved by <a href="/wiki/MTR_Corporation" title="MTR Corporation">MTR Corporation</a>'s urban lines in Hong Kong.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Network_topologies">Network topologies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_transit&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Network topologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_metro_systems" title="List of metro systems">List of metro systems</a></div> <p>Rapid transit <a href="/wiki/Topology" title="Topology">topologies</a> are determined by a large number of factors, including geographical barriers, existing or expected travel patterns, construction costs, politics, and historical constraints. A transit system is expected to serve an <i>area</i> of land with a set of <i>lines</i>, which consist of shapes summarized as "I", "L", "U", "S", and "O" shapes or loops. Geographical barriers may cause chokepoints where transit lines must converge (for example, to cross a body of water), which are potential congestion sites but also offer an opportunity for transfers between lines.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ring lines provide good coverage, connect between the radial lines and serve tangential trips that would otherwise need to cross the typically congested core of the network. A rough grid pattern can offer a wide variety of routes while still maintaining reasonable speed and frequency of service.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study of the 15 world largest subway systems suggested a universal shape composed of a dense core with branches radiating from it.<sup id="cite_ref-Roth_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roth-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diameter-line.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Line, e.g. Almaty, Baltimore, Cleveland, Dhaka, Gwangju, Hanoi, Hiroshima, Honolulu, Izmir, Jakarta, Kazan, Lima, Maracaibo, Navi Mumbai, Quito, Sydney, Valencia (Venezuela), Yekaterinburg"><img alt="Line, e.g. Almaty, Baltimore, Cleveland, Dhaka, Gwangju, Hanoi, Hiroshima, Honolulu, Izmir, Jakarta, Kazan, Lima, Maracaibo, Navi Mumbai, Quito, Sydney, Valencia (Venezuela), Yekaterinburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Diameter-line.png/225px-Diameter-line.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Diameter-line.png/338px-Diameter-line.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Diameter-line.png/450px-Diameter-line.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Line_(geometry)" title="Line (geometry)">Line</a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Almaty_Metro" title="Almaty Metro">Almaty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Metro_Subway" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore Metro Subway">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Line_(Cleveland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Line (Cleveland)">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaka Metro">Dhaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gwangju_Metro" title="Gwangju Metro">Gwangju</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Metro" title="Hanoi Metro">Hanoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astram_Line" title="Astram Line">Hiroshima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skyline_(Honolulu)" title="Skyline (Honolulu)">Honolulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Izmir_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Izmir Metro">Izmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_MRT" title="Jakarta MRT">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Metro" title="Kazan Metro">Kazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lima_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Lima Metro">Lima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maracaibo_Metro" title="Maracaibo Metro">Maracaibo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navi_Mumbai_Metro" title="Navi Mumbai Metro">Navi Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quito_Metro" title="Quito Metro">Quito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Metro" title="Sydney Metro">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencia_Metro_(Venezuela)" title="Valencia Metro (Venezuela)">Valencia (Venezuela)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg_Metro" title="Yekaterinburg Metro">Yekaterinburg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross-system.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross, e.g. Ahmedabad, Atlanta, Bangalore, Hohhot, Incheon, Kaohsiung, Kyoto, Luoyang, Nagpur, Panama City, Philadelphia (SEPTA), Pune, Pyongyang, Rotterdam, Santo Domingo, Sendai, Warsaw."><img alt="Cross, e.g. Ahmedabad, Atlanta, Bangalore, Hohhot, Incheon, Kaohsiung, Kyoto, Luoyang, Nagpur, Panama City, Philadelphia (SEPTA), Pune, Pyongyang, Rotterdam, Santo Domingo, Sendai, Warsaw." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cross-system.png/225px-Cross-system.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cross-system.png/338px-Cross-system.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cross-system.png/450px-Cross-system.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad_Metro" title="Ahmedabad Metro">Ahmedabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Atlanta_Rapid_Transit_Authority" title="Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namma_Metro" title="Namma Metro">Bangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hohhot_Metro" title="Hohhot Metro">Hohhot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incheon_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Incheon Metro">Incheon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung_Mass_Rapid_Transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaohsiung Mass Rapid Transit">Kaohsiung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Municipal_Subway" title="Kyoto Municipal Subway">Kyoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luoyang_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Luoyang Metro">Luoyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagpur_Metro" title="Nagpur Metro">Nagpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama_Metro" title="Panama Metro">Panama City</a>, <a href="/wiki/SEPTA" title="SEPTA">Philadelphia (SEPTA)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pune_Metro" title="Pune Metro">Pune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_Metro" title="Pyongyang Metro">Pyongyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Metro" title="Rotterdam Metro">Rotterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo_Metro" title="Santo Domingo Metro">Santo Domingo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sendai_Subway" title="Sendai Subway">Sendai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Metro" title="Warsaw Metro">Warsaw</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X-system.png" class="mw-file-description" title="X-shaped, e.g. Algiers, Recife, Amsterdam, Bilbao, Brasilia, Brussels, Helsinki, Miami, Nizhny Novgorod, Rio de Janeiro, San Francisco Bay Area, Stockholm, Thessaloniki, Yokohama"><img alt="X-shaped, e.g. Algiers, Recife, Amsterdam, Bilbao, Brasilia, Brussels, Helsinki, Miami, Nizhny Novgorod, Rio de Janeiro, San Francisco Bay Area, Stockholm, Thessaloniki, Yokohama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/X-system.png/225px-X-system.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/X-system.png/338px-X-system.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/X-system.png/450px-X-system.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">X-shaped, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Algiers_Metro" title="Algiers Metro">Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recife_Metro" title="Recife Metro">Recife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Metro" title="Amsterdam Metro">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilbao_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilbao Metro">Bilbao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brasilia_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Brasilia Metro">Brasilia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Metro" title="Brussels Metro">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Metro" title="Helsinki Metro">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metrorail_(Miami-Dade_County)" title="Metrorail (Miami-Dade County)">Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Metro" title="Nizhny Novgorod Metro">Nizhny Novgorod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_Metro" title="Rio de Janeiro Metro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Rapid_Transit" title="Bay Area Rapid Transit">San Francisco Bay Area</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Metro" title="Stockholm Metro">Stockholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_Metro" title="Thessaloniki Metro">Thessaloniki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yokohama_Municipal_Subway" title="Yokohama Municipal Subway">Yokohama</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Air-bladder-system.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Two crossing paths (air bladder), e.g. Chennai, Dubai, Kobe, Lille, Marseille, Monterrey, Montreal, Nanchang, Nuremberg, Rotterdam, Toronto"><img alt="Two crossing paths (air bladder), e.g. Chennai, Dubai, Kobe, Lille, Marseille, Monterrey, Montreal, Nanchang, Nuremberg, Rotterdam, Toronto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Air-bladder-system.png/225px-Air-bladder-system.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Air-bladder-system.png/338px-Air-bladder-system.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Air-bladder-system.png/450px-Air-bladder-system.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two crossing paths (air bladder), e.g. <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Metro" title="Chennai Metro">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubai_Metro" title="Dubai Metro">Dubai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kobe_Municipal_Subway" title="Kobe Municipal Subway">Kobe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lille_Metro" title="Lille Metro">Lille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marseille_Metro" title="Marseille Metro">Marseille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metrorrey" title="Metrorrey">Monterrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Metro" title="Montreal Metro">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanchang_Metro" title="Nanchang Metro">Nanchang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_U-Bahn" title="Nuremberg U-Bahn">Nuremberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Metro" title="Rotterdam Metro">Rotterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto_subway" title="Toronto subway">Toronto</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Secant-system.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Secant, e.g. Athens, Budapest, Busan, Cairo, Guadalajara, Kharkiv, Kyiv, Hyderabad, Lisbon, Milan, Munich, Philadelphia (including PATCO), Prague, Rome, São Paulo, Tashkent"><img alt="Secant, e.g. Athens, Budapest, Busan, Cairo, Guadalajara, Kharkiv, Kyiv, Hyderabad, Lisbon, Milan, Munich, Philadelphia (including PATCO), Prague, Rome, São Paulo, Tashkent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Secant-system.png/225px-Secant-system.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Secant-system.png/338px-Secant-system.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Secant-system.png/450px-Secant-system.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Secant_line" title="Secant line">Secant</a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Athens_Metro" title="Athens Metro">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Metro" title="Budapest Metro">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Busan_Metro" title="Busan Metro">Busan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Metro" title="Cairo Metro">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_light_rail_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalajara light rail system">Guadalajara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Metro" title="Kharkiv Metro">Kharkiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Metro" title="Kyiv Metro">Kyiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Metro" title="Hyderabad Metro">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Metro" title="Lisbon Metro">Lisbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan_Metro" title="Milan Metro">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munich_U-Bahn" title="Munich U-Bahn">Munich</a>, Philadelphia (including <a href="/wiki/PATCO_Speedline" title="PATCO Speedline">PATCO</a>), <a href="/wiki/Prague_Metro" title="Prague Metro">Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome_Metro" title="Rome Metro">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro" title="São Paulo Metro">São Paulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Metro" title="Tashkent Metro">Tashkent</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radial-system.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Radial, e.g. Boston, Budapest, Buenos Aires, Chicago, Daegu, Doha, Los Angeles, Sapporo, Washington, DC"><img alt="Radial, e.g. Boston, Budapest, Buenos Aires, Chicago, Daegu, Doha, Los Angeles, Sapporo, Washington, DC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Radial-system.png/225px-Radial-system.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Radial-system.png/338px-Radial-system.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Radial-system.png/450px-Radial-system.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Radial, e.g. <a href="/wiki/MBTA_subway" title="MBTA subway">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Metro" title="Budapest Metro">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Underground" title="Buenos Aires Underground">Buenos Aires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_%22L%22" title="Chicago "L"">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daegu_Metro" title="Daegu Metro">Daegu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doha_Metro" title="Doha Metro">Doha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Rail" title="Los Angeles Metro Rail">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sapporo_Municipal_Subway" title="Sapporo Municipal Subway">Sapporo</a>, <a href="/wiki/DC_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="DC Metro">Washington, DC</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Circle-system.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Circle, e.g. Detroit, Glasgow"><img alt="Circle, e.g. Detroit, Glasgow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Circle-system.png/225px-Circle-system.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Circle-system.png/338px-Circle-system.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Circle-system.png/450px-Circle-system.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Circle, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Detroit_People_Mover" title="Detroit People Mover">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Subway" title="Glasgow Subway">Glasgow</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Circle-radial-system.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Circle-radial, e.g. Bangkok, Beijing, Bucharest, Chengdu, Chongqing, Copenhagen, Delhi, Hamburg, London, Madrid, Moscow, Nagoya, Paris, Seoul, Shanghai, Singapore, Tokyo, Zhengzhou"><img alt="Circle-radial, e.g. Bangkok, Beijing, Bucharest, Chengdu, Chongqing, Copenhagen, Delhi, Hamburg, London, Madrid, Moscow, Nagoya, Paris, Seoul, Shanghai, Singapore, Tokyo, Zhengzhou" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Circle-radial-system.png/225px-Circle-radial-system.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Circle-radial-system.png/338px-Circle-radial-system.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Circle-radial-system.png/450px-Circle-radial-system.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Circle-radial, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_Master_Plan_in_Bangkok_Metropolitan_Region" title="Mass Rapid Transit Master Plan in Bangkok Metropolitan Region">Bangkok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Subway" title="Beijing Subway">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Metro" title="Bucharest Metro">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chengdu_Metro" title="Chengdu Metro">Chengdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chongqing_Rail_Transit" title="Chongqing Rail Transit">Chongqing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Metro" title="Copenhagen Metro">Copenhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Metro" title="Delhi Metro">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_U-Bahn" title="Hamburg U-Bahn">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Metro" title="Madrid Metro">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Metro" title="Moscow Metro">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagoya_Municipal_Subway" title="Nagoya Municipal Subway">Nagoya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro" title="Paris Métro">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Subway" title="Seoul Metropolitan Subway">Seoul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Metro" title="Shanghai Metro">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_(Singapore)" title="Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_subway" title="Tokyo subway">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_Metro" title="Zhengzhou Metro">Zhengzhou</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Intermeshed-system.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Complex grid, e.g. Barcelona, Berlin, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Hong Kong, Mexico City, Milan, Mumbai, Nanjing, New York, Osaka, Santiago, Shenzhen, Taipei, Tehran, Tianjin, Vienna, Wuhan"><img alt="Complex grid, e.g. Barcelona, Berlin, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Hong Kong, Mexico City, Milan, Mumbai, Nanjing, New York, Osaka, Santiago, Shenzhen, Taipei, Tehran, Tianjin, Vienna, Wuhan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Intermeshed-system.png/225px-Intermeshed-system.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Intermeshed-system.png/338px-Intermeshed-system.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Intermeshed-system.png/450px-Intermeshed-system.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Complex grid, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Metro" title="Barcelona Metro">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin_U-Bahn" title="Berlin U-Bahn">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Metro" title="Guangzhou Metro">Guangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_Metro" title="Hangzhou Metro">Hangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/MTR" title="MTR">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro" title="Mexico City Metro">Mexico City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan_Metro" title="Milan Metro">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metro" title="Mumbai Metro">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Metro" title="Nanjing Metro">Nanjing</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Metro" title="Osaka Metro">Osaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Metro" title="Santiago Metro">Santiago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen_Metro" title="Shenzhen Metro">Shenzhen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taipei_Metro" title="Taipei Metro">Taipei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Metro" title="Tehran Metro">Tehran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Metro" title="Tianjin Metro">Tianjin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vienna_U-Bahn" title="Vienna U-Bahn">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Metro" title="Wuhan Metro">Wuhan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Loop_extended.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Extended loop, e.g. Changchun, Naples, Newcastle, Sofia"><img alt="Extended loop, e.g. Changchun, Naples, Newcastle, Sofia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Loop_extended.png/225px-Loop_extended.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Loop_extended.png/338px-Loop_extended.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Loop_extended.png/450px-Loop_extended.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Extended loop, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Changchun_Rail_Transit" title="Changchun Rail Transit">Changchun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples_Metro" title="Naples Metro">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_Metro" title="Tyne and Wear Metro">Newcastle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Metro" title="Sofia Metro">Sofia</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passenger_information">Passenger information</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_transit&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Passenger information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_metro_1000_series_lcd_display_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Tokyo_metro_1000_series_lcd_display_01.png/220px-Tokyo_metro_1000_series_lcd_display_01.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Tokyo_metro_1000_series_lcd_display_01.png/330px-Tokyo_metro_1000_series_lcd_display_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Tokyo_metro_1000_series_lcd_display_01.png/440px-Tokyo_metro_1000_series_lcd_display_01.png 2x" data-file-width="2556" data-file-height="1438" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metro" title="Tokyo Metro">Tokyo Metro</a> uses large LCD information display to show the current location, upcoming stops, and advertisements in several languages (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Rapid transit operators have often built up strong <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">brands</a>, often focused on easy recognition – to allow quick identification even in the vast array of signage found in large cities – combined with the desire to communicate speed, safety, and authority.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many cities, there is a single <a href="/wiki/Corporate_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate image">corporate image</a> for the entire transit authority, but the rapid transit uses its own logo that fits into the profile. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3%E5%9C%B0%E9%93%8111%E5%8F%B7%E7%BA%BF%E4%B8%AD%E8%BD%A6%E9%95%BF%E5%AE%A2%E8%BD%A6%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BB%A3%E6%8A%A5%E7%AB%99%E6%98%BE%E7%A4%BA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3%E5%9C%B0%E9%93%8111%E5%8F%B7%E7%BA%BF%E4%B8%AD%E8%BD%A6%E9%95%BF%E5%AE%A2%E8%BD%A6%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BB%A3%E6%8A%A5%E7%AB%99%E6%98%BE%E7%A4%BA.jpg/220px-%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3%E5%9C%B0%E9%93%8111%E5%8F%B7%E7%BA%BF%E4%B8%AD%E8%BD%A6%E9%95%BF%E5%AE%A2%E8%BD%A6%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BB%A3%E6%8A%A5%E7%AB%99%E6%98%BE%E7%A4%BA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3%E5%9C%B0%E9%93%8111%E5%8F%B7%E7%BA%BF%E4%B8%AD%E8%BD%A6%E9%95%BF%E5%AE%A2%E8%BD%A6%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BB%A3%E6%8A%A5%E7%AB%99%E6%98%BE%E7%A4%BA.jpg/330px-%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3%E5%9C%B0%E9%93%8111%E5%8F%B7%E7%BA%BF%E4%B8%AD%E8%BD%A6%E9%95%BF%E5%AE%A2%E8%BD%A6%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BB%A3%E6%8A%A5%E7%AB%99%E6%98%BE%E7%A4%BA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3%E5%9C%B0%E9%93%8111%E5%8F%B7%E7%BA%BF%E4%B8%AD%E8%BD%A6%E9%95%BF%E5%AE%A2%E8%BD%A6%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BB%A3%E6%8A%A5%E7%AB%99%E6%98%BE%E7%A4%BA.jpg/440px-%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3%E5%9C%B0%E9%93%8111%E5%8F%B7%E7%BA%BF%E4%B8%AD%E8%BD%A6%E9%95%BF%E5%AE%A2%E8%BD%A6%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BB%A3%E6%8A%A5%E7%AB%99%E6%98%BE%E7%A4%BA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen_Metro" title="Shenzhen Metro">Shenzhen Metro</a> uses large LCD information displays to show the current location, upcoming stops and diagrams of the next station.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Transit_map" title="Transit map">transit map</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Topological_map" title="Topological map">topological map</a> or <a href="/wiki/Schematic" title="Schematic">schematic</a> <a href="/wiki/Diagram" title="Diagram">diagram</a> used to show the routes and stations in a <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a> system. The main components are <a href="/wiki/Color-coding" title="Color-coding">color-coded</a> lines to indicate each line or service, with named icons to indicate stations. Maps may show only rapid transit or also include other modes of public transport.<sup id="cite_ref-ovenden9_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ovenden9-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transit maps can be found in transit vehicles, on <a href="/wiki/Railway_platform" title="Railway platform">platforms</a>, elsewhere in stations, and in printed <a href="/wiki/Public_transport_timetable" title="Public transport timetable">timetables</a>. Maps help users understand the interconnections between different parts of the system; for example, they show the <a href="/wiki/Interchange_station" title="Interchange station">interchange</a> stations where passengers can transfer between lines. Unlike conventional maps, transit maps are usually not geographically accurate, but emphasize the <a href="/wiki/Topology" title="Topology">topological</a> connections among the different stations. The graphic presentation may use straight lines and fixed angles, and often a fixed minimum distance between stations, to simplify the display of the transit network. Often this has the effect of compressing the distance between stations in the outer area of the system, and expanding distances between those close to the center.<sup id="cite_ref-ovenden9_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ovenden9-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some systems assign unique <a href="/wiki/Alphanumeric_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphanumeric code">alphanumeric codes</a> to each of their stations to help commuters identify them, which briefly encodes information about the line it is on, and its position on the line.<sup id="cite_ref-strom58_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strom58-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, on the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_MRT" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore MRT">Singapore MRT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Changi_Airport_MRT_station" title="Changi Airport MRT station">Changi Airport MRT station</a> has the alphanumeric code CG2, indicating its position as the 2nd station on the Changi Airport branch of the East West Line. Interchange stations have at least two codes, for example, <a href="/wiki/Raffles_Place_MRT_station" title="Raffles Place MRT station">Raffles Place MRT station</a> has two codes, NS26 and EW14, the 26th station on the North South Line and the 14th station on the East West Line. </p><p>The Seoul Metro is another example that utilizes a code for its stations. Unlike that of Singapore's MRT, it is mostly numbers. Based on the line number, for example Sinyongsan station, is coded as station 429. Being on Line 4, the first number of the station code is 4. The last two numbers are the station number on that line. Interchange stations can have multiple codes. Like City Hall station in Seoul which is served by Line 1 and Line 2. It has a code of 132 and 201 respectively. The Line 2 is a circle line and the first stop is City Hall, therefore, City Hall has the station code of 201. For lines without a number like Bundang line it will have an alphanumeric code. Lines without a number that are operated by KORAIL will start with the letter 'K'. </p><p>With widespread use of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cell_phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell phone">cell phones</a> globally, transit operators now use these technologies to present information to their users. In addition to online maps and timetables, some transit operators now offer real-time information which allows passengers to know when the next vehicle will arrive, and expected travel times. The standardized <a href="/wiki/General_Transit_Feed_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="General Transit Feed Specification">GTFS</a> data format for transit information allows many third-party software developers to produce web and smartphone app programs which give passengers customized updates regarding specific transit lines and stations of interest. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro" title="Mexico City Metro">Mexico City Metro</a> uses a unique <a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">pictogram</a> for each station. Originally intended to help make the network map "readable" by illiterate people, this system has since become an "icon" of the system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_and_security">Safety and security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_transit&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Safety and security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_railway_accidents" title="Classification of railway accidents">Classification of railway accidents</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2000%EB%85%84%EB%8C%80_%EC%B4%88%EB%B0%98_%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%EC%86%8C%EB%B0%A9_%EC%86%8C%EB%B0%A9%EA%B3%B5%EB%AC%B4%EC%9B%90(%EC%86%8C%EB%B0%A9%EA%B4%80)_%ED%99%9C%EB%8F%99_%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%84_%EB%B6%80%ED%99%9C%EC%A0%88_%EC%95%88%EC%A0%84%EA%B7%BC%EB%AC%B4-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/2000%EB%85%84%EB%8C%80_%EC%B4%88%EB%B0%98_%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%EC%86%8C%EB%B0%A9_%EC%86%8C%EB%B0%A9%EA%B3%B5%EB%AC%B4%EC%9B%90%28%EC%86%8C%EB%B0%A9%EA%B4%80%29_%ED%99%9C%EB%8F%99_%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%84_%EB%B6%80%ED%99%9C%EC%A0%88_%EC%95%88%EC%A0%84%EA%B7%BC%EB%AC%B4-1.jpg/220px-2000%EB%85%84%EB%8C%80_%EC%B4%88%EB%B0%98_%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%EC%86%8C%EB%B0%A9_%EC%86%8C%EB%B0%A9%EA%B3%B5%EB%AC%B4%EC%9B%90%28%EC%86%8C%EB%B0%A9%EA%B4%80%29_%ED%99%9C%EB%8F%99_%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%84_%EB%B6%80%ED%99%9C%EC%A0%88_%EC%95%88%EC%A0%84%EA%B7%BC%EB%AC%B4-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/2000%EB%85%84%EB%8C%80_%EC%B4%88%EB%B0%98_%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%EC%86%8C%EB%B0%A9_%EC%86%8C%EB%B0%A9%EA%B3%B5%EB%AC%B4%EC%9B%90%28%EC%86%8C%EB%B0%A9%EA%B4%80%29_%ED%99%9C%EB%8F%99_%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%84_%EB%B6%80%ED%99%9C%EC%A0%88_%EC%95%88%EC%A0%84%EA%B7%BC%EB%AC%B4-1.jpg/330px-2000%EB%85%84%EB%8C%80_%EC%B4%88%EB%B0%98_%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%EC%86%8C%EB%B0%A9_%EC%86%8C%EB%B0%A9%EA%B3%B5%EB%AC%B4%EC%9B%90%28%EC%86%8C%EB%B0%A9%EA%B4%80%29_%ED%99%9C%EB%8F%99_%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%84_%EB%B6%80%ED%99%9C%EC%A0%88_%EC%95%88%EC%A0%84%EA%B7%BC%EB%AC%B4-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/2000%EB%85%84%EB%8C%80_%EC%B4%88%EB%B0%98_%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%EC%86%8C%EB%B0%A9_%EC%86%8C%EB%B0%A9%EA%B3%B5%EB%AC%B4%EC%9B%90%28%EC%86%8C%EB%B0%A9%EA%B4%80%29_%ED%99%9C%EB%8F%99_%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%84_%EB%B6%80%ED%99%9C%EC%A0%88_%EC%95%88%EC%A0%84%EA%B7%BC%EB%AC%B4-1.jpg/440px-2000%EB%85%84%EB%8C%80_%EC%B4%88%EB%B0%98_%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%EC%86%8C%EB%B0%A9_%EC%86%8C%EB%B0%A9%EA%B3%B5%EB%AC%B4%EC%9B%90%28%EC%86%8C%EB%B0%A9%EA%B4%80%29_%ED%99%9C%EB%8F%99_%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%84_%EB%B6%80%ED%99%9C%EC%A0%88_%EC%95%88%EC%A0%84%EA%B7%BC%EB%AC%B4-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1391" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Fire_and_Disaster_Management_Headquarters" title="Seoul Metropolitan Fire and Disaster Management Headquarters">Seoul Fire Services</a> personnel participating in a firefighting exercise on <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Subway_Line_6" title="Seoul Subway Line 6">Seoul Subway Line 6</a> in March 2001</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xinyi_Line_Platform_2,_Daan_Station_20131124a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Xinyi_Line_Platform_2%2C_Daan_Station_20131124a.jpg/220px-Xinyi_Line_Platform_2%2C_Daan_Station_20131124a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Xinyi_Line_Platform_2%2C_Daan_Station_20131124a.jpg/330px-Xinyi_Line_Platform_2%2C_Daan_Station_20131124a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Xinyi_Line_Platform_2%2C_Daan_Station_20131124a.jpg/440px-Xinyi_Line_Platform_2%2C_Daan_Station_20131124a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Platform-edge_doors" class="mw-redirect" title="Platform-edge doors">Platform-edge doors</a> are used for safety at <a href="/wiki/Daan_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Daan Station">Daan Station</a> on <a href="/wiki/Tamsui-Xinyi_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamsui-Xinyi Line">the Red Line (Tamsui-Xinyi Line)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taipei_Metro" title="Taipei Metro">Taipei Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chennai_Underground_metrostation_with_India%27s_first_Platform_Screen_Doors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Chennai_Underground_metrostation_with_India%27s_first_Platform_Screen_Doors.jpg/220px-Chennai_Underground_metrostation_with_India%27s_first_Platform_Screen_Doors.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Chennai_Underground_metrostation_with_India%27s_first_Platform_Screen_Doors.jpg/330px-Chennai_Underground_metrostation_with_India%27s_first_Platform_Screen_Doors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Chennai_Underground_metrostation_with_India%27s_first_Platform_Screen_Doors.jpg/440px-Chennai_Underground_metrostation_with_India%27s_first_Platform_Screen_Doors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>Full-height enclosed <a href="/wiki/Platform_screen_doors" title="Platform screen doors">platform screen doors</a> installed in an underground station of the <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Metro" title="Chennai Metro">Chennai Metro</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Compared to other modes of transport, rapid transit has a good <a href="/wiki/Safety" title="Safety">safety</a> record, with few accidents. Rail transport is subject to strict <a href="/wiki/Safety" title="Safety">safety regulations</a>, with requirements for procedure and maintenance to minimize risk. <a href="/wiki/Head-on_collision" title="Head-on collision">Head-on collisions</a> are rare due to use of double track, and low operating speeds reduce the occurrence and severity of <a href="/wiki/Rear-end_collision" title="Rear-end collision">rear-end collisions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derailment" title="Derailment">derailments</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">Fire</a> is more of a danger underground, such as the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Cross_fire" title="King's Cross fire">King's Cross fire</a> in London in November 1987, which killed 31 people. Systems are generally built to allow evacuation of trains at many places throughout the system.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Railway_platform_height" title="Railway platform height">High platforms</a>, usually over 1 meter / 3 feet, are a safety risk, as people falling onto the tracks have trouble climbing back. <a href="/wiki/Platform_screen_doors" title="Platform screen doors">Platform screen doors</a> are used on some systems to eliminate this danger. </p><p>Rapid transit facilities are public spaces and may suffer from <a href="/wiki/Security" title="Security">security</a> problems: <a href="/wiki/Petty_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Petty crime">petty crimes</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Pickpocketing" title="Pickpocketing">pickpocketing</a> and baggage theft, and more serious <a href="/wiki/Violent_crime" title="Violent crime">violent crimes</a>, as well as sexual assaults on tightly packed trains and platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Security measures include <a href="/wiki/Video_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Video surveillance">video surveillance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Security_guard" title="Security guard">security guards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conductor_(transportation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conductor (transportation)">conductors</a>. In some countries a specialized <a href="/wiki/Transit_police" title="Transit police">transit police</a> may be established. These security measures are normally integrated with measures to protect revenue by checking that passengers are not travelling without paying.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some subway systems, such as the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Subway" title="Beijing Subway">Beijing Subway</a>, which is ranked by Worldwide Rapid Transit Data as the "World's Safest Rapid Transit Network" in 2015, incorporates airport-style security checkpoints at every station. Rapid transit systems have been subject to <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> with many casualties, such as the 1995 <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_subway_sarin_gas_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo subway sarin gas attack">Tokyo subway sarin gas attack</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 2005 "<a href="/wiki/7/7" class="mw-redirect" title="7/7">7/7</a>" terrorist bombings on the London Underground. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Added_features">Added features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_transit&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Added features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wi-Fi_and_mobile_phone_antenna_inside_New_York_City_subway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Wi-Fi_and_mobile_phone_antenna_inside_New_York_City_subway.jpg/220px-Wi-Fi_and_mobile_phone_antenna_inside_New_York_City_subway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Wi-Fi_and_mobile_phone_antenna_inside_New_York_City_subway.jpg/330px-Wi-Fi_and_mobile_phone_antenna_inside_New_York_City_subway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Wi-Fi_and_mobile_phone_antenna_inside_New_York_City_subway.jpg/440px-Wi-Fi_and_mobile_phone_antenna_inside_New_York_City_subway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Distributed_antenna_system" title="Distributed antenna system">DAS antennas</a>, such as this one installed by <a href="/wiki/Transit_Wireless" title="Transit Wireless">Transit Wireless</a> in a <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">NYC Subway</a> station, are commonly used to provide cellular reception in metro stations.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some rapid transport trains have extra features such as wall sockets, cellular reception, typically using a <a href="/wiki/Leaky_feeder" title="Leaky feeder">leaky feeder</a> in tunnels and <a href="/wiki/Distributed_antenna_system" title="Distributed antenna system">DAS antennas</a> in stations, as well as <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> connectivity. The first metro system in the world to enable full mobile phone reception in underground stations and tunnels was Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system, which launched its first underground mobile phone network using <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System" title="Advanced Mobile Phone System">AMPS</a> in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many metro systems, such as the Hong Kong <a href="/wiki/Mass_Transit_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass Transit Railway">Mass Transit Railway</a> (MTR) and the Berlin U-Bahn, provide mobile data connections in their tunnels for various network operators. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_transit&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metro_Turin_Italy_Tunnel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Metro_Turin_Italy_Tunnel.JPG/220px-Metro_Turin_Italy_Tunnel.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Metro_Turin_Italy_Tunnel.JPG/330px-Metro_Turin_Italy_Tunnel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Metro_Turin_Italy_Tunnel.JPG/440px-Metro_Turin_Italy_Tunnel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Inside a tunnel on the <a href="/wiki/Turin_Metro" title="Turin Metro">Turin Metro</a>, the interlocking tunnel lining segments placed by a <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_boring_machine" title="Tunnel boring machine">tunnel boring machine</a> can be clearly seen.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamburg_Hochbahn_-_Bruecke_am_Stintfang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hamburg_Hochbahn_-_Bruecke_am_Stintfang.jpg/220px-Hamburg_Hochbahn_-_Bruecke_am_Stintfang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hamburg_Hochbahn_-_Bruecke_am_Stintfang.jpg/330px-Hamburg_Hochbahn_-_Bruecke_am_Stintfang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hamburg_Hochbahn_-_Bruecke_am_Stintfang.jpg/440px-Hamburg_Hochbahn_-_Bruecke_am_Stintfang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Landungsbr%C3%BCcken_station" title="Landungsbrücken station">Landungsbrücken station</a> in Hamburg is an example where the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_U-Bahn" title="Hamburg U-Bahn">U-Bahn</a> is on the surface while the <a href="/wiki/S-Bahn" title="S-Bahn">S-Bahn</a> station is on a lower level.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> used for public, mass rapid transit has undergone significant changes in the years since the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Railway" title="Metropolitan Railway">Metropolitan Railway</a> opened publicly in London in 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-IUTPMetro_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUTPMetro-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aptaglossary_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aptaglossary-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High capacity <a href="/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail">monorails</a> with larger and longer trains can be classified as rapid transit systems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Such monorail systems recently started operating in <a href="/wiki/Chongqing_Rail_Transit" title="Chongqing Rail Transit">Chongqing</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro" title="São Paulo Metro">São Paulo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Medium-capacity_rail_transport_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium-capacity rail transport system">Light metro</a> is a subclass of rapid transit that has the speed and grade separation of a "full metro" but is designed for smaller passenger numbers. It often has smaller loading gauges, lighter train cars and smaller consists of typically two to four cars. Light metros are typically used as <a href="/wiki/Feeder_line_(network)" title="Feeder line (network)">feeder lines</a> into the main rapid transit system.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Wenhu_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenhu Line">Wenhu Line</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Taipei_Metro" title="Taipei Metro">Taipei Metro</a> serves many relatively sparse neighbourhoods and feeds into and complements the high capacity metro lines. </p><p>Some systems have been built from scratch, others are reclaimed from former commuter rail or suburban tramway systems that have been upgraded, and often supplemented with an underground or elevated downtown section.<sup id="cite_ref-ovenden93_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ovenden93-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ground-level alignments with a dedicated <a href="/wiki/Right-of-way_(transportation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-of-way (transportation)">right-of-way</a> are typically used only outside dense areas, since they create a physical barrier in the urban fabric that hinders the flow of people and vehicles across their path and have a larger physical footprint. This method of construction is the cheapest as long as land values are low. It is often used for new systems in areas that are planned to fill up with buildings after the line is built.<sup id="cite_ref-kjenstad46_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kjenstad46-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trains">Trains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_transit&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Trains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Loading_gauge" title="Loading gauge">Loading gauge</a></div> <p>Most rapid transit trains are <a href="/wiki/Electric_multiple_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric multiple units">electric multiple units</a> with lengths from three to over ten cars.<sup id="cite_ref-White,_2002:_64_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White,_2002:_64-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crew sizes have decreased throughout history, with some modern systems now running completely unstaffed trains.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other trains continue to have drivers, even if their only role in normal operation is to open and close the doors of the trains at stations. Power is commonly delivered by a <a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">third rail</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Overhead_wires" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead wires">overhead wires</a>. The whole London Underground network uses <a href="/wiki/Fourth_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth rail">fourth rail</a> and others use the <a href="/wiki/Linear_motor" title="Linear motor">linear motor</a> for propulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some urban rail lines are built to a <a href="/wiki/Loading_gauge" title="Loading gauge">loading gauge</a> as large as that of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy rail">main-line railways</a>; others are built to a smaller one and have <a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">tunnels</a> that restrict the size and sometimes the shape of the train compartments. One example is most of the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>, which has acquired the informal term "tube train" due to the cylindrical shape of the trains used on the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground_infrastructure#Subsurface_versus_deep-level_tube_lines" title="London Underground infrastructure">deep tube lines</a>. </p><p>Historically, rapid transit trains used <a href="/wiki/Ceiling_fan" title="Ceiling fan">ceiling fans</a> and openable windows to provide fresh air and <a href="/wiki/Piston_effect" title="Piston effect">piston-effect</a> wind cooling to riders. From the 1950s to the 1990s (and in most of Europe until the 2000s), many rapid transit trains from that era were also fitted with forced-air ventilation systems in carriage ceiling units for passenger comfort. Early rapid transit rolling stock fitted with <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/PATH_(rail_system)" title="PATH (rail system)">Hudson and Manhattan Railroad</a> K-series cars<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from 1958, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a> <a href="/wiki/R38_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R38 (New York City Subway car)">R38</a> and <a href="/wiki/R42_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R42 (New York City Subway car)">R42</a> cars from the late-1960s, and the <a href="/wiki/Nagoya_Municipal_Subway_3000_series" title="Nagoya Municipal Subway 3000 series">Nagoya Municipal Subway 3000 series</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Municipal_Subway_10_series" title="Osaka Municipal Subway 10 series">Osaka Municipal Subway 10 series</a><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/MTR_Metro_Cammell_EMU_(DC)" title="MTR Metro Cammell EMU (DC)">MTR M-Train EMUs</a> from the 1970s, were generally only made possible largely due to the relatively generous loading gauges of these systems and also adequate open-air sections to dissipate hot air from these air conditioning units. Especially in some rapid transit systems such as the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Metro" title="Montreal Metro">Montreal Metro</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (opened 1966) and <a href="/wiki/Sapporo_Municipal_Subway" title="Sapporo Municipal Subway">Sapporo Municipal Subway</a> (opened 1971), their entirely enclosed nature due to their use of rubber-tyred technology to cope with heavy snowfall experienced by both cities in winter precludes any air-conditioning retrofits of rolling stock due to the risk of heating the tunnels to temperatures that would be too hot for passengers and for train operations. </p><p>In many cities, metro networks consist of lines operating different sizes and types of vehicles. Although these sub-networks may not often be connected by track, in cases when it is necessary, rolling stock with a smaller <a href="/wiki/Loading_gauge" title="Loading gauge">loading gauge</a> from one sub network may be transported along other lines that use larger trains. On some networks such operations are part of normal services. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tracks">Tracks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_transit&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tracks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Railway_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway gauge">Railway gauge</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catania_-_stazione_metropolitana_Giovanni_XXIII_-_elettrotreno_CT1-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Catania_-_stazione_metropolitana_Giovanni_XXIII_-_elettrotreno_CT1-001.jpg/220px-Catania_-_stazione_metropolitana_Giovanni_XXIII_-_elettrotreno_CT1-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Catania_-_stazione_metropolitana_Giovanni_XXIII_-_elettrotreno_CT1-001.jpg/330px-Catania_-_stazione_metropolitana_Giovanni_XXIII_-_elettrotreno_CT1-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Catania_-_stazione_metropolitana_Giovanni_XXIII_-_elettrotreno_CT1-001.jpg/440px-Catania_-_stazione_metropolitana_Giovanni_XXIII_-_elettrotreno_CT1-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catania_Metro" title="Catania Metro">Catania Metro</a> train at Giovanni XXIII Station</figcaption></figure> <p>Most rapid transit systems use conventional <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a> <a href="/wiki/Railway_track" title="Railway track">railway track</a>. Since tracks in subway tunnels are not exposed to <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a>, or other forms of <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a>, they are often fixed directly to the floor rather than resting on <a href="/wiki/Track_ballast" title="Track ballast">ballast</a>, such as normal railway tracks. </p><p>An alternate technology, using <a href="/wiki/Rubber-tired_metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber-tired metro">rubber tires</a> on narrow <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> or steel <a href="/wiki/Roll_way" title="Roll way">roll ways</a>, was pioneered on certain lines of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro" title="Paris Métro">Paris Métro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro" title="Mexico City Metro">Mexico City Metro</a>, and the first completely new system to use it was in <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Metro" title="Montreal Metro">Montreal</a>, Canada. On most of these networks, additional horizontal wheels are required for guidance, and a conventional track is often provided in case of <a href="/wiki/Flat_tire" title="Flat tire">flat tires</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Railroad_switch" title="Railroad switch">switching</a>. There are also some rubber-tired systems that use a central <a href="/wiki/Guide_rail" title="Guide rail">guide rail</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sapporo_Municipal_Subway" title="Sapporo Municipal Subway">Sapporo Municipal Subway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/NeoVal" class="mw-redirect" title="NeoVal">NeoVal</a> system in <a href="/wiki/Rennes_Metro" title="Rennes Metro">Rennes</a>, France. Advocates of this system note that it is much quieter than conventional steel-wheeled trains, and allows for greater <a href="/wiki/Slope" title="Slope">inclines</a> given the increased <a href="/wiki/Traction_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traction (engineering)">traction</a> of the rubber tires. However, they have higher maintenance costs and are less energy efficient. They also lose traction when weather conditions are wet or icy, preventing above-ground use of the Montréal Metro and limiting it on the Sapporo Municipal Subway, but not rubber-tired systems in other cities.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some cities with steep hills incorporate <a href="/wiki/Mountain_railway" title="Mountain railway">mountain railway</a> technologies in their metros. One of the lines of the <a href="/wiki/Lyon_Metro_Line_C" title="Lyon Metro Line C">Lyon Metro</a> includes a section of <a href="/wiki/Rack_railway" title="Rack railway">rack (cog) railway</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Carmelit" title="Carmelit">Carmelit</a>, in Haifa, is an underground <a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">funicular</a>. </p><p>For elevated lines, another alternative is the <a href="/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail">monorail</a>, which can be built either as <a href="/wiki/Straddle_beam_monorail" class="mw-redirect" title="Straddle beam monorail">straddle-beam monorails</a> or as a <a href="/wiki/Suspended_monorail" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspended monorail">suspended monorail</a>. While monorails have never gained wide acceptance outside Japan, there are some such as <a href="/wiki/Chongqing_Rail_Transit" title="Chongqing Rail Transit">Chongqing Rail Transit</a>'s monorail lines which are widely used in a rapid transit setting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motive_power">Motive power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_transit&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Motive power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway electrification system">Railway electrification system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inaugurazione_metro_B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Inaugurazione_metro_B1.jpg/220px-Inaugurazione_metro_B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Inaugurazione_metro_B1.jpg/330px-Inaugurazione_metro_B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Inaugurazione_metro_B1.jpg/440px-Inaugurazione_metro_B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>A station of the <a href="/wiki/Rome_Metro" title="Rome Metro">Rome Metro</a> in 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>Although trains on very early rapid transit systems like the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Railway" title="Metropolitan Railway">Metropolitan Railway</a> were powered using <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engines</a>, either via cable haulage or <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotives</a>, nowadays virtually all metro trains use <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric power</a> and are built to run as <a href="/wiki/Multiple_unit" title="Multiple unit">multiple units</a>. Power for the trains, referred to as <a href="/wiki/Traction_power_network" title="Traction power network">traction power</a>, is usually supplied via one of two forms: an <a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">overhead line</a>, suspended from poles or towers along the track or from structure or tunnel ceilings, or a <a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">third rail</a> mounted at track level and contacted by a sliding "<a href="/wiki/Pickup_shoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pickup shoe">pickup shoe</a>". The practice of sending power through rails on the ground is mainly due to the limited overhead clearance of tunnels, which physically prevents the use of <a href="/wiki/Overhead_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead lines">overhead wires</a>. </p><p>The use of overhead wires allows higher power supply <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltages</a> to be used. Overhead wires are more likely to be used on metro systems without many tunnels, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Metro" title="Shanghai Metro">Shanghai Metro</a>. Overhead wires are employed on some systems that are predominantly underground, as in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona_metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona metro">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fukuoka_Subway" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukuoka Subway">Fukuoka</a>, <a href="/wiki/MTR" title="MTR">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Metro" title="Madrid Metro">Madrid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shijiazhuang_Metro" title="Shijiazhuang Metro">Shijiazhuang</a>. Both overhead wire and third-rail systems usually use the running rails as the return conductor. Some systems use a separate fourth rail for this purpose. There are transit lines that make use of both rail and overhead power, with vehicles able to switch between the two such as <a href="/wiki/Blue_Line_(MBTA)" title="Blue Line (MBTA)">Blue Line</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>. </p><p>Most rapid transit systems use <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a> but some systems in India, including <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Metro" title="Delhi Metro">Delhi Metro</a> use <a href="/wiki/25_kV_AC_railway_electrification" title="25 kV AC railway electrification">25 kV 50 Hz</a> supplied by <a href="/wiki/Overhead_wire" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead wire">overhead wires</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tunnels">Tunnels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_transit&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tunnels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:372px;max-width:372px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:197px;max-width:197px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:121px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Part_of_the_East_West_Metro_tunnel_under_the_Hooghly_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Part_of_the_East_West_Metro_tunnel_under_the_Hooghly_River.jpg/195px-Part_of_the_East_West_Metro_tunnel_under_the_Hooghly_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Part_of_the_East_West_Metro_tunnel_under_the_Hooghly_River.jpg/293px-Part_of_the_East_West_Metro_tunnel_under_the_Hooghly_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Part_of_the_East_West_Metro_tunnel_under_the_Hooghly_River.jpg/390px-Part_of_the_East_West_Metro_tunnel_under_the_Hooghly_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1001" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:171px;max-width:171px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:121px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Metro_Prague_Construction_Works_Prosek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Metro_Prague_Construction_Works_Prosek.jpg/169px-Metro_Prague_Construction_Works_Prosek.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Metro_Prague_Construction_Works_Prosek.jpg/254px-Metro_Prague_Construction_Works_Prosek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Metro_Prague_Construction_Works_Prosek.jpg/338px-Metro_Prague_Construction_Works_Prosek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="575" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><b>Left</b>: <a href="/wiki/East_West_Metro_Tunnel" title="East West Metro Tunnel">East–West tunnel</a> section – part of <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Metro_Line_2" title="Kolkata Metro Line 2">Green Line</a> – of the <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Metro" title="Kolkata Metro">Kolkata Metro</a> underneath the <a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a>, <b>Right</b>: Constructing a subway station <i><a href="/wiki/Prosek_(Prague_Metro)" title="Prosek (Prague Metro)">Prosek</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></div></div></div></div> <p>At subterranean levels, <a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">tunnels</a> move traffic away from street level, avoiding delays caused by <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">traffic congestion</a> and leaving more land available for buildings and other uses. In areas of high land prices and dense land use, tunnels may be the only economic route for mass transportation. <a href="/wiki/Cut-and-cover" class="mw-redirect" title="Cut-and-cover">Cut-and-cover</a> tunnels are constructed by digging up city streets, which are then rebuilt over the tunnel. Alternatively, <a href="/wiki/Tunnel-boring_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunnel-boring machine">tunnel-boring machines</a> can be used to dig deep-bore tunnels that lie further down in <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ovenden7_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ovenden7-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The construction of an underground metro is an expensive <a href="/wiki/Project" title="Project">project</a> and is often carried out over a number of years. There are several different methods of building underground lines. </p><p>In one common method, known as <a href="/wiki/Cut-and-cover" class="mw-redirect" title="Cut-and-cover">cut-and-cover</a> the city <a href="/wiki/Street" title="Street">streets</a> are excavated and a tunnel structure strong enough to support the road above is built in the trench, which is then filled in and the roadway rebuilt. This method often involves extensive relocation of <a href="/wiki/Utilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Utilities">utilities</a> commonly buried not far below street level – particularly <a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a> wiring, <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">gas</a> mains, and <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sewers</a>. This relocation must be done carefully, as according to documentaries from the National Geographic Society, one of the causes of the April 1992 <a href="/wiki/1992_explosion_in_Guadalajara" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 explosion in Guadalajara">explosions in Guadalajara</a> was a mislocated water pipeline. The structures are typically made of <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>, perhaps with structural columns of <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>. In the oldest systems, <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">brick</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> were used. Cut-and-cover construction can take so long that it is often necessary to build a temporary roadbed while construction is going on underneath, in order to avoid closing main streets for long periods of time. </p><p>Another tunneling method is called <a href="/wiki/Bored_tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bored tunnel">bored tunneling</a>. Here, construction starts with a <a href="/wiki/Shaft_(civil_engineering)" title="Shaft (civil engineering)">vertical shaft</a> from which tunnels are horizontally dug, often with a <a href="/wiki/Tunnelling_shield" title="Tunnelling shield">tunneling shield</a>, thus avoiding almost any disturbance to existing streets, buildings, and utilities. But problems with <a href="/wiki/Ground_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground water">ground water</a> are more likely, and tunneling through native <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a> may require <a href="/wiki/Rock_blasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock blasting">blasting</a>. The first city to extensively use deep tunneling was <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, where a thick <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary">sedimentary</a> layer of <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> largely avoids both problems. The confined space in the tunnel also limits the machinery that can be used, but specialized <a href="/wiki/Tunnel-boring_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunnel-boring machine">tunnel-boring machines</a> are now available to overcome this challenge. </p><p>A disadvantage with this, is that the cost of tunneling is much higher than building cut-and-cover systems, at-grade or elevated. Early tunneling machines could not make tunnels large enough for conventional railway equipment, necessitating special low, round trains, such as are still used by most of the London Underground. It cannot install <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a> on most of its lines because the amount of empty space between the trains and tunnel walls is so small. Other lines were built with cut-and-cover and have since been equipped with <a href="/wiki/London_Underground_S7_and_S8_Stock" title="London Underground S7 and S8 Stock">air-conditioned trains</a>. </p><p>The deepest metro system in the world was built in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Metro" title="Saint Petersburg Metro">St. Petersburg</a>, Russia where in the <a href="/wiki/Marshland" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshland">marshland</a>, stable soil starts more than 50 metres (160 ft) deep. Above that level, the soil mostly consists of water-bearing finely dispersed sand. Because of this, only three stations out of nearly 60 are built near ground level and three more above the ground. Some stations and tunnels lie as deep as 100–120 metres (330–390 ft) below the surface. Usually, the vertical distance between the ground level and the rail is used to represent the depth. Among the possible candidates are: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metro_SPB_Line5_Sportivnaya_Upper_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Metro_SPB_Line5_Sportivnaya_Upper_Hall.jpg/220px-Metro_SPB_Line5_Sportivnaya_Upper_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Metro_SPB_Line5_Sportivnaya_Upper_Hall.jpg/330px-Metro_SPB_Line5_Sportivnaya_Upper_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Metro_SPB_Line5_Sportivnaya_Upper_Hall.jpg/440px-Metro_SPB_Line5_Sportivnaya_Upper_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3700" data-file-height="2450" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Sportivnaya_(Saint_Petersburg_Metro)" title="Sportivnaya (Saint Petersburg Metro)">Sportivnaya</a></i> station of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Metro" title="Saint Petersburg Metro">Saint Petersburg Metro</a> has two levels.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Deepest stations:</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hongyancun_station" title="Hongyancun station">Hongyancun station</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Chongqing_Rail_Transit" title="Chongqing Rail Transit">Chongqing Metro</a>, China (116 metres (381 ft), opened in 2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arsenalna" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenalna">Arsenalna</a></i> station in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Metro" title="Kyiv Metro">Kyiv Metro</a>, Ukraine (105.5 metres (346 ft), opened 1960, built under a hill)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Admiralteyskaya_(Saint_Petersburg_Metro)" title="Admiralteyskaya (Saint Petersburg Metro)">Admiralteyskaya</a></i> (<i>The Admiralty</i>, 102 metres (335 ft), opened 2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia_metro_station#:~:text=Sofia_is_a_future_station,Kungsträdgården_with_Nacka_and_Hagsätra." title="Sofia metro station"><i>Sofia</i></a> station in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Metro" title="Stockholm Metro">Stockholm Metro</a>, Sweden (ca. 100m (ca. 328 ft), opening in 2030)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hongtudi_station" title="Hongtudi station">Hongtudi station</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Chongqing_Rail_Transit" title="Chongqing Rail Transit">Chongqing Metro</a>, China (94 metres (308 ft), opened in 2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liyuchi_station" title="Liyuchi station">Liyuchi station</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Chongqing_Rail_Transit" title="Chongqing Rail Transit">Chongqing Metro</a>, China (76 metres (249 ft), opened in 2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Park_Pobedy_(Moscow_Metro)" title="Park Pobedy (Moscow Metro)">Park Pobedy</a></i> station in <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Metro" title="Moscow Metro">Moscow</a> (~80 metres (260 ft), opened 2005, built under a hill)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puhung_station" title="Puhung station">Puhung station</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_Metro" title="Pyongyang Metro">Pyongyang Metro</a>, North Korea (which doubles as a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout_shelter" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear fallout shelter">nuclear shelter</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Park_MAX_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Park MAX Station">Washington Park</a></i> <a href="/wiki/MAX_Light_Rail" title="MAX Light Rail">MAX Light Rail</a> station in Portland, Oregon, US (built under a hill), 260 feet (80 m)</li></ul> <p>An advantage of deep tunnels is that they can dip in a basin-like profile between stations, without incurring the significant extra costs associated with digging near ground level. This technique, also referred to as putting stations "on humps", allows gravity to assist the trains as they accelerate from one station and brake at the next. It was used as early as 1890 on parts of the <a href="/wiki/City_and_South_London_Railway" title="City and South London Railway">City and South London Railway</a> and has been used many times since, for example in Montreal or Nuremberg. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Extension_of_Island_line_to_Western_District" title="Extension of Island line to Western District">West Island line</a>, an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Island_line_(MTR)" title="Island line (MTR)">MTR Island line</a> serving western Hong Kong Island, opened in 2015, has two stations (<a href="/wiki/Sai_Ying_Pun_station" title="Sai Ying Pun station">Sai Ying Pun</a> and <a href="/wiki/HKU_station" title="HKU station">HKU</a>) situated over 100 metres (330 ft) below ground level, to serve passengers on the <a href="/wiki/Mid-levels" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-levels">Mid-levels</a>. They have several entrances/exits equipped with high-speed lifts, instead of <a href="/wiki/Escalators" class="mw-redirect" title="Escalators">escalators</a>. These kinds of exits have existed in many London Underground stations and stations in former Soviet Union nations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elevated_railways">Elevated railways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_transit&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Elevated railways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Elevated_railway" title="Elevated railway">Elevated railways</a> are a cheaper and easier way to build an exclusive right-of-way without digging expensive tunnels or creating barriers. In addition to street level railways they may also be the only other feasible alternative due to considerations such as a high water table close to the city surface that raises the cost of, or even precludes underground railways (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>). Elevated guideways were popular around the beginning of the 20th century, but fell out of favor. They came back into fashion in the last quarter of the century – often in combination with driverless systems, for instance Vancouver's <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_SkyTrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver SkyTrain">SkyTrain</a>, London's <a href="/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway" title="Docklands Light Railway">Docklands Light Railway</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Miami_Metrorail" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami Metrorail">Miami Metrorail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Skytrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangkok Skytrain">Bangkok Skytrain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Skyline_(Honolulu)" title="Skyline (Honolulu)">Skyline Honolulu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stations">Stations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_transit&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Metro_station" title="Metro station">Metro station</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Getafe_Central_interior.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Getafe_Central_interior.JPG/170px-Getafe_Central_interior.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Getafe_Central_interior.JPG/255px-Getafe_Central_interior.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Getafe_Central_interior.JPG/340px-Getafe_Central_interior.JPG 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="1554" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Getafe_Central_(Madrid_Metro)" title="Getafe Central (Madrid Metro)">Getafe Central</a> station on Line 12 of <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Metro" title="Madrid Metro">Madrid Metro</a> has several levels.</figcaption></figure> <p>Stations function as <a href="/wiki/Transport_hub" title="Transport hub">hubs</a> to allow passengers to board and disembark from trains. They are also payment checkpoints and allow passengers to transfer between modes of transport, for instance to buses or other trains. Access is provided via either <a href="/wiki/Island_platform" title="Island platform">island-</a> or <a href="/wiki/Side_platform" title="Side platform">side platforms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Underground stations, especially deep-level ones, increase the overall transport time: long <a href="/wiki/Escalator" title="Escalator">escalator</a> rides to the platforms mean that the stations can become bottlenecks if not adequately built. Some underground and elevated stations are integrated into vast <a href="/wiki/Underground_city" title="Underground city">underground</a> or <a href="/wiki/Skyway" title="Skyway">skyway</a> networks respectively, that connect to nearby commercial buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In suburbs, there may be a "<a href="/wiki/Park_and_ride" title="Park and ride">park and ride</a>" connected to the station.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To allow easy access to the trains, the <a href="/wiki/Railway_platform_height" title="Railway platform height">platform height</a> allows step-free access between platform and train. If the station complies with <a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">accessibility</a> standards, it allows both disabled people and those with wheeled baggage easy access to the trains,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though if the track is curved there can be a <a href="/wiki/Platform_gap" title="Platform gap">gap between the train and platform</a>. Some stations use <a href="/wiki/Platform_screen_doors" title="Platform screen doors">platform screen doors</a> to increase safety by preventing people falling onto the tracks, as well as reducing ventilation costs. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nautilus_dobrininskaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Nautilus_dobrininskaya.jpg/220px-Nautilus_dobrininskaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Nautilus_dobrininskaya.jpg/330px-Nautilus_dobrininskaya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Nautilus_dobrininskaya.jpg/440px-Nautilus_dobrininskaya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>A giant <a href="/wiki/Nautilus_(genus)" title="Nautilus (genus)">nautilus</a> in red <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> on the wall on Moscow Metro</figcaption></figure> <p>Particularly in the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and other Eastern European countries, but to an increasing extent elsewhere, the stations were built with splendid decorations such as <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> walls, polished <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> floors and mosaics—thus exposing the public to art in their everyday life, outside galleries and museums. Moscow Metro's wall cladding <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Окаменелости в Московском метрополитене">contains many fossils</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ammonoidea" title="Ammonoidea">ammonoids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nautilus" title="Nautilus">nautiluses</a>. The systems in <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Metro" title="Moscow Metro">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Metro" title="Saint Petersburg Metro">St. Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Metro" title="Tashkent Metro">Tashkent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Metro" title="Kyiv Metro">Kyiv</a> are widely regarded as some of the most beautiful in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-mb_art_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mb_art-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other cities such as London,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Metro" title="Stockholm Metro">Stockholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Metro" title="Montreal Metro">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Metro" title="Lisbon Metro">Lisbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples_Metro" title="Naples Metro">Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority">Los Angeles</a> have also focused on art, which may range from decorative wall claddings, to large, flamboyant artistic schemes integrated with station architecture, to displays of ancient artifacts recovered during station construction.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may be possible to profit by attracting more passengers by spending relatively small amounts on grand <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, art, <a href="/wiki/Cleanliness" title="Cleanliness">cleanliness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">accessibility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">lighting</a> and a feeling of <a href="/wiki/Safety" title="Safety">safety</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crew_size_and_automation">Crew size and automation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_transit&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Crew size and automation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C751A,_Unrefurbished.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/C751A%2C_Unrefurbished.jpg/220px-C751A%2C_Unrefurbished.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/C751A%2C_Unrefurbished.jpg/330px-C751A%2C_Unrefurbished.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/C751A%2C_Unrefurbished.jpg/440px-C751A%2C_Unrefurbished.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2279" data-file-height="2452" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alstom_Metropolis_C751A" title="Alstom Metropolis C751A">Trains</a> on the <a href="/wiki/North_East_MRT_line" title="North East MRT line">North East MRT line</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_(Singapore)" title="Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)">Singapore</a> are fully automated and are not operated by any driver.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early days of underground railways, at least two staff members were needed to operate each train: one or more attendants (also called "<a href="/wiki/Conductor_(rail)" title="Conductor (rail)">conductor</a>" or "guard") to operate the doors or gates, as well as a driver (also called the "<a href="/wiki/Railroad_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad engineer">engineer</a>" or "motorman"). The introduction of powered doors around 1920 permitted crew sizes to be reduced, and trains in many cities are now operated by <a href="/wiki/One_Person_Train_Operation" class="mw-redirect" title="One Person Train Operation">a single person</a>. Where the operator would not be able to see the whole side of the train to tell whether the doors can be safely closed, <a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">mirrors</a> or <a href="/wiki/Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television">closed-circuit TV</a> monitors are often provided for that purpose. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Praha_metro_novy_vlak_kabina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Praha_metro_novy_vlak_kabina.jpg/220px-Praha_metro_novy_vlak_kabina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Praha_metro_novy_vlak_kabina.jpg/330px-Praha_metro_novy_vlak_kabina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Praha_metro_novy_vlak_kabina.jpg/440px-Praha_metro_novy_vlak_kabina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prague_Metro" title="Prague Metro">Prague Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro_M1_(Prague)" title="Metro M1 (Prague)">M1</a> driver panel</figcaption></figure> <p>A replacement system for human drivers became available in the 1960s, with the advancement of <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computerized</a> technologies for <a href="/wiki/Automatic_train_control" title="Automatic train control">automatic train control</a> and, later, <a href="/wiki/Automatic_train_operation" title="Automatic train operation">automatic train operation</a> (ATO). ATO could start a train, accelerate to the correct speed, and stop automatically in the correct position at the <a href="/wiki/Railway_platform" title="Railway platform">railway platform</a> at the next station, while taking into account the information that a human driver would obtain from <a href="/wiki/Railway_signal" title="Railway signal">lineside</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cab_signaling" class="mw-redirect" title="Cab signaling">cab signals</a>. The first metro line to use this technology in its entirety was London's <a href="/wiki/Victoria_line" title="Victoria line">Victoria line</a>, opened in 1968. </p><p>In normal operation, a crew member sits in the driver's position at the front, but is only responsible for closing the doors at each station. By pressing two "start" buttons the train would then move automatically to the next station. This style of "semi-automatic train operation" (STO), known technically as "<a href="/wiki/Grade_of_Automation" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade of Automation">Grade of Automation</a> (GoA) 2", has become widespread, especially on newly built lines like the San Francisco Bay Area's <a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Rapid_Transit" title="Bay Area Rapid Transit">BART</a> network. </p><p>A variant of ATO, "driverless train operation" (DTO) or technically "GoA 3", is seen on some systems, as in London's <a href="/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway" title="Docklands Light Railway">Docklands Light Railway</a>, which opened in 1987. Here, a "passenger service agent" (formerly called "train captain") would ride with the passengers rather than sit at the front as a driver would, but would have the same responsibilities as a driver in a GoA 2 system. This technology could allow trains to operate completely automatically with no crew, just as most <a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">elevators</a> do. When the initially increasing costs for <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a> began to decrease, this became a financially attractive option for the operators. </p><p>At the same time, countervailing arguments stated that in an <a href="/wiki/Emergency" title="Emergency">emergency</a> situation, a crew member on board the train would have possibly been able to prevent the emergency in the first place, drive a partially failed train to the next station, assist with an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_evacuation" title="Emergency evacuation">evacuation</a> if needed, or call for the correct <a href="/wiki/Emergency_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency services">emergency services</a> and help direct them to the location where the emergency occurred. In some cities, the same reasons are used to justify a crew of two rather than one; one person drives from the front of the train, while the other operates the doors from a position farther back, and is more conveniently able to assist passengers in the rear cars. An example of the presence of a driver purely due to union opposition is the <a href="/wiki/Scarborough_RT" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarborough RT">Scarborough RT</a> line in Toronto. </p><p>Completely unstaffed trains, or "unattended train operation" (UTO) or technically "GoA 4", are more accepted on newer systems where there are no existing crews to be displaced, and especially on <a href="/wiki/Light_metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Light metro">light metro</a> lines. One of the first such systems was the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9hicule_Automatique_L%C3%A9ger" title="Véhicule Automatique Léger">VAL</a> (<i>véhicule automatique léger</i> or "automated light vehicle"), first used in 1983 on the <a href="/wiki/Lille_Metro" title="Lille Metro">Lille Metro</a> in France. Additional VAL lines have been built in other cities such as <a href="/wiki/Toulouse_Metro" title="Toulouse Metro">Toulouse</a>, France, and <a href="/wiki/Turin_Metro" title="Turin Metro">Turin</a>, Italy. Another system that uses unstaffed trains is <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Transportation" title="Bombardier Transportation">Bombardier's</a> <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Innovia_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Innovia Metro">Innovia Metro</a>, originally developed by the <a href="/wiki/Urban_Transportation_Development_Corporation" title="Urban Transportation Development Corporation">Urban Transportation Development Corporation</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Innovia_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Innovia Metro">Intermediate Capacity Transit System</a> (ICTS). It was later used on the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_SkyTrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver SkyTrain">SkyTrain</a> in Vancouver and the <a href="/wiki/Kelana_Jaya_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelana Jaya Line">Kelana Jaya Line</a> in Kuala Lumpur, both of which carry no crew members. </p><p>Another obstacle to conversion of existing lines to fully automated operation is that the conversion may necessitate a shutdown of operations. Furthermore, where several lines share the same infrastructure, it may be necessary to share tracks between automated and human-operated trains at least for a transitory period. The Nuremberg U-Bahn converted the existing <a href="/wiki/U2_(Nuremberg_U-Bahn)" title="U2 (Nuremberg U-Bahn)">U2</a> to fully automated (GoA4) in early 2010 without a single day of service disruption. Before that it had run in mixed operation with the newly opened fully driverless <a href="/wiki/U3_(Nuremberg_U-Bahn)" title="U3 (Nuremberg U-Bahn)">U3</a> from 2008. Nuremberg U-Bahn was the first system in the world to undertake such a transition with mixed operation and without service disruption. While this demonstrates that those technological hurdles can be overcome, the project was severely delayed, missing the target of being in operation in time for the <a href="/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2006 FIFA World Cup">2006 FIFA World Cup</a> and the hoped for international orders for the system of automation employed in Nuremberg never materialized. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CastleHillMetroStation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/CastleHillMetroStation.jpg/220px-CastleHillMetroStation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/CastleHillMetroStation.jpg/330px-CastleHillMetroStation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/CastleHillMetroStation.jpg/440px-CastleHillMetroStation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Platform screen doors at Castle Hill Station on the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Metro" title="Sydney Metro">Sydney Metro</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Systems that use automatic trains also commonly employ full-height <a href="/wiki/Platform_screen_doors" title="Platform screen doors">platform screen doors</a> or half-height <a href="/wiki/Automatic_platform_gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic platform gate">automatic platform gates</a> in order to improve safety and ensure passenger confidence, but this is not universal, as networks like <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_U-Bahn" title="Nuremberg U-Bahn">Nuremberg</a> do not, using <a href="/wiki/Infrared_sensors" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrared sensors">infrared sensors</a> instead to detect obstacles on the track. Conversely, some lines which retain drivers or manual train operation nevertheless use PSDs, notably London's <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Line_Extension" title="Jubilee Line Extension">Jubilee Line Extension</a>. The first network to install PSDs on an already operational system was <a href="/wiki/MTR" title="MTR">Hong Kong's MTR</a>, followed by the Singapore MRT. </p><p>As for larger trains, the <a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro" title="Paris Métro">Paris Métro</a> has human drivers on most lines but runs automated trains on its newest line, <a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_14" title="Paris Métro Line 14">Line 14</a>, which opened in 1998. The older <a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_1" title="Paris Métro Line 1">Line 1</a> was subsequently converted to unattended operation by 2012, and <a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_4" title="Paris Métro Line 4">Line 4</a> in 2023. The <a href="/wiki/North_East_MRT_line" title="North East MRT line">North East MRT line</a> in Singapore, which opened in 2003, is the world's first fully automated underground urban heavy-rail line. The MTR <a href="/wiki/Disneyland_Resort_line" title="Disneyland Resort line">Disneyland Resort line</a> is also automated, along with trains on the <a href="/wiki/South_Island_line" title="South Island line">South Island line</a>. </p> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modal_tradeoffs_and_interconnections">Modal tradeoffs and interconnections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_transit&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Modal tradeoffs and interconnections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Urban_rail_transit" title="Urban rail transit">Urban rail transit</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stratford_x_pltfm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Stratford_x_pltfm.jpg/220px-Stratford_x_pltfm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Stratford_x_pltfm.jpg/330px-Stratford_x_pltfm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Stratford_x_pltfm.jpg/440px-Stratford_x_pltfm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="894" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stratford_station" title="Stratford station">Stratford Station</a> in London is shared by <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a> trains (left) and main line rail services (right), as well as the <a href="/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway" title="Docklands Light Railway">Docklands Light Railway</a> (not shown).</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">trams</a> have incorporated several features of rapid transit: <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> systems (trams) run on their own <a href="/wiki/Right-of-way_(transportation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-of-way (transportation)">rights-of-way</a>, thus avoiding <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">congestion</a>; they remain on the same level as buses and cars. Some light rail systems have elevated or underground sections. Both new and upgraded tram systems allow faster speed and higher capacity, and are a cheap alternative to construction of rapid transit, especially in smaller cities.<sup id="cite_ref-pulling_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pulling-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Premetro" title="Premetro">premetro</a> design means that an underground rapid transit system is built in the city center, but only a light rail or tram system in the suburbs. Conversely, other cities have opted to build a full metro in the suburbs, but run trams in city streets to save the cost of expensive tunnels. In North America, <a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">interurbans</a> were constructed as <a href="/wiki/Street-running" class="mw-redirect" title="Street-running">street-running</a> suburban trams, without the grade-separation of rapid transit. Premetros also allow a gradual upgrade of existing tramways to rapid transit, thus spreading the investment costs over time. They are most common in Germany with the name <a href="/wiki/Stadtbahn" title="Stadtbahn">Stadtbahn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-White,_2002:_64_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White,_2002:_64-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suburban <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter rail</a> is a heavy rail system that operates at a lower frequency than urban rapid transit, with higher average speeds, often only serving one station in each village and town. Commuter rail systems of some cities (such as German <a href="/wiki/S-Bahn" title="S-Bahn">S-Bahns</a>, Jakarta's <a href="/wiki/KRL_Commuterline" title="KRL Commuterline">KRL Commuterline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Suburban_Railway" title="Mumbai Suburban Railway">Mumbai Suburban Railway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Commuter rail in Australia">Australian suburban networks</a>, Danish <a href="/wiki/S-train" class="mw-redirect" title="S-train">S-tog</a> etc.) can be seen as the substitute for the city's rapid transit system providing frequent mass transit within city. In contrast, the mainly urban rapid transit systems in some cities (such as the <a href="/wiki/Dubai_Metro" title="Dubai Metro">Dubai Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Metro" title="Shanghai Metro">Shanghai Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/MetroSur" class="mw-redirect" title="MetroSur">MetroSur</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Metro" title="Madrid Metro">Madrid Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taipei_Metro" title="Taipei Metro">Taipei Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapid_Rail" title="Rapid Rail">Kuala Lumpur Rapid Transit</a> etc.) have lines that fan out to reach the outer suburbs. With some other urban or "near urban" rapid transit systems (<a href="/wiki/Guangfo_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangfo Metro">Guangfo Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Rapid_Transit" title="Bay Area Rapid Transit">Bay Area Rapid Transit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Teques_Metro" title="Los Teques Metro">Los Teques Metro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Subway_Line_7" title="Seoul Subway Line 7">Seoul Subway Line 7</a>, etc.) serving bi- and multi-nucleus <a href="/wiki/Urban_agglomeration" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban agglomeration">agglomerations</a>. </p><p>Some cities have opted for two tiers of urban railways: an urban rapid transit system (such as the <a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro" title="Paris Métro">Paris Métro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin_U-Bahn" title="Berlin U-Bahn">Berlin U-Bahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Metro" title="Sydney Metro">Sydney Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_subway" title="Tokyo subway">Tokyo subway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_MRT" title="Jakarta MRT">Jakarta MRT</a> and <a href="/wiki/SEPTA#Rapid_transit" title="SEPTA">Philadelphia Subway</a>) and a suburban system (such as their counterparts <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_Express_R%C3%A9gional" title="Réseau Express Régional">RER</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin_S-Bahn" title="Berlin S-Bahn">S-Bahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crossrail" title="Crossrail">Crossrail</a> & <a href="/wiki/London_Overground" title="London Overground">London Overground</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Trains" title="Sydney Trains">Sydney Trains</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Japan_Railway_Company" title="East Japan Railway Company">JR Urban Lines</a>, <a href="/wiki/KRL_Commuterline" title="KRL Commuterline">KRL Commuterline</a> and <a href="/wiki/SEPTA_Regional_Rail" title="SEPTA Regional Rail">Regional Rail</a> respectively). Such systems are known variously as <a href="/wiki/S-train" class="mw-redirect" title="S-train">S-trains</a>, suburban service, or (sometimes) regional rail. The suburban systems may have their own purpose built trackage, run at similar "rapid transit-like" frequencies, and (in many countries) are operated by the national railway company. In some cities these suburban services run through tunnels in the city center and have direct transfers to the rapid transit system, on the same or adjoining platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-white6364_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-white6364-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases, such as the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a> and the <a href="/wiki/London_Overground" title="London Overground">London Overground</a>, suburban and rapid transit systems even run on the exact same track along some sections. <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>'s <a href="/wiki/BART" class="mw-redirect" title="BART">BART</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_District_(Brazil)" title="Federal District (Brazil)">Federal District</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Federal_District_Metro_(Brazil)" title="Federal District Metro (Brazil)">Metrô-DF</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Washington_Metro" title="Washington Metro">Metrorail</a> system is an example of a hybrid of the two: in the suburbs the lines function like a commuter rail line, with longer intervals and longer distance between stations; in the downtown areas, the stations become closer together and many lines <a href="/wiki/Through_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Through train">interline</a> with intervals dropping to typical rapid transit headways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Costs,_benefits,_and_impacts"><span id="Costs.2C_benefits.2C_and_impacts"></span>Costs, benefits, and impacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_transit&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Costs, benefits, and impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport planning">Transport planning</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Docklands_Light_Railway_121_(6175977501).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Docklands_Light_Railway_121_%286175977501%29.jpg/220px-Docklands_Light_Railway_121_%286175977501%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Docklands_Light_Railway_121_%286175977501%29.jpg/330px-Docklands_Light_Railway_121_%286175977501%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Docklands_Light_Railway_121_%286175977501%29.jpg/440px-Docklands_Light_Railway_121_%286175977501%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway" title="Docklands Light Railway">Docklands Light Railway</a> in London allows for dense land use, while retaining a high capacity.</figcaption></figure> <p>As of March 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rapid_transit&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 212 cities have built rapid transit systems.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Capital_cost" title="Capital cost">capital cost</a> is high, as is the risk of <a href="/wiki/Cost_overrun" title="Cost overrun">cost overrun</a> and benefit shortfall; <a href="/wiki/Public_financing" class="mw-redirect" title="Public financing">public financing</a> is normally required. Rapid transit is sometimes seen as an alternative to an extensive <a href="/wiki/Road_transport" title="Road transport">road transport</a> system with many <a href="/wiki/Motorway" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorway">motorways</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-bb258_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bb258-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the rapid transit system allows higher capacity with less land use, less environmental impact, and a lower cost.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mrt_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mrt-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2023 study found that rapid transit systems lead to a massive reduction in CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elevated or underground systems in city centers allow the transport of people without occupying expensive land, and permit the city to develop compactly without physical barriers. <a href="/wiki/Motorway" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorway">Motorways</a> often depress nearby residential <a href="/wiki/Land_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Land value">land values</a>, but proximity to a rapid transit station often triggers commercial and residential growth, with large <a href="/wiki/Transit_oriented_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit oriented development">transit oriented development</a> office and housing blocks being constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-bb258_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bb258-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, an efficient transit system can decrease the economic welfare loss caused by the increase of <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> in a metropolis.<sup id="cite_ref-Rémy_Prud'homme_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rémy_Prud'homme-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rapid transit systems have high <a href="/wiki/Fixed_cost" title="Fixed cost">fixed costs</a>. Most systems are publicly owned, by either local governments, <a href="/wiki/Transit_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit authority">transit authorities</a> or national governments. Capital investments are often partially or completely financed by taxation, rather than by passenger fares, but must often compete with funding for <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">roads</a>. The transit systems may be operated by the owner or by a private company through a <a href="/wiki/Public_service_obligation" title="Public service obligation">public service obligation</a>. The owners of the systems often also own the connecting bus or rail systems, or are members of the local <a href="/wiki/Transport_association" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport association">transport association</a>, allowing for <a href="/wiki/Free_transfer_(public_transit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free transfer (public transit)">free transfers</a> between modes. Almost all transit systems operate at a deficit, requiring <a href="/wiki/Transit_fare" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit fare">fare revenue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">government funding</a> to cover costs. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Farebox_recovery_ratio" title="Farebox recovery ratio">farebox recovery ratio</a>, a ratio of ticket income to operating costs, is often used to assess operational profitability, with some systems including Hong Kong's <a href="/wiki/MTR_Corporation" title="MTR Corporation">MTR Corporation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mtrresult_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mtrresult-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Taipei_Rapid_Transit_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taipei Rapid Transit System">Taipei</a><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> achieving recovery ratios of well over 100%. This ignores both heavy capital costs incurred in building the system, which are often funded with <a href="/wiki/Soft_loan" title="Soft loan">soft loans</a><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and whose <a href="/wiki/Loan_servicing" title="Loan servicing">servicing</a> is excluded from calculations of profitability, as well as ancillary revenue such as income from <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a> portfolios.<sup id="cite_ref-mtrresult_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mtrresult-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some systems, particularly Hong Kong's, extensions are partly financed by the sale of land whose value has appreciated by the new access the extension has brought to the area,<sup id="cite_ref-kjenstad46_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kjenstad46-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a process known as <a href="/wiki/Value_capture" title="Value capture">value capture</a>. </p><p>Urban land-use planning policies are essential for the success of rapid transit systems, particularly as mass transit is not feasible in low-density communities. Transportation planners estimate that to support rapid rail services, there must be a residential housing density of twelve dwelling units per acre.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_transit&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Transport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_train.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/31px-P_train.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/47px-P_train.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/62px-P_train.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trains" title="Portal:Trains">Trains portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/BSicon_BUS.svg/28px-BSicon_BUS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/BSicon_BUS.svg/42px-BSicon_BUS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/BSicon_BUS.svg/56px-BSicon_BUS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Buses" title="Portal:Buses">Buses portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">Bus rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metro_systems" title="List of metro systems">List of metro systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">Light rail transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaproject" title="Megaproject">Megaproject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_rail" title="Regional rail">Regional rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit_track_gauge" title="Rapid transit track gauge">Rapid transit track gauge</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_transit&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_transit&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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.cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urbanrail.net">"urbanrail.net > metro - subway - light rail"</a>. <i>urbanrail.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=urbanrail.net&rft.atitle=urbanrail.net+%3E+metro+-+subway+-+light+rail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urbanrail.net&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+transit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EnBr-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EnBr_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/mass-transit/The-benefits-of-urban-mass-transit">"Mass transit - Urban Mobility, Efficiency, Environment"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. 4 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metro+Arts+and+Architecture&rft.pub=Metro+Bits&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmic-ro.com%2Fmetro%2Fmetroart.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+transit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://art.tfl.gov.uk">"Art on the Underground"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Art+on+the+Underground&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fart.tfl.gov.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+transit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorstockholms_Lokaltrafik" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Storstockholms_Lokaltrafik" title="Storstockholms Lokaltrafik">Storstockholms Lokaltrafik</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013204448/http://sl.se/templates/Page.aspx?id=1669">"Konståkning i världens längsta konstutställning"</a> (in Swedish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sl.se/templates/Page.aspx?id=1669">the original</a> on October 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Konst%C3%A5kning+i+v%C3%A4rldens+l%C3%A4ngsta+konstutst%C3%A4llning&rft.au=Storstockholms+Lokaltrafik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sl.se%2Ftemplates%2FPage.aspx%3Fid%3D1669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+transit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061017031905/http://www.apta.com/research/info/online/documents/10ways.pdf">"10 Ways to Enhance Your Community: Unleash the Power of Public Transportation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Metro Bits. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100923072945/http://mic-ro.com/metro/table.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Metro+Database&rft.pub=Metro+Bits&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmic-ro.com%2Fmetro%2Ftable.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+transit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bb258-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bb258_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bb258_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Banister and Berechman, 2000: 258</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cervero, 1998: 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasguptaLallWheeler2023" class="citation journal cs1">Dasgupta, Susmita; Lall, Somik; Wheeler, David (2023). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969723023124">"Subways and CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions: A global analysis with satellite data"</a></span>. <i>Science of the Total Environment</i>. <b>883</b>: 163691. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2023.163691">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163691</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-9697">0048-9697</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37100143">37100143</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258327571">258327571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Subways+and+CO%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3A+80%25%3Bvertical-align%3A+-0.35em%22%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+emissions%3A+A+global+analysis+with+satellite+data&rft.volume=883&rft.pages=163691&rft.date=2023&rft.issn=0048-9697&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A258327571%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37100143&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2023.163691&rft.aulast=Dasgupta&rft.aufirst=Susmita&rft.au=Lall%2C+Somik&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0048969723023124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+transit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">European Conference of Ministers of Transport, 2003: 187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rémy_Prud'homme-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rémy_Prud'homme_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrud'homme2012" class="citation journal cs1">Prud'homme, Rémy (2012). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Announcement+of+Unaudited+Results+for+the+Six+Months+Ended+30+June+2008&rft.date=2008-08-05&rft.au=MTR+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtr.com.hk%2Feng%2Fcorporate%2Ffile_rep%2FPR-08-075-E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+transit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.trtc.com.tw/public/Attachment/9112716543575.pdf">"Taipei Rapid Transit Corporation '08 Annual Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Taipei Rapid Transit Corporation. p. 96. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111225183011/http://english.trtc.com.tw/public/Attachment/9112716543575.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2011-12-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taipei+Rapid+Transit+Corporation+%2708+Annual+Report&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Taipei+Rapid+Transit+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.trtc.com.tw%2Fpublic%2FAttachment%2F9112716543575.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+transit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725153952/http://cfusrug.org/articles/financing_strat.php">":: Center for Urban Studies and Research"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cfusrug.org/articles/financing_strat.php">the original</a> on 2011-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3A%3A+Center+for+Urban+Studies+and+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcfusrug.org%2Farticles%2Ffinancing_strat.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+transit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoothLeonardPawlukiewicz" class="citation web cs1">Booth, Geoffrey; Leonard, Bruce; Pawlukiewicz, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americas.uli.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/TP_BusinessDistricts.ashx_.pdf">"Ten Principles for Reinventing America's Suburban Business Districts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ULI Americas</i>. Urban Land Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ULI+Americas&rft.atitle=Ten+Principles+for+Reinventing+America%27s+Suburban+Business+Districts&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.au=Leonard%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Pawlukiewicz%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericas.uli.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F07%2FTP_BusinessDistricts.ashx_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+transit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_transit&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanister,_DavidBerechman,_Joseph2000" class="citation book cs1">Banister, David & Berechman, Joseph (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g1UClQCOdE4C"><i>Transport Investment and Economic Development</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-419-25590-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-419-25590-1"><bdi>978-0-419-25590-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transport+Investment+and+Economic+Development&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-419-25590-1&rft.au=Banister%2C+David&rft.au=Berechman%2C+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg1UClQCOdE4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+transit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bobrick, Benson (1981). <i>Labyrinths of Iron</i>: <i>a</i>[<i>n</i>] <i>History of the World's Subways</i>. New York: Newsweek Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88225-299-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-88225-299-2">0-88225-299-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCervero1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cervero" title="Robert Cervero">Cervero, Robert</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bLs3H_IWr3wC"><i>The Transit Metropolis</i></a>. Island Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55963-591-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55963-591-2"><bdi>978-1-55963-591-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transit+Metropolis&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-55963-591-2&rft.aulast=Cervero&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbLs3H_IWr3wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+transit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Conference_of_Ministers_of_Transport2003" class="citation book cs1">European Conference of Ministers of Transport (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I-Ny0W7XN6QC"><i>Safe & Sustainable Transport</i></a>. Paris: OECD Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-821-1303-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-821-1303-5"><bdi>978-92-821-1303-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Safe+%26+Sustainable+Transport&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-92-821-1303-5&rft.au=European+Conference+of+Ministers+of+Transport&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI-Ny0W7XN6QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+transit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFjellstrom,_K.Wright,_L.2002" class="citation web cs1">Fjellstrom, K.; Wright, L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180807032833/https://3gozaa3xxbpb499ejp30lxc8-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Sustainable-Transport-Mass-Transit-Options.pdf">"Mass Transit Options"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sustainable Transport: A Sourcebook for Policy-Makers in Developing Cities</i>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Technische_Zusammenarbeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit">Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://3gozaa3xxbpb499ejp30lxc8-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Sustainable-Transport-Mass-Transit-Options.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sustainable+Transport%3A+A+Sourcebook+for+Policy-Makers+in+Developing+Cities&rft.atitle=Mass+Transit+Options&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Fjellstrom%2C+K.&rft.au=Wright%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F3gozaa3xxbpb499ejp30lxc8-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F07%2FSustainable-Transport-Mass-Transit-Options.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+transit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKjenstad,_Rune1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kjenstad, Rune (1994). <i>På skinner i Bymarka</i> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Baneforlaget. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-91448-01-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-91448-01-5"><bdi>978-82-91448-01-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=P%C3%A5+skinner+i+Bymarka&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Baneforlaget&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-82-91448-01-5&rft.au=Kjenstad%2C+Rune&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+transit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvenden,_Mark2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ovenden" title="Mark Ovenden">Ovenden, Mark</a> (2007). <i>Transit Maps of the World</i>. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311265-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311265-5"><bdi>978-0-14-311265-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transit+Maps+of+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311265-5&rft.au=Ovenden%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+transit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedle,_Jerome_A.Transportation_Security_BoardCobb,_Renée_M.1997" class="citation book cs1">Needle, Jerome A.; Transportation Security Board & Cobb, Renée M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WfBt0kzz524C"><i>Improving Transit Security</i></a>. Transportation Security Board. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-06013-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-06013-4"><bdi>978-0-309-06013-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Improving+Transit+Security&rft.pub=Transportation+Security+Board&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-309-06013-4&rft.au=Needle%2C+Jerome+A.&rft.au=Transportation+Security+Board&rft.au=Cobb%2C+Ren%C3%A9e+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWfBt0kzz524C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+transit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStröm,_Marianne1998" class="citation book cs1">Ström, Marianne (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cOkxz36ITdoC"><i>Metro Art</i></a>. ACR Edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-86770-068-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-86770-068-2"><bdi>978-2-86770-068-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metro+Art&rft.pub=ACR+Edition&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-2-86770-068-2&rft.au=Str%C3%B6m%2C+Marianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcOkxz36ITdoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+transit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite,_Peter2002" class="citation book cs1">White, Peter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d1oZxyjPDF4C"><i>Public Transport: Its Planning, Management, and Operation</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25772-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25772-5"><bdi>978-0-415-25772-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Transport%3A+Its+Planning%2C+Management%2C+and+Operation&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25772-5&rft.au=White%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd1oZxyjPDF4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+transit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUslan,_MarkAmerican_Foundation_for_the_BlindPeck,_AlecWiener,_William1990" class="citation book cs1">Uslan, Mark; <a href="/wiki/American_Foundation_for_the_Blind" title="American Foundation for the Blind">American Foundation for the Blind</a>; Peck, Alec; Wiener, William & Stern, Arlene (1990). <i>Access to Mass Transit for Blind and Visually Impaired Travelers</i>. American Foundation for the Blind. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89128-166-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89128-166-5"><bdi>978-0-89128-166-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Access+to+Mass+Transit+for+Blind+and+Visually+Impaired+Travelers&rft.pub=American+Foundation+for+the+Blind&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-89128-166-5&rft.au=Uslan%2C+Mark&rft.au=American+Foundation+for+the+Blind&rft.au=Peck%2C+Alec&rft.au=Wiener%2C+William&rft.au=Stern%2C+Arlene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+transit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_P._Pickert2000" class="citation book cs1">Joseph P. Pickert; et al., eds. (2000). <i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i> (4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-08230-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-08230-8"><bdi>978-0-618-08230-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-618-08230-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+transit" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_transit&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rapid_transit" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rapid transit">Rapid transit</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urbanrail.net/">UrbanRail</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Databases</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metro-data.info/">Metro-Data.info</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180929000328/http://metro-data.info/">Archived</a> 2018-09-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) – database of metro systems around the world</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">Bus rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Express_bus_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Express bus service">Express bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_bus" title="Guided bus">Guided bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Rail_Rapid_Transit" title="Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit">Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercity_bus_service" title="Intercity bus service">Intercity bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_top_bus" title="Open top bus">Open top bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charabanc" title="Charabanc">Charabanc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_light_bus" title="Public light bus">Public light bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_replacement_bus_service" title="Rail replacement bus service">Rail replacement bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">Share taxi/Taxibus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshrutka" title="Marshrutka">Marshrutka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesero" title="Pesero">Pesero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_bus_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle bus service">Shuttle bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_bus" title="Transit bus">Transit bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">Trolleybus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_rail_terminology" title="Passenger rail terminology">Passenger rail terminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rail_transport_terms" title="Glossary of rail transport terms">glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_rail_link" title="Airport rail link">Airport rail link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">Commuter rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevated_railway" title="Elevated railway">Elevated railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">Funicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_railway" title="Heritage railway">Heritage railway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_streetcar" title="Heritage streetcar">Heritage streetcar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher-speed_rail" title="Higher-speed rail">Higher-speed rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">Inter-city rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">Interurban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail">Monorail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway" title="Narrow-gauge railway">Narrow-gauge railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_mover" title="People mover">People mover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railbus" title="Railbus">Railbus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metro/Rapid Transit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medium-capacity_rail_system" title="Medium-capacity rail system">Medium-capacity rail system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber-tyred_metro" title="Rubber-tyred metro">Rubber-tyred metro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_rail" title="Regional rail">Regional rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_running_train" title="Street running train">Street running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_railway" title="Suspension railway">Suspension railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">Tram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_car_(railway)" title="Cable car (railway)">Cable car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsecar" title="Horsecar">Horsecar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">Light rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tram-train" title="Tram-train">Tram-train</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_for_hire" title="Vehicle for hire">Vehicles<br /> for hire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">Auto rickshaw taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boda_boda" title="Boda boda">Boda boda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_bus" title="Combination bus">Combination bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">Cycle rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand-responsive_transport" title="Demand-responsive transport">Demand-responsive transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microtransit" title="Microtransit">Microtransit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paratransit" title="Paratransit">Paratransit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Dollar van">Dollar van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmu%C5%9F" title="Dolmuş">Dolmuş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackney_carriage" title="Hackney carriage">Hackney carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeepney" title="Jeepney">Jeepney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousine" title="Limousine">Limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_taxi" title="Motorcycle taxi">Motorcycle taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshrutka" title="Marshrutka">Marshrutka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanny_van" title="Nanny van">Nanny van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesero" title="Pesero">Pesero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_light_bus" title="Public light bus">Public light bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulled_rickshaw" title="Pulled rickshaw">Pulled rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">Share taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songthaew" title="Songthaew">Songthaew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxi" title="Taxi">Taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">Tuk tuk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carpool" title="Carpool">Carpooling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car_jockey" title="Car jockey">Car jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_carpooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible carpooling">Flexible carpooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">Real-time ridesharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slugging" title="Slugging">Slugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanpool" title="Vanpool">Vanpool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">Ship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondola" title="Gondola">Gondola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">Hovercraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrofoil" title="Hydrofoil">Hydrofoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">Ocean liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporetto" title="Vaporetto">Vaporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_taxi" title="Water taxi">Water taxi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cable_transport" title="Cable transport">Cable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_tramway" title="Aerial tramway">Aerial tramway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_railway" title="Cable railway">Cable railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">Funicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondola_lift" title="Gondola lift">Gondola lift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicable_gondola_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicable gondola lift">bicable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricable_gondola_lift" title="Tricable gondola lift">tricable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclined_elevator" title="Inclined elevator">Inclined elevator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">Airline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">Airliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsharing" title="Carsharing">Carsharing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system" title="Bicycle-sharing system">Bicycle-sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scooter-sharing_system" title="Scooter-sharing system">Scooter-sharing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalator" title="Escalator">Escalator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle" title="Horse-drawn vehicle">Horse-drawn vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperloop" title="Hyperloop">Hyperloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclined_elevator" title="Inclined elevator">Inclined elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_walkway" title="Moving walkway">Moving walkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_transporter" title="Personal transporter">Personal transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotaxi" title="Robotaxi">Robotaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shweeb" title="Shweeb">Shweeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slope_car" title="Slope car">Slope car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trackless_train" title="Trackless train">Trackless train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_bulb" title="Bus bulb">Bus bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_garage" title="Bus garage">Bus garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_lane" title="Bus lane">Bus lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_stand" title="Bus stand">Bus stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_station" title="Bus station">Bus station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_stop" title="Bus stop">Bus stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_turnout" title="Bus turnout">Bus turnout (bus bay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_dock" title="Dry dock">Dry dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_terminal_(maritime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger terminal (maritime)">Ferry terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangar" title="Hangar">Hangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbor" title="Harbor">Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_station" title="Interchange station">Interchange station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel_kerb" title="Kassel kerb">Kassel kerb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layover" title="Layover">Layover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_station" title="Metro station">Metro station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_and_ride" title="Park and ride">Park and ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queue_jump" title="Queue jump">Queue jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxi_stand" title="Taxi stand">Taxicab stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">Train station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tram_stop" title="Tram stop">Tram stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_mall" title="Transit mall">Transit mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_hub" title="Transport hub">Transport hub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ticket_(admission)" title="Ticket (admission)">Ticketing</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Fare" title="Fare">fares</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_fare_collection" title="Automated fare collection">Automated fare collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_advertising" title="Bus advertising">Bus advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_of_carriage" title="Contract of carriage">Contract of carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_mileage" title="Dead mileage">Dead mileage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_fare" title="Exit fare">Exit fare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_avoidance" title="Fare avoidance">Fare avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_capping" title="Fare capping">Fare capping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_evasion" title="Fare evasion">Fare evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_public_transport" title="Free public transport">Free public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_travel_pass" title="Free travel pass">Free travel pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_ticketing" title="Integrated ticketing">Integrated ticketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_fare_collection" title="Manual fare collection">Manual fare collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_train" title="Money train">Money train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paid_area" title="Paid area">Paid area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penalty_fare" title="Penalty fare">Penalty fare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof-of-payment" title="Proof-of-payment">Proof-of-payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_fare_program" title="Reduced fare program">Reduced fare program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_(public_transit)" title="Transfer (public transit)">Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_pass" title="Transit pass">Transit pass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Routing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circle_route" title="Circle route">Circle route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-city_route" title="Cross-city route">Cross-city route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_length_(transport)" title="Network length (transport)">Network length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-revenue_track" title="Non-revenue track">Non-revenue track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_route" title="Radial route">Radial route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_network_analysis" title="Transport network analysis">Transport network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Checked_baggage" title="Checked baggage">Checked baggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_class_commuter_transport_services" class="mw-redirect" title="List of first class commuter transport services">First class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_car" title="Sleeping car">Sleeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_passenger" title="Standing passenger">Standing passenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_class" title="Travel class">Travel class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scheduling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_bunching" title="Bus bunching">Bus bunching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock-face_scheduling" title="Clock-face scheduling">Clock-face scheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headway" title="Headway">Headway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_service_(public_transport)" title="Night service (public transport)">Night (owl) service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-time_performance" title="On-time performance">On-time performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_timetable" title="Public transport timetable">Public transport timetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_turn" title="Short turn">Short turn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport_security" title="Airport security">Airport security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_transport_hierarchy" title="Green transport hierarchy">Green transport hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farebox_recovery_ratio" title="Farebox recovery ratio">Farebox recovery ratio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_subsidies" title="Rail subsidies">Rail subsidies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_security" title="Public transport security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">Street hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_district" title="Transit district">Transit district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_police" title="Transit police">Transit police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_authority" title="Transportation authority">Transportation authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_demand_management" title="Transportation demand management">Transportation demand management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_planning" title="Transportation planning">Transportation planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development (TOD)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology<br /> and signage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destination_sign" title="Destination sign">Destination sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_information_system" title="Passenger information system">Passenger information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_display" title="Platform display">Platform display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_screen_doors" title="Platform screen doors">Platform screen doors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_transport_smart_cards" title="List of public transport smart cards">Smart cards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIPURSE" title="CIPURSE">CIPURSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_(electronic_ticketing_system)" title="Calypso (electronic ticketing system)">Calypso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticket_machine" title="Ticket machine">Ticket machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_timetable" title="Public transport timetable">Timetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_map" title="Transit map">Transit map</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_(transport)" title="Boarding (transport)">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit_creep" title="Bus rapid transit creep">Bus rapid transit creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crush_load" title="Crush load">Crush load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwell_time_(transportation)" title="Dwell time (transportation)">Dwell time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_and_ride" title="Hail and ride">Hail and ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_transport" title="Land transport">Land transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transport" title="Outline of transport">Outline of transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_load_factor" title="Passenger load factor">Passenger load factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">Public good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Request_stop" title="Request stop">Request stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timing_point" title="Timing point">Timing point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_economics" title="Transport economics">Transport economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromobility" title="Micromobility">Micromobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Transport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Man-made_and_man-related_subterranea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Man-made_and_man-related_subterranea" title="Template:Man-made and man-related subterranea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Man-made_and_man-related_subterranea" title="Template talk:Man-made and man-related subterranea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Man-made_and_man-related_subterranea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Man-made and man-related subterranea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Man-made_and_man-related_subterranea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Man-made and man-related <a href="/wiki/Subterranea_(geography)" title="Subterranea (geography)">subterranea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenote" title="Cenote">Cenote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grotto" title="Grotto">Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">Sinkhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basement" title="Basement">Basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_vault_(tomb)" title="Burial vault (tomb)">Burial vault (tomb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borehole" title="Borehole">Borehole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs" title="Catacombs">Catacombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon" title="Dungeon">Dungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout (shelter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_well" title="Dry well">Dry well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_shelter" title="Earth shelter">Earth shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdstall" title="Erdstall">Erdstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fogou" title="Fogou">Fogou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypogeum" title="Hypogeum">Hypogeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhole" title="Manhole">Manhole</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_tomb" title="Rock-cut tomb">Rock-cut tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_cellar" title="Root cellar">Root cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_vault" title="Utility vault">Utility vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_city" title="Underground city">Underground city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">Wine cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_passage" title="Secret passage">Secret passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-basement" title="Semi-basement">Semi-basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepwell" title="Stepwell">Stepwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_cellar" title="Storm cellar">Storm cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling_tunnel" title="Smuggling tunnel">Smuggling tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_shaft" title="Ventilation shaft">Ventilation shaft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_shelter" title="Air raid shelter">Air raid shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">Bunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_shelter" title="Blast shelter">Blast shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">Casemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallout_shelter" title="Fallout shelter">Fallout shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_launch_facility" title="Missile launch facility">Missile launch facility</a> (silo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallywag_bunker" title="Scallywag bunker">Scallywag bunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_base" title="Underground base">Underground base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hangar" title="Underground hangar">Underground hangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_hole" title="Spider hole">Spider hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quarrying" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarrying">quarrying</a>, and<br /><a href="/wiki/Underground_construction" title="Underground construction">underground construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_architecture" title="Rock-cut architecture">Rock-cut architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsurface_utility_engineering" title="Subsurface utility engineering">Subsurface utility engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_construction" title="Tunnel construction">Tunnel construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_mine_ventilation" title="Underground mine ventilation">Underground mine ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_mining_(hard_rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining (hard rock)">Underground mining (hard rock)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_mining_(soft_rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining (soft rock)">Underground mining (soft rock)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_dweller" title="Cave dweller">Cave dweller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caves_of_Maastricht" title="Caves of Maastricht">Caves of Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coober_Pedy" title="Coober Pedy">Coober Pedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_tunnel_system" title="Houston tunnel system">Houston tunnel system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%91b%C3%A1nya_cellar_system" title="Kőbánya cellar system">Kőbánya cellar system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_network" title="Tunnel network">Tunnel network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_living" title="Underground living">Underground living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_City_(Beijing)" title="Underground City (Beijing)">Underground City (Beijing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_City,_Montreal" title="Underground City, Montreal">Underground City, Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_exploration" title="Mine exploration">Mine exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mines_of_Paris" title="Mines of Paris">Mines of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_people" title="Mole people">Mole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples_underground_geothermal_zone" title="Naples underground geothermal zone">Naples underground geothermal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapping" title="Sapping">Sapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_London" title="Subterranean London">Subterranean London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_Toledo" title="Subterranean Toledo">Subterranean Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fiction" title="Subterranean fiction">Subterranean fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth shelters US</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates%27_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Gates' house">Bill Gates' house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestiere_Underground_Gardens" title="Forestiere Underground Gardens">Forestiere Underground Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_House_Colorado" title="Underground House Colorado">Underground House Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_House_Las_Vegas" title="Underground House Las Vegas">Underground House Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_World_Home" title="Underground World Home">Underground World Home</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth shelters UK</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underhill,_Holme" title="Underhill, Holme">Underhill, Holme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockerton_Housing_Project" title="Hockerton Housing Project">Hockerton Housing Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malator" title="Malator">Malator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth shelters Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coober_Pedy" title="Coober Pedy">Coober Pedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightning Ridge">Lightning Ridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" 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