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class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_poets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_poets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early poets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_poets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parallel_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parallel_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Parallel forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parallel_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yakshaganamu_in_Andhra_Pradesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yakshaganamu_in_Andhra_Pradesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Yakshaganamu in Andhra Pradesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yakshaganamu_in_Andhra_Pradesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations_and_subgenres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations_and_subgenres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Variations and subgenres</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variations_and_subgenres-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Variations and subgenres subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variations_and_subgenres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tenkutittu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenkutittu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Tenkutittu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenkutittu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Badagutittu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Badagutittu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Badagutittu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Badagutittu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puppetry_variant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puppetry_variant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Puppetry variant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puppetry_variant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background_of_puppetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_of_puppetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Background of puppetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_of_puppetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ballet_variant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ballet_variant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Ballet variant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ballet_variant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Important_components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Important_components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Important components</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Important_components-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Important components subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Important_components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Raga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Raga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Tala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prasanga_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prasanga_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Prasanga and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prasanga_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costumes_and_ornaments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costumes_and_ornaments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Costumes and ornaments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costumes_and_ornaments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Instruments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Instruments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maddale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maddale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Maddale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maddale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taala_(Bells)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taala_(Bells)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Taala (Bells)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taala_(Bells)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chande" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chande"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Chande</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chande-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Artists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training_and_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Training and research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Outside India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mela_or_troupes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mela_or_troupes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Mela or troupes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mela_or_troupes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yakshagana</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3" title="যক্ষগণ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="যক্ষগণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="যক্ষগান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যক্ষগান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yakshagana" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jak%C5%9Dagana" title="Jakŝagana – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jakŝagana" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yakshagana" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="यक्षगान – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="यक्षगान" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="यक्षगान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यक्षगान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yakshagana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಯಕ್ಷಗಾನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯಕ್ಷಗಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="യക്ഷഗാനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യക്ഷഗാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="यक्षगान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="यक्षगान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ياكشاجانا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ياكشاجانا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਯਕਸ਼ਗਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯਕਸ਼ਗਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakszagana" title="Jakszagana – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jakszagana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Якшагана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Якшагана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="यक्षगानम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="यक्षगानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱭᱚᱠᱥᱷᱚᱜᱟᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱭᱚᱠᱥᱷᱚᱜᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yakshagana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="யக்சகானம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யக்சகானம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="యక్షగానం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యక్షగానం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%9F" title="ಆಟ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಆಟ" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Theatre form in India</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Yakshagana</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Yakshaganads.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Yakshaganads.jpg/220px-Yakshaganads.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Yakshaganads.jpg/330px-Yakshaganads.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Yakshaganads.jpg/440px-Yakshaganads.jpg 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="467" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Yakshagana performers in action</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">11th century</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Yakshagana</b> is a traditional theatre, developed in <a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kannada" title="Dakshina Kannada">Dakshina Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udupi" title="Udupi">Udupi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kannada" title="Uttara Kannada">Uttara Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shimoga" title="Shimoga">Shimoga</a> and western parts of <a href="/wiki/Chikmagalur_district" title="Chikmagalur district">Chikmagalur</a> districts, in the state of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_district" title="Kasaragod district">Kasaragod district</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> that combines dance, music, dialogue, costume, make-up, and stage techniques with a unique style and form. It is believed to have evolved from pre-classical music and theatre during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-preclassical_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preclassical-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is sometimes simply called "Aata" or <i>āṭa</i> (meaning "the play").<sup id="cite_ref-enduring_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enduring-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theatre style is mainly found in coastal regions of Karnataka in various forms. Towards the south from Dakshina Kannada to Kasaragod of <a href="/wiki/Tulu_Nadu" title="Tulu Nadu">Tulu Nadu</a> region, the form of Yakshagana is called <i><span title="Kannada-language romanization"><i lang="kn-Latn">Thenku thittu</i></span></i> and towards the north from Udupi up to Uttara Kannada it is called <i><span title="Kannada-language romanization"><i lang="kn-Latn">Badaga thittu</i></span></i>. Both of these forms are equally played all over the region. Yakshagana is traditionally presented from dusk to dawn. Its stories are drawn from <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a> and other epics from both <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> and other ancient Indic traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Yakshagāna</i> literally means the song (<i>gāna</i>) of the <i><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">yaksha</a></i> (nature spirits).<sup id="cite_ref-eb_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yakshagana is the scholastic name in <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> (used for the last 200 years) for art forms formerly known as <i>kēḷike, āṭa, <a href="/wiki/Bayalaata" title="Bayalaata">bayalāṭa</a>,</i> and <i>daśāvatāra</i>. The word Yakshagana previously referred to a form of literature primarily in Kannada (starting from the 16th century). Of late Yakshaganas in Tulu and even now in Telugu are available. Performance of this Yakshagana literature or the play is called āṭa. It is now no longer believed that the word Ekkalagaana refers to Yakshagana. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_genre">Music genre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Music genre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yakshagana_Progress1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/Yakshagana_Progress1.jpg/220px-Yakshagana_Progress1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/Yakshagana_Progress1.jpg/330px-Yakshagana_Progress1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/Yakshagana_Progress1.jpg/440px-Yakshagana_Progress1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Yakshagana performance in progress</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaksha2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Yaksha2.jpg/220px-Yaksha2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Yaksha2.jpg/330px-Yaksha2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Yaksha2.jpg/440px-Yaksha2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Karavali Gandu Kale Yakshagana</figcaption></figure> <p>Yakshagana has a separate tradition of music, separate from <a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Sangeetha" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnataka Sangeetha">Karnataka Sangeetha</a> and the Hindustani music of India. Yakshagana and Karnatak Sangeetha may have a common ancestor are not decedents of one another.<sup id="cite_ref-Shivarama_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shivarama-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A typical Yakshagana performance consists of background music played by a group of musicians (known as a <i>himmela</i>); and a dance and dialogue group (known as the <i>mummela</i>), who together enact <a href="/wiki/Yakshagana_poetry" title="Yakshagana poetry">poetic epics</a> on stage. The himmela is made up of a lead singer (<i>bhagawatha</i>)—who also directs the production—and is referred to as the "first actor" (<i>modalane vesha</i>). Additional himmela members are players of traditional musical instruments, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Maddale" title="Maddale">maddale</a></i> (hand drum), the <i><a href="/wiki/Pungi" title="Pungi">pungi</a></i> (pipe), the <i><a href="/wiki/Pump_organ" title="Pump organ">harmonium</a></i> (organ), and the <i><a href="/wiki/Chande" title="Chande">chande</a></i> (loud drums). The music is based on <i><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana_Raga" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakshagana Raga">ragas</a></i>, which are characterised by rhythmic patterns called <i>mattu</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana_Tala" title="Yakshagana Tala">tala</a></i> (or <a href="/wiki/Metre_(music)" title="Metre (music)">musical meter</a> in Western music). </p><p>A Yakshagana(ಯಕ್ಷಗಾನ) performance typically begins in the twilight hours, with an initial beating of the drums of several fixed compositions, called <i>abbara</i> or <i>peetike</i>. This may last for up to an hour before the actors finally arrive on the stage. The actors wear resplendent costumes, head-dresses, and face paints.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DSC_0447yakshagana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/DSC_0447yakshagana.jpg/220px-DSC_0447yakshagana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/DSC_0447yakshagana.jpg/330px-DSC_0447yakshagana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/DSC_0447yakshagana.jpg/440px-DSC_0447yakshagana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Yakshagana performers in action.</figcaption></figure> <p>A performance usually depicts a story from the "<a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Kavya</a>" (epic poems) and the "<a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>" (ancient <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> texts). It consists of a story teller (the <i>bhagawatha</i>) who narrates the story by singing (which includes prepared character dialogues) as the actors dance to the music, portraying elements of the story as it is being narrated. All components of Yakshagana—including the music, the dance, and the dialogue—are improvised. Depending on the ability and scholarship of the actors, there will be variations in dances as well as the amount of dialogue. It is not uncommon for actors to get into philosophical debates or arguments without falling out of character. The acting in Yakshagana can be best categorised as <a href="/wiki/Method_acting" title="Method acting">method acting</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The performances have drawn comparison to the Western tradition of opera. Traditionally, Yakshagana will run through dusk to dawn. </p><p>Yakshagana is popular in the districts of <a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kannada" title="Dakshina Kannada">Dakshina Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasaragod District">Kasaragod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udupi" title="Udupi">Udupi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kannada" title="Uttara Kannada">Uttara Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shimoga" title="Shimoga">Shimoga</a> and western parts of <a href="/wiki/Chikkamagaluru" class="mw-redirect" title="Chikkamagaluru">Chikkamagaluru</a> .<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yakshagana has become popular in <a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a> in recent years, particularly in the rainy season, when there are few other forms of entertainment possible in the coastal districts.<sup id="cite_ref-enduring_2-1" class="reference"><a 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"><b>Historical</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> <p><b>Traditional</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></i></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Vedic Deities:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Post-Vedic:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Mokṣa-related topics:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_Hinduism" title="Exorcism in Hinduism">Exorcism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Divisions</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Rigveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Yajurveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Samaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Atharvaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)"><i>Agama</i>s (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" 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.navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hinduism" title="Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduism" title="Template talk:Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Yakshagana_plays_in_the_Kannada_language" title="List of Yakshagana plays in the Kannada language">List of Yakshagana plays in the Kannada language</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yakshagana_(Karaavali_Gandukale).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Yakshagana_%28Karaavali_Gandukale%29.jpg/220px-Yakshagana_%28Karaavali_Gandukale%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Yakshagana_%28Karaavali_Gandukale%29.jpg/330px-Yakshagana_%28Karaavali_Gandukale%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Yakshagana_%28Karaavali_Gandukale%29.jpg/440px-Yakshagana_%28Karaavali_Gandukale%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Thenkuthittu Yakshagana</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yakshagana_123.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Yakshagana_123.jpg/220px-Yakshagana_123.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Yakshagana_123.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="178" /></a><figcaption>yakshagana artist ravi alevoraya in female role</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demon_Yakshagana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Demon_Yakshagana.jpg/220px-Demon_Yakshagana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Demon_Yakshagana.jpg/330px-Demon_Yakshagana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Demon_Yakshagana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><i>Rakshasa</i> (the demon) as depicted in Yakshagana performances, is called <i>Bannada Vesha. (Artist: Karki Krishna Hasyagara)</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Yakshagana can refer to a style of writing, as well as the written material itself. It was probably used for poems enacted in <a href="/wiki/Bayalaata" title="Bayalaata">bayalaata</a> (or <i>open theatre drama</i>), such as the ballads of <a href="/wiki/Koti_and_Chennayya" title="Koti and Chennayya">Koti and Chennayya</a>. Yakshagana in its present form is believed to have been strongly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Vaishnava Bhakti movement</a>. Yakshagana was first introduced in Udupi by <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a>'s disciple <a href="/wiki/Naraharitirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Naraharitirtha">Naraharitirtha</a>. <a href="/wiki/Naraharitirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Naraharitirtha">Naraharitirtha</a> was the minister in the Kalinga Kingdom. He also was the founder of <a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a>. </p><p>The first written evidence regarding Yakshagana is found on an inscription at the Lakshminarayana Temple in <a href="/wiki/Kurugodu" title="Kurugodu">Kurugodu</a>, Somasamudra, <a href="/wiki/Bellary_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellary District">Bellary District</a>, and is dated 1556 CE. A copy is available at the University of Madras.<sup id="cite_ref-martha_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martha-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription mentions land donated to the performers of the art, so as to enable people to enjoy <i>tala maddale</i> programs at the temple. Another important piece of evidence is available in the form of a poem authored by Ajapura Vishnu, the <i>Virata Parva</i>, inscribed on a palm-leaf found at <a href="/wiki/Brahmavara" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmavara">Ajapura</a> (present day Brahmavara).<sup id="cite_ref-martha_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martha-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another historic palm-leaf manuscript, dated 1621 CE, describes <i>Sabhalakshana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-martha_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martha-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yakshagana bears some resemblance to other members of the 'traditional theatre family:' <i>Ankhia Nata</i> (found in <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>); <i>Jathra</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>); <i>Chau</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, Bengal); <i>Prahlada Nata</i> (<a href="/wiki/Orissa,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa, India">Orissa</a>); <i>Veedhinatakam</i> & <i>Chindu</i> (<a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra</a>); <i>Terukoothu Bhagawathamela</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></i> (Kerala). However, some researchers have argued that Yakshagana is markedly different from this group.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Experts have placed the origin of Yakshagana somewhere in the period of the 11th to 16th centuries CE.<sup id="cite_ref-origin_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-origin-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yakshagana was an established performance art form by the time of the noted Yakshagana poet, Parthi Subba (c. 1600).<sup id="cite_ref-Shivarama_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shivarama-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, Venkata, is attributed by some to be the author of the great Hindu epic, <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, although historian <a href="/wiki/K._Shivaram_Karanth" class="mw-redirect" title="K. Shivaram Karanth">Shivaram Karanth</a> counters these claims (made most notably by historians Muliya Thimmappa and Govinda Pai)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and argues that it is Subba, who was in fact its author.<sup id="cite_ref-Shivarama_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shivarama-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Venkata is the probable founder of the tenkuthittu (southern) style of the art.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Troupe centers, such as <a href="/wiki/Kudlu" title="Kudlu">Kudlu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kumbla" title="Kumbla">Kumbla</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasaragod District">Kasaragod District</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chikkamagaluru_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Chikkamagaluru district">Amritheshwari</a>, Kota near <a href="/wiki/Kundapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Kundapura">Kundapura</a>, claim to have had troupes three to four centuries ago, indicating that the art form almost certainly had begun to take shape by circa 1500. </p><p>The Yakshagana form of today is the result of a slow evolution, drawing its elements from ritual theatre, temple arts, secular arts (such as <a href="/wiki/Bahurupi" title="Bahurupi">Bahurupi</a>), royal courts of the past, and the artists' imaginations—all interwoven over a period of several hundred years.<sup id="cite_ref-origin_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-origin-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_poets">Early poets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early poets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early Yakshagana poets included Ajapura Vishnu, <a href="/wiki/Purandaradasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Purandaradasa">Purandaradasa</a>, Parthi Subba, and Nagire Subba. <a href="/wiki/Narasaraja_Wodeyar_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Narasaraja Wodeyar II">King Kanteerava Narasaraja Wodeyar II</a> (1704–1714) authored 14 Yakshaganas in various languages in the Kannada script.<sup id="cite_ref-pranesh_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pranesh-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mummadi_Krishnaraja_Wodeyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar">Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar</a> (1794–1868) also wrote several Yakshagana prasanga, including <i>Sougandhika Parinaya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pranesh_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pranesh-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noted poet, <a href="/wiki/Muddana" title="Muddana">Muddana</a>, composed several Yakshagana prasanga's, including the very popular <i>Rathnavathi Kalyana</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 19th century, Yakshagana began to move away from the strict traditional forms. Practitioners of the day produced a number of new compositions. Also, a large number of troupes arose across <a href="/wiki/Coastal_Karnataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Karnataka">coastal Karnataka</a>. </p><p>The early 20th century saw the birth of 'tent' troupes, giving performances to audiences made up of common people who were admitted by ticket. These troupes were responsible for the commercialisation of Yakshagana. The genre saw major changes in form and organisation. Electrical lights replaced the gas lights; seating arrangements improved; the inclusion of folk epics, Sanskrit dramas, and fictional stories formed the modern thematic base of the discipline. Popular entertainment became the criterion, replacing the historic classical presentations. Tulu, the language of the southern part of the <a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kannada" title="Dakshina Kannada">Dakshina Kannada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Udupi" title="Udupi">Udupi</a> district's was introduced; increasing popularity with the common people. </p><p>At this time, writer Kota Shivaram Karanth, experimented with the dance form by introducing Western musical instrumentation. He reduced the time of a Yakshagana performances from 12 hours to under three hours, incorporated movie plot lines, and added Shakespearean themes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, female artists perform in Yakshagana shows. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parallel_forms">Parallel forms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Parallel forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akrura1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Akrura1.jpg/220px-Akrura1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Akrura1.jpg/330px-Akrura1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Akrura1.jpg/440px-Akrura1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption>Panar Vesha, an imitation of Yakshagana (photo taken at Vandar Kambla, Udupi district)</figcaption></figure> <p>Yakshagana is related to other performance art forms prevalent in other parts of Karnataka and the neighbouring states of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yakshagana defies simple classification into categories such as folk, classical, or rural. It can be included in each or all of these, depending upon the rules used for classification. It is more varied and dynamic than most dance forms. Yakshagana can, however, be classified as one of many traditional dance forms. While it prevails primarily in the coastal areas of Karnataka, other dance forms (such as Doddata) are today often called by the same name. Several forms of traditional theatre – <i>Mudalpaya</i> (of southern Karnataka); <i>Doddata</i> (of northern Karnataka); <i>Kelike</i> (on the border with <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Ghattadakore</i> (of <a href="/wiki/Kollegal" title="Kollegal">Kollegal</a>—in the <a href="/wiki/Chamarajnagar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamarajnagar District">Chamarajnagar District</a>), may be included in this category. Among them, the <i>Ghattadakore</i> is a direct branch of the coastal form of Yakshagana, while <i>Mudalapaya</i> is the most closely connected form.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yakshaganamu_in_Andhra_Pradesh">Yakshaganamu in Andhra Pradesh</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Yakshaganamu in Andhra Pradesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a form called <i>Yakshaganamu</i> in <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, which exhibits some resemblance to the Yakshagana forms of the Karnataka plateau region<sup id="cite_ref-yakshaganamu_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yakshaganamu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is less sophisticated as a visual art.<sup id="cite_ref-cambridge_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambridge-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations_and_subgenres">Variations and subgenres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Variations and subgenres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars have classified Yakshagana broadly into several types: </p> <ul><li>Moodalopaya Yakshagana; includes eastern areas of Karnataka (such as Channarayapattna and Arsikere Taluks of the Hassan District), Nagamangala Taluk of the Mandya District, Turuvekere Taluk of the <a href="/wiki/Tumkur" title="Tumkur">Tumkur</a> District, Hiriyuru, Challakere of <a href="/wiki/Chitradurga_district" title="Chitradurga district">Chitradurga</a> District and North Karnataka.<sup id="cite_ref-Achar_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Achar-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Paduvlopaya Yakshagana comprises the western parts of extended Karnataka (including Kasaragod Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Uttara Kannada).</li> <li>Tenkutittu (includes areas Kasaragod (Kerala), Mangalore District, Udupi, <a href="/wiki/Sampaje" title="Sampaje">Sampaaje</a>, Sulliya, <a href="/wiki/Puttur,_Karnataka" title="Puttur, Karnataka">Puttur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bantwal" title="Bantwal">Bantwala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belthangady" title="Belthangady">Belthangady</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karkala" title="Karkala">Karkala</a>, etc.)</li> <li>Badagutittu (Udupi to <a href="/wiki/Kundapur" title="Kundapur">Kundapura</a> area, <a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kannada" title="Uttara Kannada">Uttara Kannada district</a>)</li> <li>Badabadagutittu/Uttara Kannadatittu (extreme north parts of Uttara Kannada)<sup id="cite_ref-Achar_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Achar-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenkutittu">Tenkutittu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tenkutittu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veerabhadra_Utpatti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Veerabhadra_Utpatti.jpg/220px-Veerabhadra_Utpatti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Veerabhadra_Utpatti.jpg/330px-Veerabhadra_Utpatti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Veerabhadra_Utpatti.jpg/440px-Veerabhadra_Utpatti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The southern (<i>Thenkuthittu</i>) form showcasing an authentic <i><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></i> (left) and <i><a href="/wiki/Veerabhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Veerabhadra">Veerabhadra</a></i> (right) at a performance in <a href="/wiki/Moodabidri" title="Moodabidri">Moodabidri</a>, depicting <i>Roudra Rasa</i></figcaption></figure> <p>One of the traditional variations, the <i>tenkutittu</i> style, is prevalent in Dakshina Kannada, <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a> District, western parts of <a href="/wiki/Kodagu_district" title="Kodagu district">Coorg</a> (Sampaje), and few areas of Udupi district. The influence of Karnatic Music is apparent in tenkutittu, as evidenced by the type of maddale used and in bhaagavathike. Yakshagana is influenced more by folk art blended with classical dance aspects. In tenkutittu, three iconic set of colours are used: the <i>Raajabanna</i>, the <i>Kaatbanna</i>, and the <i>Sthreebanna</i>. </p><p>The himmela in the tenkutittu style is more cohesive to the entire production. Rhythms of the chande and maddale coupled with the <i>chakrataala</i> and <i>jaagate</i> of the bhaagavatha create an excellent symphonic sound. The dance form in tenkutittu strikes the attention of the audience by 'Dheengina' or 'Guttu'. Performers often do <i>dhiginas</i> (jumping spins in the air) and will continuously spin (sometimes) hundreds of times. Tenkutittu is noted for its incredible dance steps; its high flying dance moves; and its extravagant <i>rakshasas</i> (demons). </p><p>Tenkutittu has remained a popular form and has its own audience outside the coastal areas. The Dharmasthala and Kateelu durgaparameshwari melas (the two most popular melas) have helped to popularise this form. Several creative tenkutittu plays have been composed by noted scholars, such as Amritha Someshwara.<sup id="cite_ref-Yakshagana_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yakshagana-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Badagutittu">Badagutittu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Badagutittu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Badagutittu</i> style is prevalent in <a href="/wiki/North_Canara" class="mw-redirect" title="North Canara">North Canara</a> (Uttara Kannada District) and the northern parts of Udupi district from Kundapura to Byndoor. The Badagutittu school of Yakshagana places more emphasis on facial expressions, <i>matugarike</i> (dialogues), and dances appropriate for the character depicted in the episode. It makes use of a typical Karnataka chande.<sup id="cite_ref-info_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-info-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Badagutittu style was popularised by <a href="/wiki/Shivram_Karanth" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivram Karanth">Shivram Karanth</a>'s, "Yakshagana Mandira," presented at Saligrama Village in <a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kannada" title="Dakshina Kannada">Dakshina Kannada</a> as a shorter more modern form of Yakshagana.<sup id="cite_ref-info_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-info-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Keremane_Shivarama_Hegde" title="Keremane Shivarama Hegde">Keremane Shivarama Hegde</a>, the founder of the Yakshagana troupe, Idagunji Mahaganapati Yakshagana Mandali, is an exponent of the Badagutittu style of Yakshagana. He is also the first Yakshagana artist to receive the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrapati_Award" title="Rashtrapati Award">Rashtrapati Award</a> from the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">president of India</a>. He hails from the <a href="/wiki/Honnavar" title="Honnavar">Honnavar</a> taluk of <a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kannada" title="Uttara Kannada">Uttara Kannada</a> (North Canara) District. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puppetry_variant">Puppetry variant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Puppetry variant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were more than 30 string-puppet troupes in the undivided <a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kannada" title="Dakshina Kannada">Dakshina Kannada</a> district during the period 1910–1915 in places such as Basrur, Barkur, Kokkarne, <a href="/wiki/Moodabidri" title="Moodabidri">Mudabidri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pre_historic_art_in_Karnataka_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pre_historic_art_in_Karnataka-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presentation of the puppetry in Yakshagana style is highly stylised and adheres strictly to the norms and standards of Yakshagana. The puppets (generally 18 inches high) wear costumes similar to those worn by live actors of Yakshagana, and have the same elaborate make-up, colourful headgear, and heavy jewellery.<sup id="cite_ref-puppet_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-puppet-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The puppeteer is known as the <i>Suthradhara.</i> The content in the Yakshagana puppetry, is also mainly drawn from the ancient epics.<sup id="cite_ref-Pre_historic_art_in_Karnataka_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pre_historic_art_in_Karnataka-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-puppet_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-puppet-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Background_of_puppetry">Background of puppetry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Background of puppetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yakshagana puppetry has existed for centuries. The modern form of the art, however, was largely moulded by the brothers Laxman, Narasimha, and Manjappa Kamath; who hailed from <a href="/wiki/Uppinakudru" title="Uppinakudru">Uppinakudru</a> village, <a href="/wiki/Kundapur" title="Kundapur">Kundapur</a> taluk. Devanna Padmanabha Kamath, the grandson of Laxman Kamath infused new life into the art and performed shows all over India. Later, <a href="/wiki/Kogga_Devanna_Kamath" title="Kogga Devanna Kamath">Kogga Devanna Kamath</a> improved this subgenre even further, being recognised with the <a href="/wiki/Tulsi_Samman" title="Tulsi Samman">Tulsi Samman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sangeet_Natak_Akademi_Award" title="Sangeet Natak Akademi Award">Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards</a>. His son, Bhaskar Kogga Kamath, is currently performing shows while training others in the art of Yakshagana puppetry.<sup id="cite_ref-kogga_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kogga-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/K._V._Ramesh" title="K. V. Ramesh">K. V. Ramesh</a> is a leading puppeteer from Kasaragod. He leads the Yakshagana puppet troupe Shri Gopalakrishna Yakshagana Gombeyata Sangha.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ballet_variant">Ballet variant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ballet variant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second half of the 20th century saw experiments and adoptions of this art into other venues. One notable effort was that of <a href="/wiki/Shivarama_Karantha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivarama Karantha">Shivarama Karantha</a>, who produced and exhibited <i>Yakshagana <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a></i>, using and training local artists.<sup id="cite_ref-yaksha_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yaksha-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karanth1997_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karanth1997-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the changes brought about by Karanth, however, attracted criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One legal decision even banned any public performance of his experimental ballets being billed as "Yakshagana."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Important_components">Important components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Important components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The artists pray to lord <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> before their performance.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yakshagana also ends with a prayer to Ganesha<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raga">Raga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Raga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yakshagana_Raga" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakshagana Raga">Yakshagana Raga</a></div> <p>Yakshagana Rāga refers to melodic framework used in Yakshagana. It is based on pre-classical melodic forms that comprise a series of five or more <a href="/wiki/Musical_notes" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical notes">musical notes</a> upon which a <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a> is founded. Ragas in Yakshagana are closely associated with a set of melodic forms called mattu. In the Yakshagana tradition, rāgas are associated with different times of the night throughout which the Yakshagana is performed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tala">Tala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yakshagana_Tala" title="Yakshagana Tala">Yakshagana Tala</a></div> <p>Yakshagana Tala (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> tāla) are frameworks for rhythms in Yakshagana that are determined by a poetry style called <i>Yakshagana Padya</i>. Tala also decide how a composition is to be enacted by the dancers. It is similar to tala in other forms of Indian music, but differs from them structurally. Each composition is set to one or more talas, rendered by the himmela percussion artists play.<sup id="cite_ref-preclassical_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preclassical-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yakshagana_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yakshagana-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prasanga_and_literature">Prasanga and literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Prasanga and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yakshagana_poetry" title="Yakshagana poetry">Yakshagana poetry</a></div> <p>Yakshagana poetry (Yakshagana Padya or Yakshagana Prasanga) is a collection of poems written to form a music drama. The poems are composed in well known Kannada metres, using a frame work of <a href="/wiki/Yakshagana_Raga" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakshagana Raga">ragas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yakshagana_Tala" title="Yakshagana Tala">talas</a>. Yakshagana also has its own metre (or <i><a href="/wiki/Prosody_(music)" title="Prosody (music)">prosody</a></i>). The collection of Yakshagana poems forming a musical drama is called a <i>Prasanga</i>. The oldest surviving parasanga books are believed to have been composed in the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But many compositions have been lost to time. There is evidence showing that oral compositions were in use before the 15th century. The narratives of the surviving historic Yakshagana Prasangas are now often printed in paperback.<sup id="cite_ref-cambridge_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambridge-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kereetadavesha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Kereetadavesha.jpg/220px-Kereetadavesha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Kereetadavesha.jpg/330px-Kereetadavesha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Kereetadavesha.jpg/440px-Kereetadavesha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>A kings costume (<i>raja vesha</i>) with <i>kireeta</i> (or headgear); the <a href="/wiki/Gada_(mace)" title="Gada (mace)">mace</a> is used as an abstract depiction of a weapon</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FullPagadeYakshagana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/FullPagadeYakshagana.jpg/220px-FullPagadeYakshagana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/FullPagadeYakshagana.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Artists Headwear,Worn by Male Artists where Female artists wear small one</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costumes_and_ornaments">Costumes and ornaments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Costumes and ornaments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yakshagna costumes are rich in colour. The costumes (or <i>vesha</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> depend on characters depicted in the play (prasanga). It also depends on the Yakshagana style (<i><span title="Kannada-language romanization"><i lang="kn-Latn">tittu</i></span></i>). </p><p>Traditionally, Badagutittu Yakshagana ornaments are made out of light wood, pieces of mirror, and coloured stones.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lighter materials, such as thermocol, are sometimes used today, although ornaments are still predominantly made of woodwork. </p><p>Yakshagana costumes consist of headgear (Kirita or Pagade), Kavacha that decorates the chest, Buja Keerthi (armlets) that decorate the shoulders, and belts (Dabu)—all made up of light wood and covered with golden foil. Mirror work on these ornaments helps to reflect light during shows and add more color to the costumes. Armaments are worn on a vest and cover the upper half of the body. The lower half is covered with <a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">kachche</a>, which come in unique combinations of red, yellow, and orange checks. Bulky pads are used under the kachche, making the actors' proportions different in size from normal. </p><p>The character, Bannada Vesha, is used to depict monsters. This often involves detailed facial makeup taking three to four hours to complete. Males play the female roles in traditional Yakshagana. However, more recently, yakshagana has seen female artists, who perform in both male and female roles. </p><p>The character of Stree Vesha makes use of sari and other decorative ornaments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruments">Instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maddale">Maddale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Maddale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maddale" title="Maddale">Maddale</a></div> <p>The maddale is a <a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">percussion instrument</a> and, along with the chande, is the primary rhythmic accompaniment in the Yakshagana ensemble. It is played in a similar fashion as Mridangam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taala_(Bells)"><span id="Taala_.28Bells.29"></span>Taala (Bells)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Taala (Bells)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana_bells" title="Yakshagana bells">Yakshagana bells</a> or cymbals, are a pair of finger bells made of a special alloy (traditionally five metal). They are made to fit the tone of the bhagawatha's voice. Singers carry more than one set, as finger bells are available in different keys, thus enabling them to sing in different pitches. They help create and guide the background music in Yakshagana. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chande">Chande</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Chande"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chande" title="Chande">Chande</a></div> <p>The Chande is a <a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">drum</a> and, along with the maddale, is an important rhythmic accompaniment in the Yakshagana ensemble. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artists">Artists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Artists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the centuries, hundreds of artists performed Yakshagana and some of them have gained star value, like <a href="/wiki/Keremane_Shivarama_Hegde" title="Keremane Shivarama Hegde">Keremane Shivarama Hegde</a>, Kuriya Vithala Shastry, Keremane Shambhu Hegde,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soorikumeru Govinda Bhat, Keremane Mahabala Hegde,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chittani_Ramachandra_Hegde" title="Chittani Ramachandra Hegde">Chittani Ramachandra Hegde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naranappa_Uppoor" title="Naranappa Uppoor">Naranappa Uppoor</a>, Balipa Narayana Bhagawat, Karki Krishna Hasyagara and <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_Navada" title="Kalinga Navada">Kalinga Navada</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training_and_research">Training and research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Training and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As most troupes are associated with temples, training in the art has been confined to temple premises. The Govinda Pai Research Institute, located at MGM College, runs a <i>Yakshagana Kalakendra</i> in <a href="/wiki/Udupi" title="Udupi">Udupi</a> trains youngsters in this ancient dance form. It also does research work on language, rituals, and dance art forms.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Srimaya Yakshagana Kalakendra, Gunavante which was founded by Shri Keremane Shambhu Hegde, is another notable Yakshagana <a href="/wiki/Gurukula" title="Gurukula">Gurukula</a> that trains Yakshagana students . </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_India">Outside India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Outside India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Yakshagana" title="Special:EditPage/Yakshagana">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yakshagana_Bhasmasura-Mohini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Yakshagana_Bhasmasura-Mohini.jpg/220px-Yakshagana_Bhasmasura-Mohini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Yakshagana_Bhasmasura-Mohini.jpg/330px-Yakshagana_Bhasmasura-Mohini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Yakshagana_Bhasmasura-Mohini.jpg/440px-Yakshagana_Bhasmasura-Mohini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Mohini_Bhasmasura" title="Mohini Bhasmasura">Mohini Bhasmasura</a></i> played at California in 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>Yakshagana is finding new popularity outside India. Amateur troupes have emerged in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, USA and <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada. <i>Yakshamitra in Canada</i>, <i>Yakshagana Kalavrinda</i>, <i>Yaksharanga in the U.S.</i> "Yakshaloka Boston" are a few examples of these international troupes. </p><p><i>Yakshamitra</i> founded in 2008 in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Canada, is the first full pledged Yakshagana mela outside India. It is the first to use local live music himmela for their performances. The other troupes usually use a recorded background himmela for their shows. </p><p>"Yakshaloka USA" was founded in New England by Raghuram Shetty in 1995 and used recorded audio for shows. Being the first build a local Yakshagana troupe ("Yakshaloka Boston") in North America and introduce <span title="Kannada-language romanization"><i lang="kn-Latn">tenku tittu</i></span> (Southern style) Yakshagana to this continent, he trained thousands of local Americans and inspired 5 Yakshagana troupes (Massachusetts, Washington, Florida, Northern and Southern California). Including shows like Sindh World Conference 2000, AKKA 2002, Saint Peters-burg Folk Festival 2005, Irvine Global Village 2014 etc. Yakshaloka USA has showcased hundreds of multi-lingual shows in major theatres across USA in both styles of Yakshagana. Yakshaloka promotes vibrant ancient Indian art by creating unique shows of its own, presentations in schools and Universities including worlds leading acting schools in Hollywood, training kids and adults from all over the world, joining hands with visiting artists (E.g.: Northern style legend Chittani Ramachandra Hegde troupe 2006), and sponsoring/facilitating leading artists (E.g.: Southern style legend Dr Puttur Shridhara Bhandary 2013). </p><p>Yakshagana Kalavrinda performs on the east coast of the U.S. "Yakshaloka Boston" troupe has mainly the artists from Boston area and visiting artists from various parts of USA and India. The troupe has given many shows in the east coast, Midwest, southern USA. </p><p>Yaksharanga in the USA started after the visit of Yakshagana artist, Sri <a href="/wiki/Chittani_Ramachandra_Hegde" title="Chittani Ramachandra Hegde">Chittani Ramachandra Hegde</a>. His performance at the age of 74 was so inspiring that art lovers decided to continue his art thousands of miles away from its home. Sri Kidayuru Ganesh, who accompanied Sri Chittani, stayed back for a couple of months to train a new generation of Yakshagana artists. The initial result was a performance of Yakshagana "Sudanvarjuna Kalaga". Hegde won the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Shri_award_recipients_(2010%E2%80%9319)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Padma Shri award recipients (2010–19)">Padmashri Award</a> in 2012 for his lifetime contribution to the art. Yaksharanga has since performed many shows around California. </p><p>Yakshagana Troupe, "<a href="/wiki/Idagunji_Mahaganapathi_Yakshagana_Mandali" class="mw-redirect" title="Idagunji Mahaganapathi Yakshagana Mandali">Shri Idagunji Mahaganapati Yakshagana Mandali, Keremane</a>," headed by Shri Keremane Shambhu Hegde and Shri Keremane Shivanand Hegde, toured the U.S., and performed more than 22 programs throughout North America. The troupe visited 12 countries. This troupe was one of the first few troupes that took Yakshagana (in its traditional form) outside India (referring to their performance at Hilton Hotel, Bahrain in 1983). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mela_or_troupes">Mela or troupes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Mela or troupes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are about 30 full-fledged professional troupes, and about 200 amateur troupes in Yakshagana. Professional troupes go on tour between November and May, giving about 180–200 shows. There are about one thousand professional artists and many more amateurs. Further there are off season shows during the wet season, the anniversary shows, school and college students Yakshagana and of course the Talamaddale performances. Yakshagana commercial shows witness 12,000 performances per year in Karnataka generating a turnover of Rs. Six crore.<sup id="cite_ref-shows_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shows-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-performance_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-performance-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" width="95%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Town/Village </th> <th>Date Started </th> <th>Date of closure (if any) </th> <th>Main sponsor </th> <th>Thenkuthittu (T) or Badaguthittu (B) </th> <th>Free or Ticket </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kumbla" title="Kumbla">Kumble</a> </td> <td>19th century<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>T </td> <td>Donation </td></tr> <tr> <td>Karki Hasyagara Mela </td> <td>1850s<sup id="cite_ref-martha_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martha-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Badabadagutittu </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Soukooru Mela </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>B </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kamalashile Mela<sup id="cite_ref-martha_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martha-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>still performing </td> <td>Sri Braahmi Durgaparameshwari Temple </td> <td>B </td> <td>Donation </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Halady" title="Halady">Halady</a> </td> <td>1980s </td> <td>Still performing </td> <td>Halady temple </td> <td>B </td> <td>Free/donation </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saligrama </td> <td>1980s </td> <td>Still performing </td> <td> </td> <td>B </td> <td>Ticket </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amrutheswari </td> <td>Early 20th century<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>Still performing </td> <td>Amrutheswari temple </td> <td>B </td> <td>Ticket </td></tr> <tr> <td>Makkala Mela<sup id="cite_ref-martha_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martha-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1973 </td> <td>Saligrama </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dharmasthala Mela </td> <td>19th century <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>still performing </td> <td>Sri Kshetra Dharmasthala </td> <td>T </td> <td>Devotees' donation </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kudlu Kutyala Mela </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>T </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Suratkal" class="mw-redirect" title="Suratkal">Suratkal</a> Mela </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>T </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ranjadakate mela </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>B </td> <td>From Shimoga Dist. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Goli Garadi<sup id="cite_ref-martha_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martha-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Koti Chennaya Garadi </td> <td>B </td> <td>Sasthana </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kateel Mela </td> <td>1867<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>still performing </td> <td>Kateel Shri Durgaparameshwari Temple </td> <td>T </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Idugunji Mela<sup id="cite_ref-martha_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martha-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1934 </td> <td>still performing </td> <td> </td> <td>B </td> <td>Donation/Tickets </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hosanagara Mela </td> <td> </td> <td>still performing </td> <td> </td> <td>T </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Perduru Mela<sup id="cite_ref-martha_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martha-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1983–1984 </td> <td>still performing </td> <td>Sri Anathapadhmanaabha Temple </td> <td>B </td> <td>Ticket </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kondadakuli Mela </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>B </td> <td>Ticket </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maranakatte mela<sup id="cite_ref-martha_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martha-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>still performing </td> <td>Sri Brahmalingeshwara Temple </td> <td>B </td> <td>Donation, Devotee </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mandarthi Mela<sup id="cite_ref-martha_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martha-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1950s </td> <td>still performing </td> <td>Durgaparameswari Temple </td> <td>B </td> <td>Devotees' donation </td></tr> <tr> <td>Keremane Mela </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>B </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bappanadu Mela </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Bappanadu Durgaparameshwari Temple, Mulki </td> <td>T </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yakshamitra Yakshagana Mela Toronto </td> <td>Dec 2008, New Market, ON </td> <td> </td> <td>Sringeri Vidhyabharathi Temple, Etobicoke. </td> <td>Badagu </td> <td>Ticket and Free when sponsored. </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Characters found in Yakshagana</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raghurama_Shetty_Guru_Yakshaloka_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Raghuram Shetty Yakshaloka USA"><img alt="Raghuram Shetty Yakshaloka USA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Raghurama_Shetty_Guru_Yakshaloka_USA.jpg/120px-Raghurama_Shetty_Guru_Yakshaloka_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Raghurama_Shetty_Guru_Yakshaloka_USA.jpg/180px-Raghurama_Shetty_Guru_Yakshaloka_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Raghurama_Shetty_Guru_Yakshaloka_USA.jpg/240px-Raghurama_Shetty_Guru_Yakshaloka_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1351" data-file-height="1076" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Raghuram Shetty Yakshaloka USA</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prathibha_Shetty_Yakshaloka_USA_Indrajitu_villain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prathibha Raghuram Shetty Yakshaloka USA Indrajitu Villain"><img alt="Prathibha Raghuram Shetty Yakshaloka USA Indrajitu Villain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Prathibha_Shetty_Yakshaloka_USA_Indrajitu_villain.jpg/108px-Prathibha_Shetty_Yakshaloka_USA_Indrajitu_villain.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Prathibha_Shetty_Yakshaloka_USA_Indrajitu_villain.jpg/162px-Prathibha_Shetty_Yakshaloka_USA_Indrajitu_villain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Prathibha_Shetty_Yakshaloka_USA_Indrajitu_villain.jpg/216px-Prathibha_Shetty_Yakshaloka_USA_Indrajitu_villain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="312" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prathibha Raghuram Shetty Yakshaloka USA Indrajitu Villain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kondadakuli.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kondadakuli"><img alt="Kondadakuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kondadakuli.jpg/80px-Kondadakuli.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kondadakuli.jpg/120px-Kondadakuli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kondadakuli.jpg/160px-Kondadakuli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kondadakuli</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madana02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Madana Vesha"><img alt="Madana Vesha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Madana02.jpg/120px-Madana02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Madana02.jpg/180px-Madana02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Madana02.jpg/240px-Madana02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Madana Vesha</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuluyakshagana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thulu Yakshagana"><img alt="Thulu Yakshagana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tuluyakshagana.jpg/120px-Tuluyakshagana.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tuluyakshagana.jpg/180px-Tuluyakshagana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tuluyakshagana.jpg/240px-Tuluyakshagana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Thulu Yakshagana</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yakshagana_bhima.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bhima in Yakshagana"><img alt="Bhima in Yakshagana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Yakshagana_bhima.JPG/80px-Yakshagana_bhima.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Yakshagana_bhima.JPG/120px-Yakshagana_bhima.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Yakshagana_bhima.JPG/160px-Yakshagana_bhima.JPG 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Bhima</i> in Yakshagana</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jambavanta.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Jambavanta as depicted in Yakshagana"><img alt="Jambavanta as depicted in Yakshagana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Jambavanta.JPG/90px-Jambavanta.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Jambavanta.JPG/135px-Jambavanta.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Jambavanta.JPG/180px-Jambavanta.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jambavanta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jambavanta (page does not exist)">Jambavanta</a> as depicted in Yakshagana</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Keremane_Shivanand_Hegde.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Krishna - Keremane Shivanand Hegde"><img alt="Krishna - Keremane Shivanand Hegde" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Keremane_Shivanand_Hegde.jpg/120px-Keremane_Shivanand_Hegde.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Keremane_Shivanand_Hegde.jpg/180px-Keremane_Shivanand_Hegde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Keremane_Shivanand_Hegde.jpg/240px-Keremane_Shivanand_Hegde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Krishna - Keremane Shivanand Hegde</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yakshagana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gajamukhadavage Ganapage"><img alt="Gajamukhadavage Ganapage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Yakshagana.jpg/120px-Yakshagana.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Yakshagana.jpg/180px-Yakshagana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Yakshagana.jpg/240px-Yakshagana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2140" data-file-height="1996" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Gajamukhadavage Ganapage</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaksha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sharanu Bande Guruve"><img alt="Sharanu Bande Guruve" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Yaksha.jpg/90px-Yaksha.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Yaksha.jpg/135px-Yaksha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Yaksha.jpg/180px-Yaksha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Sharanu Bande Guruve</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaksha2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bannada Vesha"><img alt="Bannada Vesha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Yaksha2.jpg/90px-Yaksha2.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Yaksha2.jpg/135px-Yaksha2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Yaksha2.jpg/180px-Yaksha2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Bannada Vesha</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaksha4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yakshagana player in costume"><img alt="Yakshagana player in costume" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Yaksha4.jpg/120px-Yaksha4.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Yaksha4.jpg/180px-Yaksha4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Yaksha4.jpg/240px-Yaksha4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Yakshagana player in costume</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mangalore_yakshagana,poothini.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poothini"><img alt="Poothini" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mangalore_yakshagana%2Cpoothini.jpg/120px-Mangalore_yakshagana%2Cpoothini.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mangalore_yakshagana%2Cpoothini.jpg/180px-Mangalore_yakshagana%2Cpoothini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mangalore_yakshagana%2Cpoothini.jpg/240px-Mangalore_yakshagana%2Cpoothini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Poothini</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yakshagana_Veerabhadra_Thenkuthittu.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Veerabhadra (Thenkuthittu)"><img alt="Veerabhadra (Thenkuthittu)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Yakshagana_Veerabhadra_Thenkuthittu.JPG/90px-Yakshagana_Veerabhadra_Thenkuthittu.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Yakshagana_Veerabhadra_Thenkuthittu.JPG/135px-Yakshagana_Veerabhadra_Thenkuthittu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Yakshagana_Veerabhadra_Thenkuthittu.JPG/180px-Yakshagana_Veerabhadra_Thenkuthittu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Veerabhadra (Thenkuthittu)</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Yakshagana related photos</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kambalashwa_040.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pundu Vesha with Pagade or Kedige Mundale (Kambalashwa photo)"><img alt="Pundu Vesha with Pagade or Kedige Mundale (Kambalashwa photo)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Kambalashwa_040.jpg/90px-Kambalashwa_040.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Kambalashwa_040.jpg/135px-Kambalashwa_040.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Kambalashwa_040.jpg/180px-Kambalashwa_040.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Pundu Vesha</i> with <i>Pagade</i> or <i>Kedige Mundale</i> (Kambalashwa photo)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akrura2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Akrura vesha"><img alt="Akrura vesha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Akrura2.jpg/80px-Akrura2.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Akrura2.jpg/120px-Akrura2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Akrura2.jpg/160px-Akrura2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Akrura vesha</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akrura3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Akrura"><img alt="Akrura" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Akrura3.jpg/120px-Akrura3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Akrura3.jpg/180px-Akrura3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Akrura3.jpg/240px-Akrura3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Akrura</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaksha3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bannada Vesha"><img alt="Bannada Vesha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yaksha3.jpg/120px-Yaksha3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yaksha3.jpg/180px-Yaksha3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yaksha3.jpg/240px-Yaksha3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Bannada Vesha</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Badagu_vesha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Badaguthittu vesha"><img alt="Badaguthittu vesha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Badagu_vesha.jpg/90px-Badagu_vesha.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Badagu_vesha.jpg/135px-Badagu_vesha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Badagu_vesha.jpg/180px-Badagu_vesha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Badaguthittu vesha</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chowki.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chowki, the greenroom of Yakshagana, where artists get themselves ready"><img alt="Chowki, the greenroom of Yakshagana, where artists get themselves ready" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Chowki.jpg/120px-Chowki.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Chowki.jpg/180px-Chowki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Chowki.jpg/240px-Chowki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chowki, the greenroom of Yakshagana, where artists get themselves ready</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Face_of_Parvati_dancer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Parvathi artist"><img alt="Parvathi artist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Face_of_Parvati_dancer.jpg/120px-Face_of_Parvati_dancer.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Face_of_Parvati_dancer.jpg/180px-Face_of_Parvati_dancer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Face_of_Parvati_dancer.jpg/240px-Face_of_Parvati_dancer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Parvathi artist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FullPagadeYakshagana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Full Pagade vesha in Yakshagana"><img alt="Full Pagade vesha in Yakshagana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/FullPagadeYakshagana.jpg/77px-FullPagadeYakshagana.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/FullPagadeYakshagana.jpg/116px-FullPagadeYakshagana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/FullPagadeYakshagana.jpg/154px-FullPagadeYakshagana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Full Pagade vesha in Yakshagana</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanumantha_in_the_making.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hanumantha"><img alt="Hanumantha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hanumantha_in_the_making.jpg/90px-Hanumantha_in_the_making.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hanumantha_in_the_making.jpg/135px-Hanumantha_in_the_making.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hanumantha_in_the_making.jpg/180px-Hanumantha_in_the_making.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hanumantha</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanumantha_ready_to_get_on_stage.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hanumantha on last leg of Makeup."><img alt="Hanumantha on last leg of Makeup." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Hanumantha_ready_to_get_on_stage.jpg/90px-Hanumantha_ready_to_get_on_stage.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Hanumantha_ready_to_get_on_stage.jpg/135px-Hanumantha_ready_to_get_on_stage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Hanumantha_ready_to_get_on_stage.jpg/180px-Hanumantha_ready_to_get_on_stage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hanumantha on last leg of Makeup.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaksharanga.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A performance artist troupe of the Yaksharanga variant"><img alt="A performance artist troupe of the Yaksharanga variant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Yaksharanga.jpg/120px-Yaksharanga.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Yaksharanga.jpg/180px-Yaksharanga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Yaksharanga.jpg/240px-Yaksharanga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A performance artist troupe of the <i>Yaksharanga</i> variant</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kateel_mela.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maisasura in Kateel Mela"><img alt="Maisasura in Kateel Mela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Kateel_mela.jpg/120px-Kateel_mela.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Kateel_mela.jpg/180px-Kateel_mela.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Kateel_mela.jpg/240px-Kateel_mela.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="477" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Maisasura in Kateel Mela</div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yakshaganam_Performance_in_Kerala_Bhavan%27s_Laying_the_Foundation_Stone_Event.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Yakshaganam_Performance_in_Kerala_Bhavan%27s_Laying_the_Foundation_Stone_Event.jpg/220px-Yakshaganam_Performance_in_Kerala_Bhavan%27s_Laying_the_Foundation_Stone_Event.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Yakshaganam_Performance_in_Kerala_Bhavan%27s_Laying_the_Foundation_Stone_Event.jpg/330px-Yakshaganam_Performance_in_Kerala_Bhavan%27s_Laying_the_Foundation_Stone_Event.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Yakshaganam_Performance_in_Kerala_Bhavan%27s_Laying_the_Foundation_Stone_Event.jpg/440px-Yakshaganam_Performance_in_Kerala_Bhavan%27s_Laying_the_Foundation_Stone_Event.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Yakshaganam Performance in Kerala Bhavan's Laying the Foundation Stone Event</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">Kabuki</a>, a visually similar form of <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Japan" title="Theatre of Japan">Japanese theatre</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattaikkuttu" title="Kattaikkuttu">Kattaikkuttu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terukkuttu" title="Terukkuttu">Terukkuttu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This King of <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a> was deaf and dumb, but knew several languages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mysore kings often gave patronage to various forms of performance artists</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-preclassical-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-preclassical_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-preclassical_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Prof. Sridhara Uppura; 1998; <i>Yakshagana and Nataka Diganta</i>; publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-enduring-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-enduring_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enduring_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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Chennai, India. 17 June 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/17/stories/2009061757640300.htm">the original</a> on 21 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+changing+face+of+Yakshagana&rft.date=2009-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2009%2F06%2F17%2Fstories%2F2009061757640300.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakshagana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshton1976" class="citation book cs1">Ashton, Martha Bush (3 January 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8edkLcxSUYAC&q=Yakshagana+jain&pg=PA27"><i>Yakshagana</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=yaksha&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9077732%2Fyaksha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakshagana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shivarama-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shivarama_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shivarama_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shivarama_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Shivarama Karantha; <i>Yakshagana Bayalaata</i>; Harsha Publications; 1963; Puttur, South Canara, India.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yakshagana.com/"><i>Yakshagana</i></a>; accessed 2 November 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kasargod.nic.in/profile/yakshagana.htm">"Yakshagana"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yakshagana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkasargod.nic.in%2Fprofile%2Fyakshagana.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakshagana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martha-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-martha_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martha_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martha_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martha_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martha_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martha_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martha_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martha_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martha_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martha_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martha_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartha_Bush_Ashton1977" class="citation book cs1">Martha Bush Ashton, Bruce Christie (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ug3DNI-1xwUC&q=arasikere+history"><i>Yakshagana, a Dance Drama of India</i></a>. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. p. 21,22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yakshagana%2C+a+Dance+Drama+of+India&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=21%2C22&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Martha+Bush+Ashton&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Christie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dug3DNI-1xwUC%26q%3Darasikere%2Bhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakshagana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-origin-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-origin_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-origin_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217122710/http://www.hindu.com/ms/2005/12/23/stories/2005122300250500.htm">"Focus on rural art"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Chennai, India. 23 December 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/ms/2005/12/23/stories/2005122300250500.htm">the original</a> on 17 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Focus+on+rural+art&rft.date=2005-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fms%2F2005%2F12%2F23%2Fstories%2F2005122300250500.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakshagana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note: This due to what Karantha describes as procedural lapses in their research and conclusions. Karantha bases his claim on the fact that Venkata was reported to be a bhagawatha (singer) himself, and is believed to have founded his own troupe.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pranesh-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pranesh_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pranesh_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPranesh2003" class="citation book cs1">Pranesh, Meera Rajaram (2003) [2003]. <i>Musical Composers during Wodeyar Dynasty (1638–1947 A.D.)</i>. Bangalore: Vee Emm. pp. 37, 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musical+Composers+during+Wodeyar+Dynasty+%281638%E2%80%931947+A.D.%29&rft.place=Bangalore&rft.pages=37%2C+38&rft.pub=Vee+Emm&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Pranesh&rft.aufirst=Meera+Rajaram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakshagana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hapgood, Robert; 1983; <i>Macbeth Distilled: A </i>Yakshagana<i> Production in Delhi</i>]; "<a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Quarterly" title="Shakespeare Quarterly">Shakespeare Quarterly</a>;" Vol. 31; No. 3; Autumn, 1980; pp. 439–440.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060304052435/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/10/14/stories/2005101402510300.htm">"Growing with Tradition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 14 October 2005. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Growing+with+Tradition&rft.date=2005-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Ffr%2F2005%2F10%2F14%2Fstories%2F2005101402510300.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakshagana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171028043102/http://www.rangashankara.org/home/rangatest/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=32&favm=2010-11-1">"Indrajitu Kalaga"</a>. <i>rangashankara.org</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rangashankara.org&rft.atitle=Indrajitu+Kalaga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rangashankara.org%2Fhome%2Frangatest%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D18%26Itemid%3D32%26favm%3D2010-11-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakshagana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yakshaganamu-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yakshaganamu_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/3-day-festival-to-celebrate-Karanths-birth-centenary/articleshow/31803735.cms">"3-day festival to celebrate Karanth's birth centenary"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 20 December 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104062239/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-12-20/bangalore/27294092_1_kota-shivarama-karanth-national-seminar-festival">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=3-day+festival+to+celebrate+Karanth%27s+birth+centenary&rft.date=2002-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fbangalore%2F3-day-festival-to-celebrate-Karanths-birth-centenary%2Farticleshow%2F31803735.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakshagana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cambridge-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cambridge_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cambridge_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandon1997" class="citation book cs1">Brandon, James R., ed. (28 January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ttnH5W9qoBAC&q=yakshagana&pg=PA116"><i>The Cambridge guide to Asian Theatre</i></a> (1997 (2nd reprint) ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 115, 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521588225" title="Special:BookSources/9780521588225"><bdi>9780521588225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+guide+to+Asian+Theatre&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=115%2C+116&rft.edition=1997+%282nd+reprint%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997-01-28&rft.isbn=9780521588225&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DttnH5W9qoBAC%26q%3Dyakshagana%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakshagana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Achar-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Achar_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Achar_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Achar, Palthady Ramakrishna; 2004; Janapada Parisara; Puttur; "Supriya Prakashana;" p.68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yakshagana-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yakshagana_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yakshagana_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldtuluvasnetwork.com/yakshagana">"Tenkuthittu"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tenkuthittu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldtuluvasnetwork.com%2Fyakshagana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakshagana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-info-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-info_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-info_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://narthaki.com/info/snippets/snipjan7.html"><i>Classical Indian Dance Directory</i></a>; Narthaki.com; accessed November 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pre_historic_art_in_Karnataka-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pre_historic_art_in_Karnataka_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pre_historic_art_in_Karnataka_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._A_Sundara" class="citation news cs1">Dr. A Sundara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacykarnataka.com/art_craft_in_karnataka.htm">"Pre historic art in Karnataka"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pre+historic+art+in+Karnataka&rft.au=Dr.+A+Sundara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacykarnataka.com%2Fart_craft_in_karnataka.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakshagana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-puppet-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-puppet_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-puppet_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosh,_BanerjeeBanerjee,_Utpal_K.2006" class="citation book cs1">Gosh, Banerjee, Sampa, Utpal Kumar; Banerjee, Utpal K. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+puppets&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Abhinav+publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788170174356&rft.aulast=Gosh%2C+Banerjee&rft.aufirst=Sampa%2C+Utpal+Kumar&rft.au=Banerjee%2C+Utpal+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Diy6_TtXCZjMC%26q%3Dkogga%2Bdevanna%2Bkamath%2Btimes%2Bof%2Bindia%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakshagana" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kogga-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kogga_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071001064817/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/03/07/stories/2006030700020300.htm">"Award for achievement"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Chennai, India. 7 March 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/03/07/stories/2006030700020300.htm">the original</a> on 1 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Award+for+achievement&rft.date=2006-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fmp%2F2006%2F03%2F07%2Fstories%2F2006030700020300.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakshagana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yaksha-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yaksha_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK.S.2001" class="citation web cs1">K.S., Upadhyaya (12 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yakshagana.com/pro-may01.HTM">"Sri Naranappa Uppooru"</a>. Udupi: Yakshagana.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sri+Naranappa+Uppooru&rft.place=Udupi&rft.pub=Yakshagana.com&rft.date=2001-05-12&rft.aulast=K.S.&rft.aufirst=Upadhyaya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yakshagana.com%2Fpro-may01.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakshagana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karanth1997-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karanth1997_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKota_Shivarama_Karanth1997" class="citation book cs1">Kota Shivarama Karanth (1 January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ufB3lN9Jyr0C"><i>Yakṣagāna</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-357-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-357-1"><bdi>978-81-7017-357-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yak%E1%B9%A3ag%C4%81na&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-357-1&rft.au=Kota+Shivarama+Karanth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DufB3lN9Jyr0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakshagana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ignca.nic.in/nl002302.htm">"Seminar on Karanth"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seminar+on+Karanth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fignca.nic.in%2Fnl002302.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakshagana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManohar_Laxman_Varadpande1987" class="citation book cs1">Manohar Laxman Varadpande (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZrjC24PuDQC&q=yakshagana++starts+and+ends+with++prayer+to+Lord+Ganesha.&pg=PA314"><i>History of Indian Theatre, Volume 2</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170172789" title="Special:BookSources/9788170172789"><bdi>9788170172789</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Theatre%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9788170172789&rft.au=Manohar+Laxman+Varadpande&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ZrjC24PuDQC%26q%3Dyakshagana%2B%2Bstarts%2Band%2Bends%2Bwith%2B%2Bprayer%2Bto%2BLord%2BGanesha.%26pg%3DPA314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakshagana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keralatourism.org/bekal/yakshaganam.php">"Yakshaganam, Kasaragod, Kerala, India | Kerala Tourism"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yakshaganam%2C+Kasaragod%2C+Kerala%2C+India+%26%23124%3B+Kerala+Tourism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.keralatourism.org%2Fbekal%2Fyakshaganam.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakshagana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prof Sridhara Uppura; <i>Diganta Sahitya</i> publications; Managalore; 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.craftandartisans.com/yakshagana-costumes-of-karnataka.html"><i>Yakshagana Costumes of Karnataka</i></a>; "The Craft and Artisans"; accessed November 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2009/Feb/04/yakshagana-exponent-shambhu-hegde-no-more-23090.html">"Yakshagana exponent Shambhu Hegde no more"</a>. <i>The New Indian Express</i>. 16 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Yakshagana+exponent+Shambhu+Hegde+no+more&rft.date=2012-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Fkarnataka%2F2009%2FFeb%2F04%2Fyakshagana-exponent-shambhu-hegde-no-more-23090.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakshagana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/Keremane-Mahabala-Hegde-passes-away/article16889267.ece">"Keremane Mahabala Hegde passes away"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 29 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Keremane+Mahabala+Hegde+passes+away&rft.date=2009-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2FMangalore%2FKeremane-Mahabala-Hegde-passes-away%2Farticle16889267.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakshagana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/archive/">"Archive News"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Archive+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Farchive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakshagana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shows-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shows_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071001050212/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/09/stories/2007070959120300.htm">"Open study-chairs for research on Yakshagana"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Chennai, India. 9 July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/09/stories/2007070959120300.htm">the original</a> on 1 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Open+study-chairs+for+research+on+Yakshagana&rft.date=2007-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2007%2F07%2F09%2Fstories%2F2007070959120300.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakshagana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-performance-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-performance_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930042946/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061121/asp/calcutta/story_7028358.asp">"Traditional touch in theatre"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Calcutta)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Telegraph (Calcutta)">The Telegraph</a></i>. Kolkata. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061121/asp/calcutta/story_7028358.asp">the original</a> on 30 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Traditional+touch+in+theatre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1061121%2Fasp%2Fcalcutta%2Fstory_7028358.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakshagana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224103942/http://portal.kinnigoli.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3066&catid=13:english-fiction&Itemid=37">"About Kateel Yakshagana troup (Mela)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.kinnigoli.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3066&catid=13:english-fiction&Itemid=37">the original</a> on 24 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Kateel+Yakshagana+troup+%28Mela%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.kinnigoli.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D3066%26catid%3D13%3Aenglish-fiction%26Itemid%3D37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakshagana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ashton, Martha Bush; <i>Yakshagana</i>; published by Abhinav Publications; India; 1st edition (15 June 2003); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-047-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-047-8">81-7017-047-8</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-047-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-047-1">978-81-7017-047-1</a></li> <li>Rao, Neelavara Lakshminarayana & Patil, Gorpadi Vittala; <i>Yakshagana Swabodhini</i>; published by: Yakshagana Kendra; MGM College; Udupi, India; 1st edition.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yakshagana" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shruti.hejje.com/">Yakshagana Shruti Software</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sAllmsgkKFg">Tala demonstration by Chande Mahabhaleshwara. Mudugodu</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-IatkePjt1w">Interview – on History and Development of Yakshagana (Informal)</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yakshaganapuppets.com">Yakshagana Puppets</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yakshaganakeremane.com">Keremane Mela</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuta_Kola" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhuta Kola">Bhuta Kola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aati_kalenja" title="Aati kalenja">Aati kalenja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambala" title="Kambala">Kambala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kori_Kambla" title="Kori Kambla">Kori Kambla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaradhane" title="Nagaradhane">Nagamandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddavesa" title="Siddavesa">Siddavesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakkebali" title="Dakkebali">Dakke Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koti_and_Chennayya" title="Koti and Chennayya">Koti and Chennayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulivesha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulivesha">Hulivesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumadi" title="Jumadi">Jumadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Siri" title="Epic of Siri">Epic of Siri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennu_Nalike" title="Chennu Nalike">Chennu Nalike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;Seal_of_Karnataka_State_of_Karnataka806" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Karnataka_topics" title="Template:Karnataka topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Karnataka_topics" title="Template talk:Karnataka topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Karnataka_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Karnataka topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;Seal_of_Karnataka_State_of_Karnataka806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Karnataka,_India.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Karnataka"><img alt="Seal of Karnataka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png/25px-Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png/38px-Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png/50px-Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="454" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Karnataka_state_symbols" title="List of Karnataka state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Karnataka" title="Emblem of Karnataka">Emblem of Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_songs" title="List of Indian state songs">Song</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jaya_Bharata_Jananiya_Tanujate" title="Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate">Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indian_roller" title="Indian roller">Indian roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Lotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Santalum_album" title="Santalum album">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">Fruit</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mangifera_indica" title="Mangifera indica">Mango</a></li> <li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/Hypselobarbus_carnaticus" title="Hypselobarbus carnaticus">Carnatic carp</a></li> <li>Insect: <a href="/wiki/Troides_minos" title="Troides minos">Southern birdwing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Karnataka" title="Category:Karnataka">Overviews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Karnataka" title="Architecture of Karnataka">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka#Climate" title="Karnataka">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Karnataka" title="Demographics of Karnataka">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Karnataka" title="Education in Karnataka">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_arts_of_Karnataka" title="Folk arts of Karnataka">Folk arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Karnataka" title="Geography of Karnataka">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Karnataka" title="History of Karnataka">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Karnataka" title="Media in Karnataka">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Karnataka" title="Sports in Karnataka">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Karnataka" title="Transport in Karnataka">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Karnataka" title="Wildlife of Karnataka">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Karnataka" title="Category:History of Karnataka">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aihole" title="Aihole">Aihole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alupa_dynasty" title="Alupa dynasty">Alupa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghavarsha" title="Amoghavarsha">Amoghavarsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badami" title="Badami">Badami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banavasi" title="Banavasi">Banavasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balligavi" title="Balligavi">Balligavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belur,_Karnataka" title="Belur, Karnataka">Belur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Chitradurga" title="Nayakas of Chitradurga">Chitradurga Nayakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_Raya_II" title="Deva Raya II">Deva Raya II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durvinita" title="Durvinita">Durvinita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halebidu" title="Halebidu">Halebidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Coorg" title="Kingdom of Coorg">Kingdom of Coorg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halmidi" title="Halmidi">Halmidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Hampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Kalyani Chalukyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Keladi" title="Nayakas of Keladi">Keladi Nayakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivappa_Nayaka" title="Shivappa Nayaka">Shivappa Nayaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittur_Chennamma" title="Kittur Chennamma">Kittur Chennamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayurasharma" title="Mayurasharma">Mayurasharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulakeshin_II" title="Pulakeshin II">Pulakeshin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sringeri" title="Sringeri">Sringeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srirangapatna" title="Srirangapatna">Srirangapatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Karnataka" title="Unification of Karnataka">Unification of Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara" title="Vijayanagara">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnuvardhana" title="Vishnuvardhana">Vishnuvardhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veera_Ballala_II" title="Veera Ballala II">Veera Ballala II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_II" title="Vikramaditya II">Vikramaditya II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_VI" title="Vikramaditya VI">Vikramaditya VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Western Ganga dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Karnataka" title="List of districts of Karnataka">Districts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Karnataka" title="Administrative divisions of Karnataka">divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_division" title="Bangalore division">Bangalore division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Urban_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore Urban district">Bangalore Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Rural_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore Rural district">Bangalore Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitradurga_district" title="Chitradurga district">Chitradurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davanagere_district" title="Davanagere district">Davanagere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolar_district" title="Kolar district">Kolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimoga_district" title="Shimoga district">Shimoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumakuru_district" title="Tumakuru district">Tumakuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanagara_district" title="Ramanagara district">Ramanagara </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikkaballapura_district" title="Chikkaballapura district">Chikkaballapura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Belagavi_division" title="Belagavi division">Belagavi division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagalkot_district" title="Bagalkot district">Bagalkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belagavi_district" title="Belagavi district">Belagavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijapur_district,_Karnataka" title="Bijapur district, Karnataka">Bijapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharwad_district" title="Dharwad district">Dharwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haveri_district" title="Haveri district">Haveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadag_district" title="Gadag district">Gadag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kannada" title="Uttara Kannada">Uttara Kannada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Kalaburagi_division" title="Kalaburagi division">Kalaburagi division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballari_district" title="Ballari district">Ballari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidar_district" title="Bidar district">Bidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaburagi_district" title="Kalaburagi district">Kalaburagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koppal_district" title="Koppal district">Koppal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raichur_district" title="Raichur district">Raichur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_district" title="Vijayanagara district">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadgir_district" title="Yadgir district">Yadgir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Mysore_division" title="Mysore division">Mysore division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamarajanagar_district" title="Chamarajanagar district">Chamarajanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikmagalur_district" title="Chikmagalur district">Chikmagalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kannada" title="Dakshina Kannada">Dakshina Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_district" title="Hassan district">Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodagu_district" title="Kodagu district">Kodagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandya_district" title="Mandya district">Mandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_district" title="Mysore district">Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_district" title="Udupi district">Udupi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Karnataka" title="Geography of Karnataka">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_and_towns_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Cities and towns in Karnataka">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Karnataka" title="List of districts of Karnataka">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Rivers of Karnataka">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Karnataka" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Karnataka">Dams and reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_taluks_of_Karnataka" title="List of taluks of Karnataka">Taluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Villages in Karnataka">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullayyana_Giri" title="Mullayyana Giri">Highest point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayalu_Seeme" title="Bayalu Seeme">Bayalu Seeme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malenadu" title="Malenadu">Malenadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanara" title="Kanara">Kanara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Culture of Karnataka">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buta_Kola" title="Buta Kola">Buta Kola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidriware" title="Bidriware">Bidriware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channapatna_toys" title="Channapatna toys">Channapatna toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Chitrakala_Parishath" title="Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath">Chitrakala Parishat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaarudi_Gombe" title="Gaarudi Gombe">Gaarudi Gombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkal_sari" title="Ilkal sari">Ilkal sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamsale" title="Kamsale">Kamsale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Karnatik music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasuti" title="Kasuti">Kasuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khedda" title="Khedda">Khedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_Dasara" title="Mysore Dasara">Mysore Dasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togalu_gombeyaata" title="Togalu gombeyaata">Togalu gombeyaata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_cuisine" title="Udupi cuisine">Udupi cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeragase" title="Veeragase">Veeragase</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicians_of_the_Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Musicians of the Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore musicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Literature_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Literature of Karnataka">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_literature" title="Kannada literature">Kannada</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_milestones_in_Kannada_literature" title="List of milestones in Kannada literature">Milestones</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_epics_in_the_Kannada_language" title="List of epics in the Kannada language">Epics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Kannada_literature" title="Medieval Kannada literature">Medieval</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_literature" title="Rashtrakuta literature">Rashtrakuta</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_literature" title="Western Ganga literature">Western Ganga</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_literature_in_Kannada" title="Western Chalukya literature in Kannada">Western Chalukya</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_literature" title="Hoysala literature">Hoysala</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_literature_in_Kannada" title="Vijayanagara literature in Kannada">Vijayanagara</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Vachana_sahitya" title="Vachana sahitya">Vachana</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mysore_literature_in_Kannada" title="Mysore literature in Kannada">Mysore</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yakshagana_plays_in_the_Kannada_language" title="List of Yakshagana plays in the Kannada language">Play</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Kannada_literature" title="Modern Kannada literature">Modern</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Sahitya_Parishat" title="Kannada Sahitya Parishat">Kannada Sahitya Parishat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Sahitya_Sammelana" title="Kannada Sahitya Sammelana">Kannada Sahitya Sammelana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Karnataka_literature" title="List of Karnataka literature">Karnataka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Kannada_poets" title="Category:Kannada poets">Noted poets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asaga" title="Asaga">Asaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunavarma_I" title="Gunavarma I">Gunavarma I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adikavi_Pampa" title="Adikavi Pampa">Adikavi Pampa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponna_(poet)" title="Ponna (poet)">Sri Ponna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranna_(Kannada_poet)" title="Ranna (Kannada poet)">Ranna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devar_Dasimayya" title="Devar Dasimayya">Devar Dasimayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddharama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harihara_(poet)" title="Harihara (poet)">Harihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavanka" title="Raghavanka">Raghavanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudrabhatta" title="Rudrabhatta">Rudrabhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janna" title="Janna">Janna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumara_Vyasa" title="Kumara Vyasa">Kumara Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamarasa" title="Chamarasa">Chamarasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nijaguna_Shivayogi" title="Nijaguna Shivayogi">Nijaguna Shivayogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnakaravarni" title="Ratnakaravarni">Ratnakaravarni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Dasa" title="Vijaya Dasa">Vijaya Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopala_Dasa" title="Gopala Dasa">Gopala Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Kannada_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Kannada poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmisa" title="Lakshmisa">Lakshmisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvajna" title="Sarvajna">Sarvajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishunala_Sharif" title="Shishunala Sharif">Shishunala Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaraja_Wadiyar_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnaraja Wadiyar III">Krishnaraja Wadiyar III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._R._Bendre" title="D. R. Bendre">D. R. Bendre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopalakrishna_Adiga" title="Gopalakrishna Adiga">Gopalakrishna Adiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Seetharamaiah" title="V. Seetharamaiah">V. Seetharamaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._S._Narasimhaswamy" title="K. S. Narasimhaswamy">K. S. Narasimhaswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Govinda_Pai" title="M. Govinda Pai">M. Govinda Pai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvempu" title="Kuvempu">Kuvempu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._V._Gundappa" title="D. V. Gundappa">D. V. Gundappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._S._Shivarudrappa" title="G. S. Shivarudrappa">G. S. Shivarudrappa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Karnataka" title="Category:People from Karnataka">People</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Karnataka_society" title="Category:Karnataka society">society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnataka ethnic groups">Karnataka ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Karnataka" title="List of people from Karnataka">List of people from Karnataka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Karnataka" title="Tourism in Karnataka">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Karnataka" title="List of beaches in Karnataka">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dams_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Dams in Karnataka">Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forts_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Forts in Karnataka">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_parks_in_Karnataka" title="Category:National parks in Karnataka">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_temples_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Hindu temples in Karnataka">Hindu temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jain_temples_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Jain temples in Karnataka">Jain temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Waterfalls of Karnataka">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Civil_awards_and_decorations_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Civil awards and decorations of Karnataka">Awards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Ratna" title="Karnataka Ratna">Karnataka Ratna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampa_Award" title="Pampa Award">Pampa Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nrupatunga_Award" title="Nrupatunga Award">Nrupatunga Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava_Puraskara" title="Basava Puraskara">Basava Puraskara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajyotsava_Prashasti" title="Rajyotsava Prashasti">Rajyotsava Prashasti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakanachari_Award" title="Jakanachari Award">Jakanachari Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnashilpi_Venkatappa_Award" title="Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award">Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempegowda_Award" title="Kempegowda Award">Kempegowda Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Karnataka" title="Media in Karnataka">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_newspapers" title="List of Kannada-language newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_magazines" title="List of Kannada-language magazines">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_television_channels" title="List of Kannada-language television channels">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_radio_stations" title="List of Kannada-language radio stations">Radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_India_articles463" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_India_topics" title="Template:South India topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_India_topics" title="Template talk:South India topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_India_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South India topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_India_articles463" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_India" title="History of South India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Cholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Gangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysalas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadambas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolathiri" title="Kolathiri">Kolathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valluvanad" title="Kingdom of Valluvanad">Kingdom of Valluvanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arakkal_kingdom" title="Arakkal kingdom">Arakkal kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venad" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad">Venad (Kingdom of Quilon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kingdom of Cochin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musunuri_Nayaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Musunuri Nayaks">Musunuri Nayaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Nizam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty">Pandyan kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_India" title="Geography of South India">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ghats" title="Eastern Ghats">Eastern Ghats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godavari_River" title="Godavari River">Godavari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Kaveri (Cauvery)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_River" title="Krishna River">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmada_River" title="Narmada River">Narmada River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Tamil Nadu">Protected areas of Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Sapta Konkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satpura_Range" title="Satpura Range">Satpura Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindhya_Range" title="Vindhya Range">Vindhya Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;;padding:0.35em 0.5em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and<br />territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Pondicherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_region" title="Carnatic region">Carnatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Nadu" title="Chola Nadu">Chola Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongu_Nadu" title="Kongu Nadu">Kongu Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Andhra" title="Coastal Andhra">Kosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malenadu" title="Malenadu">Malenadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Malabar" title="South Malabar">South Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty">Pandya Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raichur_Doab" title="Raichur Doab">Raichur Doab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayalaseema" title="Rayalaseema">Rayalaseema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Andhra" title="Coastal Andhra">Coastal Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondai_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tondai Nadu">Tondai Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_Nadu" title="Tulu Nadu">Tulu Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarandhra" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttarandhra">Uttarandhra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_India#Flora_and_fauna" title="South India"><div class="hlist"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Flora</li><li>Fauna</li></ul></div> </div></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agasthyamala_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve">Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaimalai_Hills" title="Anaimalai Hills">Anaimalai Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Karnataka" title="Wildlife of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_backwaters" title="Kerala backwaters">Kerala backwaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast_moist_forests" title="Malabar Coast moist forests">coastal moist forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsooned_Malabar" title="Monsooned Malabar">monsoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_rainforests" title="Malabar rainforests">rainforests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiri mountains">Nilgiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">South Western Ghats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Western_Ghats_montane_rain_forests" title="South Western Ghats montane rain forests">montane rainforests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Western_Ghats_moist_deciduous_forests" title="South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests">moist deciduous forests</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_India" title="Economy of South India">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Economy of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Kerala</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_model" title="Kerala model">Kerala model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Telangana" title="Economy of Telangana">Telangana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_India#Demographics" title="South India">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badagas" title="Badagas">Badagas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beary" title="Beary">Bearys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochin Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada people">Kannadigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_people" title="Kodava people">Kodavas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Kovains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabars" title="Malabars">Malabaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayali">Malayalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila">Mappilas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Malabar_Nasrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Malabar Nasrani">Syrian Malabar Nasranis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">Telugu people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_people" title="Tulu people">Tulu people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beary_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Beary language">Beary bashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakhini" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakhini">Dakhini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_language" title="Kodava language">Kodava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam" title="Arabi Malayalam">Arabi Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a></li> <li>Other groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_diaspora" title="South Indian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_culture" title="South Indian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Natyam" title="Andhra Natyam">Andhra Natyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayudha_Puja" title="Ayudha Puja">Ayudha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathukamma" title="Bathukamma">Bathukamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharata_Natyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharata Natyam">Bharata Natyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duffmuttu" title="Duffmuttu">Duffmuttu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Hindustani classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_literature" title="Kannada literature">Kannada literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkali" title="Kolkali">Kolkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappila_Songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila Songs">Mappila Paattukal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margam_Kali" class="mw-redirect" title="Margam Kali">Margam Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundum_Neriyathum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mundum Neriyathum">Mundum Neriyathum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poorakkali" title="Poorakkali">Poorakkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">Sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopana_Sangeetham" title="Sopana Sangeetham">Sopana Sangeetham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_literature" title="Telugu literature">Telugu literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theyyam" title="Theyyam">Theyyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thidambu_Nritham" title="Thidambu Nritham">Thidambu Nritham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yakshagana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_India" title="Category:South India">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dance_in_India183" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dance_in_India" title="Template:Dance in India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dance_in_India" title="Template talk:Dance in India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dance_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dance in India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dance_in_India183" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_India" title="Dance in India">Dance in India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Natyam" title="Andhra Natyam">Andhra Natyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deknni" title="Deknni">Deknni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Nritya" title="Gaudiya Nritya">Gaudiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotipua" title="Gotipua">Gotipua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahari_dance" title="Mahari dance">Mahari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divine forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lasya" title="Lasya">Lasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perini_Sivatandavam" title="Perini Sivatandavam">Perini Sivatandavam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_lila" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasa lila">Rasa lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandava" title="Tandava">Tandava</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_folk_dances" title="List of Indian folk dances">Folk</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_folk_dances" title="List of Indian folk dances">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkap" title="Alkap">Alkap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baagh_Naach" class="mw-redirect" title="Baagh Naach">Baagh Naach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagurumba" title="Bagurumba">Bagurumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo_Chham" title="Bardo Chham">Bardo Chham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardwi_Sikhla" title="Bardwi Sikhla">Bardwi Sikhla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedara_Vesha" title="Bedara Vesha">Bedara Vesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhangra_(dance)" title="Bhangra (dance)">Bhangra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaona" title="Bhaona">Bhaona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihu_dance" title="Bihu dance">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bommalattam" title="Bommalattam">Bommalattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakyar_koothu" title="Chakyar koothu">Chakyar koothu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang_dance" title="Chang dance">Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Lo" title="Chang Lo">Chang Lo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheraw_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheraw dance">Cheraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chheih_Lam" class="mw-redirect" title="Chheih Lam">Chheih Lam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chholiya" title="Chholiya">Chholiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corridinho" title="Corridinho">Corridinho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalkhai" title="Dalkhai">Dalkhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhalo" title="Dhalo">Dhalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhunuchi_Nritya" title="Dhunuchi Nritya">Dhunachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollu_Kunitha" title="Dollu Kunitha">Dollu Kunitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domkach" title="Domkach">Domkach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domni" title="Domni">Domni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duffmuttu" title="Duffmuttu">Duffmuttu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumhal" title="Dumhal">Dumhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugdi" title="Fugdi">Fugdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garadi" title="Garadi">Garadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garba_(dance)" title="Garba (dance)">Garba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giddha" title="Giddha">Giddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoomar" title="Ghoomar">Ghoomar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghumura_dance" title="Ghumura dance">Ghumura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grida_dance" title="Grida dance">Grida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hojagiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Hojagiri">Hojagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulivesha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulivesha">Hulivesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhijhiya" title="Jhijhiya">Jhijhiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhumar" title="Jhumar">Jhumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhumair" title="Jhumair">Jhumair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachchhi_Ghodi_dance" title="Kachchhi Ghodi dance">Kachhi Ghodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kai_silambattam" title="Kai silambattam">Kai silambattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalbelia" title="Kalbelia">Kalbelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakattam" title="Karakattam">Karakattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_Naach" title="Karma Naach">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keisabadi" title="Keisabadi">Keisabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khual_Lam" title="Khual Lam">Khual Lam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikkli" title="Kikkli">Kikkli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolattam" title="Kolattam">Kolattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koothu" title="Koothu">Koothu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kummi" title="Kummi">Kummi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavani" title="Lavani">Lavani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahasua" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahasua">Lahasua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezim" title="Lezim">Lezim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maach" title="Maach">Maach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwai_Giddha" title="Malwai Giddha">Malwai Giddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardana_Jhumair" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardana Jhumair">Mardana Jhumair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margamkali" title="Margamkali">Margamkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matki_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Matki Dance">Matki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayilattam" title="Mayilattam">Mayilattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussoll" title="Mussoll">Mussoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacn%C4%AB" title="Nacnī">Nacnī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nati_(dance)" title="Nati (dance)">Nati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppana" title="Oppana">Oppana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ougri" title="Ougri">Ougri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyilattam" title="Oyilattam">Oyilattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paampu_attam" title="Paampu attam">Paampattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padayani" title="Padayani">Padayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parai_Attam" class="mw-redirect" title="Parai Attam">Paraiattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavri_Nach" title="Pavri Nach">Pavri Nach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulpati_dance" title="Phulpati dance">Phulpati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poikkaal_Kuthirai_Aattam" title="Poikkaal Kuthirai Aattam">Poikkal Kuthiraiattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puli_Kali" title="Puli Kali">Puli Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puliyattam" title="Puliyattam">Puliyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasiya" title="Rasiya">Rasiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raut_Nacha" title="Raut Nacha">Raut Nacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saang" title="Saang">Saang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhi_Chham" title="Singhi Chham">Singhi Chham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_dance" title="Sword dance">Sword dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertali" title="Tertali">Tertali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theyyam" title="Theyyam">Theyyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirayattam" title="Thirayattam">Thirayattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thitambu_Nritham" class="mw-redirect" title="Thitambu Nritham">Thitambu Nritham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tippani" title="Tippani">Tippani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeragase" title="Veeragase">Veeragase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeranatyam" title="Veeranatyam">Veeranatyam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yakshagana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_cinema#Song_and_dance" title="Hindi cinema">Hindi cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_dance_music" title="Hindi dance music">Hindi dance songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautch" title="Nautch">Nautch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavabharati" title="Abhinavabharati">Abhinavabharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance_forms_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Dance forms of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Assam" title="Folk dances of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_dances_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Traditional dances of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance_forms_of_Odisha" title="Folk dance forms of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Punjab" title="Folk dances of Punjab">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_forms_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Dance forms of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dances_of_Tripura" title="Dances of Tripura">Tripura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghungroo" title="Ghungroo">Ghungroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mudras_(dance)" title="List of mudras (dance)">Mudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambu" title="Silambu">Silambu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&oldid=1276355506">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yakshagana&oldid=1276355506</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yakshagana" 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