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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_and_demographic_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_and_demographic_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Economic and demographic changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_and_demographic_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identity_and_political_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identity_and_political_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Identity and political culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identity_and_political_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communal_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communal_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Communal societies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communal_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics_of_land_and_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics_of_land_and_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Economics of land and agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics_of_land_and_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Country_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Country life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Country_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Country_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Country religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Country_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weekly_newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weekly_newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Weekly newspapers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weekly_newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Farmers_organize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farmers_organize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Farmers organize</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farmers_organize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1890s:_Crisis_and_recovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1890s:_Crisis_and_recovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>1890s: Crisis and recovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1890s:_Crisis_and_recovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 20th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1900-1920:_The_Golden_Age_of_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1900-1920:_The_Golden_Age_of_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1900-1920: The Golden Age of agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1900-1920:_The_Golden_Age_of_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads:_Farm_to_town_and_town_to_city" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads:_Farm_to_town_and_town_to_city"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Roads: Farm to town and town to city</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads:_Farm_to_town_and_town_to_city-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidation_of_neighboring_farms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation_of_neighboring_farms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Consolidation of neighboring farms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_of_neighboring_farms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rural_telephone_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rural_telephone_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Rural telephone service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rural_telephone_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Southern religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_schooling_1870s-1940s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_schooling_1870s-1940s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Public schooling 1870s-1940s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_schooling_1870s-1940s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Country_life_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country_life_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Country life movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Country_life_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Medical issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" 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id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" 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.sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Rural_area" title="Rural area">Rural area</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rural_economics" title="Rural economics">Economics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rural_crafts" title="Rural crafts">Crafts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rural_industry_in_India" title="Rural industry in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_development" title="Rural development">Development</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rural_delivery_service" title="Rural delivery service">Delivery service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_electrification" title="Rural electrification">Electrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_health" title="Rural health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_housing" title="Rural housing">Housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_poverty" title="Rural poverty">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_poverty" title="Reservation poverty">Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_ghetto" title="Rural ghetto">Ghetto</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">Farmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_farm" title="Family farm">Family farmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmworker" title="Farmworker">Farmworker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenant_farmer" title="Tenant farmer">Tenant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">Pastoralists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herder" title="Herder">Herder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallholding" title="Smallholding">Smallholders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_women" title="Rural women">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_roles_in_agriculture" title="Gender roles in agriculture">in Agriculture</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">Society</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_society" title="Agrarian society">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_(identity)" title="Country (identity)">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_diversity" title="Rural diversity">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_flight" title="Rural flight">Flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_tourism" title="Rural tourism">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agritourism" title="Agritourism">Agricultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_rural_communities" title="Types of rural communities">Types of communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurality" title="Rurality">Rurality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rural_society_by_country" title="Category:Rural society by country">By Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Canada" title="Rural Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_society_in_China" title="Rural society in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_society_in_Laos" title="Rural society in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_areas_in_the_United_States" title="Rural areas in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rural_history" title="Rural history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural history">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional history">Regional</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rural American history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_conflict" title="Nomadic conflict">Nomadic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_parliament" title="Rural parliament">Informal parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_movement" title="Peasant movement">Peasant movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Via_Campesina" title="Via Campesina">Via Campesina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rural_society" title="Template:Rural society"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Rural_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Rural society (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rural_society" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rural society"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to Robert P. Swierenga, " Rural history centers on the lifestyle and activities of farmers and their family patterns, farming practices, social structures, political ties, and community institutions."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Long-term_trends">Long-term trends</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_American_history&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Long-term trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_and_demographic_changes">Economic and demographic changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_American_history&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Economic and demographic changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rural population is defined by size of place under 2500 and includes non-farmers living in villages and the open countryside. At the first census in 1790, the rural population was 3.7 million and urban only 202,000. The nation was 95% rural. By 1860 the rural population had exploded to 25 million but urban had grown faster to 6 million, or 80% rural. The population in the 1890 census was 63 million people. The urban population was 35%, comprising 22 million living in 2700 cities of 2500 or more people. In 1890 65% of the national population, or 36 million people, lived in rural areas. Of these 2.7 million lived in 13,000 towns of less than 2500 people. and 36 million lived in open country. In 1920 the urban population reached 54 million, or 51% while rural America had 52 million or 49%. The 2020 census counted 331 million Americans, 17% or 57 million of them in rural areas. <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The economy has shifted, first from agriculture to industry in cities and more recently to a service economy with a large suburban base. Farming was the primary occupation of 72% of the national labor force in 1820, 60% in 1860, 37% in 1900, and 26% in 1920. The 50% level came in 1877.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1900 29.1 million Americans were gainfully employed, of whom 10.4 million were on farms. In all rural America comprised about 2500 counties, with an average of 2300 farms each, or 5.7 million farms in all. To help with the daily grind the farms hired 4.4 million laborers.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identity_and_political_culture">Identity and political culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_American_history&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Identity and political culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></div> <p>Rural versus urban remains a factor in American politics.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hal S. Baron argues farmers often were at odds with the dominant worldview. Their localism was rooted in <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a> and its republican ideals. They feared concentrated economic and political power, and distrusted urban ostentation. These looked like potential threats to their own freedom and to the overall American well-being. Such views permeated the <a href="/wiki/Grangers" class="mw-redirect" title="Grangers">Grangers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Populists" class="mw-redirect" title="Populists">Populists</a>, as they challenged the dominance of railroads and merchants. Rural America was skeptical of the <a href="/wiki/Country_Life_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Country Life Movement">Country Life Movement</a> when metropolitan do-gooders came in and tried to upgrade them. They warned against the outside experts, who wanted to consolidate schools and replace local control with rule by the elites in the county seat. The <a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a> did not echo the true Gospel they knew so well. The mixed reception of popular culture and consumerism in rural America further illustrates this tension between rural traditions and modernizing forces. Ever since the battles between Jeffersonian Republicans against Hamiltonian Federalists, the conflict between localism and cosmopolitanism has provided clues to understand the defensiveness of rural America.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baron argues that better communication between countryside and city has eased the conflict. Nevertheless rural identity, deeply rooted in the land, has profoundly shaped American identity. There is a strong sense of community in rural areas, with residents working to find solutions to problems rather than abandoning their communities. Intellectuals often present rural areas as repositories of traditional American values and ways of life.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent national politics, rural voters have steadily become more Republican. According to Pew Research Center data, Republican Donald Trump won 59% of the rural voters in 2016, and 65% in 2020. He carried rural white voters with 62% in 2016 and 71% in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exit polls in the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024 election</a> show that Trump carried 63% of the vote in rural areas, 50% in suburbs, and 37% in cities. <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communal_societies">Communal societies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_American_history&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Communal societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_intentional_communities#United_States" title="List of intentional communities">List of intentional communities § United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Back-to-the-land_movement" title="Back-to-the-land movement">Back-to-the-land movement</a></div> <p>Utopian dreamers were active from time to time in American history. One goal was to create communal societies with strictly enforced rules that would lead each member to perfection. They typically chose rural locales. In the early 19th century famous movements included the <a href="/wiki/Oneida_Community" title="Oneida Community">Oneida Community</a> in upstate New York and <a href="/wiki/Brook_Farm" title="Brook Farm">Brook Farm</a> in Massachusetts. Most collapsed after a year or two but two were long lasting. The <a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a> began in England and relocated to the U.S. in the 1780s. Rejecting marriage, they multiplied by taking in true believers and orphans, and built numerous colonies in the 1820s-1850s. Great success came to the <a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a>, but unlike the other utopians they built new cities.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rural utopians chose rural locales to isolate themselves from traditional society and provide subsistence agriculture. The Shakers opened a new dimension: they were highly imaginative inventors of new technology to improve farm productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They developed a whole new profitable industry: packaged garden seeds. These were sold everywhere and enabled anyone to start a backyard garden.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 137 communes were founded from the 1787s to 1860. In the early 20th century a few urban communes were established. Almost all these efforts typically collapsed in a year or two as the members quit. <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a surprise renewal in the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics_of_land_and_agriculture">Economics of land and agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_American_history&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Economics of land and agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The new nation had an abundance of high quality farm land and a severe shortage of laborers. Farm work became family work. After the federal government bought out the Indian tribes (which moved further west), pioneers rushed in to establish farms. The Ohio experience is representative, according to Kevin F. Kern and Gregory S. Wilson. A high priority was to eliminate both the dense forests and the abundant wildlife. The nearest trees were chopped down and the logs used to build the log cabin to live in, along with stacks of firewood. Year by year the other trees were cut down to make fences or burned to produce ash that increased soil fertility. Ohio from 1800 to 1900 went from 95% forest to 10%. <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time farmers eradicated varmints that posed threats to their own safety, or to livestock, or to crops. Rattlesnakes were an immediate danger to the family. Bears, wolves, and wildcats threatened the cattle, hogs and chickens. Deer, raccoons, and squirrels devoured young crops. Traps and shotguns led to the rapid decline or complete elimination of many species from the landscape. The last wild black bear in Ohio was killed in 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Farm families worked hard and produced almost all their food and clothing, and traded surplus items with neighbors. Typically they exchanged their small surpluses of food or tobacco or rice or lumber for imported items with the country merchant at a nearby crossroads. Or they sold grain to the miller, or sold some cattle or sheep to an itinerant buyer. A long-term priority was clearing the land, expanding the farm, and making plans for the sons to inherit land and the daughters to have a dowry.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mechanization and new technologies transformed farming practices over time. By the late 19th century the U.S. had the largest and most productive system of commercial agriculture in the world. Rural towns competed for access to the new railroad system. Towns that got a station sharply cut the cost of travel and shipping farm products out and consumer products in. Towns with a station attracted families that had the money to get established in farming.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 20th century rural residents advocated for federal and state help to obtain modern conveniences including <a href="/wiki/Rural_Free_Delivery" title="Rural Free Delivery">rural free mail delivery (1906)</a>; paved roads (1920s); <a href="/wiki/Rural_Electrification_Act" title="Rural Electrification Act">electricity (1930s)</a>; telephones (1930s); Interstate highways (1950s); and Internet access (21st century).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Land ownership has been central to rural American life, linked to ideals of independence and political influence. Family farms were a dominant feature of rural life for much of American history. Down to the early 20th century, farmers had a priority of establishing their children in farming. After 1920 new technology caused revolution, as horses and mules and hired hands were replaced by powerful machines. Farms were consolidated --a few giant operations replaced dozens of small ones. The family farm was replaced by a locally owned business enterprise. The great majority of children left farming and moved to nearby towns.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agriculture remains important in the 21st century, with rural America still being the primary source for the nation's food, fuel, and fiber. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Country_life">Country life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_American_history&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Country life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Country_life_movement" title="Country life movement">Country life movement</a></div> <p>Rural areas have faced economic instability, lack of resources, and isolation. </p><p>In the South the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> devastated the rural economy, as cotton prices fell and the vast sums invested in slaves disappeared overnight.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 21st century issues like limited broadband access, strained educational systems, and economic distress continue to be serious. However, rural areas have also shown resilience and found creative solutions to their problems.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Country_religion">Country religion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_American_history&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Country religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historian Wayne Flynt notes that rural evangelists in the 19th century significantly supported various political movements challenging the established powers. Starting with the Primitive Baptists who aligned with Jacksonian democracy, rural evangelicals provided critical support to several large-scale uprisings towards the end of the 19th century, such as the Greenback Labor Party, the Grangers, Farmers Alliances, and most notably the Populists of the 1890s. Due to this close relationship, the campaigning technique, the thrilling rhetoric, the mode of organization of mass gatherings, and the psychological techniques of these insurgent movements were heavily influenced by the rural evangelical style and its enormous energy. Southern rural evangelists by the hundreds of thousands could serve as a powerful catalyst for both progressive change and rustic radicalism, for social justice, as well as for racism and traditionalism.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 20th century Protestant churches remained a strong force, especially in the rural South where evangelical Baptists and fundamentalists dominated. In each locality the leading families controlled the church and selected the pastor. They gave strong support for prohibition.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weekly_newspapers">Weekly newspapers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_American_history&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Weekly newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">History of American newspapers</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drawing_of_a_country_store_by_Marguerite_Martyn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Drawing_of_a_country_store_by_Marguerite_Martyn.jpg/300px-Drawing_of_a_country_store_by_Marguerite_Martyn.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Drawing_of_a_country_store_by_Marguerite_Martyn.jpg/450px-Drawing_of_a_country_store_by_Marguerite_Martyn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Drawing_of_a_country_store_by_Marguerite_Martyn.jpg/600px-Drawing_of_a_country_store_by_Marguerite_Martyn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2042" /></a><figcaption>Fanciful drawing of a rural <a href="/wiki/General_store" title="General store">general store</a> by <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Martyn" title="Marguerite Martyn">Marguerite Martyn</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch" title="St. Louis Post-Dispatch">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</a></i> of October 21, 1906. On the far left, a group of men share reading the town's weekly newspaper.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nearly every county seat, and most towns of more than 500 or 1000 population sponsored one or more weekly newspapers. They were printed locally and sent out by mail (postage rates were very low for newspapers). Politics was of major interest, with the editor-owner typically deeply involved in local party organizations. However, the paper also contained local news, and presented literary columns and book excerpts that catered to an emerging middle class literate audience. A typical rural newspaper provided its readers with a substantial source of national and international news and political commentary, typically reprinted from metropolitan newspapers. Comparison of a subscriber list for 1849 with data from the 1850 census indicates a readership dominated by property owners but reflecting a cross-section of the population, with personal accounts suggesting the newspaper also reached a wider non-subscribing audience.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patent-Ads.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/91/Patent-Ads.jpg/300px-Patent-Ads.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/91/Patent-Ads.jpg/450px-Patent-Ads.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/91/Patent-Ads.jpg 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption>Generic advertising of medical nostrums and other products typical of that appearing on a preprinted "patent inside" sheet. From <i>Ashtabula Weekly Telegraph</i> Sept. 10, 1880, pg. 7.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rural weekly papers often used <a href="/wiki/Patent_insides" title="Patent insides">Patent insides</a>. Instead of printing four pages on the front and back of a large blank sheet of paper, they printed only pages 1 and 4. Pages 2 and 4 arrived already printed, and filled with advertising, essays, fiction, and illustrations. The newsprint was very cheap, and the new content proved attractive to women who did not have time for the heavy dose of politics on page 1.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major metropolitan daily newspapers prepared weekly editions for circulation to the countryside. Most famously the <i>Weekly New York Tribune</i> was jammed with political, economic and cultural news and features, and was a major resource for the local Whig and Republican press. It was a window on the international world, and the New York and European cultural scenes.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expansion of <a href="/wiki/Rural_Free_Delivery" title="Rural Free Delivery">Rural Free Delivery</a> by the U.S. Post Office allowed easier access to daily newspapers to rural areas in the early twentieth century, and increased support for populist parties and positions.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Farmers_organize">Farmers organize</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_American_history&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Farmers organize"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the late 19th century, farmer movements emerged, typified by the <a href="/wiki/National_Grange_of_the_Order_of_Patrons_of_Husbandry" title="National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry">National Grange</a>. They also created new economic roles, especially in forming coops.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the wheat belts and cotton belts they played the central role the 1890s in <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">the Populist Party</a>. They also tried to use politics to gain advantages regarding their grievances with grain elevators and railroad rates.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The merchants in town and the farmers depended upon each other economically, but there remained a we-versus-them tension. When some issues came up, such as taxes or schools, the merchants sided with the town faction. On the railroad question they were on the same side: both complained that rates they paid for manufactured products coming in and for farm products going out were too high. On the issue of <a href="/wiki/Grain_elevators" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain elevators">grain elevators</a>, the merchants sided with their fellow businessmen.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1890s:_Crisis_and_recovery">1890s: Crisis and recovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_American_history&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1890s: Crisis and recovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prosperity collapsed nationwide in 1893-1896, with ruinously low prices for all major farm products. Unemployment soared in the cities. Banks across the land closed down and bankruptcies wiped out assets. Rural America mobilized behind <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> who echoed revivalist religious themes with his powerful denunciation of big business and big banking. He called for "free silver", a device to pump cash into the rural economy to raise prices, regardless of its negative impact on urban wages. Bryan defeated the urban conservatives in the Democratic Party for the nomination, and also picked up the nomination of the faltering Populist Party based among wheat and cotton farmers. He was decisively defeated by the urban vote for <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>, who promised that the gold standard and high tariffs would restore prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Iowa the incoming Republican governor proclaimed in 1898: "Our industrial and financial skies are brightening [after] the experience of unrest, distrust, doubt, fear, disaster, and much of ruin, through which we have passed."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important demographic pattern emerged in the 1890s and was repeated in the 1930s. In times of nationwide prosperity there was a steady movement from rural to urban America. During economic depressions the flow reversed, as disappointed and unemployed people left the cities and returned to the family farm.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_American_history&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1900-1920:_The_Golden_Age_of_agriculture">1900-1920: The Golden Age of agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_American_history&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1900-1920: The Golden Age of agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1900 prosperity had indeed returned, and a smashing victory against Spain in a short, popular war guaranteed McKinley's landslide reelection against Bryan.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following years to 1919 were unusually prosperous for rural America: prices were high and the value of each acre soared.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1900-1914 was a golden age that rural spokesmen used as the ideal standard for the "<a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_parity" title="Doctrine of parity">doctrine of parity</a>" that shaped federal policy for the rest of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After taking inflation into account, the gross farm income doubled from 1900 to 1920, and average annual income (after inflation) rose 40%.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads:_Farm_to_town_and_town_to_city">Roads: Farm to town and town to city</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_American_history&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Roads: Farm to town and town to city"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 19th century rural America made do with poorly maintained muddy dirt roads. According to David R. Wrone, Midwestern roads were as bad in 1910 as they were a century before. They created swirls of dust in the summer, froze into hard grooves in the winter, and transformed into swamps each spring and fall, ensnaring even the strongest horses and the mighty <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T">Model T</a>. Agricultural goods could only be sold profitably if they were close to railroad or water transport hubs; carts and wagons couldn't withstand the relentless pressure of the bumpy roads. Farm horses were unable to handle the continuous effort of trudging through mud, and farmers couldn't afford the time to make long journeys.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Farmers did not like taxes so there was a system in which local farmers handled the maintenance of their nearby roads. In 1890-1930 there was a major effort to upgrade the rural road system, with local, state and national funding. Starting in 1908 farmers took the lead in buying <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T">Ford Model T</a> automobiles, making it much easier to bring in supplies and haul out items to sell. Further it could pull a plow or connect its powerful motor to mechanical devices in the barn, and it was easy to repair. By 1924, there were 6,500,000 farms nationwide, on which farmers operated 4,200,000 Fords and other brands, as well as 370,000 trucks, and 450,000 tractors.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even more important was the commitment to intercity roads, which the merchants wanted. The Post Office entered the fray with <a href="/wiki/Rural_Free_Delivery" title="Rural Free Delivery">Rural Free Delivery</a> in 1906, which enabled farmers to order cheap consumer items from fat catalogs sent out by <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Ward" title="Montgomery Ward">Montgomery Ward</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sears" title="Sears">Sears</a>. In 1908 Sears distributed 3.8 million new catalogs across the country. Rural families relocated last year's catalog to the outhouse.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation_of_neighboring_farms">Consolidation of neighboring farms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_American_history&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Consolidation of neighboring farms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 1940 the great majority of small farms were bought out and consolidated in large family-owned corporations. There were family values that played a central role in differentiating those families that managed to stay in farming versus those that were forced to sell out and move to town. Key values were family solidarity, fiscal conservatism, diversification of output, careful innovation, and hard work. German and Scandinavian immigrants, having sold their European farms for cash, were eager to invest and expand their family holdings in America. Conversely Old Stock Yankees were eager to sell out and enjoy the cultural advantages of urban living.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rural_telephone_service">Rural telephone service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_American_history&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rural telephone service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> as an urban monopoly usually ignored high-cost low-profit telephone service to farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Independent_telephone_company" title="Independent telephone company">small independents operated</a> decentralized, locally owned and locally oriented telephone networks that offered cheaper but mediocre quality service to a small towns and rural areas, and did not provide long distance.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1912 there were 3200 rural telephone systems, doubling by 1927. Most were not-for-profit cooperatives that were owned by the users who leased the telephones. When the Great Depression hit after 1929 rural farmers were especially likely to discontinue the telephone. In 1949 most farms in the North, but few in the South, had electricity. Nationally only one in three had a telephone. Starting that year, the <a href="/wiki/Rural_Utilities_Service" title="Rural Utilities Service">Rural Electrification Administration</a> (REA) gave out grants and low interest loans to help local independents to expand the telephone service in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_religion">Southern religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_American_history&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Southern religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The South has had a majority of its population adhering to <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> ever since the early 1800s as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upper classes often stayed <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopalian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a>. The <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a> starting in the 1740s and the Second Great Awakening ending in the 1850s generated large numbers of Methodist and Baptist converts. These denominations remain the two main Christian confessions in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1900, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a> had become the largest Protestant denomination in the whole United States with its membership concentrated in rural areas of the South.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> are the most common religious group, followed by <a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentecostals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostals">Pentecostals</a> and other denominations. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Roman Catholics</a> historically were concentrated in Maryland, Louisiana, and Hispanic areas such as South Texas and South Florida and along the Gulf Coast. The great majority of <a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">black Southerners</a> are either Baptist or Methodist.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statistics show that Southern states have the highest religious attendance figures of any region in the United States, constituting the so-called <a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a> has been strong across the South since the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By contrast in the late 20th century urban and suburban South, very large evangelical megachurches emerged. They included tens of thousands of members and numerous clergymen and staffers, all controlled by a charismatic minister whose word is gospel as he promises prosperity to God's people.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_American_history&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_schooling_1870s-1940s">Public schooling 1870s-1940s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_American_history&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Public schooling 1870s-1940s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">History of education in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RushNewYorkSchoolhouseInterior.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/RushNewYorkSchoolhouseInterior.JPG/220px-RushNewYorkSchoolhouseInterior.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/RushNewYorkSchoolhouseInterior.JPG/330px-RushNewYorkSchoolhouseInterior.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/RushNewYorkSchoolhouseInterior.JPG/440px-RushNewYorkSchoolhouseInterior.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A reconstructed one-room 19th century schoolhouse in <a href="/wiki/Genesee_Country_Village_and_Museum" title="Genesee Country Village and Museum">rural New York State</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Jensen" title="Richard J. Jensen">Richard J. Jensen</a> and Mark Friedberger (1976) have examined the impact of education on various socioeconomic factors in Iowa from 1870 to 1930, using individual data from state and federal census manuscripts. Iowa lost ground in educational attainment compared to more industrial states, as rural education showed little improvement. Old-stock Protestant populations showed more interest in education than new Catholic or Lutheran immigrants. Household heads were generally less educated than their spouses due to demand for women teachers. Family background significantly influenced school attendance and dropout rates. For farmers, education had minimal impact on intergenerational mobility, with wealth inheritance being the primary determinant of economic status. In urban areas, education had a more positive effect on economic achievement. Despite the emergence of modern educational mobility channels, traditional opportunities through property accumulation remained more attractive to the average Iowan during this period. <sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1930, the nation had 238,000 elementary schools, of which 149,000 were one-room schools wherein one teacher simultaneously handled all students, aged 6 to 16. The teacher was typically the daughter of a local farm family. She averaged four years of training in a nearby high school or <a href="/wiki/Normal_school" title="Normal school">normal school</a>. On average, she had two and a half years of teaching experience and planned to continue for another two or three years until she married. She had 22 students enrolled, but on average day only 15 were in attendance. She taught 152 days a year, and was paid $874.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The students were not divided into grades 1 to 8, but grouped loosely by age. The teacher spent the day moving from group to group, giving them texts to memorize and then listening to their recitations. They did not have homework or tests. The condition of the school buildings ranged from poor to mediocre; they were lucky to have an outhouse. Andrew Gulliford says, "Rural schools were frequently overcrowded, materials were hard to obtain, and repairs and improvements were subject to the financial whims of parsimonious school boards hesitant even to replace dogeared textbooks."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sharp debates took place in most of the local districts about merging into a consolidated district. Farmers feared loss of control to the experts in towns, and loss of opportunity for their teenage daughters to recoup the family's tax dollars by teaching before getting married. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Country_life_movement">Country life movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_American_history&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Country life movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Country_life_movement" title="Country life movement">Country life movement</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_issues">Medical issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_American_history&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Medical issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The urban-rural dichotomy has a medical dimension. Two major diseases, <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hookworm" title="Hookworm">hookworm</a>, historically were largely rural phenomenon. They were stamped out by large-scale efforts to clean up the environment. Malaria is spread by the bite of a particular species of mosquito, and is eradicated by draining stagnant water. <sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Sanitary_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockefeller Sanitary Commission">Rockefeller Sanitary Commission</a> in 1910 discovered that nearly half the rural people in the poorest parts of the South were infected with hookworms. The worms live in the small intestine, eat the best food, and leave the victim weak and listless. It was called the "germ of laziness." People were infected by walking barefoot, in grassy areas where people defecate. In the long run outhouses and shoes solved the problem. The Commission developed an easy cure. The person took a special medicine, then a strong laxative. When most residents did so the hookworms would be gone. The Commission helped state health departments set up eradication crusades that treated 440,000 people in 578 counties in all 121 Southern states, and ended the epidemic.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hospital care is largely based in cities. In 1997, rural areas included 20% of the nation’s population, but fewer than 11% of its physicians.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_American_history&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>, <b>rural history</b> is a field of study focusing on the history of societies in <a href="/wiki/Rural_area" title="Rural area">rural areas</a>. It is based in academic history departments, state historical societies, and local museums. At its inception, the field was based on the <a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">economic history</a> of agriculture. Since the 1980s it has become increasingly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">social history</a> and has diverged from the economic and technological focuses of "<a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural history">agricultural history</a>". It can be considered a counterpart to <a href="/wiki/Urban_history" title="Urban history">urban history</a>. </p><p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">learned societies</a> exist to promote rural history.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> H-RURAL is a daily discussion group.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intellectuals_against_the_city">Intellectuals against the city</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_American_history&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Intellectuals against the city"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Morton White demonstrated in <i>The Intellectual versus the City: from Thomas Jefferson to Frank Lloyd Wright</i> (1962), the overwhelming consensus of American intellectuals has been hostile to the city. The main idea is the Romantic view that the unspoiled nature of rural America is morally superior to the over civilized cities, which are the natural homes of sharpsters and criminals. American poets did not rhapsodize over the cities. On the contrary they portrayed the metropolis as the ugly scene of economic inequality, crime, drunkenness, prostitution and every variety of immorality. Urbanites were set to rhyme as crafty, overly competitive, artificial, and as having lost too much naturalness and goodness.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_American_history&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For changing definitions see Kenneth P. Wilkinson, <i>The Community in Rural America</i> (Greenwood, 1991).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert P. Swierenga, "Theoretical Perspectives on the New Rural History: From Environmentalism to Modernization" <i>Agricultural History</i> 56#3 (1982), pp. 495–502 on p. 496. He adds: "The standard operational definition of rurality includes two criteria-residence in an area of low population density and chief livelihood earned in agriculture. But ruralness is more than location or an occupation; it is a way of life. Rural life, as distinct from urban living, traditionally involved physical if not social isolation, extended family networks, simplex social organizations, seasonal labor patterns and unceasing handwork, and an attitude of complacency in the face of nature's forces."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bureau of the Census, <i>Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970</i> (1976) pp. 10-11 series A43 to A72.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1975/compendia/hist_stats_colonial-1970/hist_stats_colonial-1970p1-chA.pdf">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. K. Whelpton, "Occupational Groups in the United States, 1820-1920" <i>Journal of the American Statistical Association</i> 21#155 (1926), pp.335–343 at p.342. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2277062">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For other estimates to 1860 see Thomas J. Weiss, "US labor force estimates and economic growth, 1800-1860." in <i>American economic growth and standards of living before the Civil War</i> (1992) pp. 19-78 at p.22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c8007/c8007.pdf">online</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Byers Danbom, "The Industrialization of Agriculture, 1900-1930." (PhD dissertation, Stanford University, 1974) pp.5–7. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul L. Vogt, <i>Introduction to Rural Sociology</i> (1920) p.39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fred A. Shannon, <i>The Farmer's Last Frontier</i> (1945) pp. 350–368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James G. Gimpel, et al. "The urban–rural gulf in American political behavior." <i>Political behavior</i> 42 (2020): 1343-1368. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://andrewreeves.org/papers/urbanrural.pdf">online</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hal S. Barron, "And the Crooked Shall Be Made Straight: Public Road Administration and the Decline of Localism in the Rural North, 1870-1930" <i>Journal of Social History</i> 26#1 (1992), pp. 81-103, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3788813">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGriswold1946" class="citation journal cs1">Griswold, A. Whitney (1946). "The Agrarian Democracy of Thomas Jefferson". <i>American Political Science Review</i>. <b>40</b> (4): 657–681. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1950410">10.2307/1950410</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1950410">1950410</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144145932">144145932</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=The+Agrarian+Democracy+of+Thomas+Jefferson&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=657-681&rft.date=1946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144145932%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1950410%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1950410&rft.aulast=Griswold&rft.aufirst=A.+Whitney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARural+American+history" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morton White and Lucia White, "The American intellectual versus the American city." <i>Daedalus</i> 90.1 (1961): 166-179 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20026646">online</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Wuthnow, <i>The Left Behind: Decline and Rage in Rural America</i> (Princeton UP, 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d1iYDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:The+intitle:Left+intitle:Behind+intitle:Decline+intitle:and+intitle:Rage+intitle:in+intitle:Rural+intitle:America&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj9qrbn9LyJAxWW_8kDHfb9KREQ6AF6BAgHEAI">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a highly controversial interpretation by social scientists, see Tom Schaller and Paul Waldman, <i>White Rural Rage: The Threat to American Democracy</i> (2024)--see <i><a href="/wiki/White_Rural_Rage" title="White Rural Rage">White Rural Rage</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/msnbc-opinion/trump-white-voters-2024-election-rcna141156">MSNBC News March 1, 2024</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> See "Exit polls from the 2024 presidential election: Urbanicity" <i>Washington Post</i> (Nov 6, 2024) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/elections/interactive/2024/exit-polls-2024-election/?itid=hp_trending-bar_2">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert S. Fogarty, <i>American Utopianism</i> (1972) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanutopiani0000robe">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> M. Stephen Miller, <i>Inspired Innovations: A Celebration of Shaker Ingenuity</i> (UP of New England, 2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John M. Keith, "The Early Manufacturing and Selling of the Shakers at South Union, Kentucky," <i>Register of the Kentucky Historical Society</i> 70#3 (1972), pp. 187–99. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/23377197">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert S. Fogarty, <i>Dictionary of American Communal and Utopian History</i> (1980) lists 270 communes on pp. 173-233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurence Veysey, <i>The Communal Experience: Anarchist and Mystical Communities in Twentieth Century America</i> (1978).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Changes in forest composition in Ohio between Euro-American settlement and the present" <i>The Free Library</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Changes+in+forest+composition+in+Ohio+between+Euro-American...-a0469754884">online</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Kevin F. Kern and Gregory S. Wilson, <i>Ohio: a History of the Buckeye State</i> (2023) pp.130–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> See also "Ohio Wildlife History Timeline" (Ohio Division of Wildlife, 2016), covering the old destruction as well as the recent preservation laws and the reintroduction of wildlife species.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/epa.ohio.gov/Portals/42/documents/EE%20Resources/ohio%20wildlife%20history%20timeline%202016.pdf">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Paul W. Gates, "Problems of Agricultural History 1790-1840" <i>Agricultural History</i> (1972) 46#1 pp.33-58 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3741556">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard L. Bushman. <i>The American Farmer in the Eighteenth Century: A Social and Cultural History</i> (2018) pp. 273–276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Lewis E. Atherton, <i>The Southern Country Store, 1800-1860</i> (LSU Press, 1949) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southern-country-store">online</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David B. Danbom, <i>Born in the Country</i> (2017) pp. 121–150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Katherine Jellison, "Women and Technology on the Great Plains, 1910-1940" <i>Great Plains Quarterly</i> (1988) 8#3 pp 145-157. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Friedberger, <i>Farm Families and Change in 20th-Century America</i> (1988) pp.10–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Danbom, <i>Born in the Country</i> (2017) pp. 99–120. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Danbom, <i>Born in the Country</i> (2017) pp. 240–252. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Wayne Flynt, “Churches, Country,” in Samuel S. Hill, ed., ‘’Religion’’ ( The New Encyclopedia of Southern culture, vol. 1, U of North Carolina Press, 2006). pp. 50-51..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack Temple Kirby, <i>Rural Worlds Lost: The American South 1920–1960</i> (LSU Press, 1987) pp.181–183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Wayne Flynt, "Southern Baptists: Rural to urban transition." <i>Baptist History and Heritage</i> (1981) 16#1: 24–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas D. Clark, <i>The Southern Country Editor</i> (Bobbs-Merrill, 1948) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southerncountrye0000clar/page/n4/mode/1up">online</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> James Clifford Safley, <i>The Country Newspaper And Its Operation</i> (Appleton, 1930) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.87064/page/n3/mode/1up">online</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Luther Mott, <i>American Journalism</i> (3rd ed. 1962) pp. 396-197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, <i>The Southern Country Editor</i> pp. 52-55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas Marshall, "The Rural Newspaper and the Circulation of Information and Culture in New York and the Antebellum North," <i>New York History</i>, (2007) 88#2 pp 133-151,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlmanSprick_Schuster2016" class="citation journal cs1">Perlman, Elisabeth Ruth; Sprick Schuster, Steven (August 30, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/abs/delivering-the-vote-the-political-effect-of-free-mail-delivery-in-early-twentieth-century-america/8FEA56D50F5093890D58AF7004B4ADA5">"Delivering the Vote: The Political Effect of Free Mail Delivery in Early Twentieth Century America - The Journal of Economic History"</a>. <i>The Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>76</b> (3): 769–802. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050716000784">10.1017/S0022050716000784</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0507">0022-0507</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157332747">157332747</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Delivering+the+Vote%3A+The+Political+Effect+of+Free+Mail+Delivery+in+Early+Twentieth+Century+America+-+The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=769-802&rft.date=2016-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157332747%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-0507&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050716000784&rft.aulast=Perlman&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth+Ruth&rft.au=Sprick+Schuster%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-economic-history%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fdelivering-the-vote-the-political-effect-of-free-mail-delivery-in-early-twentieth-century-america%2F8FEA56D50F5093890D58AF7004B4ADA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARural+American+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas D. Clark, <i>The Southern Country Editor</i> (Bobbs-Merrill, 1948) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southerncountrye0000clar/page/n4/mode/1up">online for history before 1910</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> James Clifford Safley, <i>The Country Newspaper And Its Operation</i> (Appleton, 1930) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.87064/page/n3/mode/1up">online</a> covers the 1920s</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenny Bourne, <i>In Essentials, Unity: An Economic History of the Grange Movement</i> (2017). </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Kazin, "Populism," in <i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History,</i> ed by Michael Kazin, (2010) pp 582-585.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fred A. Shannon, <i>The Farmer's Last Frontier,</i> (1945) pp. 291–348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Hal Barron, <i>Mixed Harvest</i> (1997) pp.155–191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Diamond, "Urban and rural voting in 1896." <i>American Historical Review</i> 46.2 (1941): 281-305 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1838945">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas J. Morain, <i>Prairie Grass Roots: An Iowa Small Town in the Early Twentieth Century</i> (1988) p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Lowry Nelson, <i>Rural Sociology</i> (1955) pp.134, 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shannon, <i>The Farmer's Last Frontier,</i> (1945) pp.322–328. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephanie A. Mercier, et al., "Golden Age of US Agriculture." in <i>Agricultural Policy of the United States: Historic Foundations and 21st Century Issues</i> (2020) pp:117–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard S. Kirkendall, "Harry S Truman a Missouri Farmer in the Golden Age." <i>Agricultural History</i> 48.4 (1974): 467–483 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3741384">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L.H. Bean, and P. H. Bollinger, "The Base Period for Parity Prices" <i>Journal of Farm Economics</i> 21#1 (1939), pp. 253–57. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/1230643">online</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Jerome Tweton, "The Golden Age of Agriculture, 1897-1917" <i>North Dakota History</i> (1970) 37#1 pp.41–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Danbom, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For an overview see Harold U. Faulkner, <i>The Decline of Laissez Faire, 1897-1917</i> (1951) pp. 315–341. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JSEvDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:laissez+intitle:faire+inauthor:faulkner&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwir9Yq2svmJAxWxrokEHX1kIbUQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q&f=false">online</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David R. Wrone, "Illinois Pulls Out of the Mud," <i>Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society</i> (1965) 58#1: 54-76 at p. 54. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40190426">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John M. McKee, "The Automobile and American Agriculture" <i>Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i> (Nov., 1924) v. 116 pp. 12-17 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1015958">online</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wayne E. Fuller, <i>RFD: The Changing Face of Rural America</i> (1964) pp. 177-196.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rfdchangingfaceo00full/page/n9/mode/2up">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Friedberger, <i>Farm Families and Change in Twentieth-Century America</i> (UP of Kentucky, 1988) pp. 2, 130-142, 246-251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcus Lee Hansen, <i>The Immigrant in American History</i> (Harvard UP, 1940), pp.61-62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Don F. Hadwiger, and Clay Cochran, "Rural telephones in the United States." <i>Agricultural History</i> 58.3 (1984): 221–238 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3743076">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milton Mueller, "Universal service in telephone history: A reconstruction" <i>Telecommunications Policy</i> 17#5 (July 1993) pp. 352–369 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-5961(93)90050-D">https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-5961(93)90050-D</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert MacDougall, <i>The People's Network: The Political Economy of the Telephone in the Gilded Age</i> (U of Pennsylvania Press, 2014) covers the independents.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"History of Rural Telecommunications" <i>NTCA</i> (2023) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ntca.org/ruraliscool/history-rural-telecommunications">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christine Leigh Heyrman, <i>Southern Cross: The Beginnings of the Bible Belt</i> (1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald G. Mathews, <i>Religion in the Old South</i> (1979)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward L. Queen, <i>In the South the Baptists Are the Center of Gravity: Southern Baptists and Social Change, 1930–1980</i> (1991)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100522053048/http://www.valpo.edu/geomet/pics/geo200/religion/baptist.gif">"Baptists as a Percentage of all Residents"</a>. <i>Department of Geography and Meteorology, <a href="/wiki/Valparaiso_University" title="Valparaiso University">Valparaiso University</a></i>. 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.valpo.edu/geomet/pics/geo200/religion/baptist.gif">the original</a> on May 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Geography+and+Meteorology%2C+Valparaiso+University&rft.atitle=Baptists+as+a+Percentage+of+all+Residents&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.valpo.edu%2Fgeomet%2Fpics%2Fgeo200%2Freligion%2Fbaptist.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARural+American+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel S. Hill, Charles H. Lippy, and Charles Reagan Wilson, eds. <i>Encyclopedia of Religion in the South</i> (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christiantoday.com/article/the.most.and.least.religious.states.in.the.us.mississippi.comes.out.top.vermont.is.bottom/35696.htm">"The most and least religious states in the US – Mississippi comes out top, Vermont is bottom – Christian News on Christian Today"</a>. <i>christiantoday.com</i>. February 4, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218040055/http://www.christiantoday.com/article/the.most.and.least.religious.states.in.the.us.mississippi.comes.out.top.vermont.is.bottom/35696.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=christiantoday.com&rft.atitle=The+most+and+least+religious+states+in+the+US+%E2%80%93+Mississippi+comes+out+top%2C+Vermont+is+bottom+%E2%80%93+Christian+News+on+Christian+Today&rft.date=2014-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christiantoday.com%2Farticle%2Fthe.most.and.least.religious.states.in.the.us.mississippi.comes.out.top.vermont.is.bottom%2F35696.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARural+American+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blanton, Anderson, <i>Hittin' the Prayer Bones: Materiality of Spirit in the Pentecostal South</i> (University of North Carolina Press, 2015), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1469623979" title="Special:BookSources/978-1469623979">978-1469623979</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flexpub.com/preview/hittin-the-prayer-bones">preview</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Wayne Flynt, "Southern Baptists: Rural to urban transition." <i>Baptist History and Heritage</i> (1981) 16#1: 24–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charity R. Carney, "Lakewood Church and the Roots of the Megachurch Movement in the South" <i>Southern Quarterly</i> (2012) 50#1 pp.61–78 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/59870783/Lakewood_Roots_of_Megachurch_movement20190626-59646-3qqxv6.pdf">online</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard J. Jensen, and Mark Friedberger, "Education and Social Structure: An Historical Study of Iowa, 1870-1930" (Newberry Library, 1976) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED125982">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Qualifications of America's 153,000 one-room school teachers," in <i>Social Science and Mathematics</i> (1932) vol 32 p 206 10.1111/j.1949-8594.1932.tb16517.x</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Gulliford, <i>America's Country Schools</i> (U of Colorado Press, 1984), p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barber, Marshall Albert. "The history of malaria in the United States." <i>Public Health Reports</i> (1929): 2575-2587. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4579430">online</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis L. Williams, Jr., "Malaria Eradication in the United States" <i>American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health</i> 53, 17_21, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.53.1.17">https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.53.1.17</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Vann Woodward, ''<i>The Origins of the New South, 1877-1913</i> (1951) p. 417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleakley2007" class="citation journal cs1">Bleakley, Hoyt (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3800113">"Disease and Development: Evidence from Hookworm Eradication in the American South"</a>. <i>The Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>. <b>122</b> (1): 73–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fqjec.121.1.73">10.1162/qjec.121.1.73</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5533">0033-5533</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3800113">3800113</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24146438">24146438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Disease+and+Development%3A+Evidence+from+Hookworm+Eradication+in+the+American+South&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-117&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3800113%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0033-5533&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24146438&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fqjec.121.1.73&rft.aulast=Bleakley&rft.aufirst=Hoyt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3800113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARural+American+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Ettling, <i>The Germ of Laziness: Rockefeller Philanthropy and Public Health in the New South</i> (Harvard UP, 1981).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas C. Ricketts, "The changing nature of rural health care." <i>Annual review of public health</i> 21.1 (2000): 639-657.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130128192029/http://aghist.metapress.com/home/main.mpx"><i>Agricultural History</i></a> the leading scholarly journal in its field. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networks.h-net.org/h-rural">"H-Rural: H-Net's network for the study of rural and agricultural history</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert H. Walker, "The Poet and the Rise of the City". <i>Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i> (1962): 85–99. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1889467">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also Morton White and Lucia White, "The American intellectual versus the American city." <i>Daedalus</i> 90.1 (1961): 166-179 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20026646">online</a> and Morton White and Lucia White, <i>The intellectual versus the city: from Thomas Jefferson to Frank Lloyd Wright</i> (Harvard University Press, 1962).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_American_history&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">American urban history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">History of agriculture in the United States</a></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deanna_Rose_Children%27s_Farmstead_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Deanna_Rose_Children%27s_Farmstead_entrance.jpg/400px-Deanna_Rose_Children%27s_Farmstead_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Deanna_Rose_Children%27s_Farmstead_entrance.jpg/600px-Deanna_Rose_Children%27s_Farmstead_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Deanna_Rose_Children%27s_Farmstead_entrance.jpg/800px-Deanna_Rose_Children%27s_Farmstead_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Deanna Rose Children's Farmstead museum in Kansas</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rural_areas_in_the_United_States" title="Rural areas in the United States">Rural areas in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_electrification#United_States" title="Rural electrification">Rural electrification#United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_health" title="Rural health">Rural health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_history" title="Rural history">Rural history</a>, research methods done by historians</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban%E2%80%93rural_political_divide" title="Urban–rural political divide">Urban–rural political divide</a>, worldwide patterns</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a>, transformation of rural South after 1930s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_museum" title="Farm museum">Farm museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deanna_Rose_Children%27s_Farmstead" title="Deanna Rose Children's Farmstead">Deanna Rose Children's Farmstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSU_Rural_Life_Museum" title="LSU Rural Life Museum">LSU Rural Life Museum</a>, in Louisiana</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Farm_Museum" title="New Hampshire Farm Museum">New Hampshire Farm Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Farm_and_Ranch_Heritage_Museum" title="New Mexico Farm and Ranch Heritage Museum">New Mexico Farm and Ranch Heritage Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World_Wisconsin" title="Old World Wisconsin">Old World Wisconsin</a>, museum near Milwaukee</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_African_American_Museum" title="Rural African American Museum">Rural African American Museum</a>, in Louisiana</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_American_history&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Cyclopedia of American agriculture; a popular survey of agricultural conditions,</i> ed by <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Hyde_Bailey" title="Liberty Hyde Bailey">Liberty Hyde Bailey</a>, 4 vol 1907-1909. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search?query=title%3A%28Cyclopedia+agriculture%29++and+HYDE&sort=-date">online</a>, highly useful compendium</li> <li>Adams, Jane. <i>The Transformation of Rural Life: Southern Illinois, 1890–1990</i> (U of North Carolina Press, 1994) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Transformation_of_Rural_Life/ZrAoAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=intitle:Illinois+inauthor:jane+inauthor:adams&printsec=frontcover">online</a></li> <li>Anderson, Rodney. <i>The Rural Midwest Since World War II</i> (Northern Illinois UP, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctvw1d4sf">online</a></li> <li>Atherton, Lewis E. "The services of the frontier merchant." <i>Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i> 24.2 (1937): 153-170. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1892076">online</a></li> <li>Atherton, Lewis E. <i>The Southern Country Store, 1800-1860</i> (LSU Press, 1949) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southern-country-store">online</a></li> <li>Ayers, Edward L. <i>The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction</i> (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Promise_of_the_New_South/NF4vDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=intitle:%22promise+of+the+new+south%22&printsec=frontcover">online</a></li> <li>Barron, Hal S. <i>Mixed Harvest: The Second Great Transformation in the Rural North, 1870-1930</i> (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Mixed_Harvest/nyVQdkrNnskC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=inauthor:hal+inauthor:Barron&printsec=frontcover">online copy of the book</a> see also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networks.h-net.org/node/16806/reviews/18647/swierenga-barron-mixed-harvest-second-great-transformation-rural-north">online review of this book</a></li> <li>Benedict, Murray R, <i>Farm Policies of the United States, 1790-1950: A Study of Their Origins and Development</i> (1953) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AJUqAAAAMAAJ&q=intitle:1790+intitle:1950+intitle:farm&dq=intitle:1790+intitle:1950+intitle:farm&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjVm7OVufmJAxXdrokEHaK_IM8Q6AF6BAgGEAI">online</a></li> <li>Bidwell, Percy Wells, and John I. Falconer. <i>History of Agriculture in the Northern United States 1620-1860</i> (1941) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofagricul0000perc">online</a></li> <li>Bollinger, Holly. <i>Outhouses</i> (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DQNR3uSBMS8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=outhouse+bollinger&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjo1cPW4_GJAxWUk4kEHXiWC0kQ6AF6BAgEEAI#v=onepage&q&f=false">online</a></li> <li>Bowers, William L. <i>The Country Life Movement in America, 1900-1920</i> (1974). <ul><li>Bowers, William L. "Country-life reform, 1900-1920: A neglected aspect of Progressive Era history." <i>Agricultural History</i> 45.3 (1971): 211-221. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3741982">online</a></li></ul></li> <li>Browne, William P., et al. <i>Sacred cows and hot potatoes: agrarian myths and agricultural policy</i> (CRC Press, 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=hQSiDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT12&dq=%22sacred+cows+and+hot+potatoes%22&ots=797WIwe-Tj&sig=zx0V6VeDCU_wzl7darRoglPbKE8">online</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Brunner, Edmund deS. <i>Village communities</i> (1928) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/villagecommuniti00brun/page/n14/mode/1up">online</a></li> <li>Brunner, Edmund deS. <i>American agricultural villages</i> (1927) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanagricult00brun/page/n12/mode/1up">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Bushman, Richard L. <i>The American Farmer in the Eighteenth Century A Social and Cultural History</i> (Yale 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=34taDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:FARMER+inauthor:Bushman+inauthor:Richard+inauthor:L&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi3leKY-ryJAxUOGtAFHYc-FOIQ6AF6BAgHEAI">online</a></li> <li>Christensen, Karen, and David Levinson, eds. <i>The encyclopedia of community: From the village to the virtual world </i> (4 vol. Sage, 2003 ) ISBN 0–7619–2598–8</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronon,_William" class="mw-redirect" title="Cronon, William">Cronon, William</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Changes_in_the_Land:_Indians,_Colonists_and_the_Ecology_of_New_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists and the Ecology of New England">Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists and the Ecology of New England</a></i> (Hill and Wang, 1983)</li> <li>Cronon, William, <i>Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West</i> (W.W. Norton, 1991)</li> <li>Danbom, David B. <i>Born in the Country: A History of Rural America</i> (3rd ed. 1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=le05DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=%27%27Born+in+the+Country:+A+History+of+Rural+America%27%27&ots=BRHg3MWYZY&sig=NP_LTljSJ7XA-3t7wAy4JNcslRw">online</a>; focus on economics of farming. <ul><li>Danbom, David B. "Rural education reform and the country life movement, 1900-1920." <i>Agricultural History</i> 53.2 (1979): 462-474. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3741982">online</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dant, Sara. <i>Losing Eden: An Environmental History of the American West.</i> (U of Nebraska Press, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rq8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">online</a>, also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=59664">online book review</a></li> <li>Dollard, John. <i>Caste and Class in a Southern Town</i> (1937) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia801005.us.archive.org/9/items/casteandclassinasoutherntownbyjohndollard/Caste_and_Class_in_a_Southern_Town_by_John_Dollard.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Eberhardt, Mark Stephen. <i>Health, United States, 2001: Urban and rural health chartbook</i> (National Center for Health Statistics, 2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=n64ofQ0TfCUC&oi=fnd&pg=PR8&dq=rural+health+statistics&ots=fGBZA_6cEk&sig=E5K6P4FTXfm64iYEz1dAnU6bO0g">online</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Fink, Deborah. <i>Open Country, Iowa: Rural Women, Tradition and Change</i> (SUNY Press, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/opencountryiowar0000fink">online</a></li> <li>Fite, Gilbert C. <i>American Farmers: The New Minority</i> (Indiana UP, 1981), covers 20th century.</li> <li>Fite, Gilbert C. <i>Cotton Fields No More: Southern Agriculture, 1865-1980</i> (2021)</li> <li>Friedberger, Mark. <i>Farm Families and Change in 20th-Century America</i> (U of Kentucky Press, 2021)</li> <li>Fry, C. Luther. <i>American Villagers</i> (1926) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia600406.us.archive.org/2/items/americanvillager00fryc/americanvillager00fryc.pdf">online</a>, heavily statistical.</li></ul> <ul><li>Fry, John J. " 'Good Farming–Clear Thinking-Right Living': Midwestern Farm Newspapers, Social Reform, and Rural Readers in the Early Twentieth Century," <i>Agricultural History</i> (2004) 78#1 pp.34–49 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3745089">online</a></li> <li>Fuller, Wayne E. <i>RFD, the changing face of rural America</i> (Indiana UP, 1964) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rfdchangingfaceo00full/page/n10/mode/1up">online</a></li> <li>Gates, Paul W. <i>The Farmer's Age: Agriculture. 1815-1860</i> (1960)</li> <li>Gimpel, James G., et al. "The urban–rural gulf in American political behavior." <i>Political behavior</i> 42 (2020): 1343-1368. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://andrewreeves.org/papers/urbanrural.pdf">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Gjerde, Jon. <i>The Minds of the West: Ethnocultural Evolution in the Rural Middle West, 1830-1917</i> (1997)</li> <li>Goreham, Gary A. <i>Encyclopedia of Rural America</i> (2 vol 1997); 438pp; 232 essays by experts on arts, business, community development, economics, education, environmental issues, family, labor, quality of life, recreation, and sports.</li> <li>Hagood, Margaret Jarman. <i>Mothers of the South: Portraiture of the White Tenant Farm Woman</i> (U of North Carolina Press, 1939).</li></ul> <ul><li>Hathaway, Dale E. et al. <i>People of Rural America</i> (Bureau of the Census, 1968) statistical detail from 1960 census. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/People_of_Rural_America/C_qI3Qhi4ZcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22people+of+rural+america%22&pg=PA1&printsec=frontcover">online</a></li> <li>Haystead, Ladd, and Fite, Gilbert C. <i>The Agricultural Regions of the United States</i> (1955) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia802906.us.archive.org/6/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.224610/2015.224610.The-Agricultural_text.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Hinson, Glenn, and William Ferris, eds. <i>Folklife</i> (The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture, vol 14.) (2009)</li> <li>Hirsh, Richard F. <i>Powering American Farms: The Overlooked Origins of Rural Electrification</i> (Johns Hopkins UP, 2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=58057">online review of this book</a></li> <li>Holt, Marilyn Irvin. <i>Linoleum, better babies, & the modern farm woman, 1890-1930</i> (1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aaW9lqXV-kEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:Linoleum+inauthor:Holt&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPtd6EuLaJAxV8ATQIHXmOGCYQ6AF6BAgHEAI">online</a></li> <li>Hurt, Douglas, ed. <i>The Rural South Since World War II</i> (1998)</li> <li>Jensen, Joan, and Nancy Grey Osterud, eds. <i>American Rural and Farm Women in Historical Perspective</i></li> <li>Jensen, Richard J., and Mark Friedberger. <i>Education and Social Structure: An Historical Study of Iowa, 1870-1930</i> (The Newberry Library, 1976), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED125982">online</a></li> <li>Kirschner, Don S. <i>City and Country: Rural Responses to Urbanization in the 1920s</i> (Greenwood Press, 1970)</li> <li>Kirby, Jack Temple. <i>Rural Worlds Lost: The American South 1920-1960</i> (1987)</li> <li>Kulikoff; Allan. <i>From British Peasants to Colonial American Farmers</i> (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frombritishpeasa0000kuli">online</a></li> <li>Lauck, Jon. "'The Silent Artillery of Time': Understanding Social Change in the Rural Midwest," <i>Great Plains Quarterly</i> 19 (Fall 1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1903&context=greatplainsquarterly">online</a></li> <li>Lingeman, Richard. <i>Small Town America: A Narrative History, 1620-The Present</i> (Putnam, 1980)</li> <li>Longworth, Richard C. <i>Caught in the Middle: America's Heartland in the Age of Globalism</i> (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqd5J53Oof4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:Caught+intitle:in+intitle:the+intitle:Middle+inauthor:Richard+inauthor:C+inauthor:Longworth&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiu9I_TiO-JAxUXOjQIHY0LAnMQ6AF6BAgFEAI">online</a></li> <li>Miller, John E. "Centrifugal and Centripetal Forces Shaping the American Midwest," <i>Studies in Midwestern History</i> (2015) 1#1 pp.1-10, on push and pull factors as farm boys left home. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/midwesternhistory/vol1/iss1/1">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Mueller, K.J. "Rural health policy: Past as a prelude to the future". in Sana Loue, and B.E. Quill, (eds.). <i>Handbook of Rural Health</i> (Kluwer Academic-Penum, 2001) pp. 45–72. ISBN 978-0-306-46479-9.</li></ul> <ul><li>Nelson, Lowry. <i>Rural Sociology</i> (1945) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ruralsociologyru00nels/page/n8/mode/1up">online</a></li> <li>Ricketts, Thomas C. "The changing nature of rural health care." <i>Annual review of public health</i> 21.1 (2000): 639-657. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Thomas-Ricketts-3/publication/12434083_The_Changing_Nature_of_Rural_Health_Care/links/02bfe514327e2d1c25000000/The-Changing-Nature-of-Rural-Health-Care.pdf">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Ricketts, Thomas C., ed. <i>Rural health in the United States</i> (Oxford UP, 1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=kEErphxU1m4C&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&dq=rural+health+statistics&ots=t3DAh9igpg&sig=gJD4PMI-sA4c_AydNc0bNLwfi_w">online</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Riney-Kehrberg, Pamela. ed. <i>The Routledge History of Rural America</i> (2016)</li> <li>Russell, Howard S. <i>A long, deep furrow: three centuries of farming in New England</i> (1976)</li> <li>Russo, David J. <i>American towns: an interpretive history</i> (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americantownsint0000russ/page/n6/mode/1up">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Saloutos" title="Theodore Saloutos">Saloutos, Theodore</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_D._Hicks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John D. Hicks (page does not exist)">John D. Hicks</a>. <i>Twentieth Century Populism: Agricultural Discontent in the Middle West, 1900-1939</i> (1951) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twentiethcentury0000salo">online </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Saloutos" title="Theodore Saloutos">Saloutos, Theodore</a> <i>Farmer movements in the South, 1865-1933</i> (1964) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/farmermovementsi00salo">online</a></li> <li>Schafer, Joseph. <i>The social history of American agriculture</i> (1936) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.190571/page/n10/mode/1up">online</a></li> <li>Schapsmeier, Edward L., and Frederick H. <i>Encyclopedia of American Agricultural History</i> (Greenwood, 1975)</li> <li>Schob, David E. <i>Hired hands and plowboys: farm labor in the Midwest, 1815-60</i> (1975), pp. 173–249.</li> <li>Shannon, Fred A. <i>The Farmer's Last Frontier: Agriculture, 1860–1897</i> (1945) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/farmerslastfront00shan">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Sims, Newell Leroy. <i>The Rural Community: Ancient and Modern</i> (1920) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ruralcommunitya01simsgoog">online</a></li> <li>Taylor, Carl C. <i>Rural sociology</i> (1933) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.22218/page/n7/mode/1up">online</a></li> <li>Tickamyer, Ann, et al. <i>Rural Poverty in the United States</i> (2017)</li> <li>U.S. Department of Agriculture. <i>Farmers in a changing world</i> (1940) 1240 pp of articles by experts in agriculture and rural life <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/farmersinchangin00unit">online</a></li> <li>Vidich, Arthur J., and Joseph Bensman. <i>Small town in mass society; class, power, and religion in a rural community</i> (1960), in upstate New York <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/smalltowninmasss00vidi/page/n14/mode/1up">online</a></li> <li>Vogt, Paul L. <i>Introduction to rural sociology</i> (1922) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924058841549/page/n4/mode/1up">online</a></li> <li>Walsh, Lorena S. "Urban Amenities and Rural Sufficiency: Living Standards and Consumer Behavior in the Colonial Chesapeake, 1643-1777," <i>Journal-of Economic History</i> 43#1, (1983), 109-17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2120269.">online</a></li> <li>Weeden, William Babcock. <i>Economic and Social History of New England, 1620-1789</i> (1891) 964 pages; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JUJaNzIMr44C&pg=PA1">online edition</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Whelpton, P.K. "Occupational Groups in the United States, 1820-1920" <i>Journal of the American Statistical Association</i> 21#155 (1926), pp.335–343 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2277062">online</a></li> <li>Woodward, C. Vann. <i>The Origins of the New South, 1877-1913</i> (1951) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NQ2pAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:1877+intitle:1913&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOzrr4oLqJAxXj38kDHc33CwMQ6AF6BAgLEAI">online</a></li> <li>Wuthnow, Robert. <i>The Left Behind: Decline and Rage in Rural America</i> (Princeton UP, 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Left_Behind/d1iYDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=intitle:The+intitle:Left+intitle:Behind+intitle:Decline+intitle:and+intitle:Rage+intitle:in+intitle:Rural+intitle:America&printsec=frontcover">online</a></li> <li>Wyman, Andrea. <i>Rural women teachers in the United States </i> (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ruralwomenteache0000wyma/page/n6/mode/1up">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography_2">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_American_history&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ambrose, Linda M. et al. "Revisiting Rural Women's History" <i>Agricultural History</i> (2015), 89#3, pp. 380-387 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3098/ah.2015.089.3.380">online</a></li> <li>Burton, Orville Vernon. "Reaping What We Sow: Community and Rural History," <i>Agricultural History</i> 76#4 (2002) pp.631–658. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/2445/bitstreams/8836/data.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Garry, Patrick. "Cherished Lives and Lasting Values: Memoirs of the Rural Midwest." <i>Middle West Review</i> 10.1 (2023): 183-194. Reviews ten autobiographical memoirs of Midwest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/912196">excerpt</a></li> <li>Hurt, R. Douglas. "Writing Midwestern State Histories." <i>Middle West Review</i> 10#1 (2023): 195-201. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/912197">excerpt</a></li> <li>Merchant, Carolyn. <i>The Columbia guide to American environmental history</i> (Columbia UP, 2012).</li> <li>Swierenga, Robert P. “Theoretical Perspectives on the New Rural History: From Environmentalism to Modernization.” <i>Agricultural History</i> 56#3 (1982), pp. 495–502. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3742549">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_American_history&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Grant, H. Roger, ed. <i>Railroads in the Heartland: Steam and Traction in the Golden Age of Postcards</i> (1997) over 100 historic photographs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/railroadsinheart0000gran">online</a></li> <li>Kirkpatrick, Ellis Lore. <i>The farmer's standard of living: a socio-economic study of 2886 white farm families of selected localities in 11 states</i> (1926) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/farmersstandardo1466kirk/page/1/mode/1up">online</a></li> <li>Phelan, John, ed. <i>Readings in rural sociology</i> (1920), about the USA <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/readingsinrurals0000phel/page/n6/mode/2up">online</a></li> <li>Phillips, Ulrich B. ed. <i>Plantation and Frontier Documents, 1649–1863; Illustrative of Industrial History in the Colonial and Antebellum South: Collected from MSS. and Other Rare Sources.</i> 2 Volumes. (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search?query=title%3A%28Plantation%20and%20Frontier%20Documents%29">online</a></li> <li>Rasmussen, Wayne, ed. <i>Agriculture in the United States: A Documentary History</i> (3 vol 1975) 2800 pages of primary sources <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search?query=title%3A%28documentary%29%20AND%20creator%3A%28Rasmussen%2C%20Wayne%2C%29">online</a></li> <li>Schmidt, Louis Bernard, ed. <i>Readings in the economic history of American agriculture</i> (1925) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84830">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Sorokin, Pitirim <i>et al.</i>, eds. <i>A Systematic Sourcebook in Rural Sociology</i> (3 vol. 1930), 2000 pages of primary sources and commentary; worldwide coverage</li> <li>Williams, James Hickel. <i>Our Rural Heritage</i> (1925), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourruralheritage031720mbp/page/n3/mode/2up">online</a> explores rural roots of psychology of typical Americans.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_American_history&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networks.h-net.org/h-rural">"H-Rural: H-Net's network for the study of rural and agricultural history</a>, free discussion group</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CSPAN2_20220918_000000_Lectures_in_History_Rural_America_after_the_Civil_War">"Lectures in History: Rural America After the Civil War" (CSPAN. 2002) </a></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130128192029/http://aghist.metapress.com/home/main.mpx"><i>Agricultural History</i> a leading scholarly journal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130223124941/http://www.aghistorysociety.org/journal/">Agricultural History Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/collections/the-pageant-of-america-collection#/?tab=navigation&roots=2:7ace7290-c611-012f-934c-58d385a7bc34">331 historic photographs of American farmlands, farmers, farm operations and rural areas; These are pre-1923 and out of copyright.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umvphotoarchive.org/digital/collection/gales/id/392/rec/2">Upper Mississippi Valley Digital Image Archive</a>, hundreds of photographs of rural life; copyright has expired.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Agriculture_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Agriculture in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Agriculture in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Agriculture_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rural American history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American history of agriculture in the United States">African-American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_land_loss_in_the_United_States" title="Black land loss in the United States">Black land loss</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hawaiian_aquaculture" title="Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture">Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_drives_in_the_United_States" title="Cattle drives in the United States">Cattle drives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">Eastern Agricultural Complex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_food_regulation_in_the_United_States" title="Early history of food regulation in the United States">Early history of food regulation in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_British_America" title="Indentured servitude in British America">Indentured servitude in British America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_Virginia" title="Indentured servitude in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_Pennsylvania" title="Indentured servitude in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_plants_native_to_the_Americas" title="List of food plants native to the Americas">List of food plants native to the Americas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_agriculture_in_Virginia" title="Native American agriculture in Virginia">Native American in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_agriculture_on_the_Great_Plains" title="Prehistoric agriculture on the Great Plains">Prehistoric agriculture on the Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_agriculture_in_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Prehistoric agriculture in the Southwestern United States">Prehistoric agriculture in the Southwestern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_wine" title="History of American wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Range_war" title="Range war">Range war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_wars" title="Sheep wars">Sheep wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Colonial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IHC_corn_picker,_Story_County,_Iowa,_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/IHC_corn_picker%2C_Story_County%2C_Iowa%2C_2011.jpg/100px-IHC_corn_picker%2C_Story_County%2C_Iowa%2C_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/IHC_corn_picker%2C_Story_County%2C_Iowa%2C_2011.jpg/150px-IHC_corn_picker%2C_Story_County%2C_Iowa%2C_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/IHC_corn_picker%2C_Story_County%2C_Iowa%2C_2011.jpg/200px-IHC_corn_picker%2C_Story_County%2C_Iowa%2C_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1363" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_production_in_the_United_States" title="Banana production in the United States">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping_in_the_United_States" title="Beekeeping in the United States">Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackcurrant_production_in_the_United_States" title="Blackcurrant production in the United States">Blackcurrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Cannabis in the United States">Cannabis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_in_the_United_States" title="Hemp in the United States">Hemp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_production_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherry production in the United States">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_production_in_the_United_States" title="Christmas tree production in the United States">Christmas tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_production_in_the_United_States" title="Corn production in the United States">Corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_production_in_the_United_States" title="Cotton production in the United States">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cider_in_the_United_States" title="Cider in the United States">Cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Dairy industry in the United States">Dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hop_production_in_the_United_States" title="Hop production in the United States">Hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming_in_the_United_States" title="Poultry farming in the United States">Poultry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_the_United_States" title="Rice production in the United States">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinach_in_the_United_States" title="Spinach in the United States">Spinach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_the_United_States" title="Sugar industry of the United States">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_the_United_States" title="Tea production in the United States">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Tobacco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_shade_tobacco" title="Connecticut shade tobacco">Connecticut shade tobacco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_production_in_the_United_States" title="Wheat production in the United States">Wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_wine" title="American wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State, commonwealth,<br /> or territory-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Alabama">Alabama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_wine" title="Alabama wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Alaska" title="Agriculture in Alaska">Alaska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Alaska" title="Aquaculture in Alaska">aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Alaska" title="Cannabis in Alaska">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_wine" title="Alaska wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arizona <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_wine" title="Arizona wine">wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Arizona" title="Cannabis in Arizona">cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arkansas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_cultivation_in_Arkansas" title="Rice cultivation in Arkansas">rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_wine" title="Arkansas wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_California" title="Agriculture in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almonds_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Almonds in California">almonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_California" title="Cannabis in California">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnuts_in_California" title="Walnuts in California">walnuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_wine" title="California wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Colorado">Colorado</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_wine" title="Colorado wine">wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colorado" title="Cannabis in Colorado">cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Connecticut" title="Agriculture in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Connecticut" title="Cannabis in Connecticut">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_wine" title="Connecticut wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Delaware <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Delaware" title="Cannabis in Delaware">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_wine" title="Delaware wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Florida" title="Agriculture in Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florida_wine" title="Florida wine">wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomato_production_in_Florida" title="Tomato production in Florida">tomato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_production_in_Florida" title="Mango production in Florida">mango</a></li></ul></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)_wine" title="Georgia (U.S. state) wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Hawaii" title="Agriculture in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Hawaii" title="Coffee production in Hawaii">coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_Hawaii" title="Sugar plantations in Hawaii">sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_wine" title="Hawaii wine">wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii" title="Genetically modified food in Hawaii">genetically modified food</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Idaho" title="Agriculture in Idaho">Idaho</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_wine" title="Idaho wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Illinois <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Illinois" title="Cannabis in Illinois">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_wine" title="Illinois wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Indiana">Indiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_wine" title="Indiana wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Iowa">Iowa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_wine" title="Iowa wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kansas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_wine" title="Kansas wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Kentucky" title="Agriculture in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_wine" title="Kentucky wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Louisiana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_wine" title="Louisiana wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Maine" title="Aquaculture in Maine">aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Maine" title="Cannabis in Maine">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_wine" title="Maine wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Maryland" title="Agriculture in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Maryland" title="Cannabis in Maryland">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_wine" title="Maryland wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Massachusetts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Massachusetts" title="Cannabis in Massachusetts">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_wine" title="Massachusetts wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Michigan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Michigan" title="Cannabis in Michigan">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_production_in_Michigan" title="Cherry production in Michigan">cherries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_wine" title="Michigan wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Minnesota <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_wine" title="Minnesota wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mississippi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_wine" title="Mississippi wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Missouri <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Missouri" title="Cannabis in Missouri">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_wine" title="Missouri wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Montana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Montana" title="Cannabis in Montana">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_wine" title="Montana wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nebraska <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_wine" title="Nebraska wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nevada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Nevada" title="Cannabis in Nevada">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_wine" title="Nevada wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>New Hampshire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_wine" title="New Hampshire wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>New Jersey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_Jersey" title="Cannabis in New Jersey">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_wine" title="New Jersey wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_New_York" title="Agriculture in New York">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_York" title="Cannabis in New York">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_wine" title="New York wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>New Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_Mexico" title="Cannabis in New Mexico">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_chile" title="New Mexico chile">chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_wine" title="New Mexico wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_wine" title="North Carolina wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>North Dakota <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_wine" title="North Dakota wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ohio <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_wine" title="Ohio wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Oklahoma <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_wine" title="Oklahoma wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Oregon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_wine" title="Oregon wine">wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Oregon" title="Cannabis in Oregon">cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pennsylvania" title="Agriculture in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_wine" title="Pennsylvania wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Agriculture in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Cannabis in Puerto Rico">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Coffee production in Puerto Rico">coffee</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rhode Island <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Rhode_Island" title="Cannabis in Rhode Island">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_wine" title="Rhode Island wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Carolina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_wine" title="South Carolina wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Dakota <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_wine" title="South Dakota wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tennessee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_wine" title="Tennessee wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Utah <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utah_wine" title="Utah wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vermont <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Vermont" title="Cannabis in Vermont">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_wine" title="Vermont wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Virginia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Virginia" title="Cannabis in Virginia">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_wine" title="Virginia wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Virgin Islands <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Cannabis in the United States Virgin Islands">cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Washington <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_apples" title="Washington apples">apples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Washington_(state)" title="Cannabis in Washington (state)">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_wine" title="Washington wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>West Virginia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_wine" title="West Virginia wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wisconsin" title="Agriculture in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_dairy_industry" title="Wisconsin dairy industry">dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_wine" title="Wisconsin wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wyoming <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_wine" title="Wyoming wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Guam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Guam" title="Cannabis in Guam">cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Northern Mariana Islands <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Cannabis in the Northern Mariana Islands">cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Texas" title="Agriculture in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texas_rice_production" title="Texas rice production">rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_wine" title="Texas wine">wine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Agriculture in the Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Dirt_Region" title="Black Dirt Region">Black Dirt Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Belt" title="Corn Belt">Corn Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Belt" title="Cotton Belt">Cotton Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_Belt" title="Fruit Belt">Fruit Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Belt" title="Rice Belt">Rice Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_oyster_industry" title="Pacific Northwest oyster industry">Pacific Northwest oyster industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government <br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Agricultural_Statistics_Service" title="National Agricultural Statistics Service">National Agricultural Statistics Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_of_Agriculture" title="United States Census of Agriculture">United States Census of Agriculture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law and<br />politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Agricultural policy of the United States">Agricultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Trade_Development_and_Assistance_Act_of_1954" title="Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954">Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_Risk_Protection_Act_of_2000" title="Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000">Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Agricultural_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1975" title="California Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975">California Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capper%E2%80%93Volstead_Act" title="Capper–Volstead Act">Capper–Volstead Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Act_for_Responsible_Employment" title="Children's Act for Responsible Employment">Children's Act for Responsible Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_farm_bill" title="United States farm bill">Farm bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Security_Act_of_1985" title="Food Security Act of 1985">Food Security Act of 1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food,_Agriculture,_Conservation,_and_Trade_Act_of_1990" title="Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990">Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Agriculture_Improvement_and_Reform_Act_of_1996" title="Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996">Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_Futures_Act" title="Grain Futures Act">Grain Futures Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packers_and_Stockyards_Act" title="Packers and Stockyards Act">Packers and Stockyards Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act" title="Pure Food and Drug Act">Pure Food and Drug Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Grazing_Act_of_1934" title="Taylor Grazing Act of 1934">Taylor Grazing Act of 1934</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and<br /> environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_United_States_agricultural_workers" title="Mental health in United States agricultural workers">Agricultural workers mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_suicides_in_the_United_States" title="Farmers' suicides in the United States">Farmer suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food_in_the_United_States" title="Genetically modified food in the United States">Genetically modified food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ogallala_Aquifer" title="Ogallala Aquifer">Ogallala Aquifer</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crime</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adulterated_food_in_the_United_States" title="Adulterated food in the United States">Adulterated food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_nut_crimes" title="California nut crimes">California nut crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_raiding" title="Cattle raiding">Cattle raiding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farmworkers_in_the_United_States" title="Farmworkers in the United States">Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bracero_Program" title="Bracero Program">Bracero Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_leasing" title="Convict leasing">Convict leasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Labor_Organizing_Committee" title="Farm Labor Organizing Committee">Farm Labor Organizing Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-2A_visa" title="H-2A visa">H-2A visa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blooming_Onion" title="Operation Blooming Onion">Operation Blooming Onion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Farm_Workers" title="United Farm Workers">United Farm Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Food_and_Commercial_Workers" title="United Food and Commercial Workers">United Food and Commercial Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Land_Army_of_America" title="Woman's Land Army of America">Woman's Land Army of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_maze" title="Corn maze">Corn maze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">Ranch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">Cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dude_ranch" class="mw-redirect" title="Dude ranch">Dude ranch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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