Химическая реакция

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class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ru" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <table align="right" cellpadding="2" class="toccolours" style="margin-left:0.5em;"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="3">Виды <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Энергия">энергии</a>:</th> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#B066FF"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Atwood_machine.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Atwood_machine.svg/16px-Atwood_machine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Atwood_machine.svg/24px-Atwood_machine.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Atwood_machine.svg/32px-Atwood_machine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="510"></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Механическая энергия">Механическая</a></td> <td> <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Потенциальная энергия">Потенциальная</a><br>  <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Кинетическая энергия">Кинетическая</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#990000"><span style="color:#CC3300; text-decoration:inherit; text-decoration-color:#CC3300;">‹<span style="color:#FF8000; text-decoration:inherit; text-decoration-color:#FF8000;">♦</span>›</span></td> <td><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Внутренняя энергия">Внутренняя</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#B066FF"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Sun_corner.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sun_corner.svg/24px-Sun_corner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sun_corner.svg/36px-Sun_corner.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sun_corner.svg/48px-Sun_corner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Энергия электромагнитного поля">Электромагнитная</a></td> <td> <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Электрическое поле">Электрическая</a><br>  <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Магнитное поле">Магнитная</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#B066FF"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Oil%26gas_portal_logo.PNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Oil%26gas_portal_logo.PNG/24px-Oil%26gas_portal_logo.PNG" decoding="async" width="24" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Oil%2526gas_portal_logo.PNG/36px-Oil%2526gas_portal_logo.PNG 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Oil%2526gas_portal_logo.PNG/48px-Oil%2526gas_portal_logo.PNG 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="806"></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Химическая энергия">Химическая</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#B066FF"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Radiation_symbol_alternate.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Radiation_symbol_alternate.svg/24px-Radiation_symbol_alternate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Radiation_symbol_alternate.svg/36px-Radiation_symbol_alternate.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Radiation_symbol_alternate.svg/48px-Radiation_symbol_alternate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ядерная энергия">Ядерная</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#B066FF" align="center"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> G </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle G} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}"></span></td> <td><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Гравитационная энергия">Гравитационная</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#B066FF" align="center"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \emptyset }"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> ∅ </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \emptyset } </annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6af50205f42bb2ec3c666b7b847d2c7f96e464c7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \emptyset }"></span></td> <td><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Энергия вакуума">Вакуума</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" align="center"><small>Гипотетические:</small></th> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#000000"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle }"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"></mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle } </annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/df4dcd61276328f7c7ec5bdc399b6e11114a2c68" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:0; height:0.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle }"></span></td> <td><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Тёмная энергия">Тёмная</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><small>См. также: </small><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Закон сохранения энергии">Закон сохранения энергии</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><b>Хими́ческая реа́кция</b> — превращение одного или нескольких исходных <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Вещество (химия)">веществ</a> (реагентов) в другие вещества (продукты), при котором ядра <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Атом">атомов</a> не меняются, при этом происходит перераспределение <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Электрон">электронов</a> и <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Атомное ядро">ядер</a>, и образуются новые химические вещества. В отличие от <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ядерная реакция">ядерных реакций</a>, при химических реакциях не изменяется общее число ядер атомов и <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Изотопы">изотопный</a> состав <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Химический элемент">химических элементов</a>.</p> <p>Химические реакции происходят при смешении или физическом контакте реагентов самопроизвольно, при нагревании, участии <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Катализатор">катализаторов</a> (<a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Катализ">катализ</a>), действии <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Свет">света</a> (<a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Фотохимические реакции">фотохимические реакции</a>), <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Электрический ток">электрического тока</a> (<a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Электрохимия">электродные процессы</a>), <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ионизирующее излучение">ионизирующих излучений</a> (радиационно-химические реакции), механического воздействия (<a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Механохимия">механохимические реакции</a>), в низкотемпературной <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Плазма">плазме</a> (<a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Плазмохимия">плазмохимические реакции</a>) и т. п. Взаимодействие молекул между собой происходит по цепному маршруту: <i>ассоциация — электронная <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Изомеризация">изомеризация</a> — <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Электролитическая диссоциация">диссоциация</a></i>, в котором активными частицами являются <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Свободные радикалы">радикалы</a>, <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ионы">ионы</a>, <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Координационно-ненасыщенные соединения (страница отсутствует)">координационно-ненасыщенные соединения</a>. <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Скорость химической реакции">Скорость химической реакции</a> определяется концентрацией активных частиц и разницей между <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Энергия связи">энергиями связи</a> разрываемой и образуемой.</p> <p>Химические процессы, протекающие в веществе, отличаются и от физических процессов, и от ядерных превращений. В физических процессах каждое из участвующих веществ сохраняет неизменным свой состав (хотя вещества могут образовывать <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Смесь (химия)">смеси</a>), но могут изменять внешнюю форму или <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Агрегатное состояние">агрегатное состояние</a>.</p> <p>В химических процессах (химических реакциях) получаются новые вещества с отличными от реагентов свойствами, но никогда не образуются атомы новых <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Химический элемент">элементов</a>, так как ядра остаются прежними, а все изменения происходят в электронной оболочке.</p> <p>В ядерных реакциях происходят изменения в <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Атом">атомных</a> ядрах всех участвующих элементов, что приводит к образованию атомов новых элементов.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="ru" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Содержание</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Классификация</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%9F%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B7"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">По наличию границы раздела фаз</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%9F%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">По изменению степеней окисления реагентов</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%9F%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">По тепловому эффекту реакции</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%9F%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%83_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">По типу превращений реагирующих частиц</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%9F%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">По направлению протекания</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%9F%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">По признаку участия катализаторов</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%9F%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8"><span class="tocnumber">1.7</span> <span class="toctext">По критерию самопроизвольности</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Применение</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%A1%D0%BC._%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B6%D0%B5"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">См. также</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Примечания</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Литература</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%A1%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Ссылки</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Классификация"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.81.D0.B8.D1.84.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Классификация</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «Классификация»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Существует большое количество признаков, по которым можно классифицировать химические реакции.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="По_наличию_границы_раздела_фаз"><span id=".D0.9F.D0.BE_.D0.BD.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.B8.D1.8E_.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.86.D1.8B_.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B7.D0.B4.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.B0_.D1.84.D0.B0.D0.B7"></span>По наличию границы раздела фаз</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «По наличию границы раздела фаз»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><b>а) между реагентами</b></p> <p><b>Гомогенная химическая реакция —</b> химическая реакция, протекающая в пределах одной <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Термодинамическая фаза">фазы</a>. (<u>реагенты</u> находятся в одной фазе)</p> <p><b>Гетерогенная химическая реакция —</b> химическая реакция, протекающая на границе раздела фаз. (<u>реагенты</u> в разных фазах, например маслянистое вещество с водой; твёрдый реагент с жидким реагентом и т.д.)</p> <p>В многостадийной химической реакции некоторые стадии могут быть гомогенными, а другие — гетерогенными. Такие реакции называются <i>гомогенно-гетерогенными</i><sup id="cite_ref-_6ad0d74f445f3c8a_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-_6ad0d74f445f3c8a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p><b>б) между реагентами и продуктами</b></p> <p>В зависимости от числа фаз, которые образуют исходные вещества и продукты реакции, химические процессы могут быть <b>гомофазными</b> (исходные вещества и продукты находятся в пределах одной фазы) и <b>гетерофазными</b> (исходные вещества и продукты образуют несколько фаз).</p> <p><i>Гомо- и гетерофазность</i> реакции не связана с тем, является ли реакция <i>гомо</i>- или <i>гетерогенной</i><sup id="cite_ref-_6ad0d74f445f3c8b_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-_6ad0d74f445f3c8b-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Поэтому можно выделить четыре типа процессов:</p> <ul> <li><b>Гомогенные гомофазные реакции</b>. В реакциях такого типа реакционная смесь является гомогенной, а реагенты и продукты принадлежат одной и той же фазе. Примером таких реакций могут служить реакции ионного обмена, например, нейтрализация раствора кислоты раствором щёлочи:</li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {NaOH+HCl\rightarrow NaCl+H_{2}O} }"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> N </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> a </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> O </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> H </mi> <mo> + </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal"> H </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> C </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> l </mi> <mo stretchy="false"> → </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal"> N </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> a </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> C </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> l </mi> <mo> + </mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> H </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> O </mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \mathrm {NaOH+HCl\rightarrow NaCl+H_{2}O} } </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b944ce51b3f35b4b5302ac88952deb199f3d78a9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:29.656ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {NaOH+HCl\rightarrow NaCl+H_{2}O} }"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 29.656ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b944ce51b3f35b4b5302ac88952deb199f3d78a9" data-alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {NaOH+HCl\rightarrow NaCl+H_{2}O} }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span> </dd> </dl> <ul> <li><b>Гетерогенные гомофазные реакции</b>. Компоненты находятся в пределах одной фазы, однако реакция протекает на границе раздела фаз, например, на поверхности катализатора. Примером может быть гидрирование этилена на никелевом катализаторе:</li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {C_{2}H_{4}+H_{2}\ {\xrightarrow[{}]{Ni}}\ C_{2}H_{6}} }"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> C </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> H </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 4 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo> + </mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> H </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mtext>   </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <munderover> <mo> → </mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> N </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> i </mi> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mtext>   </mtext> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> C </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> H </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 6 </mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \mathrm {C_{2}H_{4}+H_{2}\ {\xrightarrow[{}]{Ni}}\ C_{2}H_{6}} } </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/750c81ddfcb2d7c1e0df077cae65195a0dfdfeec" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.654ex; margin-top: -0.329ex; margin-bottom: -0.518ex; width:20.872ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {C_{2}H_{4}+H_{2}\ {\xrightarrow[{}]{Ni}}\ C_{2}H_{6}} }"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20.872ex;height: 5.509ex;vertical-align: -1.654ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/750c81ddfcb2d7c1e0df077cae65195a0dfdfeec" data-alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {C_{2}H_{4}+H_{2}\ {\xrightarrow[{}]{Ni}}\ C_{2}H_{6}} }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span> </dd> </dl> <ul> <li><b>Гомогенные гетерофазные реакции</b>. Реагенты и продукты в такой реакции существуют в пределах нескольких фаз, однако реакция протекает в одной фазе. Так может проходить окисление углеводородов в жидкой фазе газообразным кислородом.</li> <li><b>Гетерогенные гетерофазные реакции</b>. В этом случае реагенты находятся в разном фазовом состоянии, продукты реакции также могут находиться в любом фазовом состоянии. Реакционный процесс протекает на границе раздела фаз. Примером может служить реакция солей угольной кислоты (карбонатов) с кислотами Бренстеда:</li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {MgCO_{3}+2HCl\rightarrow MgCl_{2}+CO_{2}\uparrow +H_{2}O} }"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> M </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> g </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> C </mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> O </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 3 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 2 </mn> <mi mathvariant="normal"> H </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> C </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> l </mi> <mo stretchy="false"> → </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal"> M </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> g </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> C </mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> l </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo> + </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal"> C </mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> O </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false"> ↑ </mo> <mo> + </mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> H </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> O </mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \mathrm {MgCO_{3}+2HCl\rightarrow MgCl_{2}+CO_{2}\uparrow +H_{2}O} } </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8a95932d6cc20986dce249d82219c60d08e63122" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:42.439ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {MgCO_{3}+2HCl\rightarrow MgCl_{2}+CO_{2}\uparrow +H_{2}O} }"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 42.439ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8a95932d6cc20986dce249d82219c60d08e63122" data-alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {MgCO_{3}+2HCl\rightarrow MgCl_{2}+CO_{2}\uparrow +H_{2}O} }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span> </dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="По_изменению_степеней_окисления_реагентов"><span id=".D0.9F.D0.BE_.D0.B8.D0.B7.D0.BC.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.8E_.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BF.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B5.D0.B9_.D0.BE.D0.BA.D0.B8.D1.81.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.8F_.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.B0.D0.B3.D0.B5.D0.BD.D1.82.D0.BE.D0.B2"></span>По изменению степеней окисления реагентов</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «По изменению степеней окисления реагентов»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li>Если в процессе реакции происходит изменение степеней окисления реагентов, то такие реакции называются <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Окислительно-восстановительные реакции">окислительно-восстановительными реакциями</a>: атомы одного элемента (окислителя) восстанавливаются, то есть присоединяют электроны и понижают свою степень окисления, а атомы другого элемента (восстановителя) окисляются, то есть отдают электроны и повышают свою <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Степень окисления">степень окисления</a>. Частным случаем окислительно-восстановительных реакций являются реакции конпропорционирования, в которых окислителем и восстановителем являются атомы одного и того же элемента, находящиеся в разных степенях окисления.</li> </ul> <p>Пример окислительно-восстановительной реакции — <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Горение">горение</a> <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Водород">водорода</a> (восстановитель) в <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Кислород">кислороде</a> (окислитель) с образованием <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Вода">воды</a>:</p> <dl> <dd> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2H_{2}+O_{2}\rightarrow 2H_{2}O} }"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> H </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo> + </mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> O </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false"> → </mo> <mn> 2 </mn> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> H </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> O </mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \mathrm {2H_{2}+O_{2}\rightarrow 2H_{2}O} } </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c689a7c72fdace05f7fd75b60ce6b659a1c52c5a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:19.045ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2H_{2}+O_{2}\rightarrow 2H_{2}O} }"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19.045ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c689a7c72fdace05f7fd75b60ce6b659a1c52c5a" data-alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2H_{2}+O_{2}\rightarrow 2H_{2}O} }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span> </dd> </dl> <p>Пример реакции <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Конпропорционирование">конпропорционирования</a> — реакция разложения нитрата аммония при нагревании. Окислителем в данном случае выступает азот (+5) нитрогруппы, а восстановителем — азот (-3) катиона аммония:</p> <dl> <dd> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {NH_{4}NO_{3}\rightarrow N_{2}O\uparrow +2H_{2}O\qquad (<250{}^{\circ }C)} }"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> N </mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> H </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 4 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> N </mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> O </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 3 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false"> → </mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> N </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> O </mi> <mo stretchy="false"> ↑ </mo> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 2 </mn> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> H </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> O </mi> <mspace width="2em"></mspace> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mo> < </mo> <mn> 250 </mn> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> ∘ </mo> </mrow> </msup> <mi mathvariant="normal"> C </mi> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \mathrm {NH_{4}NO_{3}\rightarrow N_{2}O\uparrow +2H_{2}O\qquad (<250{}^{\circ }C)} } </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8d00a8af13e2e1d51e7babc131448d9fb1ae4dfb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:42.522ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {NH_{4}NO_{3}\rightarrow N_{2}O\uparrow +2H_{2}O\qquad (<250{}^{\circ }C)} }"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 42.522ex;height: 2.843ex;vertical-align: -0.838ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8d00a8af13e2e1d51e7babc131448d9fb1ae4dfb" data-alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {NH_{4}NO_{3}\rightarrow N_{2}O\uparrow +2H_{2}O\qquad (<250{}^{\circ }C)} }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span> </dd> </dl> <ul> <li>Не относятся к окислительно-восстановительным реакции, в которых не происходит изменения степеней окисления атомов, например:</li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {BaCl_{2}+Na_{2}SO_{4}\rightarrow BaSO_{4}\downarrow +2NaCl} }"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> B </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> a </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> C </mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> l </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo> + </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal"> N </mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> a </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> S </mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> O </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 4 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false"> → </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal"> B </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> a </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> S </mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> O </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 4 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false"> ↓ </mo> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 2 </mn> <mi mathvariant="normal"> N </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> a </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> C </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> l </mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \mathrm {BaCl_{2}+Na_{2}SO_{4}\rightarrow BaSO_{4}\downarrow +2NaCl} } </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c61018c2609e37810438904ed5d80cb35c85ff94" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:38.373ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {BaCl_{2}+Na_{2}SO_{4}\rightarrow BaSO_{4}\downarrow +2NaCl} }"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38.373ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c61018c2609e37810438904ed5d80cb35c85ff94" data-alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {BaCl_{2}+Na_{2}SO_{4}\rightarrow BaSO_{4}\downarrow +2NaCl} }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span> </dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="По_тепловому_эффекту_реакции"><span id=".D0.9F.D0.BE_.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BF.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.BE.D0.BC.D1.83_.D1.8D.D1.84.D1.84.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.82.D1.83_.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.86.D0.B8.D0.B8"></span>По тепловому эффекту реакции</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «По тепловому эффекту реакции»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Все химические реакции сопровождаются выделением или поглощением энергии. При <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Энергия разрыва химической связи">разрыве химических связей в реагентах выделяется энергия</a>, которая в основном идёт на образование новых химических связей. В некоторых реакциях энергии этих процессов близки, и в таком случае общий тепловой эффект реакции приближается к нулю. В остальных случаях можно выделить:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Экзотермическая реакция">экзотермические реакции</a>, которые идут с выделением тепла, (положительный тепловой эффект) например, указанное выше горение водорода</li> <li><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Эндотермические реакции">эндотермические реакции</a> в ходе которых тепло поглощается (отрицательный тепловой эффект) из окружающей среды.</li> </ul> <p>Тепловой эффект реакции (энтальпию реакции, Δ<sub>r</sub>H), часто имеющий очень важное значение, можно вычислить по <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Закон Гесса">закону Гесса</a>, если известны <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Энтальпия">энтальпии образования</a> реагентов и продуктов. Когда сумма энтальпий продуктов меньше суммы энтальпий реагентов (Δ<sub>r</sub>H < 0) наблюдается выделение тепла, в противном случае (Δ<sub>r</sub>H > 0) — поглощение.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="По_типу_превращений_реагирующих_частиц"><span id=".D0.9F.D0.BE_.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BF.D1.83_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.B2.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.89.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.B9_.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.B0.D0.B3.D0.B8.D1.80.D1.83.D1.8E.D1.89.D0.B8.D1.85_.D1.87.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B8.D1.86"></span>По типу превращений реагирующих частиц</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «По типу превращений реагирующих частиц»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Химические реакции всегда сопровождаются физическими эффектами: поглощением или выделением <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Энергия">энергии</a>, изменением окраски реакционной смеси и др. Именно по этим физическим эффектам часто судят о протекании химических реакций.</p> <ul> <li><b>Реакция соединения</b> — химическая реакция, в результате которой из двух или большего числа исходных веществ образуется только одно новое. В такие реакции могут вступать как простые, так и сложные вещества.</li> </ul> <p>Пример: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {2Cu+O_{2}\longrightarrow 2CuO}}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif"> 2 </mn> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> C </mi> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> u </mi> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif"> + </mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> O </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif"> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false"> ⟶ </mo> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif"> 2 </mn> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> C </mi> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> u </mi> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> O </mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle {\mathsf {2Cu+O_{2}\longrightarrow 2CuO}}} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/39873fb2196ca5334dbb691f07b801e598709489" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:20.111ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {2Cu+O_{2}\longrightarrow 2CuO}}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20.111ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/39873fb2196ca5334dbb691f07b801e598709489" data-alt="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {2Cu+O_{2}\longrightarrow 2CuO}}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span></p> <ul> <li><b>Реакция разложения</b> — химическая реакция, в результате которой из одного вещества образуется несколько новых веществ. В реакции данного типа вступают только сложные соединения, а их продуктами могут быть как сложные, так и простые вещества.</li> </ul> <p>Пример: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {2HgO\longrightarrow 2Hg+O_{2}\uparrow }}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif"> 2 </mn> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> H </mi> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> g </mi> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> O </mi> <mo stretchy="false"> ⟶ </mo> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif"> 2 </mn> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> H </mi> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> g </mi> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif"> + </mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> O </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif"> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false"> ↑ </mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle {\mathsf {2HgO\longrightarrow 2Hg+O_{2}\uparrow }}} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/de51ee979ee9292209ec9fb6ee784515bb8bec07" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:22.16ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {2HgO\longrightarrow 2Hg+O_{2}\uparrow }}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22.16ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/de51ee979ee9292209ec9fb6ee784515bb8bec07" data-alt="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {2HgO\longrightarrow 2Hg+O_{2}\uparrow }}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span></p> <ul> <li><b>Реакция замещения</b> — химическая реакция, в результате которой атомы одного элемента, входящие в состав простого вещества, замещают атомы другого элемента в его сложном соединении. Как следует из определения, в таких реакциях одно из исходных веществ должно быть простым, а другое сложным.</li> </ul> <p>Пример: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {Fe+CuSO_{4}\longrightarrow FeSO_{4}+Cu}}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> F </mi> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> e </mi> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif"> + </mo> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> C </mi> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> u </mi> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> S </mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> O </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif"> 4 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false"> ⟶ </mo> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> F </mi> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> e </mi> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> S </mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> O </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif"> 4 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif"> + </mo> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> C </mi> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> u </mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle {\mathsf {Fe+CuSO_{4}\longrightarrow FeSO_{4}+Cu}}} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/466a45497926f01731130ebf59c45b33c25bdb94" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:28.976ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {Fe+CuSO_{4}\longrightarrow FeSO_{4}+Cu}}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28.976ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/466a45497926f01731130ebf59c45b33c25bdb94" data-alt="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {Fe+CuSO_{4}\longrightarrow FeSO_{4}+Cu}}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span></p> <ul> <li><b>Реакции обмена</b> — реакция, в результате которой два сложных вещества обмениваются своими составными частями. К таким реакциям относится в том числе реакция нейтрализации.</li> </ul> <p>Пример: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {NaOH+HCl\longrightarrow NaCl+H_{2}O}}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> N </mi> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> a </mi> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> O </mi> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> H </mi> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif"> + </mo> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> H </mi> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> C </mi> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> l </mi> <mo stretchy="false"> ⟶ </mo> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> N </mi> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> a </mi> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> C </mi> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> l </mi> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif"> + </mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> H </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif"> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> O </mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle {\mathsf {NaOH+HCl\longrightarrow NaCl+H_{2}O}}} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8df1ac6bce3e9bdc171868e63a124f3c30e0b6db" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:29.8ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {NaOH+HCl\longrightarrow NaCl+H_{2}O}}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 29.8ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8df1ac6bce3e9bdc171868e63a124f3c30e0b6db" data-alt="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {NaOH+HCl\longrightarrow NaCl+H_{2}O}}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="По_направлению_протекания"><span id=".D0.9F.D0.BE_.D0.BD.D0.B0.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B2.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.8E_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.BE.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BA.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>По направлению протекания</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «По направлению протекания»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><b>Необратимыми</b> называют химические реакции, протекающие лишь в одном направлении («слева направо <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {\longrightarrow }}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false"> ⟶ </mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle {\mathsf {\longrightarrow }}} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/823d49d64be87369d40373791ff4e81d66745cd1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.806ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {\longrightarrow }}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 3.806ex;height: 1.843ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/823d49d64be87369d40373791ff4e81d66745cd1" data-alt="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {\longrightarrow }}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span>»), в результате чего исходные вещества превращаются в продукты реакции. О таких химических процессах говорят, что они протекают «до конца». К ним относят реакции горения, а также реакции, сопровождающиеся образованием малорастворимых или газообразных веществ.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><b>Обратимыми</b> называются химические реакции, протекающие одновременно в двух противоположных направлениях («слева направо» и «справа налево» <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {\rightleftarrows }}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false"> ⇄ </mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle {\mathsf {\rightleftarrows }}} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d1a5190914125bc6f2d4aaf05c0d3da2dae60acb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {\rightleftarrows }}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.324ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d1a5190914125bc6f2d4aaf05c0d3da2dae60acb" data-alt="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {\rightleftarrows }}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span>). В уравнениях таких реакций знак равенства заменяется двумя противоположно направленными стрелками. Среди двух одновременно протекающих реакций различают прямую (протекает «слева направо») и обратную (протекает «справа налево»). Поскольку в ходе обратимой реакции исходные вещества одновременно и расходуются, и образуются, они не полностью превращаются в продукты реакции. Поэтому об обратимых реакциях говорят, что они протекают «не до конца». В результате всегда образуется смесь исходных веществ и продуктов взаимодействия.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="По_признаку_участия_катализаторов"><span id=".D0.9F.D0.BE_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.B7.D0.BD.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.83_.D1.83.D1.87.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B8.D1.8F_.D0.BA.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B8.D0.B7.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B2"></span>По признаку участия катализаторов</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «По признаку участия катализаторов»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><b>Каталитическими</b> называют реакции, протекающие в присутствии катализаторов. В уравнениях таких реакций химическую формулу катализатора указывают над знаком равенства или обратимости, иногда вместе с обозначением условий протекания (температура t, давление p). К реакциям данного типа относятся многие реакции разложения и соединения.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><b>Некаталитическими</b> называются многие реакции, протекающие в отсутствие катализаторов. Это, например, реакции обмена и замещения.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="По_критерию_самопроизвольности"><span id=".D0.9F.D0.BE_.D0.BA.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.8E_.D1.81.D0.B0.D0.BC.D0.BE.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B8.D0.B7.D0.B2.D0.BE.D0.BB.D1.8C.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B8"></span>По критерию самопроизвольности</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «По критерию самопроизвольности»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Самопроизвольность показывает на способность протекания химических реакций как при нормальных условиях (T = 298 K, P = 101325 Па или 1 атм), так и при различных значениях температуры и давления. Критерием самопроизвольности протекания химических реакций служит <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Свободная энергия Гиббса">свободная энергия Гиббса</a> ΔG. Энергия Гиббса представляет собой разность двух разнонаправленных термодинамических критериев — <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Энтальпия">энтальпийного</a> ΔH (который стремится к уменьшению энтальпии) и <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Энтропия">энтропийного</a> — TΔS (который стремится к увеличению энтропии):</p> <dl> <dd> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta G=\Delta H-T\cdot \Delta S}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <mi> G </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <mi> H </mi> <mo> − </mo> <mi> T </mi> <mo> ⋅ </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <mi> S </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \Delta G=\Delta H-T\cdot \Delta S} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81f34b838c431f0ec9850a483a6f8a39e34dd8a8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:20.451ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta G=\Delta H-T\cdot \Delta S}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20.451ex;height: 2.343ex;vertical-align: -0.505ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81f34b838c431f0ec9850a483a6f8a39e34dd8a8" data-alt="{\displaystyle \Delta G=\Delta H-T\cdot \Delta S}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span> </dd> </dl> <p>Исходя из данного критерия, химические реакции делятся на:</p> <ul> <li>Самопроизвольные или <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Экзергоническая реакция">экзергонические</a>, когда величина энергии Гиббса отрицательна, то есть ΔG < 0</li> <li>Несамопроизвольные или <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Эндергонические реакции">эндергонические</a>, когда величина энергии Гиббса положительна, то есть ΔG > 0</li> <li><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Химическое равновесие">Равновесные</a>, когда величина энергии Гиббса равна нулю, то есть ΔG = 0</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Применение"><span id=".D0.9F.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.BC.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.B5"></span>Применение</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «Применение»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>С помощью химических реакций можно получать практически любые вещества, которые в природе находятся в ограниченных количествах, например, азотные удобрения, либо вообще не встречаются по каким-либо причинам, например сульфаниламиды и другие синтетические лекарственные препараты, <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Полиэтилен">полиэтилен</a> и другие <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Пластмасса">пластмассы</a>. <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Химия">Химия</a> позволяет <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Химический синтез">синтезировать</a> новые, неизвестные природе вещества, необходимые для <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Жизнедеятельность">жизнедеятельности</a> <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Человек">человека</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="См._также"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.BC._.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BA.D0.B6.D0.B5"></span>См. также</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «См. также»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul> <li><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Химическая кинетика">Химическая кинетика</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Примечания"><span id=".D0.9F.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.BC.D0.B5.D1.87.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Примечания</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «Примечания»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="reflist columns" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-_6ad0d74f445f3c8a-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-_6ad0d74f445f3c8a_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5._%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B81984">Эмануэль, Кнорре. Курс химической кинетики, 1984</a>, с. 50.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-_6ad0d74f445f3c8b-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-_6ad0d74f445f3c8b_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5._%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B81984">Эмануэль, Кнорре. Курс химической кинетики, 1984</a>, с. 51.</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Литература"><span id=".D0.9B.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B0"></span>Литература</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «Литература»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141305934">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a::after,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a::after,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a::after,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a::after,.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a::after{content:"";width:1.1em;height:1.1em;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a::after{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a::after,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a::after{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a::after{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a::after{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a::after,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a::after,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a::after,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a::after{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a::after,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a::after,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a::after,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a::after{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343" id="CITEREFЭмануэль,_Кнорре._Курс_химической_кинетики1984"><i>Эмануэль Н. М., Кнорре Д. Г.</i> Курс химической кинетики. — 4-е изд., переработанное и дополненное. — <abbr title="Москва">М.</abbr>: Высшая школа, 1984. — 463 с.</span></li> <li>Химия: Справ. изд./ В. Шретер, К.-Х. Лаутеншлегер, Х. Бибрак и др.: Пер. с нем. — М.: Химия, 1989.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r141305934"><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343" id="CITEREFБасоло,_Пирсон._Механизмы_неорганических_реакций1971"><i>Басоло Ф., Пирсон Р.</i> Механизмы неорганических реакций. — <abbr title="Москва">М.</abbr>: Мир, 1971. — 591 с.</span></li> <li>Воронин А. И., Ошеров В. И., Динамика молекулярных реакций. М.: Наука, 1990. — 421с.</li> <li>Воробьев А. Х., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.chem.msu.su/rus/teaching/vorob%2527ev/welcome.html">Лекции по теории элементарного акта химических реакций в конденсированной фазе.</a> МГУ, 2000.</li> <li>Ганкин В. Ю., Ганкин Ю. В., Как образуется химическая связь и протекают химические реакции. М.: Граница, 2007.-319 с.</li> <li>Никитин Е. Е., Теория элементарных атомно-молекулярных процессов в газах. М., Химия, 1970.</li> <li>Салем Л. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://lib.prometey.org/?id%3D16074">Электроны в химических реакциях.</a> М.: Мир, 1985. 299 c.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r141305934"><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343" id="CITEREFТоуб,_Механизмы_неорганических_реакций1975"><i>Тоуб М.</i> Механизмы неорганических реакций. — <abbr title="Москва">М.</abbr>: Мир, 1975. — 275 с.</span></li> <li>Глесстон С., Лейдлер К., Эйринг Г. Теория абсолютных скоростей реакций. М.: ГИИЛ, 1948. — 584 с.</li> <li>Уманский С. Я. Теория элементарных химических реакций. Интеллект, 2009. — 408с.</li> <li>Степанов Н. Ф. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://window.edu.ru/window_catalog/files/r21325/9611_030.pdf">«Сложный мир элементарных актов химических реакций»</a> <small class="ref-info">(недоступная ссылка)</small> Соросовский образовательный журнал, 1996, № 11, с. 30-36.</li> <li>Степанов Н. Ф. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://window.edu.ru/window_catalog/files/r21319/9610_033.pdf">«Потенциальные поверхности и химические реакции»</a> <small class="ref-info">(недоступная ссылка)</small> Соросовский образовательный журнал, 1996, № 10, с. 33-41.\</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Ссылки"><span id=".D0.A1.D1.81.D1.8B.D0.BB.D0.BA.D0.B8"></span>Ссылки</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «Ссылки»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimy%25C9%2599vi_reaksiya" title="Kimyəvi reaksiya — азербайджанский" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kimyəvi reaksiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B4%25DB%258C%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25DB%258C_%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D9%2588%25D9%2586" title="شیمیایی ریاکسیون — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شیمیایی ریاکسیون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksyon_na_kimikal" title="Reaksyon na kimikal — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Reaksyon na kimikal" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2596%25D0%25BC%25D1%2596%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D1%2580%25D1%258D%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D1%258B%25D1%258F" title="Хімічная рэакцыя — белорусский" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хімічная рэакцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="белорусский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2596%25D0%25BC%25D1%2596%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D1%2580%25D1%258D%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D1%258B%25D1%258F" title="Хімічная рэакцыя — белорусский (тарашкевица)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хімічная рэакцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="белорусский (тарашкевица)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Химична реакция — болгарский" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Химична реакция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгарский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BC%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%2595_%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BC%25E0%25A6%25BE" title="রাসায়নিক বিক্রিয়া — бенгальский" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাসায়নিক বিক্রিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemijska_reakcija" title="Hemijska reakcija — боснийский" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hemijska reakcija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="боснийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reacci%25C3%25B3_qu%25C3%25ADmica" title="Reacció química — каталанский" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reacció química" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%2595%25D9%2588%25DB%2595%25DB%258C_%25DA%25A9%25DB%258C%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25DB%258C" title="کاردانەوەی کیمیایی — центральнокурдский" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کاردانەوەی کیمیایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="центральнокурдский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemick%25C3%25A1_reakce" title="Chemická reakce — чешский" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chemická reakce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8" title="Химилле реакци — чувашский" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Химилле реакци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adwaith_cemegol" title="Adwaith cemegol — валлийский" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Adwaith cemegol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="валлийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemisk_reaktion" title="Kemisk reaktion — датский" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kemisk reaktion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="избранная статья"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemische_Reaktion" title="Chemische Reaktion — немецкий" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chemische Reaktion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksiyono_kimyasal" title="Reaksiyono kimyasal — Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Reaksiyono kimyasal" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A7%25CE%25B7%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AE_%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD%25CF%2584%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B4%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1%25CF%2583%25CE%25B7" title="Χημική αντίδραση — греческий" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χημική αντίδραση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="греческий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction — английский" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chemical reaction" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="английский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemia_reakcio" title="Kemia reakcio — эсперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kemia reakcio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reacci%25C3%25B3n_qu%25C3%25ADmica" title="Reacción química — испанский" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reacción química" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keemiline_reaktsioon" title="Keemiline reaktsioon — эстонский" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keemiline reaktsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erreakzio_kimiko" title="Erreakzio kimiko — баскский" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erreakzio kimiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25DA%25A9%25D9%2586%25D8%25B4_%25D8%25B4%25DB%258C%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25DB%258C" title="واکنش شیمیایی — персидский" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واکنش شیمیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персидский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemiallinen_reaktio" title="Kemiallinen reaktio — финский" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kemiallinen reaktio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="финский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aadomid%25C3%25B5_%25C3%25BCmbreistmine" title="Aadomidõ ümbreistmine — выруский" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Aadomidõ ümbreistmine" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="выруский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C3%25A9action_chimique" title="Réaction chimique — французский" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réaction chimique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="французский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheemisk_reaksioon" title="Cheemisk reaksioon — северный фризский" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Cheemisk reaksioon" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="северный фризский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemyske_reaksje" title="Gemyske reaksje — западнофризский" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gemyske reaksje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="западнофризский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imoibri%25C3%25BA_ceimiceach" title="Imoibriú ceimiceach — ирландский" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Imoibriú ceimiceach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C3%25A9aksyon_chimik" title="Réaksyon chimik — Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Réaksyon chimik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iom-obrachadh_ceimigeach" title="Iom-obrachadh ceimigeach — гэльский" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Iom-obrachadh ceimigeach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="гэльский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reacci%25C3%25B3n_qu%25C3%25ADmica" title="Reacción química — галисийский" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reacción química" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25AA%25D7%2592%25D7%2595%25D7%2591%25D7%2594_%25D7%259B%25D7%2599%25D7%259E%25D7%2599%25D7%25AA" title="תגובה כימית — иврит" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תגובה כימית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595_%25E0%25A4%2585%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="रासायनिक अभिक्रिया — хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रासायनिक अभिक्रिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemijska_reakcija" title="Kemijska reakcija — хорватский" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kemijska reakcija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyaksyon_chimik" title="Reyaksyon chimik — гаитянский" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Reyaksyon chimik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="гаитянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C3%25A9miai_reakci%25C3%25B3" title="Kémiai reakció — венгерский" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kémiai reakció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгерский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2594%25D5%25AB%25D5%25B4%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6_%25D5%25BC%25D5%25A5%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AF%25D6%2581%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580" title="Քիմիական ռեակցիաներ — армянский" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քիմիական ռեակցիաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_chimic" title="Reaction chimic — интерлингва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Reaction chimic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksi_kimia" title="Reaksi kimia — индонезийский" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Reaksi kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemiala_reakto" title="Kemiala reakto — идо" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kemiala reakto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efnahvarf" title="Efnahvarf — исландский" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Efnahvarf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reazione_chimica" title="Reazione chimica — итальянский" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Reazione chimica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="итальянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%258C%2596%25E5%25AD%25A6%25E5%258F%258D%25E5%25BF%259C" title="化学反応 — японский" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="化学反応" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimikal_riakshan" title="Kimikal riakshan — Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kimikal riakshan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C3%25A9aksi_kimia" title="Réaksi kimia — яванский" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Réaksi kimia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="яванский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A5%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598_%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A5%25E1%2583%25AA%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="ქიმიური რეაქცია — грузинский" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქიმიური რეაქცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ximiyal%25C4%25B1q_reakciya" title="Ximiyalıq reakciya — каракалпакский" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ximiyalıq reakciya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="каракалпакский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasedmirt_takrurant" title="Tasedmirt takrurant — кабильский" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasedmirt takrurant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="кабильский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kp%25C9%259Bl%25C9%25A9_kp%25C9%259Bl%25C9%259Bk%25CA%258B%25CA%258B_t%25C9%259B_lakaya%25C9%25A3" title="Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ lakayaɣ — Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ lakayaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25BB%25D1%258B%25D2%259B_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Химиялық реакциялар — казахский" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Химиялық реакциялар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%2594%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%259A%25E1%259E%258F%25E1%259E%25B7%25E1%259E%2580%25E1%259E%2598%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%2598%25E1%259E%2582%25E1%259E%25B8%25E1%259E%2598%25E1%259E%25B8" title="ប្រតិកម្មគីមី — кхмерский" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប្រតិកម្មគីមី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="кхмерский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25B8%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25AF%25E0%25B2%25A8%25E0%25B2%25BF%25E0%25B2%2595_%25E0%25B2%2595%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B2%25BF%25E0%25B2%25AF%25E0%25B3%2586" title="ರಾಸಾಯನಿಕ ಕ್ರಿಯೆ — каннада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಾಸಾಯನಿಕ ಕ್ರಿಯೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннада" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25ED%2599%2594%25ED%2595%2599_%25EB%25B0%2598%25EC%259D%2591" title="화학 반응 — корейский" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화학 반응" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactio_chemica" title="Reactio chemica — латинский" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Reactio chemica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaziun_chimiga" title="Reaziun chimiga — Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Reaziun chimiga" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobongoli_na_shimi" title="Bobongoli na shimi — лингала" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bobongoli na shimi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="лингала" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemin%25C4%2597_reakcija" title="Cheminė reakcija — литовский" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Cheminė reakcija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литовский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%25B6%25C4%25ABmisk%25C4%2581_reakcija" title="Ķīmiskā reakcija — латышский" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķīmiskā reakcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латышский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiota_simika" title="Fiota simika — малагасийский" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiota simika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="малагасийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="избранная статья"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Хемиска реакција — македонский" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хемиска реакција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B4%25AA%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B5%25BC%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B4%2582" title="രാസപ്രവർത്തനം — малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രാസപ്രവർത്തനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BD_%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB" title="Химийн урвал — монгольский" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Химийн урвал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="монгольский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595_%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="रासायनिक प्रतिक्रिया — маратхи" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रासायनिक प्रतिक्रिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="маратхи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tindak_balas_kimia" title="Tindak balas kimia — малайский" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tindak balas kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reazzjoni_kimika" title="Reazzjoni kimika — мальтийский" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Reazzjoni kimika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="мальтийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2593%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2593%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2595%25E1%2580%25BC%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25BE%25E1%2580%25AF" title="ဓာတုဓာတ်ပြုမှု — бирманский" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဓာတုဓာတ်ပြုမှု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бирманский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheemsch_Reakschoon" title="Cheemsch Reakschoon — нижненемецкий" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Cheemsch Reakschoon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="нижненемецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595_%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="रासायनिक प्रतिक्रिया — непальский" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रासायनिक प्रतिक्रिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="непальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemische_reactie" title="Chemische reactie — нидерландский" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chemische reactie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjemisk_reaksjon" title="Kjemisk reaksjon — нюнорск" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kjemisk reaksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="нюнорск" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjemisk_reaksjon" title="Kjemisk reaksjon — норвежский букмол" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kjemisk reaksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежский букмол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaccion_quimica" title="Reaccion quimica — окситанский" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Reaccion quimica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25B8%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%2587%25E0%25A8%25A3%25E0%25A8%2595_%25E0%25A8%2595%25E0%25A8%25BF%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25BF%25E0%25A8%2586" title="ਰਸਾਇਣਕ ਕਿਰਿਆ — панджаби" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਸਾਇਣਕ ਕਿਰਿਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="панджаби" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reakcja_chemiczna" title="Reakcja chemiczna — польский" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Reakcja chemiczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="польский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25DB%258C%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25DB%258C_%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%2584" title="کیمیائی تعامل — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیمیائی تعامل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rea%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o_qu%25C3%25ADmica" title="Reação química — португальский" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reação química" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruranakuy" title="Ruranakuy — кечуа" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ruranakuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reac%25C8%259Bie_chimic%25C4%2583" title="Reacție chimică — румынский" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Reacție chimică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riazzioni_ch%25C3%25ACmica" title="Riazzioni chìmica — сицилийский" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Riazzioni chìmica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="сицилийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25AA%25D9%258A%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25D9%258A_%25D8%25B9%25D9%2585%25D9%2584" title="ڪيميائي عمل — синдхи" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪيميائي عمل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="синдхи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemijska_reakcija" title="Hemijska reakcija — сербскохорватский" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hemijska reakcija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сербскохорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%2583%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B6%25BA%25E0%25B6%25B1%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%259A_%25E0%25B6%25B4%25E0%25B7%258A%25E2%2580%258D%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B6%25AD%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%259A%25E0%25B7%258A%25E2%2580%258D%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%25BA%25E0%25B7%258F" title="රසායනික ප්‍රතික්‍රියා — сингальский" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රසායනික ප්‍රතික්‍රියා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="сингальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chemical reaction" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemick%25C3%25A1_reakcia" title="Chemická reakcia — словацкий" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chemická reakcia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словацкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="избранная статья"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemi%25C4%258Dna_reakcija" title="Kemična reakcija — словенский" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kemična reakcija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupinguro_rweMishonga" title="Rupinguro rweMishonga — шона" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rupinguro rweMishonga" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="шона" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimikal_dibusocod" title="Kimikal dibusocod — сомали" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kimikal dibusocod" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="сомали" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksioni_kimik" title="Reaksioni kimik — албанский" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Reaksioni kimik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Хемијска реакција — сербский" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хемијска реакција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C3%25A9aksi_kimiawi" title="Réaksi kimiawi — сунданский" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Réaksi kimiawi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="сунданский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemisk_reaktion" title="Kemisk reaktion — шведский" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kemisk reaktion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmenyuko_wa_kikemia" title="Mmenyuko wa kikemia — суахили" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mmenyuko wa kikemia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AF%2587%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AE%25BF_%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AF%2588" title="வேதி வினை — тамильский" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வேதி வினை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамильский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B0%25B8%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%25AF%25E0%25B0%25A8_%25E0%25B0%25AA%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B0%25A4%25E0%25B0%25BF%25E0%25B0%259A%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25AF" title="రసాయన ప్రతిచర్య — телугу" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రసాయన ప్రతిచర్య" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="телугу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B8%258F%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25B5" title="ปฏิกิริยาเคมี — тайский" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปฏิกิริยาเคมี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258A%25A8%25E1%2588%259A%25E1%258A%25AB%25E1%2588%258D_%25E1%2588%25AA%25E1%258A%25A3%25E1%258A%25AD%25E1%2588%25BD%25E1%258A%2595" title="ከሚካል ሪኣክሽን — тигринья" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ከሚካል ሪኣክሽን" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="тигринья" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himiki_reaksi%25C3%25BDa" title="Himiki reaksiýa — туркменский" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Himiki reaksiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="туркменский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksiyong_kimikal" title="Reaksiyong kimikal — тагалог" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Reaksiyong kimikal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="тагалог" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimyasal_reaksiyon" title="Kimyasal reaksiyon — турецкий" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kimyasal reaksiyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AE%25D9%2589%25D9%2585%25D9%2589%25D9%258A%25D9%2589%25D9%2584%25D9%2589%25D9%2583_%25D8%25B1%25DB%2590%25D8%25A6%25D8%25A7%25D9%2583%25D8%25B3%25D9%2589%25D9%258A%25DB%2595" title="خىمىيىلىك رېئاكسىيە — уйгурский" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="خىمىيىلىك رېئاكسىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="уйгурский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2596%25D0%25BC%25D1%2596%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Хімічна реакція — украинский" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хімічна реакція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25DB%258C%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25DB%258C_%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%2584" title="کیمیائی تعامل — урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیمیائی تعامل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimyoviy_reaksiya" title="Kimyoviy reaksiya — узбекский" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kimyoviy reaksiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%25E1%25BA%25A3n_%25E1%25BB%25A9ng_h%25C3%25B3a_h%25E1%25BB%258Dc" title="Phản ứng hóa học — вьетнамский" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phản ứng hóa học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вьетнамский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksyon_hin_kimikal" title="Reaksyon hin kimikal — варай" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Reaksyon hin kimikal" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%258C%2596%25E5%25AD%25A6%25E5%258F%258D%25E5%25BA%2594" title="化学反应 — у" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="化学反应" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="у" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%259B%25D7%25A2%25D7%259E%25D7%2599%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A2_%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A2%25D7%2590%25D7%25A7%25D7%25A6%25D7%2599%25D7%25A2" title="כעמישע רעאקציע — идиш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="כעמישע רעאקציע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="идиш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%258Cdarap%25E1%25BB%258D%25CC%2580m%25E1%25BB%258D%25CC%2581ra_k%25E1%25BA%25B9%25CC%2581m%25C3%25ADk%25C3%25A0" title="Ìdarapọ̀mọ́ra kẹ́míkà — йоруба" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìdarapọ̀mọ́ra kẹ́míkà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="йоруба" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25C3%25B2a-ha%25CC%258Dk_ho%25C3%25A1n-%25C3%25A8ng" title="Hòa-ha̍k hoán-èng — миньнань" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hòa-ha̍k hoán-èng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="миньнань" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%258C%2596%25E5%25AD%25B8%25E5%258F%258D%25E6%2587%2589" title="化學反應 — кантонский" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="化學反應" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a 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Химическая реакция — Википедия