CINXE.COM

Just a moment...

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91340766d9d98240',cH: 'tNdh7H9LvL4DpH75wiQ.aTni4gLlcYgUO.CuWu8BUY0-1739776973-1.2.1.1-Tqd4v.LW40lwIaL_aWnfaYbAB7lpq.ufezqjqbb_AASiS_rXkjkmPn0h1aGW.Nr.',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=environmental&__cf_chl_tk=7mtSMGTsHxHjafARmG72As5v7AoH9VKtkK9mmYNhYKU-1739776973-1.0.1.1-cChQqJWxPtP.AVDTtgaQsGUULwVH.RCbt4zRQ27mtag",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739776973',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=environmental&__cf_chl_f_tk=7mtSMGTsHxHjafARmG72As5v7AoH9VKtkK9mmYNhYKU-1739776973-1.0.1.1-cChQqJWxPtP.AVDTtgaQsGUULwVH.RCbt4zRQ27mtag",md: "eBtNhYlC2dwdq9yRD3dWzYQcZABuS3.tsbNHfuapehE-1739776973-1.2.1.1-i5.T56bw2AGlFdyN45kyBYde1pU0tBO7vYeziI6kj6.kE_KYisB58sVy0LVs847GE3Rsse2n9WHahsfyFNGby8MJwWXOdOXR_Y.W7LXZbmBmrf30oVUaUunS2CcPqo1Cui_0xzwMam1.WQ8jY6682XhTr.OdWsnqdknJc2U1Lwf.Yh0zfcdelEgojBBosX7aNoMh_e7ce8T4GDWxf70OHWmmjNhSKYLm8vIu2tLFJ3WI.hidLKW.TEEKw3.8K3eQcPZqjrhQdQYloQZQf9F6r965bv8PlZXxLaPqK1ceKugpBFj5EZy4YtC.D5srfsZOLV43R1x823Z33cfwzt8LyvFJDGebTr8GuxWK3rCz9tWH5mD447x8VGpC.ogqw29_4R5HC1iWZVo0ZuQFaxnYkn5KEeUc7zMygGasfyuOfLyLFPvZpHH92OgWGm64jP_tRP6WiRBMiaRYDxj3Qo1wlJ.4YySMEVU61LuILydNAaxzrAAEVRgsRh9cJfThkw8W6H.FRmhn1tRZPyVErSCPpBzBpZZsmwlbdDtTiK.5g3eWWvT6Ubn8bzPTZeX_wVtRbg6Tad91x0ixQxL4BL0wuh8qCnbbRONywu4rkNQJDruuc.BWeW.Vss.ItqzHaQ9ROE640EKUt.LzPvVzthM2wdQ0z4UTMSS_rRpi0aw2VQLMyaULvu.iwceMrdAb9gSDPr0mKzjKdnftDgA_HcbgDzcf2MNASUiKPQzha_.59I_wFzuWwla2V3ZEo053uP0McwNemCdUZPnLhOFIElyMIbBHVd6KhLt6H5dncmOJmBkpmX4bSQa4AftXDFdtGdcRYdrCq9S6aCGm.Va0s44U4vho7SY1lnm3Y9bSun9uggKjAkO8WqP90o9VVDD.Zm8DhuiXca30gKyp.L1XZHHrwjstiWJ_OYwj4XYGtvUX7Z9jSIMAgL.8sJXKRvcDlF6uOeKnFlj3gUJcx3.5vJhGbDu62YEYCdde5V3mk7vWtrI45SavYaLkFtT2pmyiA8udDdqy7MFICT2Y1B2qoBt5qpgd0DjESmC1D5QucxZRUHNiWrbc9es2YtmI1p6xCGuznFOesIaGg6E_RNeYsxk0F.CcFKqqVFbuCAry1eUp9NO_x_3ZkENsKW1Isd3wqEImHGyRdEhWOQiasYGOGYpT02cQyR9qWzLXhPi6YvyRW4O2Hw_a34PjzPPubq98rD2_IWCGxgErSDCsSR2POycThfTuQFwGftJ7ZdPJfoEqGjvAqeukXZdZeHWmmnhFsz85a_R9leOMLw78tGgnPvZfCqQl5_YWgDNQNtmwY0CG8_9v_Op3vR_9iLEcTKvnHBe26I24O_ExP6rk02rGdlK9MsdyT8YzytSQK5saOAEzASCPkGLBXN1Nn8xw.SatHN6sP655GNR401OPWrPbPBaYswcI_HjmgrNI6_bB3oonOAQY4jUfaJV9C59hlB7zj1BXfxKTxt2gezmwV7sfIdHj.cIha0VFgzZ5ta7_92ncWXOryrYvQ0zIvEB3GveUlr6ZTc7TQgovroWzIV2Do91l0eUK7xr7UdkwlQ0o7uXfn7vyBSMt0b4j4HcjhgnHLWThwbnC0fEiXgiOYFrWMuSEtfJ_bG7VdeN1Aczu7Dxi0ywlhm_NZRvl2mEj.To5b2vAwW50WDzKm1UMHT8xMFzZv0HAqFL5ySmd9NCfphftU.qLspF2nF9GK5QkXf4tAxuAt5nm53xsByYM8JI0.GkH4ss1MUCM03LhCWMMFqBT.LC2DNOA.89WnAP9yVy1WybJCIirzg6YIQT5_TcTUxYoLIIqQ55MRiDFGjKPBuHE4eQNF7JB1Hry9Y.dv8BkpFFFk2A6uyQJQZ7YIeJ0CWCsQuo2TvnTEoGSklhmFJhKnhhQ2pxmlxoTs_4Q0fmfaCDFrsqJDfmHn9YcVnUixrhpqSVE9T2fqtw7w.OBvj2V1lk",mdrd: "HEFDqDzmGsROkY.61YjcFsIQSLFTlXeNXjR.6K6eGPc-1739776973-1.2.1.1-MnGSZwY3QB.G38fyb7y4d88c86CEqD4GQpOAA2MBYuE_WRENG1NfSJ_F8U26cMqHPoBEMs0.9a1npeBmY8x0AS_GfMtBd7GpEYAlTJuNdq6JQiT7RsL83QukDBC3ZYA31TQ3jWxwQcub_q0UNfzxyJ0IGWbhRQqOqKmI0QBBuZFpCmwKaB4wddCOpaNPx_hOULYjl5xoOFbzmobawrDIOFoE781NIIwrRxBPWDmhYK7tRDStR9D8AaHdwfWf71c5rXnNC3517UmJmfY_JBOYloyJHcJuM_fGmbFhkU3w8hUskeoH4gXznkMk0O..rOXvS0nQnfA9ROgJBr.LXfGxzLrSvhWe3qrkxtUtwQYHWUZEUk__CaTymTZesTQghDwhEFHxSO3hov81gUFVXoM0AMU7QQxwHhduWlx9DrufJFtfFZMzEBUYwxUX0HsFxLz3QZh2Lg9BpO0t2pNovTzmqykK9seZ7azMsnPORZ_lguKEDBtPhIhIC6Wvk7Yo12efV5ZlCFlG9qh7QHK_prcjQpPXOVYqlmcJpwH0aypOeCCnmcKsT9v.2mSZPjG87cu1cDcUIIa6oxVBRBcc80YQD6RuUPnNNmMY2Cc9NhIN6GM9FsehYKnaMyqi8nPSL5tIYOWyJyFeM9fN3pmeBBkA9Ok6ryGAs1VV5A.omfSlxav13DhyantKmWT47djPLgFa4XieTOfmvq8HZ3wlBrVv.8nUSIjJpGGiip9bMucQPjVjBND8SRw0arFHr3R7DUUXGmrrDT3rAKT4p8TloAulDUXGKbq3cfkdj0_IFx4fNLMxT6LLJkT0tQ6ozouQIv2C9psxIafvZk3.TSzRZxFTIEjv.USiHGCnQbhKv3VyTbHbHslFPpeClD5SnpQ3ZjyNSBEQWrws8.9mEgi4V2ZJLpwemn91FhsDWbdXs7xooMSA68d4hUab0F_AXilej_mw6XapAPIfREaVFD3irW_lu9tl5eyBcpaq21CDVUzCY4tYBBnsyrZGd.5Psy.jk2kJykcsfOjGAC874Ab8DNaC2xG62sHlYGqHBvx.SK69zJqrxAEMQzf2ReLRjVKuYUmVzdd3s8Ov7CaL.8CEVj1lk8qoskrvS8CuUB6r_04BuznHLlqNHYEI8cyB1ac0TnsOJr0Avg2vUfEz8AmJWNjJcCQHsJvXcFlMSV3UQmQQ0ihBNBE01ELDP.cDKfKpJYtlxxfiQ6uBPGBXhTOlEsQQzyhaIONcGQeYBQ_jszwdOfGtFI2aguLpay70Wk7MMofJuNLH8rgSCj4mBONdk4CEcJJ2kvKGV1djBPAXdb5mu8mAV55VrgY.F0eJ_OjSKohcm6_UyaWU2bc61f96zG2AXp7uzraK4OjlKFOaA8b1PR08Ci6qmSzP9DJafjz7dCpCkpj7luYDmUyTZXieAcgw7eisSUkApO_yh59bbc3OjPAntcHtC.b7Nl9FwtSwEq7KKF7bmMC1UWj1Ubbv7ghsysdE4Mx7hNK5hUF0w0FTp3k.v0IGoSYYeFDrOsGdfHCsxRMnJFlwME3jgi81Mt2gxYrbcyWPKg5GkO7kNHVBnW1a3LT7khiu9jivCu3jH5ARfAFLwUVySueD_WAXPIUgH9kDhmGwIdBSL3H2HPxBtwfExu3ZK_oUMTUPX7AxbAOtpw5bGL7Ouvk.DIaLzgjNz6VYrxpfyOTbWKucb02zbcNUp_Ct_koNuMU.p4HN1Ol2bSNxl7pB3u1nlfCkuc4fdj6EIZjwnXEFweDLnteuhakCvwaJ9xrp0lvAFFT2GtGgRWhxEFFWOwS8kTPOZpQ6PEijSkLJ_gmy68LT0vYCwNtbaevQoIjQEmKesg.YkmLSDdKjbz.8IqDD_6XtyErFQwDEti.wDvAWNFWSP9O1pHbd.wx0na1LnwQIxzGSsJfsNBZ4OKED0_mnOIZ4Ug4CryntFGTXXX1iU2HWtMYZistJnIESQpYXJEJByf6CO3M8"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91340766d9d98240';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=environmental&__cf_chl_rt_tk=7mtSMGTsHxHjafARmG72As5v7AoH9VKtkK9mmYNhYKU-1739776973-1.0.1.1-cChQqJWxPtP.AVDTtgaQsGUULwVH.RCbt4zRQ27mtag" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>