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<meta property="og:title" content="Zaman Pertengahan - Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//ms.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Pertengahan"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Sunting" href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Pertengahan&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (ms)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//ms.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Pertengahan"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ms"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Suapan 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utama" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu utama</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu utama</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pandu arah </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Laman-Utama" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama"><span>Laman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Tinjau" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tinjau"><span>Tinjau</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hal_semasa" title="Cari maklumat latar belakang mengenai peristiwa semasa"><span>Hal semasa</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Rawak" title="Muat laman rawak [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Rencana rawak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Perhubungan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Tentang-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Gerbang-komuniti" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gerbang_Komuniti"><span>Gerbang komuniti</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_terkini" title="Senarai perubahan terkini dalam wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Menderma" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Menderma</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Tempat mencari jawapan"><span>Bantuan</span></a></li><li id="n-Kedai-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kedai_Kopi"><span>Kedai Kopi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ms.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Cari" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Cari</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cari Wikipedia" aria-label="Cari Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Khas:Cari"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Alat peribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Tukar penampilan saiz, lebar dan warna fon laman" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Penampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Penampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms" class=""><span>Derma</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Zaman+Pertengahan" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib" class=""><span>Buka akaun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Zaman+Pertengahan" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log masuk</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Lebih pilihan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alat peribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alat peribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Derma</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Zaman+Pertengahan" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buka akaun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Zaman+Pertengahan" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Pentakrifan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pentakrifan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Pentakrifan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pentakrifan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Pentakrifan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pentakrifan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pemahaman_semasa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pemahaman_semasa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pemahaman semasa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pemahaman_semasa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penentuan_tarikh_pemula_dan_penamat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penentuan_tarikh_pemula_dan_penamat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Penentuan tarikh pemula dan penamat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penentuan_tarikh_pemula_dan_penamat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awal_zaman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awal_zaman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Awal zaman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awal_zaman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kemuncak_zaman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kemuncak_zaman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kemuncak zaman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kemuncak_zaman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penyusutan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penyusutan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Penyusutan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penyusutan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nota" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nota"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Nota</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nota-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Zaman Pertengahan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 164 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-164" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">164 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middeleeue" title="Middeleeue – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Middeleeue" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelalter" title="Mittelalter – Jerman Switzerland" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mittelalter" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Switzerland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8A%AB%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%88%E1%8A%9B_%E1%8B%98%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95" title="መካከለኛ ዘመን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መካከለኛ ዘመን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%89" title="العصور الوسطى – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصور الوسطى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edat_Meya" title="Edat Meya – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Edat Meya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Միջնադար – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Միջնադար" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyen_%C3%82jo" title="Moyen Âjo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Moyen Âjo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed%C3%A1_Media" title="Edá Media – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Edá Media" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ra_Mbytegua" title="Ára Mbytegua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ára Mbytegua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orta_%C9%99srl%C9%99r" title="Orta əsrlər – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Orta əsrlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B1" title="اورتا عصرلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اورتا عصرلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_Pertengahan" title="Abad Pertengahan – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abad Pertengahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97" title="মধ্যযুগ – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মধ্যযুগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiong-s%C3%A8-k%C3%AD" title="Tiong-sè-kí – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiong-sè-kí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Урта быуаттар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Урта быуаттар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%B5" title="Сярэдневякоўе – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сярэдневякоўе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Сярэднявечча – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сярэднявечча" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middloita" title="Middloita – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Middloita" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednji_vijek" title="Srednji vijek – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Srednji vijek" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krennamzer" title="Krennamzer – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Krennamzer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Средновековие – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Средновековие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Дунда зуун – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Дунда зуун" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edat_mitjana" title="Edat mitjana – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edat mitjana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungang_Panahon" title="Tungang Panahon – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tungang Panahon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%C4%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC_%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Вăтам ĕмĕрсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вăтам ĕмĕрсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C5%99edov%C4%9Bk" title="Středověk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Středověk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medievu" title="Medievu – Corsica" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Medievu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Oesoedd_Canol" title="Yr Oesoedd Canol – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Oesoedd Canol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelalderen" title="Middelalderen – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Middelalderen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لقرون لوسطانية – Arab Maghribi" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لقرون لوسطانية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maghribi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelalter" title="Mittelalter – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mittelalter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srjej%C5%BAow%C4%9Bk" title="Srjejźowěk – Sorbian Rendah" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Srjejźowěk" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbian Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskaeg" title="Keskaeg – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keskaeg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Μεσαίωνας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεσαίωνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Middle Ages" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Куншкапинге – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Куншкапинге" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edad_Media" title="Edad Media – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edad Media" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezepoko" title="Mezepoko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mezepoko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed%C3%A1_Meia" title="Edá Meia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Edá Meia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdi_Aroa" title="Erdi Aroa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erdi Aroa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C" title="قرون وسطی – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قرون وسطی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Middle Ages" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%B0%C3%B8ldin" title="Miðøldin – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Miðøldin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyen_%C3%82ge" title="Moyen Âge – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moyen Âge" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midsiuwen" title="Midsiuwen – Frisian Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Midsiuwen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A2t_di_mie%C3%A7" title="Etât di mieç – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Etât di mieç" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Mhe%C3%A1naois" title="An Mheánaois – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Mheánaois" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadhan-aoisean" title="Meadhan-aoisean – Scots Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Meadhan-aoisean" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scots Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idade_Media" title="Idade Media – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Idade Media" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Юкъера бӀаьшераш – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Юкъера бӀаьшераш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="中世紀 – Cina Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="中世紀" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Cina Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%84%B8" title="중세 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Միջնադար – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջնադար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="मध्ययुग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मध्ययुग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srjed%C5%BAow%C4%9Bk" title="Srjedźowěk – Sorbian Atas" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Srjedźowěk" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbian Atas" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednji_vijek" title="Srednji vijek – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Srednji vijek" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezepoko" title="Mezepoko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mezepoko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengnga_a_Panpanawen" title="Tengnga a Panpanawen – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tengnga a Panpanawen" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medievo" title="Medievo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Medievo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medievie" title="Medievie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Medievie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%C3%A6%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Астæузаман – Ossete" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Астæузаман" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossete" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%B0aldir" title="Miðaldir – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Miðaldir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medioevo" title="Medioevo – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Medioevo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ימי הביניים – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ימי הביניים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_Tengahan" title="Abad Tengahan – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Abad Tengahan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%9Bk%CA%8A_n%C9%9B_H%C9%9Bk%CA%8A_Al%C9%A9waat%CA%8A" title="Hɛkʊ nɛ Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hɛkʊ nɛ Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="შუა საუკუნეები – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შუა საუკუნეები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strz%C3%A9dnowiek" title="Strzédnowiek – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Strzédnowiek" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Ортағасыр – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ортағасыр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osow_Kres" title="Osow Kres – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Osow Kres" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Орто кылымдар – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Орто кылымдар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzi_ya_kati" title="Enzi ya kati – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Enzi ya kati" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mway%C3%A8naj" title="Mwayènaj – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mwayènaj" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwayen-Aj" title="Mwayen-Aj – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Mwayen-Aj" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serdema_Nav%C3%AEn" title="Serdema Navîn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Serdema Navîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A9_medievala" title="Eté medievala – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Eté medievala" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%84%E0%BB%9D%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%87" title="ສະໄໝກາງ – Laos" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສະໄໝກາງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_aevum" title="Medium aevum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Medium aevum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viduslaiki" title="Viduslaiki – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Viduslaiki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ABttelalter" title="Mëttelalter – Luxembourg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mëttelalter" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viduram%C5%BEiai" title="Viduramžiai – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Viduramžiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A6_de_M%C3%ABzo" title="Etæ de Mëzo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Etæ de Mëzo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middeliewe" title="Middeliewe – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Middeliewe" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eda_medieval" title="Eda medieval – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Eda medieval" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medio%C3%A9v" title="Medioév – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Medioév" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6z%C3%A9pkor" title="Középkor – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Középkor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Среден век – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Среден век" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andro_Antenatenany" title="Andro Antenatenany – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Andro Antenatenany" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="മദ്ധ്യകാലം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മദ്ധ്യകാലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medjuevu" title="Medjuevu – Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Medjuevu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="मध्य युग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मध्य युग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="შქა ოშწანურეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შქა ოშწანურეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="عصور وسطانيه – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عصور وسطانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%A7" title="قرون وسطا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="قرون وسطا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaik_Patangahan" title="Abaik Patangahan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Abaik Patangahan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidade_M%C3%A9dia" title="Eidade Média – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eidade Média" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Дундад зуун – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дундад зуун" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="အလယ်ခေတ် – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အလယ်ခေတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middeleeuwen" title="Middeleeuwen – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Middeleeuwen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middeleywen" title="Middeleywen – Saxon Rendah" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Middeleywen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Saxon Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96" title="中世 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medioevo" title="Medioevo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Medioevo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madel%C3%A4%C3%A4ler" title="Madelääler – Frisian Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Madelääler" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelalderen" title="Middelalderen – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Middelalderen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellomalderen" title="Mellomalderen – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mellomalderen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyen_%C3%82ge" title="Meyen Âge – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Meyen Âge" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edat_Mejana" title="Edat Mejana – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Edat Mejana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CA%BBrta_asr" title="Oʻrta asr – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oʻrta asr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2" title="ਮੱਧਕਾਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੱਧਕਾਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7" title="وچکارلا ویلا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وچکارلا ویلا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9D" title="ခေတ်ထာႏဝ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ခေတ်ထာႏဝ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edad_Media" title="Edad Media – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Edad Media" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D9%86%DB%8D_%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%93%DB%8D" title="منځنۍ پېړۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="منځنۍ پېړۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migl_Iejiz" title="Migl Iejiz – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Migl Iejiz" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C3%A9yin_Ache" title="Moéyin Ache – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Moéyin Ache" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A0_%C3%ABd_mes" title="Età ëd mes – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Età ëd mes" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middel%C3%B6ller" title="Middelöller – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Middelöller" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Aredniowiecze" title="Średniowiecze – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Średniowiecze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idade_M%C3%A9dia" title="Idade Média – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Idade Média" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evul_Mediu" title="Evul Mediu – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Evul Mediu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temp_medieval" title="Temp medieval – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Temp medieval" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Середновік – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Середновік" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Средние века – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Средние века" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Орто үйэлэр – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Орто үйэлэр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/cung-se-ci" title="cung-se-ci – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="cung-se-ci" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%B0%DB%8C" title="قرون وسطٰی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="قرون وسطٰی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edade_m%C3%A8dia" title="Edade mèdia – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Edade mèdia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Middle Ages" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middeloaler" title="Middeloaler – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Middeloaler" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesjeta" title="Mesjeta – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mesjeta" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediuevu" title="Mediuevu – Sicili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mediuevu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Middle Ages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="وچون دور – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وچون دور" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stredovek" title="Stredovek – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stredovek" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednji_vek" title="Srednji vek – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Srednji vek" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strzed%C5%84e_Storocza" title="Strzedńe Storocza – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Strzedńe Storocza" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سەدەکانی ناوین – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەدەکانی ناوین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%9A%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Средњи век – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Средњи век" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednji_vijek" title="Srednji vijek – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Srednji vijek" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskiaika" title="Keskiaika – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keskiaika" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medeltiden" title="Medeltiden – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Medeltiden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitnang_Kapanahunan" title="Gitnang Kapanahunan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gitnang Kapanahunan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE)" title="நடுக்காலம் (ஐரோப்பா) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நடுக்காலம் (ஐரோப்பா)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallit-Tanammast" title="Tallit-Tanammast – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tallit-Tanammast" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Урта гасырлар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Урта гасырлар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="สมัยกลาง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมัยกลาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trung_C%E1%BB%95" title="Trung Cổ – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trung Cổ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orta_%C3%87a%C4%9F" title="Orta Çağ – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Orta Çağ" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orta_asyrlar" title="Orta asyrlar – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Orta asyrlar" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8F" title="Середньовіччя – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Середньовіччя" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C" title="قرون وسطی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قرون وسطی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A0_de_mezo" title="Età de mezo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Età de mezo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A4nodatim%C3%A4d" title="Zänodatimäd – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Zänodatimäd" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskaig" title="Keskaig – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Keskaig" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyin%C3%A5dje" title="Moyinådje – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Moyinådje" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96" title="中世 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="中世" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middel%C3%AAeuwn" title="Middelêeuwn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Middelêeuwn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabutngaay_nga_Panahon" title="Kabutngaay nga Panahon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kabutngaay nga Panahon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96" title="中世 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="中世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="מיטל אלטער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מיטל אלטער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="中世紀 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中世紀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middele%C3%AAuwen" title="Middeleêuwen – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Middeleêuwen" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%97dorom%C5%BE%C4%93" title="Vėdoromžē – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vėdoromžē" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="中世纪 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中世纪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12554#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Zaman_Pertengahan" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Zaman_Pertengahan" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Zaman_Pertengahan"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Pertengahan&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Pertengahan&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Pertengahan&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Zaman_Pertengahan"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Pertengahan&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Pertengahan&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Pertengahan&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Zaman_Pertengahan" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Zaman_Pertengahan" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Pertengahan&oldid=5646370" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Pertengahan&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Zaman_Pertengahan&id=5646370&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FZaman_Pertengahan"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FZaman_Pertengahan"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Zaman+Pertengahan"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Zaman_Pertengahan&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Pertengahan&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12554" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Couronnement_d%27un_prince_-_Sacramentaire_de_Charles_le_Chauve_Lat1141_f2v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Couronnement_d%27un_prince_-_Sacramentaire_de_Charles_le_Chauve_Lat1141_f2v.jpg/230px-Couronnement_d%27un_prince_-_Sacramentaire_de_Charles_le_Chauve_Lat1141_f2v.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Couronnement_d%27un_prince_-_Sacramentaire_de_Charles_le_Chauve_Lat1141_f2v.jpg/345px-Couronnement_d%27un_prince_-_Sacramentaire_de_Charles_le_Chauve_Lat1141_f2v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Couronnement_d%27un_prince_-_Sacramentaire_de_Charles_le_Chauve_Lat1141_f2v.jpg/460px-Couronnement_d%27un_prince_-_Sacramentaire_de_Charles_le_Chauve_Lat1141_f2v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="1209" /></a><figcaption>Raja Frank awal Zaman Pertengahan dilukis bersama Paus, dari Sakramen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_II_dari_Perancis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles II dari Perancis (laman tidak wujud)">Charles II dari Perancis</a> (sekitar 870).</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Zaman Pertengahan</b> merupakan zaman kedua dalam pembahagian tradisional sejarah <a href="/wiki/Eropah" title="Eropah">Eropah</a> kepada tiga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaman (laman tidak wujud)">zaman</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_purba_klasik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaman purba klasik (laman tidak wujud)">Tamadun Klasik Purba</a>, Zaman Pertengahan dan <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Moden" title="Zaman Moden">Zaman Moden</a>. Zaman ini merupakan zaman perubahan besar dalam kebudayaan, politik dan ekonomi di Eropah. Zaman Pertengahan menyaksikan <a href="/wiki/Pembandaran" title="Pembandaran">pembandaran</a> berkekalan pertama di utara dan barat Eropah. Negara-negara Eropah moden bermula pada zaman ini, sempadan seperti yang terdapat pada hari ini merupakan kesan pencapaian ketenteraan dan wangsa paza zaman yang kacau ini. Sains, teknologi, pertanian dan identiti sosial berubah secara mendadak pada masa ini. Zaman Pertengahan bermula dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemerosotan_Empayar_Rom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemerosotan Empayar Rom (laman tidak wujud)">kejatuhan Empayar Rom Barat</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-5" title="Abad ke-5">abad ke-5</a> hinggalah <a href="/wiki/Kejatuhan_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Kejatuhan Constantinople">kejatuhan Empayar Rom Timur</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-15" title="Abad ke-15">abad ke-15</a>. Walau bagaimanapun, tarikh ini cuma lebih kurang dan berasaskan hujah nuansa, kerana skema tarikh lain wujud. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pentakrifan">Pentakrifan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Pertengahan&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Pentakrifan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Pertengahan&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pentakrifan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zaman Pertengahan adalah salah satu dari tiga kurun waktu utama dalam skema terlama yang digunakan dalam kajian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Eropa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Eropa (laman tidak wujud)">Sejarah Eropah</a>, yakni <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Klasik" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaman Klasik">Zaman Klasik</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_kuno" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejarah kuno">Abad Kuno</a>, Zaman Pertengahan, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_modern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaman modern (laman tidak wujud)">Zaman Modern</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Power304_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power304-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Para sejarawan dari negara-negara <a href="/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Romawi" title="Bahasa-bahasa Romawi">penutur rumpun bahasa Romawi</a> cenderung membahagi Zaman Pertengahan menjadi dua kurun waktu, yakni kurun waktu "Tinggi" sebagai kurun waktu yang "terdahulu", dan kurun waktu "Rendah" sebagai kurun waktu yang "terkemudian". Para sejarawan penutur bahasa Inggris, mengikuti jejak ilmuwan sefahaman mereka di Jerman, umumnya membahagi Zaman Pertengahan menjadi tiga kurun waktu, yakni kurun waktu "Awal", kurun waktu "Puncak", dan kurun waktu "Akhir".<sup id="cite_ref-Power304_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power304-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada abad ke-19, seluruh Zaman Pertengahan kerap dijuluki <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Kelam" title="Zaman Kelam">"Zaman Kegelapan" (atau "Zaman Kelam")</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mommsen226_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mommsen226-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> namun semenjak Zaman Pertengahan dibahagikan menjadi tiga kurun waktu, pemakaian istilah ini pun dibatasi untuk kurun waktu Awal Zaman Pertengahan saja, setidaknya di kalangan sejarawan.<sup id="cite_ref-mommsen236_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mommsen236-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pemahaman_semasa">Pemahaman semasa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Pertengahan&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Pemahaman semasa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Pertengahan&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pemahaman semasa"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Para pujangga Zaman Pertengahan membahagi sejarah menjadi sejumlah kurun waktu, misalnya "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enam_Zaman_Dunia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enam Zaman Dunia (laman tidak wujud)">Enam Zaman</a>" atau "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empat_kerajaan_Daniel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Empat kerajaan Daniel (laman tidak wujud)">Empat Kerajaan</a>", dan menganggap zaman hidup mereka sebagai akhir zaman menjelang <a href="/wiki/Hari_Kiamat" title="Hari Kiamat">kiamat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mommsen236_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mommsen236-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bila mana para pujangga ini menggambarkan gaya hidup sezaman mereka, maka zaman itu akan mereka sebut sebagai "zaman modern".<sup id="cite_ref-Dailyx_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dailyx-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada era 1330-an, humanis sekaligus penyair Italia, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Petrarca" title="Francesco Petrarca">Francesco Petrarca</a>, menyebut kurun waktu pra-Kristian sebagai zaman <i>antiqua</i> (kuno) dan kurun waktu Kristian sebagai sebagai zaman <i>nova</i> (baru).<sup id="cite_ref-idea_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idea-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonardo_Bruni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonardo Bruni (laman tidak wujud)">Leonardo Bruni</a> adalah sejarawan pertama yang menggunakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abad_Pertengahan_Akhir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abad Pertengahan Akhir (laman tidak wujud)">periodisasi <i>tripartitus</i></a> (tiga serangkai) dalam karya tulisnya, <i>Sejarah Orang Firenze</i> (1442).<sup id="cite_ref-Brunixvii_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunixvii-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leonardo Bruni dan para sejarawan sesudahnya berpendapat bahwa Italia telah banyak berubah semenjak masa hidup Petrarca, dan oleh kerana itu menambahkan kurun waktu ketiga pada dua kurun waktu yang telah ditetapkan oleh Petrarka. Istilah "Zaman Pertengahan" pertama kali muncul dalam bahasa Latin pada 1469 sebagai <i>media tempestas</i> (zaman pertengahan).<sup id="cite_ref-Miglio112_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miglio112-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mula-mula ada banyak variasi dalam pemakaian istilah ini, antara lain, <i>medium aevum</i> (zaman pertengahan) yang pertama kali tercatat pada 1604,<sup id="cite_ref-Albrow205_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albrow205-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan <i>media saecula</i> (abad pertengahan) yang pertama kali tercatat pada 1625.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Istilah "Zaman Pertengahan" adalah terjemahan dari frasa <i>medium aevum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Random1194_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Random1194-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penzamanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penzamanan (laman tidak wujud)">Penzamanan</a> <i>tripartitus</i> menjadi periodisasi yang seragam dan piawai setelah sejarawan Jerman abad ke-17, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christophorus_Cellarius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christophorus Cellarius (laman tidak wujud)">Christoph Keller</a> membahagikan sejarah menjadi tiga kurun waktu: Kuno, Pertengahan, dan Moden.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray4_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penentuan_tarikh_pemula_dan_penamat">Penentuan tarikh pemula dan penamat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Pertengahan&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Penentuan tarikh pemula dan penamat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Pertengahan&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Penentuan tarikh pemula dan penamat"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tarikh yang paling umum digunakan sebagai tarikh permulaan Zaman Pertengahan adalah tarikh 476 M<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang pertama kali digunakan oleh Leonardo Bruni.<sup id="cite_ref-Brunixvii_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunixvii-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>B<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bagi Eropah secara keseluruhan, tarikh 1500 M sering kali dijadikan tarikh penutup Zaman Pertengahan,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> akan tetapi tidak ada kesepakatan umum mengenai tarikh penutup Zaman ini. Pertengahan. Tergantung pada konteksnya, tarikh peristiwa-peristiwa penting seperti tarikh pelayaran <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> ke <a href="/wiki/Benua_Amerika" title="Benua Amerika">Benua Amerika</a> (1492), tarikh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejatuhan_Konstantinopel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kejatuhan Konstantinopel (laman tidak wujud)">penaklukan Konstantinopel</a> oleh orang Turki (1453), atau tarikh <a href="/wiki/Reformasi_Protestan" title="Reformasi Protestan">Reformasi Protestan</a> (1517) kadang-kadang pula digunakan.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies291_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies291-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Para sejarawan Inggeris sering kali menggunakan tarikh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertempuran_Bosworth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertempuran Bosworth (laman tidak wujud)">Pertempuran Bosworth</a> (1485) sebagai tarikh penutup Zaman Pertengahan.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tarikh-tarikh yang umum digunakan di Sepanyol adalah tarikh kemangkatan <a href="/wiki/Fernando_II_dari_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando II dari Aragon">Raja Fernando II</a> (1516), tarikh kemangkatan <a href="/wiki/Isabel_I_dari_Castilla" title="Isabel I dari Castilla">Ratu Isabel I</a> (1504), atau tarikh <a href="/wiki/Perang_Granada" title="Perang Granada">penaklukan Granada</a> (1492).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awal_zaman">Awal zaman</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Pertengahan&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Awal zaman" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Pertengahan&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Awal zaman"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="box-Bahagian_kosong plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>Bahagian ini kosong.</b><br />Anda boleh bantu dengan <a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Pertengahan&action=edit&section=">menambah isi bahagian ini.</a> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kemuncak_zaman">Kemuncak zaman</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Pertengahan&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Kemuncak zaman" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Pertengahan&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kemuncak zaman"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="box-Bahagian_kosong plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>Bahagian ini kosong.</b><br />Anda boleh bantu dengan <a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Pertengahan&action=edit&section=">menambah isi bahagian ini.</a> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penyusutan">Penyusutan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Pertengahan&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Penyusutan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Pertengahan&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Penyusutan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="box-Bahagian_kosong plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>Bahagian ini kosong.</b><br />Anda boleh bantu dengan <a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Pertengahan&action=edit&section=">menambah isi bahagian ini.</a> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nota">Nota</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Pertengahan&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Nota" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Pertengahan&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Nota"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sebuah buku rujukan yang diterbitkan pada 1883 menyamakan Abad Kegelapan dengan Abad Pertengahan, namun sejak 1904, dipelopori oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Paton_Ker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Paton Ker (laman tidak wujud)">William Paton Ker</a>, istilah "Abad Kegelapan" pada umumnya dibatasi untuk bagian permulaan dari Abad Pertengahan. Sebagai contoh, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> edisi tahun 1911 memberikan definisi Abad Kegelapan dengan cara yang sama. Lihat <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Kelam" title="Zaman Kelam">Zaman Kelam</a> untuk uraian sejarah selengkapnya mengenai istilah ini.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Inilah tahun ketika para Maharaja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eepayar_Rom_Barat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eepayar Rom Barat (laman tidak wujud)">Rom Barat</a> yang terakhir diusir dari Itali.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickham86_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickham86-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Pertengahan&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Pertengahan&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Power304-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Power304_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Power304_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Power <i>Central Middle Ages</i> hlm. 304</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mommsen226-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mommsen226_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mommsen "Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages'" <i>Speculum</i> hlm. 226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mommsen236-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mommsen236_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mommsen236_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mommsen "Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages'" <i>Speculum</i> hlmn. 236–237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dailyx-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dailyx_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Singman <i>Daily Life</i> hlm. x</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-idea-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-idea_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knox "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120203005134/http://www.boisestate.edu/courses/latemiddleages/renaissance/historyren.shtml">Sejarah Gagasan Abad Pembaharuan</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brunixvii-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brunixvii_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brunixvii_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruni <i>History of the Florentine people</i> hlm. xvii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miglio112-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miglio112_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miglio "Curial Humanism" <i>Interpretations of Renaissance Humanism</i> hlm. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Albrow205-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Albrow205_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albrow <i>Global Age</i> hlm. 205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray4-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murray4_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murray4_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray "Should the Middle Ages Be Abolished?" <i>Essays in Medieval Studies</i> hlm. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Random1194-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Random1194_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flexner (ed.) <i>Random House Dictionary</i> hlm. 1194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Middle%20Ages">Middle Ages</a>" Dictionary.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wickham86-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wickham86_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="ms" dir="ltr">Ralat petik: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama <code>Wickham86</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lihat Watts, <i>Making of Polities Europe 1300–1500</i>, atau Epstein, <i>Economic History of Later Medieval Europe 1000–1500</i>, atau tarikh penutup yang digunakan dalam Holmes (penyunting), <i>Oxford History of Medieval Europe</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies291-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies291_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="ms" dir="ltr">Ralat petik: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama <code>Davies291</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lihat <i>Companion to Medieval England 1066–1485</i> oleh Saul</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamen <i>Spain 1469–1714</i> hlm. 29</span> </li> </ol></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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