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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_spread_and_extent_of_Jawi_script"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 The spread and extent of Jawi script </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_spread_and_extent_of_Jawi_script-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jawi_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jawi_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Jawi today </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jawi_today-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Jawi today subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Jawi_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 In Malaysia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 In Indonesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Letters </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Letters-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Letters subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Spelling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Examples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Jawi script</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" > 60 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harah_Jawoe" title="Harah Jawoe – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Harah Jawoe" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أبجدية جاوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبجدية جاوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi" title="Jawi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Jawi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavi_%C9%99lifbas%C4%B1" title="Cavi əlifbası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cavi əlifbası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="জাবি বর্ণমালা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাবি বর্ণমালা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulisan_Jawi" title="Tulisan Jawi – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Tulisan Jawi" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi" title="Jawi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jawi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Джави – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джави" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skritur_jawiek" title="Skritur jawiek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skritur jawiek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi" title="Jawi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jawi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi" title="Jawi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jawi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi" title="Jawi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jawi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi" title="Jawi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jawi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javia_skribo" title="Javia skribo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Javia skribo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi" title="Jawi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jawi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C" title="الفبای جاوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الفبای جاوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi" title="Jawi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jawi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%84_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="자위 문자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자위 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_Jawi" title="Abjad Jawi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abjad Jawi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Джави – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Джави" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi" title="Jawi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jawi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi" title="Jawi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jawi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99" title="ג'אווי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'אווי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Gundhil" title="Aksara Gundhil – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Aksara Gundhil" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ჯავი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯავი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriptura_Jawi" title="Scriptura Jawi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Scriptura Jawi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF" title="ജാവി ലിപി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജാവി ലിപി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulisan_Jawi" title="Tulisan Jawi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tulisan Jawi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjaik_Jawi" title="Abjaik Jawi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Abjaik Jawi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_Jawi" title="Abjad Jawi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Abjad Jawi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="ジャウィ文字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャウィ文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi_(skrift)" title="Jawi (skrift) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jawi (skrift)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_Jawi" title="Alfabet Jawi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alfabet Jawi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadimgi_Indonez_Yozuvi" title="Qadimgi Indonez Yozuvi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qadimgi Indonez Yozuvi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="جاوی حروف تہجی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جاوی حروف تہجی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo_jawi" title="Pismo jawi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pismo jawi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi" title="Jawi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jawi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavi_elifbesi" title="Cavi elifbesi – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Cavi elifbesi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi" title="Jawi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jawi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Джави – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джави" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi" title="Jawi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Jawi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEavi" title="Džavi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Džavi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_Jawi" title="Abjad Jawi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Abjad Jawi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi" title="Jawi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jawi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi" title="Jawi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jawi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="சாவி எழுத்துமுறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாவி எழுத்துமுறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5" title="ชุดตัวอักษรยาวี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชุดตัวอักษรยาวี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8_%D2%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хатти ҷовия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хатти ҷовия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavi_alfabesi" title="Cavi alfabesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cavi alfabesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Джаві – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джаві" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="جاوی حروف تہجی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جاوی حروف تہجی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3ng_ch%E1%BB%AF_c%C3%A1i_Jawi" title="Bảng chữ cái Jawi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bảng chữ cái Jawi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%AA%E5%A4%B7%E6%96%87" title="爪夷文 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="爪夷文" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%AA%E5%A4%B7%E6%96%87" title="爪夷文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="爪夷文" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese script</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:palegreen;">Jawi <div style="font-weight:normal"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style>جاوي‎</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Letter_from_William_Farquhar_to_Sultan_Muhammad_Kanzul_Alam,_the_Sultan_of_Brunei,_dated_28_November_1819.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Letter_from_William_Farquhar_to_Sultan_Muhammad_Kanzul_Alam%2C_the_Sultan_of_Brunei%2C_dated_28_November_1819.jpg/220px-Letter_from_William_Farquhar_to_Sultan_Muhammad_Kanzul_Alam%2C_the_Sultan_of_Brunei%2C_dated_28_November_1819.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Letter_from_William_Farquhar_to_Sultan_Muhammad_Kanzul_Alam%2C_the_Sultan_of_Brunei%2C_dated_28_November_1819.jpg/330px-Letter_from_William_Farquhar_to_Sultan_Muhammad_Kanzul_Alam%2C_the_Sultan_of_Brunei%2C_dated_28_November_1819.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Letter_from_William_Farquhar_to_Sultan_Muhammad_Kanzul_Alam%2C_the_Sultan_of_Brunei%2C_dated_28_November_1819.jpg/440px-Letter_from_William_Farquhar_to_Sultan_Muhammad_Kanzul_Alam%2C_the_Sultan_of_Brunei%2C_dated_28_November_1819.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2098" data-file-height="1424" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Letter from <a href="/wiki/William_Farquhar" title="William Farquhar">William Farquhar</a> to Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam, the sultan of <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, dated 28 November 1819.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjad</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 CE to the present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Right-to-left</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_language" title="Maguindanao language">Maguindanaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tausūg language">Tausūg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternate_language" title="Ternate language">Ternate</a></li> <li>several other languages in Southeast Asia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabataean alphabet">Nabataean</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Jawi</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sister systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon script</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"> This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islamic culture</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.55em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.55em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_embroidery" title="Islamic embroidery">Embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_glass" title="Islamic glass">Glassware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_miniature" title="Islamic miniature">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.55em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaya" title="Abaya">Abaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agal_(accessory)" title="Agal (accessory)">Agal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boubou_(clothing)" title="Boubou (clothing)">Boubou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burqa" title="Burqa">Burqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chador" title="Chador">Chador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">Hijab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headscarf" title="Headscarf">Headscarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b" title="Jilbāb">Jilbab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellabiya" title="Jellabiya">Jellabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan">Kaftan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kameez" class="mw-redirect" title="Kameez">Kameez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keffiyeh" title="Keffiyeh">Keffiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupiah" title="Kupiah">Kupiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niq%C4%81b" title="Niqāb">Niqāb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salwar" title="Salwar">Salwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songkok" title="Songkok">Songkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)" title="Taqiyah (cap)">Taqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawb" title="Thawb">Thawb</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.55em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27een" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een">Arba'een</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Ghadir" title="Eid al-Ghadir">al-Ghadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaand_Raat" title="Chaand Raat">Chaand Raat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">al-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamat_Day" title="Imamat Day">Imamat Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_New_Year" title="Islamic New Year">New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Qadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Qadr">al-Qadr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al_Bara%27at" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al Bara'at">Bara’at</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Raghaib" title="Laylat al-Raghaib">Raghaib</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.55em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_literature" title="Azerbaijani literature">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_literature" title="Crimean Tatar literature">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_literature" title="Gambian literature">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_literature" title="Hausa literature">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_literature" title="Indonesian literature">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Kashmir" title="Literature of Kashmir">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_literature" title="Kazakh literature">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_literature" title="Kurdish literature">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_literature" title="Kyrgyz literature">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_literature" title="Malaysian literature">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_literature" title="Malian literature">Malian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_literature" title="Nigerian literature">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_literature_and_poetry" title="Pashto literature and poetry">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_literature" title="Punjabi literature">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_literature" title="Sindhi literature">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_literature" title="Somali literature">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_literature" title="South Asian literature">South Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_literature" title="Tajik literature">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_literature" title="Tatar literature">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_literature" title="Turkish literature">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_literature" title="Turkmen literature">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_literature" title="Urdu literature">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_literature" title="Uyghur literature">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_literature" title="Uzbek literature">Uzbek</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.55em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashik" title="Ashik">Ashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daf" title="Daf">Daf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastgah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dastgah">Dastgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">Gamelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendang_beleq" title="Gendang beleq">Gendang beleq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B8%8Dra" title="Haḍra">Haḍra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamd" title="Hamd">Hamd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarigan" title="Jarigan">Jari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madih_nabawi" title="Madih nabawi">Madih nabawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappila_songs" title="Mappila songs">Mappilappattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_maqam" title="Arabic maqam">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">Mugam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%CA%BDat" title="Naʽat">Naʽat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasheed" title="Nasheed">Nasheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noha" title="Noha">Noha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_music" title="Sufi music">Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talempong" title="Talempong">Talempong</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theatre">Theatre</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.55em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsawan" title="Bangsawan">Bangsawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cem_(Alevism)" title="Cem (Alevism)">Cem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karag%C3%B6z_and_Hacivat" title="Karagöz and Hacivat">Karagöz and Hacivat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_(Sufism)" title="Sama (Sufism)">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27zieh" title="Ta'zieh">Ta'zieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">Wayang</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#e6e6ff;padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.5em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_culture" title="Template:Islamic culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_culture" title="Template talk:Islamic culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Jawi (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">جاوي‎; <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a>: Jawoë; <a href="/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Kelantan-Pattani</a>: Yawi; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Malay pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[d͡ʒä.wi]</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a> used for writing several languages of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_language" title="Maguindanao language">Magindanawn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Mëranaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausūg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ternate_language" title="Ternate language">Ternate</a>. Jawi is based on the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>, consisting of all 31 original Arabic letters, six letters constructed to fit <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> native to Malay, and one additional phoneme used in foreign loanwords, but not found in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a>, which are ca (⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%DA%86" class="mw-redirect" title="چ">چ</a>‎⟩ /t͡ʃ/), nga (⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="ڠ">ڠ</a>‎⟩ /ŋ/), pa (⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="ڤ">ڤ</a>‎⟩ /p/), ga (⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%DD%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ݢ">ݢ</a>‎⟩ /ɡ/), va (⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%DB%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="ۏ">ۏ</a>‎⟩ /v/), and nya (⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%DA%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="ڽ">ڽ</a>‎⟩ /ɲ/). Jawi was developed during the <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia">advent of Islam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>, supplanting the earlier <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a> used during Hindu-Buddhist era. The oldest evidence of Jawi writing can be found on the 14th century <a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Inscription_Stone" title="Terengganu Inscription Stone">Terengganu Inscription Stone</a>, a text in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Malay">Classical Malay</a> that contains a mixture of Malay, Sanskrit and Arabic vocabularies. There are two competing theories on the origins of the Jawi alphabet. Popular theory suggests that the system was developed and derived directly from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>, while scholars like <a href="/wiki/Richard_Olaf_Winstedt" title="Richard Olaf Winstedt">R. O. Windstedt</a> suggest it was developed with the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic alphabet">Perso-Arabic alphabet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The ensuing trade expansions and the spread of Islam to other areas of Southeast Asia from the 15th century carried the Jawi alphabet beyond the traditional Malay-speaking world. Until the 20th century, Jawi was the standard script of the Malay language, and gave birth to traditional <a href="/wiki/Malay_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay literature">Malay literature</a> when it featured prominently in official correspondences, religious texts, and literary publications. With the arrival of Western influence through colonization and education, Jawi was relegated to religious education, with the Malay language eventually adopting a form of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin alphabet</a> called <a href="/wiki/Malay_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay alphabet">Rumi</a> that is currently in general usage. Today, Jawi is one of two <a href="/wiki/Official_script" title="Official script">official scripts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>. In Malaysia, the position of Jawi is protected under Section 9 of the <a href="/wiki/National_Language_Act_1963/67" title="National Language Act 1963/67">National Language Act 1963/67</a>, as it retains a degree of official use in religious and cultural contexts. In some states, most notably <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a>, Jawi has co-official script status as businesses are mandated to adopt Jawi signage and billboards. Jawi is also used as an alternative script among Malay communities in Indonesia and Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Until the early 20th century, there was no standard spelling system for Jawi. The earliest <a href="/wiki/Spelling_reform" title="Spelling reform">orthographic reform</a> towards a standard system was in 1937 by The Malay Language and Johor Royal Literary Book Pact. This was followed by another reform by <a href="/wiki/Zainal_Abidin_Ahmad_(writer)" title="Zainal Abidin Ahmad (writer)">Za'aba</a>, published in 1949. The final major reform was the Enhanced Guidelines of Jawi Spelling issued in 1986, which was based on the Za'aba system. Jawi can be typed using the <a href="/wiki/Jawi_keyboard" title="Jawi keyboard">Jawi keyboard</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jawi_script&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The word Jawi (جاوي) is a shortening of the term in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الجزائر الجاوي, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Al-Jaza'ir Al-Jawi, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Java Archipelago', which is the term used by <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> for <a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(archipelago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusantara (archipelago)">Nusantara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ensiklopedia-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The word jawi is a loanword from <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>: ꦗꦮꦶ, romanized: jawi which is <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese Krama</a> word to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Java_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Island">Java Island</a> or <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ensiklopedia-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Kamus_Dewan" title="Kamus Dewan">Kamus Dewan</a>, Jawi (جاوي) is a term synonymous to '<a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-Jawi-7">[7]</a> The term has been used interchangeably with 'Malay' in other terms including Bahasa Jawi or Bahasa Yawi (<a href="/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Kelantan-Pattani Malay</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Malayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan languages">Malayan language</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thailand" title="Southern Thailand">Southern Thailand</a>), Masuk Jawi<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> (literally "to become Malay", referring to the practice of <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a> to symbolise the <a href="/wiki/Coming_of_age" title="Coming of age">coming of age</a>), and Jawi pekan or <a href="/wiki/Jawi_Peranakan" title="Jawi Peranakan">Jawi Peranakan</a> (literally 'Malay of the town' or 'Malay born of', referring to the Malay-speaking Muslims of mixed Malay and Indian ancestry).<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> With verb-building <a href="/wiki/Circumfix" title="Circumfix">circumfixes</a> men-...-kan, menjawikan (literally 'to make something Malay'), also refers to the act of translating a foreign text into Malay language. The phrase Tulisan Jawi that means 'Jawi script' is another derivative that carries the meaning 'Malay script'.<a href="#cite_note-Jawi-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jawi_script&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batu_nisan_beraksara_Jawi_di_Aceh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Batu_nisan_beraksara_Jawi_di_Aceh.jpg/200px-Batu_nisan_beraksara_Jawi_di_Aceh.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="444" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Batu_nisan_beraksara_Jawi_di_Aceh.jpg/300px-Batu_nisan_beraksara_Jawi_di_Aceh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Batu_nisan_beraksara_Jawi_di_Aceh.jpg/400px-Batu_nisan_beraksara_Jawi_di_Aceh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="5760" /></a><figcaption>A tombstone in <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a> with Jawi inscription dated from 16th or 17th century. The inscription are: 1st row: bahwasanya inilah nisan kubur 2nd row: yang mulia bernama Meurah Meukuta 3rd row: bergelar orang kaya kapai<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></figcaption></figure> Prior to the onset of <a href="/wiki/Islamisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamisation">Islamisation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava script</a>, Nagari, and old Sumatran scripts were used in writing the Malay language. This is evidenced from the discovery of several stone inscriptions in <a href="/wiki/Old_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Malay">Old Malay</a>, notably the <a href="/wiki/Kedukan_Bukit_inscription" title="Kedukan Bukit inscription">Kedukan Bukit inscription</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talang_Tuo_inscription" title="Talang Tuo inscription">Talang Tuo inscription</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Islam in Southeast Asia">spread of Islam in Southeast Asia</a> and the subsequent introduction of Arabic writing system began with the arrival of Muslim merchants in the region since the seventh century. Among the oldest archaeological artefacts inscribed with Arabic script are; a tombstone of Syeikh Rukunuddin dated 48 <a href="/wiki/Anno_hegirae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anno hegirae">AH</a> (668/669 CE) in Barus, <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>; a tombstone dated 290 AH (910 CE) on the mausoleum of Syeikh Abdul Qadir Ibn Husin Syah Alam located in <a href="/wiki/Alor_Setar" title="Alor Setar">Alor Setar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>; a tombstone found in <a href="/wiki/Pekan_District" title="Pekan District">Pekan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a> dated 419 AH (1026 CE); a tombstone discovered in <a href="/wiki/Phan_Rang" class="mw-redirect" title="Phan Rang">Phan Rang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> dated 431 AH (1039 CE); a tombstone dated 440 AH (1048 CE) found in <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawan" title="Bandar Seri Begawan">Bandar Seri Begawan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>; and a tombstone of Fatimah Binti Maimun Bin Hibat Allah found in <a href="/wiki/Gresik" class="mw-redirect" title="Gresik">Gresik</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a> dated 475 AH (1082 CE).<a href="#cite_note-Shahrizal-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Islam was spread from the coasts to the interior of the island and generally in a top-down process in which rulers were converted and then introduced more or less orthodox versions of Islam to their peoples. The conversion of King <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mudzafar_Shah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Mudzafar Shah I">Phra Ong Mahawangsa</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kedah_Sultanate" title="Kedah Sultanate">Kedah</a> in 1136 and King <a href="/wiki/Malik_ul_Salih" class="mw-redirect" title="Malik ul Salih">Merah Silu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Pasai" class="mw-redirect" title="Samudra Pasai">Samudra Pasai</a> in 1267 were among the earliest examples. At the early stage of Islamisation, the Arabic script was taught to the people who had newly embraced Islam in the form of religious practices, such as the recitation of <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">salat</a>. The Arabic script was accepted by the Malay community together with their acceptance of Islam and was adapted to suit spoken <a href="/wiki/Classical_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Malay">Classical Malay</a>. Six letters were added for sounds not found in Arabic: ca, pa, ga, nga, va and nya. Some Arabic letters are rarely used as they represent sounds not present in modern <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> however may be used to reflect the original spelling of Arabic loanwords. The sounds represented by these letters may be assimilated into sounds found in Malay's native phoneme inventory or in some instances appear unchanged. Like the other Arabic scripts, some letters are obligatorily joined while some are never joined.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> This was the same for the acceptance of Arabic writing in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> which had taken place earlier and thus, the Jawi script was then deemed as the writing of the Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-siti_hawa-15">[15]</a> The oldest remains of Malay using the Jawi script have been found on the <a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Inscription_Stone" title="Terengganu Inscription Stone">Terengganu Inscription Stone</a>, dated 702 <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">AH</a> (1303 CE), nearly 600 years after the date of the first recorded existence of Arabic script in the region. The inscription on the stone contains a proclamation issued by the "Sri Paduka Tuan" of Terengganu, urging his subjects to "extend and uphold" <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and providing 10 basic <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> laws for their guidance. This has attested the strong observance of the Muslim faith in the early 14th century Terengganu specifically and the <a href="/wiki/Malay_world" title="Malay world">Malay world</a> as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-Shahrizal-11">[11]</a> The development of Jawi script was different from that of Pallava writing which was exclusively restricted to the nobility and monks in monasteries. The Jawi script was embraced by the entire Muslim community regardless of class. With the increased intensity in the appreciation of Islam, scriptures originally written in Arabic were translated in Malay and written in the Jawi script. Additionally local religious scholars later began to elucidate the Islamic teachings in the forms of original writings. Moreover, there were also individuals of the community who used Jawi for the writing of literature which previously existed and spread orally. With this inclusion of written literature, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Malay_literature" title="Classical Malay literature">Malay literature</a> took on a more sophisticated form. This was believed to have taken place from the 15th century and lasted right up to the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-siti_hawa-15">[15]</a> Other forms of Arabic-based scripts existed in the region, notably the <a href="/wiki/Pegon_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegon alphabet">Pegon alphabet</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serang_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serang alphabet (page does not exist)">Serang alphabet</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a>. Both writing systems applied extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Arabic diacritics</a> and added several letters which were formed differently from Jawi letters to suit the languages. Due to their fairly limited usage, the spelling system of both scripts did not undergo similar advanced developments and modifications as experienced by Jawi.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_spread_and_extent_of_Jawi_script">The spread and extent of Jawi script</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jawi_script&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The spread and extent of Jawi script">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Undang-Undang_Melaka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Undang-Undang_Melaka.jpg/200px-Undang-Undang_Melaka.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Undang-Undang_Melaka.jpg/300px-Undang-Undang_Melaka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Undang-Undang_Melaka.jpg/400px-Undang-Undang_Melaka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3696" /></a><figcaption>A copy of <a href="/wiki/Undang-Undang_Melaka" title="Undang-Undang Melaka">Undang-Undang Melaka</a> ('Laws of Malacca'). The Malacca system of justice as enshrined in the text was the legal source for other major regional sultanates like <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pattani_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Kingdom">Pattani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></figcaption></figure> The script became prominent with the spread of Islam, supplanting the earlier writing systems. The Malays held the script in high esteem as it is the gateway to understanding Islam and its Holy Book, the Quran. The use of Jawi script was a key factor driving the emergence of Malay as the lingua franca of the region, alongside the spread of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2007-19">[19]</a> It was widely used in the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Malacca">Sultanate of Malacca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Johor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Johor">Sultanate of Johor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Sultanate of Maguindanao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Brunei">Sultanate of Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Pattani" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Pattani">Sultanate of Pattani</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aceh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Aceh">Sultanate of Aceh</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ternate" title="Sultanate of Ternate">Sultanate of Ternate</a> in the east as early as the 15th century. The Jawi script was used in royal correspondences, decrees, poems and was widely understood by the merchants in the port of Malacca as the main means of communication. Early legal digests such as the <a href="/wiki/Undang-Undang_Melaka" title="Undang-Undang Melaka">Undang-Undang Melaka</a> Code and its derivatives including the Codes of Johor, Perak, Brunei, Kedah, Pattani and Aceh were written in this script. It is the medium of expression of kings, nobility and the religious scholars. It is the traditional symbol of Malay culture and civilisation. Jawi was used not only amongst the ruling class, but also the common people. The Islamisation and <a href="/wiki/Malayisation" title="Malayisation">Malayisation</a> of the region popularised Jawi into a dominant script.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-20">[20]</a> Royal correspondences for example are written, embellished and ceremoniously delivered. Examples of royal correspondences still in the good condition are the letter between Sultan <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ternate#Lineage" title="Sultanate of Ternate">Hayat</a> of Ternate and King <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a> (1521), the letter from Sultan <a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Muda" title="Iskandar Muda">Iskandar Muda</a> of Acèh Darussalam to King <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a> of England (1615), and the letter from Sultan <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Johor" title="Sultan of Johor">Abdul Jalil</a> IV of Johor to King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XV of France">Louis XV of France</a> (1719).<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-20">[20]</a> Many literary works such as epics, poetry and prose use the Jawi script. It is the pinnacle of the classic Malay civilisation. Historical epics such as the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Annals" title="Malay Annals">Malay Annals</a>, as listed by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> under Memories of the World, are among the countless epics written by the Malay people. The <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufic</a> poems by <a href="/wiki/Hamzah_Fansuri" title="Hamzah Fansuri">Hamzah Fansuri</a> and many others contributed to the richness and depth of the Malay civilisation. Jawi script was the official script for the <a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated Malay States</a> when they were British protectorates. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jawi_today">Jawi today</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jawi_script&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jawi today">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sign_of_Jalan_Tasik_Kenyir_U4-20_in_Seksyen_U4_Shah_Alam_20231104_115926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sign_of_Jalan_Tasik_Kenyir_U4-20_in_Seksyen_U4_Shah_Alam_20231104_115926.jpg/220px-Sign_of_Jalan_Tasik_Kenyir_U4-20_in_Seksyen_U4_Shah_Alam_20231104_115926.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sign_of_Jalan_Tasik_Kenyir_U4-20_in_Seksyen_U4_Shah_Alam_20231104_115926.jpg/330px-Sign_of_Jalan_Tasik_Kenyir_U4-20_in_Seksyen_U4_Shah_Alam_20231104_115926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sign_of_Jalan_Tasik_Kenyir_U4-20_in_Seksyen_U4_Shah_Alam_20231104_115926.jpg/440px-Sign_of_Jalan_Tasik_Kenyir_U4-20_in_Seksyen_U4_Shah_Alam_20231104_115926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3689" data-file-height="2767" /></a><figcaption>Street name signs in <a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam" title="Shah Alam">Shah Alam</a>, Malaysia include both Jawi and Latin script.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:201906_Jalan_Tanjung_Puteri_street_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/201906_Jalan_Tanjung_Puteri_street_sign.jpg/220px-201906_Jalan_Tanjung_Puteri_street_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/201906_Jalan_Tanjung_Puteri_street_sign.jpg/330px-201906_Jalan_Tanjung_Puteri_street_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/201906_Jalan_Tanjung_Puteri_street_sign.jpg/440px-201906_Jalan_Tanjung_Puteri_street_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1599" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption>A similarly biscriptal street sign in Johor Bahru.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supa_Save_(Panaga).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Supa_Save_%28Panaga%29.jpg/220px-Supa_Save_%28Panaga%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Supa_Save_%28Panaga%29.jpg/330px-Supa_Save_%28Panaga%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Supa_Save_%28Panaga%29.jpg/440px-Supa_Save_%28Panaga%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>A supermarket in Brunei with Jawi and Latin script.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ade_Irma_Suryani_St.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ade_Irma_Suryani_St.JPG/220px-Ade_Irma_Suryani_St.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ade_Irma_Suryani_St.JPG/330px-Ade_Irma_Suryani_St.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ade_Irma_Suryani_St.JPG/440px-Ade_Irma_Suryani_St.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4841" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Street name signs in <a href="/wiki/Pekanbaru" title="Pekanbaru">Pekanbaru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a>, Indonesia used both Jawi and Latin script.</figcaption></figure> Today, Jawi is one of the official scripts of <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brunei" title="Languages of Brunei">Brunei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2007-19">[19]</a> In Malaysia, it is used for religious and cultural administration in the states of <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Various efforts were in place to revive the Jawi script in Malaysia and Brunei due to its role in the Malay and Islamic spheres. Jawi is also seen on the reverse of <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit" title="Malaysian ringgit">Malaysian ringgit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brunei_dollar" title="Brunei dollar">Brunei dollar</a> banknotes. Malays in <a href="/wiki/Pattani_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Province">Patani</a> still use Jawi today for the same reasons.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Malaysia">In Malaysia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jawi_script&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In Malaysia">edit</a>]</div> In August 2019, the Malaysian Government's plans to introduce the teaching of Jawi at the most basic level in ethnic <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malaysia#School_types_and_medium_of_instruction" title="Education in Malaysia">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_primary_schools_in_Malaysia" title="Tamil primary schools in Malaysia">Tamil vernacular schools</a> attracted opposition from ethnic Chinese and Indian education groups, which claimed that the move would lead to an <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> of the Malaysian education system.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The Chinese educationist group <a href="/wiki/Dong_Jiao_Zong" class="mw-redirect" title="Dong Jiao Zong">Dong Jiao Zong</a> organised a conference calling on the Malaysian Government to rescind its decision in late December 2019. Perhaps fearing violence, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Malaysia_Police" title="Royal Malaysia Police">Royal Malaysia Police</a> obtained a court injunction against it on the grounds it would trigger ethnic tensions.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The state government of Kedah in Malaysia has long defended the use of Jawi in the state.<a href="#cite_note-kedahmb-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-kedahbillboard-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-kedahsupportjohor-28">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Menteri_Besar" class="mw-redirect" title="Menteri Besar">Menteri Besar</a> of Kedah has denied the allegation that the state government was trying to create an Islamic state ambience by promoting the use of Jawi in 2008, saying that it is a normal occurrence evidenced by Chinese coffeeshops and pawnshops having signboards written in Jawi.<a href="#cite_note-kedahmb-26">[26]</a> This can further be seen later on when the Kedah state government has shown its support with Johor state government's move to use Jawi in official matters in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-kedahsupportjohor-28">[28]</a> The exco of local authority of the state of Kedah had also stated that the Jawi script in billboards in Kedah is not forbidden, but rather recommended.<a href="#cite_note-kedahbillboard-27">[27]</a> He claims that the recommendation to use Jawi script has been gazetted in the state law, and that it has been part of the state identity to have billboards in Jawi script in addition to other scripts.<a href="#cite_note-kedahbillboard-27">[27]</a> He also stated that there are high demands in incorporating Jawi script in billboards in Kedah.<a href="#cite_note-kedahbillboard-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kuantan" title="Kuantan">Kuantan</a>, the state capital of Pahang in Malaysia has introduced the usage of Jawi on all signage across the city from 1 August 2019.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> This was done after a recommendation from the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, who was then the Regent of Pahang, to uphold usage of the writing system.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The Pahang state government has since expanded the order and made it mandatory for every signage statewide including road signs to display Jawi alongside other scripts from 1 January 2020 after being delayed a few times.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Premises that fail to comply with this order will be fined up to a maximum of RM250, with the possibility of revocation of their business licences if they still do not comply afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In the early stage, usage of Jawi stickers are allowed to put on existing signage instead of replacing the whole signage.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Indonesia">In Indonesia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jawi_script&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In Indonesia">edit</a>]</div> Indonesia, having multiple regional and native languages, uses the Latin script for writing its <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">own standard of Malay</a> in general. Nonetheless, the Jawi script does have a regional status in <a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay Indonesian">native Malay areas</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Riau Islands Province">Riau archipelago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a> (i.e <a href="/wiki/Palembang_language" title="Palembang language">Palembang Malay language</a>), <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Banjar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar language">Banjar language</a>).<a href="#cite_note-riaudailyphoto.com-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> This is due to the fact that regional and native languages are compulsory studies in the basic education curriculum of each region (examples include <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> for Javanese regions, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> for Sundanese regions, <a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a> for Maduranese regions, and Jawi for Malay regions).<a href="#cite_note-riaudailyphoto.com-34">[34]</a> Jawi script is widely used in Riau and Riau Island province, where road signs and government building signs are written in this script.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> A sister variant called <a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a> is used to write Javanese, Sundanese, and Madurese and is still widely used in traditional religious schools across <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, but has been supplanted in common writing by the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> and, in some cases, <a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese script</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letters">Letters</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jawi_script&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Letters">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Jawi alphabet<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Isolated </th> <th>Final </th> <th>Medial </th> <th>Initial </th> <th>Sound represented </th> <th>Rumi equivalent </th> <th>Notes </th> <th>Unicode </th></tr> <tr> <td>alif <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">اليف‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ا‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـا‎ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>/a/ or /ə/ </td> <td>a, e- pepet (ĕ) </td> <td> </td> <td>U+0627 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ba <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">باء‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ب‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـب‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـبـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">بـ‎ </td> <td>/b/ </td> <td>b </td> <td> </td> <td>U+0628 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ta <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">تاء‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ت‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـت‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـتـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">تـ‎ </td> <td>/t/ </td> <td>t </td> <td> </td> <td>U+062A </td></tr> <tr> <td>ta marbutah <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">تاء مربوطة‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ة‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـة‎ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>/t/ or /h/ </td> <td>-t, -h </td> <td> </td> <td>U+0629 </td></tr> <tr> <td>sa (tha) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ثاء‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ث‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـث‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـثـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ثـ‎ </td> <td>/s/ or /θ/ </td> <td>s </td> <td>Mainly used in Arabic loanwords </td> <td>U+062B </td></tr> <tr> <td>jim <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">جيم‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ج‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـج‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـجـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">جـ‎ </td> <td>/d͡ʒ/ </td> <td>j </td> <td> </td> <td>U+062C </td></tr> <tr> <td>ca <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">چا‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">چ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـچ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـچـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">چـ‎ </td> <td>/t͡ʃ/ </td> <td>c </td> <td>Additional letter not present in Arabic </td> <td>U+0686 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ha <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">حاء‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ح‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـح‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـحـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">حـ‎ </td> <td>/h/ or /ħ/ </td> <td>h </td> <td>Also known as ha kecil (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">حاء کچيل‎‎) or ha pedas (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">حاء ڤدس‎‎) </td> <td>U+062D </td></tr> <tr> <td>kha (khO) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">خاء‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">خ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـخ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـخـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">خـ‎ </td> <td>/x/ </td> <td>kh </td> <td>Mainly used in Arabic loanwords </td> <td>U+062E </td></tr> <tr> <td>dal <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">دل‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">د‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـد‎ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>/d/ </td> <td>d </td> <td> </td> <td>U+062F </td></tr> <tr> <td>zal <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ذال‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ذ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـذ‎ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>/z/ or /ð/ </td> <td>z </td> <td>Mainly used in Arabic loanwords </td> <td>U+0630 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ra (rO) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">راء‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ر‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـر‎ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>/r/ </td> <td>r </td> <td> </td> <td>U+0631 </td></tr> <tr> <td>zai <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">زاي‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ز‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـز‎ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>/z/ </td> <td>z </td> <td> </td> <td>U+0632 </td></tr> <tr> <td>sin <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">سين‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">س‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـس‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـسـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">سـ‎ </td> <td>/s/ </td> <td>s </td> <td> </td> <td>U+0633 </td></tr> <tr> <td>syin <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">شين‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ش‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـش‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـشـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">شـ‎ </td> <td>/ʃ/ </td> <td>sy, sh </td> <td> </td> <td>U+0634 </td></tr> <tr> <td>sad (sOd) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">صاد‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ص‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـص‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـصـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">صـ‎ </td> <td>/s/ </td> <td>s </td> <td>Mainly used in Arabic loanwords </td> <td>U+0635 </td></tr> <tr> <td>dad (dOd) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ضاد‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ض‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـض‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـضـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ضـ‎ </td> <td>/d/ </td> <td>d </td> <td>Mainly used in Arabic loanwords </td> <td>U+0636 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ta (tO) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">طاء‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ط‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـط‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـطـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">طـ‎ </td> <td>/t/ </td> <td>t </td> <td>Mainly used in Arabic loanwords </td> <td>U+0637 </td></tr> <tr> <td>za (zO) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ظاء‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ظ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـظ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـظـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ظـ‎ </td> <td>/z/ </td> <td>z </td> <td>Mainly used in Arabic loanwords </td> <td>U+0638 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ain <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">عين‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ع‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـع‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـعـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">عـ‎ </td> <td>/ʔ/ </td> <td>a, i, u, -k </td> <td>Mainly used in Arabic loanwords </td> <td>U+0639 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ghain <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">غين‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">غ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـغ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـغـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">غـ‎ </td> <td>/ɣ/ </td> <td>gh </td> <td>Mainly used in Arabic loanwords </td> <td>U+063A </td></tr> <tr> <td>nga <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڠا‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڠ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـڠ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـڠـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڠـ‎ </td> <td>/ŋ/ </td> <td>ng </td> <td>Additional letter not present in Arabic </td> <td>U+06A0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>fa <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">فاء‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ف‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـف‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـفـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">فـ‎ </td> <td>/f/ </td> <td>f </td> <td> </td> <td>U+0641 </td></tr> <tr> <td>pa <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڤا‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڤ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـڤ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـڤـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڤـ‎ </td> <td>/p/ </td> <td>p </td> <td>Additional letter not present in Arabic </td> <td>U+06A4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>qaf <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">قاف‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ق‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـق‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـقـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">قـ‎ </td> <td>/q/ or /k/ </td> <td>q, k </td> <td> </td> <td>U+0642 </td></tr> <tr> <td>kaf <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">کاف‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ك‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـک‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـکـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">کـ‎ </td> <td>/k/ </td> <td>k </td> <td> </td> <td>U+06A9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ga <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ݢا‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڬ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـݢ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـݢـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ݢـ‎ </td> <td>/ɡ/ </td> <td>g </td> <td>Additional letter not present in Arabic </td> <td>U+0762 </td></tr> <tr> <td>lam <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">لام‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ل‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـل‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـلـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">لـ‎ </td> <td>/l/ </td> <td>l </td> <td> </td> <td>U+0644 </td></tr> <tr> <td>mim <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ميم‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">م‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـم‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـمـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">مـ‎ </td> <td>/m/ </td> <td>m </td> <td> </td> <td>U+0645 </td></tr> <tr> <td>nun <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">نون‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ن‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـن‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـنـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">نـ‎ </td> <td>/n/ </td> <td>n </td> <td> </td> <td>U+0646 </td></tr> <tr> <td>wau <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">واو‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">و‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـو‎ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>/w/ and /u, o, ɔ/ </td> <td>w, u, o </td> <td> </td> <td>U+0648 </td></tr> <tr> <td>va <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ۏا‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ۏ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـۏ‎ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>/v/ </td> <td>v </td> <td>Additional letter not present in Arabic </td> <td>U+06CF </td></tr> <tr> <td>ha <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">هاء‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ه‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـه‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـهـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">هـ‎ </td> <td>/h/ </td> <td>h </td> <td>Also known as ha besar (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">هاء بسر‎) or ha simpul (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">هاء سيمڤول‎) </td> <td>U+0647 </td></tr> <tr> <td>hamzah <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">همزة‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ء‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ء‎ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>/ʔ/ </td> <td>∅ </td> <td> </td> <td>U+0621 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ya <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ياء‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ي‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـي‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـيـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">يـ‎ </td> <td>/j/ and /i, e, ɛ/ </td> <td>y, i, e taling (é) </td> <td> </td> <td>U+064A </td></tr> <tr> <td>ye <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">يى‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ى‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـى‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـىـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ىـ‎ </td> <td>/ə, a/ </td> <td>-e pepet (ĕ), a </td> <td>Also known as alif maqsurah (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">الف مقصورة‎) </td> <td>U+0649 </td></tr> <tr> <td>nya <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڽا‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڽ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـڽ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـڽـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڽـ‎ </td> <td>/ɲ/ </td> <td>ny </td> <td>Additional letter not present in Arabic </td> <td>U+06BD </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Letters with no initial and middle forms adopt either isolated or final form, because they cannot be joined with suffixing letter. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ا‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">د‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ذ‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ر‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ز‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">و‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ۏ‎)</li> <li>The letter hamzah may also appear in its <a href="/wiki/Hamza#Jawi_script" title="Hamza">three-quarter form</a> "ء" (hamzah tiga suku), above alif "أ", below alif "إ" or housed (above ya "ئ" or wau "ؤ").<a href="/wiki/Jawi_alphabet#endnote_e" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi alphabet">[e]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spelling">Spelling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jawi_script&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Spelling">edit</a>]</div> Modern Jawi spelling is based on the Daftar Kata Bahasa Melayu (DKBM): Rumi-Sebutan-Jawi dictionary. Older texts may use different spellings for some words.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Nonetheless, even different modern sources<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> may use different spelling conventions; they may differ especially in the usage of the <a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">matres lectionis</a> (alif ا, wau و and ya ي) and the <a href="/wiki/Hamza#Jawi_script" title="Hamza">hamzah tiga suku</a> ء, as well as in the spelling of vowels and consonant clusters in loanwords from <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] One source<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> tends to use the following conventions;<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> there are numerous exceptions to them nonetheless. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Malay" title="List of loanwords in Malay">Loanwords</a> may be spelled differently. Particularly, loanwords from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> often keep their original spellings.</li></ul> <dl><dd>The letters sa ث, ha ح, kha خ, zal ذ, sad ص, dad ض, ta ط, za ظ, ain ع, ghain غ, and ta marbutah ة are mostly used to spell Arabic loanwords, e.g., Selasa ثلاث, huruf حروف, khabar خبر, fasal فصل, darurat ضرورة, talak طلاق, zohor ظهر, saat ساعة, ghaib غيب, sunat سنة, khasiat خصية. The letter va ۏ is mostly used to spell English loanwords, e.g., universiti اونيۏرسيتي. The letters zai ز, syin ش, fa ف, and ye ى are mostly used to spell loanwords from English, Arabic or Dutch, e.g., zoo زو, zapin زاڤين, syif شيف, syukur شکور, filem فيلم, fakir فقير, nasionalisme ناسيوناليسمى, and takwa تقوى.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Rumi x used to spell loanwords from English may be spelled using different Jawi letters, depending on pronunciation, e.g., kaf-sin کس in X-ray ايکس-راي or zai ز in xenon زينون.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>The letter syin ش is also used to represent ⟨sh⟩ especially for words derived from <a href="/wiki/Classical_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Malay">Classical Malay</a> language, e.g., مهاريشي maharishi; and loanwords, e.g., شيرڤا Sherpa.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Native Malay root morphemes with Rumi k in the syllable coda are <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stops</a> (pronounced [<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]) and are written with qaf ق, e.g., tengok تيڠوق, laksa لقسا, baiklah باءيقله, kotakku کوتقکو, kotakmu کوتقمو. Loanwords where the Rumi k is derived from Western languages are spelled with kaf: the initial and medial forms use the glyph ک, e.g., klinik کلينيک and teksi تيکسي. The final k form can be either ک or ك, as in the variant spelling of klinik کلينيك; the latter glyph is often found in old signboards.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>The letter fa ف was historically used to represent /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/ (Jawi: pa ڤ) and such usage may still be found in archaic Jawi spellings. This is because /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/ is a non-native consonant in Malay found only in loanwords and in the past was often approximated as a /p/.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Though there are exceptions,<a href="#endnote_a">[a]</a> vowels and diphthongs tend to be spelled this way:</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">First letter of a root morpheme </th> <th colspan="2">Middle of a root morpheme, in an open syllable </th> <th colspan="2">Middle of a root morpheme, in a closed syllable </th> <th colspan="2">Last letter of a root morpheme </th></tr> <tr> <th>Rumi</th> <th>Jawi</th> <th>Rumi</th> <th>Jawi</th> <th>Rumi</th> <th>Jawi</th> <th>Rumi</th> <th>Jawi </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/a/, [<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>] in open final syllables of root morphemes, or in the <a href="/wiki/Penult" title="Penult">penult</a> if followed by /h/, e.g., in usaha </td> <th>Spelling </th> <td>a</td> <td>ا<a href="#endnote_b">[b]</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>ـا<a href="#endnote_b">[b]</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>ـا or omitted<a href="#endnote_b">[b]</a><a href="#endnote_c">[c]</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>ـا or omitted<a href="#endnote_b">[b]</a><a href="#endnote_c">[c]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Example </th> <td>abu</td> <td>ابو</td> <td>cari</td> <td>چاري</td> <td>sampan, wang</td> <td>سمڤن, واڠ</td> <td>cuba, hanya</td> <td>چوبا, هاڽ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/ mostly, /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/ in some words, i.e., e-taling </td> <th>Spelling </th> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Rumi_Spelling#Removal_of_diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="New Rumi Spelling">e</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Spelling_System" title="Republican Spelling System">é</a>)</td> <td>ايـ<a href="#endnote_b">[b]</a></td> <td>e (é)</td> <td>ـيـ<a href="#endnote_b">[b]</a></td> <td>e (é)</td> <td>ـيـ<a href="#endnote_b">[b]</a></td> <td>e (é)</td> <td>ـي<a href="#endnote_b">[b]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Example </th> <td>ekor</td> <td>ايکور</td> <td>tengok</td> <td>تيڠوق</td> <td>rendang</td> <td>ريندڠ</td> <td>sate</td> <td>ساتي </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/ə/, i.e., e-pepet </td> <th>Spelling </th> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Rumi_Spelling#Removal_of_diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="New Rumi Spelling">e</a> (ĕ)</td> <td>ا<a href="#endnote_b">[b]</a></td> <td>e (ĕ)</td> <td>(omitted)<a href="#endnote_b">[b]</a></td> <td>e (ĕ)</td> <td>(omitted)<a href="#endnote_b">[b]</a></td> <td>e (ĕ)</td> <td>ـى,<a href="#endnote_d">[d]</a> ـا<a href="#endnote_b">[b]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Example </th> <td>empat</td> <td>امڤت</td> <td>bersih</td> <td>برسيه</td> <td>sempit</td> <td>سمڤيت</td> <td>nasionalisme, memetabolismekan</td> <td>ناسيوناليسمى, ممتابوليسماکن </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/, [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>] in closed final syllables of root morphemes </td> <th>Spelling </th> <td>i</td> <td>ايـ<a href="#endnote_b">[b]</a></td> <td>i</td> <td>ـيـ<a href="#endnote_b">[b]</a></td> <td>i</td> <td>ـيـ<a href="#endnote_b">[b]</a></td> <td>i</td> <td>ـي </td></tr> <tr> <th>Example </th> <td>ibu</td> <td>ايبو</td> <td>tiga</td> <td>تيݢ</td> <td>hampir</td> <td>همڤير</td> <td>kiri</td> <td>کيري </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/ mostly, /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>/ in some words </td> <th>Spelling </th> <td>o</td> <td>او<a href="#endnote_b">[b]</a></td> <td>o</td> <td>ـو<a href="#endnote_b">[b]</a></td> <td>o</td> <td>ـو<a href="#endnote_b">[b]</a></td> <td>o</td> <td>ـو<a href="#endnote_b">[b]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Example </th> <td>obor</td> <td>اوبور</td> <td>bola</td> <td>بولا</td> <td>esok</td> <td>ايسوق</td> <td>soto</td> <td>سوتو </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/, [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>] in closed final syllables of root morphemes </td> <th>Spelling </th> <td>u</td> <td>او<a href="#endnote_b">[b]</a></td> <td>u</td> <td>ـو<a href="#endnote_b">[b]</a></td> <td>u</td> <td>ـو<a href="#endnote_b">[b]</a></td> <td>u</td> <td>ـو<a href="#endnote_b">[b]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Example </th> <td>ubi</td> <td>اوبي</td> <td>rugi</td> <td>روݢي</td> <td>tun</td> <td>تون</td> <td>biru</td> <td>بيرو </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">ai̯</a>/ </td> <th>Spelling </th> <td>ai</td> <td>اءيـ<a href="#endnote_e">[e]</a></td> <td>ai</td> <td>ـايـ</td> <td>ai</td> <td>ـاءيـ</td> <td>ai</td> <td>ـاي </td></tr> <tr> <th>Example </th> <td>aiskrim</td> <td>اءيسکريم</td> <td>baiduri</td> <td>بايدوري</td> <td>sait</td> <td>ساءيت</td> <td>ramai</td> <td>راماي </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">au̯</a>/ </td> <th>Spelling </th> <td>au</td> <td>اءو<a href="#endnote_e">[e]</a></td> <td>au</td> <td>ـاو</td> <td>au</td> <td>ـاءو</td> <td>au</td> <td>ـاو </td></tr> <tr> <th>Example </th> <td>aur</td> <td>اءور</td> <td>sauna</td> <td>ساونا</td> <td>taun</td> <td>تاءون</td> <td>pulau</td> <td>ڤولاو </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">oi̯</a>/ </td> <th>Spelling </th> <td>oi</td> <td>اوويـ</td> <td>oi</td> <td>ـويـ</td> <td>oi</td> <td>ـوءيـ</td> <td>oi</td> <td>ـوي </td></tr> <tr> <th>Example </th> <td>oidium</td> <td>اوويديوم</td> <td>boikot</td> <td>بويکوت</td> <td>eksploit</td> <td>ايکسڤلوءيت</td> <td>sepoi</td> <td>سڤوي </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_a">^a</a> When spelling vowels, there are many exceptions to the conventions stated above and below. Common exceptions include ada اد, di د, dia دي, dan دان, ia اي, jika جک, juga جوݢ, lima ليم, ke ک, kita کيت, mereka مريک, ini اين, itu ايت, pada ڤد, suka سوک, and tiga تيݢ.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_b">^b</a> Some words spelled distinctly in Rumi may be <a href="/wiki/Homographs" class="mw-redirect" title="Homographs">homographs</a> in Jawi, e.g., sembilan and sambilan are both سمبيلن, markah and merekah are both مرکه, sesi and sisi are both سيسي, biro and biru are both بيرو, borong and burung are both بوروڠ, and golong and gulung are both ݢولوڠ.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_c">^c</a> Using or omitting alif ا when representing /a/ in closed syllables and in the last letter of a root morpheme:</li></ul> <dl><dd>When representing /a/, alif ا is mostly omitted in <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">C</a><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">V</a><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">C</a>-syllables.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>However, it is usually not omitted in monosyllabic words that start with wau و, e.g., wau واو, wap واڤ, wang واڠ.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>It is also usually not omitted in root morphemes which first syllable is open and contains /e/ and which second syllable is closed and begins with /wa/, e.g., words with a /Ce.waC/ structure (where each C is a consonant) like lewah ليواه, mewah ميواه, dewan ديوان, tewas تيواس, rewang ريواڠ, gewang ݢواڠ, sewat سيوات, kelewang کليواڠ, kedewas کديواس, dewangga ديواڠݢ.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Final alif ا is generally kept to represent /<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/ [<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>] at the end of a word.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>However, in native Malay disyllabic root morphemes with the form /Ca.C*a/ [Ca.C*ə], where /C*/ is any of the following 12 consonants ba ب, ta ت, pa ڤ, sin س, ga ݢ, nun ن, nya ڽ, ca چ, kaf ک, jim ج, mim م, ya ی (<a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a>: betapa segannya cik jam بتاڤ سݢنڽ چيق جم), final alif ا is not written, e.g., raba راب, mata مات, sapa ساڤ, rasa راس, raga راݢ, mana مان, hanya هاڽ, baca باچ, raya راي, baka باک, raja راج, nama نام, and sama سام.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Some native Malay trisyllabic root morphemes ending with /<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/ [<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>], with three open syllables and which include the abovementioned 12 consonants, may also omit the final alif ا.</dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_d">^d</a> As the final letter of a word, root morpheme-final /<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/ that is spelled with e in Rumi may be represented by ye ى in Jawi. In the middle of a word, root morpheme-final /ə/ that is spelled with e in Rumi may be represented by alif ا in Jawi instead, e.g., fatwa فتوى → memfatwakan ممفتواکن, metabolisme ميتابوليسمى → memetabolismekan ممتابوليسماکن.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_e">^e</a> The hamzah may be used to spell some diphthongs. Sources differ as to whether and when it should be on the line ء, or placed above the previous mater lectionis, such as in alif with hamzah above أ, or even if it should be used at all in some words.</li></ul> <dl><dd>Furthermore, it may be used to represent a <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatus</a>, or a glottal stop [<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>], especially when (but not limited to) separating vowels at the boundary of a root morpheme and an affix, e.g., dato' داتوء, baik باءيق, mulai مولاءي, bau باءو, daun داءون, laut لاءوت, peperiksaan ڤڤريقساءن, kemerdekaan کمرديکاءن, diambil دأمبيل, dielakkan دأيلقکن, diertikan دأرتيکن, diikuti دأيکوتي, diolah دأوله, diutamakan دأوتاماکن, keadaan کأداءن, keempat کأمڤت, keindahan کأيندهن, keupayaan کأوڤاياءن, seakan-akan سأکن-اکن, seekor سأيکور, seorang سأورڠ, e-mel إي-ميل, eh! إيه‮!‬, ateisme اتيئيسمى, diet ديئت.</dd></dl> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a> are the preferred form for writing numerals in Jawi script, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern Arabic numerals</a> are generally not used (except when indicating plural words, i.e., askar-askar = عسکر٢).</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Arabic numerals </th> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>9 </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Malay_grammar#Reduplication" title="Malay grammar">Full reduplication</a> of a base word is represented with the numeral ٢, e.g., anak-anak انق٢, while the suffixed reduplication of a base word is represented with the hyphen "-", e.g., berhati-hati برهاتي-هاتي, sayur-sayuran سايور-سايورن, and gunung-ganang ݢونوڠ-ݢانڠ.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">Punctuation</a> marks used in written Jawi are as follows:</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Punctuation mark </th> <th colspan="2">Malay name </th> <th rowspan="2">Rumi </th> <th rowspan="2">Jawi </th></tr> <tr> <th>Rumi </th> <th>Jawi </th></tr> <tr> <td>Comma </td> <td>Tanda koma </td> <td>تندا کوما </td> <td>, </td> <td>⹁ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Semicolon </td> <td>Tanda koma bertitik </td> <td>تندا کوما برتيتيق </td> <td>; </td> <td>⁏ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Question mark </td> <td>Tanda soal </td> <td>تندا سوءال </td> <td>? </td> <td>؟ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jawi_script&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Examples">edit</a>]</div> Akin to the Arabic script, Jawi is constructed from <a href="/wiki/Right-to-left_script" title="Right-to-left script">right-to-left</a>. Below is an exemplification of the Jawi script extracted from the first and second verse of the notable Ghazal untuk Rabiah, غزال اونتوق ربيعة (<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>: A <a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a> for Rabiah).<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <table cellpadding="6"> <tbody><tr> <th>Jawi script </th> <th>Rumi script </th> <th>English translation </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;"> <td style="direction:rtl" lang="ms-Arab"> <div class="poem"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">کيلاون اينتن برکليڤ-کليڤ دلاڠيت تيڠݢي⹁ دان چهاي مناري-ناري دلاڠيت بيرو⹁ تيدقله داڤت مننڠکن ڤراساءنکو⹁ يڠ ريندوکن کحاضيرن کاسيه. ݢمرسيق ايراما مردو بولوه ڤريندو⹁ دان ڽاڽين ڤاري٢ دري کايڠن⹁ تيدقله داڤت تنترمکن سانوباري⹁ يڠ مندمباکن کڤستين کاسيهمو.‎ </div> </td> <td style="font-style: italic;" lang="ms"> <div class="poem"> Kilauan intan berkelip-kelip di langit tinggi, Dan cahaya menari-nari di langit biru, Tidaklah dapat menenangkan perasaanku, Yang rindukan kehadiran kasih. Gemersik irama merdu buluh perindu, Dan nyanyian pari-pari dari kayangan, Tidaklah dapat tenteramkan sanubari, Yang mendambakan kepastian kasihmu. </div> </td> <td> <div class="poem"> The glimmer of gems twinkling in the lofty sky, And light that dances across upon the azure sky, Are not able to soothe my heart, That pines for the presence of the Beloved. The melodious rhythm of the reed flute, And the chorus of nymphs from Heaven, Are not able to calm the soul, That craves the certainty of your Love. </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jawi_script&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWinstedt1961" class="citation cs2">Winstedt, Richard Olaf (1961), "Malay Chronicles from Sumatra and Malaya", Historians of South-East Asia of Historical Writing on the Peoples of Asia, 2: 24</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historians+of+South-East+Asia+of+Historical+Writing+on+the+Peoples+of+Asia&rft.atitle=Malay+Chronicles+from+Sumatra+and+Malaya&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Winstedt&rft.aufirst=Richard+Olaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawi+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Alexander_Simpson2007" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Alexander Simpson (2007). 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Brunei Times. 16 July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bt.com.bn/features/2007/09/16/an_overview_of_jawis_origins_in_brunei">the original</a> on 24 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+overview+of+Jawi%27s+origin+in+Brunei&rft.pub=Brunei+Times&rft.date=2007-07-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bt.com.bn%2Ffeatures%2F2007%2F09%2F16%2Fan_overview_of_jawis_origins_in_brunei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawi+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_20-1">b</a> The Legacy of the Malay Letter, Annabel Teh Gallop, The British Library and Arkib Negara Malaysia, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7123-0376-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7123-0376-7">978-0-7123-0376-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabulal2019" class="citation news cs1">Babulal, Veena (14 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/08/512825/teaching-jawi-vernacular-schools-proceed-subject-pta-consent">"Teaching of Jawi in vernacular schools to proceed, subject to PTA consent"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Straits_Times" title="New Straits Times">New Straits Times</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/malaysia-khat-jawi-calligraphy-vernacular-schools-chinese-tamil-11782604?cid=h3_referral_inarticlelinks_24082018_cna%3Fcid%3Dh3_referral_inarticlelinks_24082018_cna">the original</a> on 19 September 2020. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/malaysia-police-court-order-anti-jawi-congress-12215654">the original</a> on 4 January 2020. 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Retrieved 19 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Jawi+signage+in+Pahang%3A+Stickers+allowed%2C+for+now&rft.date=2020-01-07&rft.aulast=Alagesh&rft.aufirst=T.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nst.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2020%2F01%2F554336%2Fjawi-signage-pahang-stickers-allowed-now&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawi+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-riaudailyphoto.com-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-riaudailyphoto.com_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-riaudailyphoto.com_34-1">b</a> (in Indonesian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riaudailyphoto.com/2012/02/tulisan-arab-melayu-bagian-dari.html">TULISAN ARAB MELAYU BAGIAN DARI KHAZANAH BUDAYA RIAU</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Bagian Kesenian Bara Ai Kesusasteraan Indonesia Catatan-Catatan Tentang Amir Hamza:Bagian Kesenian Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Yogyakarta: 1955. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jdihn.go.id/files/224/Pergub_No_46_Tahun_2018_S.PDF">Peraturan Gubernur Riau Nomor 46 Tahun 2018 Tentang Penerapan Muatan Budaya Melayu Riau Di Ruang Umum</a> (PDF) (Governor Regulation 46) (in Indonesian). Governor of Riau Province. 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Peraturan+Gubernur+Riau+Nomor+46+Tahun+2018+Tentang+Penerapan+Muatan+Budaya+Melayu+Riau+Di+Ruang+Umum&rft.pub=Governor+of+Riau+Province&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjdihn.go.id%2Ffiles%2F224%2FPergub_No_46_Tahun_2018_S.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawi+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Daftar Kata Bahasa Melayu Rumi-Sebutan-Jawi, Dewan Bahasa Pustaka, 5th printing, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChe_Wan_Shamsul_Bahri_bin_Che_Wan_AhmadKhairuddin_bin_OmarMohammad_Faidzul_bin_NasrudinMohd_Zamri_bin_Murah" class="citation journal cs1">Che Wan Shamsul Bahri bin Che Wan Ahmad; Khairuddin bin Omar; Mohammad Faidzul bin Nasrudin; Mohd Zamri bin Murah; Khirulnizam Abd Rahman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2457882">"Comparative Study Between Old and Modern Jawi Spelling: Case Study on Kitab Hidayah al-Salikin"</a>. Researchgate.net. K. Abd Rahman. Retrieved 17 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Researchgate.net&rft.atitle=Comparative+Study+Between+Old+and+Modern+Jawi+Spelling%3A+Case+Study+on+Kitab+Hidayah+al-Salikin&rft.au=Che+Wan+Shamsul+Bahri+bin+Che+Wan+Ahmad&rft.au=Khairuddin+bin+Omar&rft.au=Mohammad+Faidzul+bin+Nasrudin&rft.au=Mohd+Zamri+bin+Murah&rft.au=Khirulnizam+Abd+Rahman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2457882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawi+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnm.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/239">"Portal Rasmi Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia"</a>. Nota Klinik Jawi Peringkat Lanjutan 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nota+Klinik+Jawi+Peringkat+Lanjutan+2014&rft.atitle=Portal+Rasmi+Perpustakaan+Negara+Malaysia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnm.gov.my%2Findex.php%2Fpages%2Fview%2F239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawi+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212400/http://www.ejawi.net/v3/index?e=converter">"Jawi @ Arabic Converter"</a>. Ejawi.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejawi.net/v3/index?e=converter">the original</a> on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ejawi.net&rft.atitle=Jawi+%40+Arabic+Converter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejawi.net%2Fv3%2Findex%3Fe%3Dconverter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawi+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160609222055/http://www.ejawi.net/v3/index?e=tutorial&a=kandungan&kategori&lihatID=48&show=1">"Klinik Jawi di Radio IKIM.fm – Tutorial"</a>. Ejawi.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejawi.net/v3/index?e=tutorial&a=kandungan&kategori&lihatID=48&show=1">the original</a> on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ejawi.net&rft.atitle=Klinik+Jawi+di+Radio+IKIM.fm+%E2%80%93+Tutorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejawi.net%2Fv3%2Findex%3Fe%3Dtutorial%26a%3Dkandungan%26kategori%26lihatID%3D48%26show%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawi+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liriklagu.com/liriklagu_jm/MNasir_GhazalUntuk.html">"lirik lagu"</a>. www.liriklagu.com. Retrieved 3 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.liriklagu.com&rft.atitle=lirik+lagu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liriklagu.com%2Fliriklagu_jm%2FMNasir_GhazalUntuk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawi+script" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jawi_script&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Casparis1975" class="citation book cs1">De Casparis, J. G. (29 November 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cLUfAAAAIAAJ">Indonesian Paleography</a>. BRILL. pp. 70–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004041729" title="Special:BookSources/9004041729"><bdi>9004041729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesian+Paleography&rft.pages=70-71&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1975-11-29&rft.isbn=9004041729&rft.aulast=De+Casparis&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcLUfAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawi+script" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson1892" class="citation book cs1">Hudson, Herbert Henry (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malayorthography00hudsrich">The Malay orthography</a>. Singapore: Kelly & Walsh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malay+orthography&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Kelly+%26+Walsh&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmalayorthography00hudsrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawi+script" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatersonBlagden1924" class="citation journal cs1">Paterson, H. S.; Blagden, C. O. (1924). "An early Malay Inscription from 14th-century Terengganu". Journ. Mal. Br.R.A.S. II: 258–263.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journ.+Mal.+Br.R.A.S.&rft.atitle=An+early+Malay+Inscription+from+14th-century+Terengganu&rft.volume=II&rft.pages=258-263&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Paterson&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rft.au=Blagden%2C+C.+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawi+script" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinstedt1962" class="citation book cs1">Winstedt, R. O. (1962). A History of Malaya (revised ed.). p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Malaya&rft.pages=40&rft.edition=revised&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Winstedt&rft.aufirst=R.+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawi+script" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jawi_script&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm">Omniglot article about written Malay</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jawiware.org">Software and articles related to Jawi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100726172104/http://www.jawi.ukm.my/">Transliteration of Rumi to Jawi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mammana.org/bcp/jawi1857/">Book of Common Prayer in Jawi Script</a>, digitized by Richard Mammana</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sea.lib.niu.edu/seadl/islandora/object/SEAImages%3AJawi">Jawi Transliteration Project | Southeast Asia Digital Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maksudnama.com/">Maksud Nama in Jawi | Arab and Malaysia Name Reference</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic_script" title="Template:Arabic script"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic_script" title="Template talk:Arabic script"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic_script" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic script"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arabic_alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljamiado" title="Aljamiado">Aljamiado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language#Writing_systems" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Arabic_alphabet" title="Belarusian Arabic alphabet">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language#Alphabets" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a></li> <li>Circassian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language#Other_writing_systems" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language#Orthography" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_alphabet" title="Crimean Tatar alphabet">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar_alphabet" title="Dobrujan Tatar alphabet">Dobrujan Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Aljamiado" title="Greek Aljamiado">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language#Writing_Comparison_Table" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arebica" title="Arebica">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li>Tatar (<a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ske_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="İske imlâ alphabet">İske imlâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%B1a_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="Yaña imlâ alphabet">Yaña imlâ</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_Standard_Alphabet" title="Balochi Standard Alphabet">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_Wolio" title="Buri Wolio">Buri Wolio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski#Writing_system" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Jawi" title="Cham Jawi">Cham Jawi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language#Writing_system" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_alphabet" title="Khowar alphabet">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_alphabets" title="Kyrgyz alphabets">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam_script" title="Arabi Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari (Rajasthani)</a></li> <li>Pamir (<a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_Arabic_Alphabet" title="Rohingya Arabic Alphabet">Rohingya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_alphabet" title="Saraiki alphabet">Saraiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language#Writing_system" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a></li> <li>Shina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language#Orthography" title="Shina language">Gilgiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohistani_Shina#Alphabet" title="Kohistani Shina">Kohistani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Sulat Sug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torwali_language#Alphabet" title="Torwali language">Torwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_alphabet" title="Turkmen alphabet">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Afrikaans" title="Arabic Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Arabic_alphabet" title="Berber Arabic alphabet">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comorian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Comorian language">Comorain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_alphabets" title="Fula alphabets">Fula Ajami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Adamawa Fulfulde">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagirmi_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Bagirmi Fulfulde">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Fulfulde" title="Nigerian Fulfulde">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pular_language#Writing" title="Pular language">Fuuta Jalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaar_language#Orthography" title="Pulaar language">Fuuta Tooro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasina_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Maasina Fulfulde">Maasina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushi_language" title="Bushi language">Kibushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Ajami" title="Hausa Ajami">Hausa Ajami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanembu_language" title="Kanembu language">Kanembu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maba_language" title="Maba language">Maba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_language#Writing_system" title="Serer language">Serer Ajami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maore_dialect" title="Maore dialect">Shimaore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humburi_Senni_language" title="Humburi Senni language">Humburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyra_Chiini_language" title="Koyra Chiini language">Koyra Chiini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyraboro_Senni" title="Koyraboro Senni">Koyraboro Senni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarma_language" title="Zarma language">Zarma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorabe_alphabet" title="Sorabe alphabet">Sorabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tuareg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Tamajeq_language" title="Air Tamajeq language">Air Tamajeq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawellemmet_language" title="Tawellemmet language">Tawellemmet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_Ajami" title="Swahili Ajami">Swahili Ajami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadaad%27s_writing" title="Wadaad's writing">Wadaad's</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolofal_alphabet" title="Wolofal alphabet">Wolof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjemi" title="Anjemi">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_script" title="Category:Arabic script">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alphabets_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_alphabets" title="Template:Language alphabets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_alphabets" title="Template talk:Language alphabets"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_alphabets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language alphabets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alphabets_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indo-European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_and_Norwegian_alphabet" title="Danish and Norwegian alphabet">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch alphabet">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Faroese alphabet">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_alphabet" title="German alphabet">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_orthography" title="Icelandic orthography">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_and_Norwegian_alphabet" title="Danish and Norwegian alphabet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_alphabet" title="Swedish alphabet">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic alphabet">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_orthography" title="Welsh orthography">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_alphabet" title="Aromanian alphabet">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan alphabet">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="French alphabet">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian alphabet">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_alphabet" title="Occitan alphabet">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese alphabet">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_alphabet" title="Romanian alphabet">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography#Alphabet" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slavic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belarusian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_alphabet" title="Belarusian alphabet">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Latin_alphabet" title="Belarusian Latin alphabet">Łacinka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech alphabet">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_alphabet" title="Macedonian alphabet">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_alphabet" title="Polish alphabet">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">Russian</a></li> <li>Serbo-Croatian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Gaj</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ukrainian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_alphabet" title="Ukrainian alphabet">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Latin_alphabet" title="Ukrainian Latin alphabet">Latynka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indo-Iranian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian alphabet">Latvian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uralic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian alphabet">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish alphabet">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_alphabet" title="Hungarian alphabet">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afroasiatic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semitic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a></li> <li>Aramaic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet">Maltese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Berber</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Berber <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Latin_alphabet" title="Berber Latin alphabet">Alatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Arabic_alphabet" title="Berber Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">selected East Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Korean</a></li> <li>Mongolian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Latin_alphabet" title="Mongolian Latin alphabet">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_alphabets" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian alphabets">Mongolian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austronesian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_alphabet" title="Hawaiian alphabet">Hawaiian</a></li> <li>Javanese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Carakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_orthography" title="Javanese orthography">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li></ul></li> <li>Malay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay alphabet">Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi alphabet">Jawi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tagalog <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_alphabet" title="Filipino alphabet">Latin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_alphabet" title="Basque alphabet">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapudungun_alphabet" title="Mapudungun alphabet">Mapudungun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil alphabet">Tamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">constructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_orthography" title="Esperanto orthography">Esperanto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_"hieroglyphs"" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a> ⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li>Danish</li> <li>Finnish</li> <li>Greenlandic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></li> <li>Norwegian</li> <li>Swedish</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chinese semi-syllabaries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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