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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Smeaton coefficient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smeaton_coefficient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Civil engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanical_engineer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_engineer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mechanical engineer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_engineer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John Smeaton</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="جون سمتون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون سمتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8" title="জন স্মিয়াটন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জন স্মিয়াটন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Джон Смийтън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джон Смийтън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Smeaton" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Smeaton" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="John Smeaton" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Smeaton" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Smeaton" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Smeaton" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John Smeaton" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="جان اسمیتون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان اسمیتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Smeaton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Smeaton" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="John Smeaton" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BB" title="ജോൺ സ്മീട്ടൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോൺ സ്മീട്ടൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="جون سمتون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون سمتون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="John Smeaton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Smeaton" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="ジョン・スミートン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・スミートン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Smeaton" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Smeaton" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Smeaton" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="John Smeaton" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Смитон, Джон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Смитон, Джон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="John Smeaton" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John Smeaton" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Smeaton" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джон Смітон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Смітон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q460922#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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For the baggage handler, see <a href="/wiki/John_Smeaton_(born_1976)" title="John Smeaton (born 1976)">John Smeaton (born 1976)</a>. For the Australian cricket umpire, see <a href="/wiki/John_Smeaton_(umpire)" title="John Smeaton (umpire)">John Smeaton (umpire)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">John Smeaton</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Smeaton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/John_Smeaton.jpg/220px-John_Smeaton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/John_Smeaton.jpg/330px-John_Smeaton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/John_Smeaton.jpg/440px-John_Smeaton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Smeaton, with the <a href="/wiki/Eddystone_Lighthouse" title="Eddystone Lighthouse">Eddystone Lighthouse</a> in the background</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1724-06-08</span>)</span>8 June 1724<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Austhorpe" title="Austhorpe">Austhorpe</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="West Riding of Yorkshire">West Riding of Yorkshire</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 October 1792<span style="display:none">(1792-10-28)</span> (aged 68)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Austhorpe, West Riding of Yorkshire, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Whitkirk" title="St Mary's Church, Whitkirk">St Mary's Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitkirk" title="Whitkirk">Whitkirk</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Civil engineer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (1759)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Smeaton</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span> (8 June 1724 – 28 October 1792) was an English <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">civil engineer</a> responsible for the design of bridges, <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbour">harbours</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">lighthouses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also a capable mechanical engineer and an eminent <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>. Smeaton was the first self-proclaimed "civil engineer", and is often regarded as the "father of <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Denny_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denny-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He pioneered the use of <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_lime" title="Hydraulic lime">hydraulic lime</a> in <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>, using pebbles and powdered brick as aggregate.<sup id="cite_ref-InterNACHI_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InterNACHI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smeaton was associated with the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Society">Lunar Society</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_and_physics">Law and physics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Smeaton&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Law and physics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smeaton was born in <a href="/wiki/Austhorpe" title="Austhorpe">Austhorpe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, England. After studying at <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Grammar_School" title="Leeds Grammar School">Leeds Grammar School</a> he joined his father's law firm, but left to become a mathematical instrument maker (working with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hindley" title="Henry Hindley">Henry Hindley</a>), developing, among other instruments, a <a href="/wiki/Pyrometer" title="Pyrometer">pyrometer</a> to study material expansion. In 1750, his premises were in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Turnstile" title="Great Turnstile">Great Turnstile</a> in Holborn.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Smeaton_by_George_Romney,_1779,_National_Portrait_Gallery,_London.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/John_Smeaton_by_George_Romney%2C_1779%2C_National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_London.JPG/220px-John_Smeaton_by_George_Romney%2C_1779%2C_National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_London.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/John_Smeaton_by_George_Romney%2C_1779%2C_National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_London.JPG/330px-John_Smeaton_by_George_Romney%2C_1779%2C_National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_London.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/John_Smeaton_by_George_Romney%2C_1779%2C_National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_London.JPG/440px-John_Smeaton_by_George_Romney%2C_1779%2C_National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_London.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>John Smeaton by <a href="/wiki/George_Romney_(painter)" title="George Romney (painter)">George Romney</a>, 1779 (detail), <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a></figcaption></figure> <p>He was elected a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> in 1753 and in 1759 won the <a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> for his research into the mechanics of <a href="/wiki/Waterwheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterwheel">waterwheels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">windmills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His 1759 paper "An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Natural Powers of Water and Wind to Turn Mills and Other Machines Depending on Circular Motion"<sup id="cite_ref-Phil._Trans._1759_51:100-174;_doi:10.1098/rstl.1759.0019_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phil._Trans._1759_51:100-174;_doi:10.1098/rstl.1759.0019-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> addressed the relationship between pressure and velocity for objects moving in air (Smeaton noted that the table doing so was actually contributed by "my friend Mr Rouse" "an ingenious gentleman of Harborough, Leicestershire" and calculated on the basis of Rouse's experiments), and his concepts were subsequently developed to devise the 'Smeaton Coefficient'.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smeaton's <a href="/wiki/Water_wheel" title="Water wheel">water wheel</a> experiments were conducted on a small scale model with which he tested various configurations over a period of seven years.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resultant increase in efficiency in water power contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Over the period 1759–1782 he performed a series of further experiments and measurements on water wheels that led him to support and champion the <i><a href="/wiki/Vis_viva" title="Vis viva">vis viva</a></i> theory of German <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a>, an early formulation of <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_energy" title="Conservation of energy">conservation of energy</a>. This led him into conflict with members of the academic establishment who rejected Leibniz's theory, believing it inconsistent with Sir <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation of momentum">conservation of momentum</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Smeaton_coefficient">Smeaton coefficient</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Smeaton&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Smeaton coefficient"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 1759 paper "An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Natural Powers of Water and Wind to Turn Mills and Other Machines Depending on Circular Motion" Smeaton developed the concepts and data which became the basis for the <i>Smeaton coefficient</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-cof_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cof-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the lift equation used by the <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a>. It has the form:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L=kV^{2}AC_{l}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>L</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>k</mi> <msup> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>A</mi> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L=kV^{2}AC_{l}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cf222cce669e3dad785d8c4adb2216f1eae6be3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.378ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L=kV^{2}AC_{l}\,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>L</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}"></span> is the lift</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}"></span> is the Smeaton coefficient (see note below)</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span> is the velocity</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}"></span> is the area in square feet</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{l}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{l}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/48cfbbfbb383f9b169e86ccdf2065a7ed3f6a3b7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.384ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{l}}"></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Lift_coefficient" title="Lift coefficient">lift coefficient</a> (the lift relative to the drag of a plate of the same area)</dd></dl> <p>The Wright brothers determined with <a href="/wiki/Wind_tunnel" title="Wind tunnel">wind tunnels</a> that the Smeaton coefficient value of 0.005<sup id="cite_ref-cof_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cof-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was incorrect and should have been 0.0033.<sup id="cite_ref-Dodson_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dodson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern analysis, the lift coefficient is normalised by the <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_pressure" title="Dynamic pressure">dynamic pressure</a> instead of the Smeaton coefficient. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_engineering">Civil engineering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Smeaton&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Civil engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smeaton%27s_Lighthouse00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Smeaton%27s_Lighthouse00.jpg/220px-Smeaton%27s_Lighthouse00.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Smeaton%27s_Lighthouse00.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Smeaton%27s_Lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Smeaton's Lighthouse">Smeaton's Lighthouse</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Smeaton is important in the history, rediscovery of, and development of modern <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a>, identifying the compositional requirements needed to obtain "hydraulicity" in lime; work which led ultimately to the invention of <a href="/wiki/Portland_cement" title="Portland cement">Portland cement</a>. Portland cement led to the re-emergence of concrete as a modern building material, largely due to Smeaton's influence. </p><p>Recommended by the Royal Society, Smeaton designed the third <a href="/wiki/Eddystone_Lighthouse" title="Eddystone Lighthouse">Eddystone Lighthouse</a> (1755–59).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He pioneered the use of '<a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_lime" title="Hydraulic lime">hydraulic lime</a>' (a form of <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a> that will set under water) and developed a technique involving <a href="/wiki/Dovetail_joint" title="Dovetail joint">dovetailed</a> blocks of granite in the building of the lighthouse. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Granite_bust_by_Philip_Chatfield_in_Smeaton%27s_Tower_Plymouth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Granite_bust_by_Philip_Chatfield_in_Smeaton%27s_Tower_Plymouth.jpg/220px-Granite_bust_by_Philip_Chatfield_in_Smeaton%27s_Tower_Plymouth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Granite_bust_by_Philip_Chatfield_in_Smeaton%27s_Tower_Plymouth.jpg/330px-Granite_bust_by_Philip_Chatfield_in_Smeaton%27s_Tower_Plymouth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Granite_bust_by_Philip_Chatfield_in_Smeaton%27s_Tower_Plymouth.jpg/440px-Granite_bust_by_Philip_Chatfield_in_Smeaton%27s_Tower_Plymouth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2988" data-file-height="3860" /></a><figcaption>Granite bust by Philip Chatfield in Smeaton's Tower Plymouth</figcaption></figure> <p>His lighthouse remained in use until 1877 when the rock underlying the structure's foundations had begun to erode; it was dismantled and partially rebuilt at <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Hoe" title="Plymouth Hoe">Plymouth Hoe</a> where it is known as <a href="/wiki/Smeaton%27s_Tower" title="Smeaton's Tower">Smeaton's Tower</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020 a Cornish granite bust of Smeaton by Philip Chatfield, commissioned by <a href="/wiki/The_Box,_Plymouth" title="The Box, Plymouth">The Box, Plymouth</a> and funded by <a href="/wiki/Trinity_House" title="Trinity House">Trinity House</a>, was installed in the tower's lantern chamber before its reopening. The bust is based on a plaster one donated by the <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Civil_Engineers" title="Institution of Civil Engineers">Institution of Civil Engineers</a> in about 1980, but later removed for safety reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-PH_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PH-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smeaton_dovetailing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Smeaton_dovetailing.jpg/220px-Smeaton_dovetailing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Smeaton_dovetailing.jpg/330px-Smeaton_dovetailing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Smeaton_dovetailing.jpg/440px-Smeaton_dovetailing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="1256" /></a><figcaption>Cross section of the <a href="/wiki/Eddystone_Lighthouse" title="Eddystone Lighthouse">Eddystone Lighthouse</a> showing the method of dovetailing</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perth_Bridge,_Perth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Perth_Bridge%2C_Perth.jpg/220px-Perth_Bridge%2C_Perth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Perth_Bridge%2C_Perth.jpg/330px-Perth_Bridge%2C_Perth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Perth_Bridge%2C_Perth.jpg/440px-Perth_Bridge%2C_Perth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Perth_Bridge" title="Perth Bridge">Perth Bridge</a>, over the Tay</figcaption></figure> <p>Deciding that he wanted to focus on the lucrative field of civil engineering, he commenced an extensive series of commissions, including: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation" title="Calder and Hebble Navigation">Calder and Hebble Navigation</a> (1758–70)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coldstream_Bridge" title="Coldstream Bridge">Coldstream Bridge</a> over the <a href="/wiki/River_Tweed" title="River Tweed">River Tweed</a> (1763–66)</li> <li>Improvements to the <a href="/wiki/River_Lee_Navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="River Lee Navigation">River Lee Navigation</a> (1765–70)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Ives,_Cornwall#Fishing" title="St Ives, Cornwall">Smeaton's Pier</a> in St Ives, Cornwall (1767–70)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smeaton%27s_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Smeaton's Bridge">Perth Bridge</a> over the <a href="/wiki/River_Tay" title="River Tay">River Tay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a> (1766–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Canal" title="Ripon Canal">Ripon Canal</a> (1766–1773)</li> <li>Smeaton's <a href="/wiki/Viaduct" title="Viaduct">Viaduct</a>, which carries the <a href="/wiki/A616_road" title="A616 road">A616 road</a> (part of the original Great North Road) over the <a href="/wiki/River_Trent" title="River Trent">River Trent</a> between <a href="/wiki/Newark,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Newark, England">Newark</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Muskham" title="South Muskham">South Muskham</a> in Nottinghamshire (1768–70)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Forth_and_Clyde_Canal" title="Forth and Clyde Canal">Forth and Clyde Canal</a> from <a href="/wiki/Grangemouth" title="Grangemouth">Grangemouth</a> to <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> (1768–77)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langley_on_Tyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Langley on Tyne">Langley on Tyne</a> smelt mill, with Nicholas Walton, acting as receivers to the <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Hospital,_London" title="Greenwich Hospital, London">Greenwich Hospital, London</a> (1768)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banff,_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Banff, Scotland">Banff</a> harbour (1770–75)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_North_Water_Bridge" title="Lower North Water Bridge">Lower North Water Bridge</a> (1770–75)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a> bridge (1775–80)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterhead" title="Peterhead">Peterhead</a> harbour (1775–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alston,_Cumbria#Nent_Force_level" title="Alston, Cumbria">Nent Force Level</a> (1776–77)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardington,_Bedfordshire" title="Cardington, Bedfordshire">Cardington</a> Bridge (1778)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Harbour works at <a href="/wiki/Ramsgate" title="Ramsgate">Ramsgate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">retention basin</a> 1776–83; jetty 1788–1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexham_Bridge" title="Hexham Bridge">Hexham Bridge</a> (1777–90); completed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mylne_(architect)" title="Robert Mylne (architect)">Robert Mylne</a> in 1793</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_and_Fazeley_Canal" title="Birmingham and Fazeley Canal">Birmingham and Fazeley Canal</a> (1782–89)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Austell" title="St Austell">St Austell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Cornwall" title="Charlestown, Cornwall">Charlestown</a> harbour in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (1792)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlestown_harbour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Charlestown_harbour.jpg/220px-Charlestown_harbour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Charlestown_harbour.jpg/330px-Charlestown_harbour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Charlestown_harbour.jpg/440px-Charlestown_harbour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Impounded_dock" class="mw-redirect" title="Impounded dock">impounded harbour</a> at <a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Cornwall" title="Charlestown, Cornwall">Charlestown, Cornwall</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Smeaton is considered to be the first <a href="/wiki/Expert_witness" title="Expert witness">expert witness</a> to appear in an English court. Because of his expertise in engineering, he was called to testify in court for a case related to the silting-up of the harbour at <a href="/wiki/Wells-next-the-Sea" title="Wells-next-the-Sea">Wells-next-the-Sea</a> in Norfolk in 1782.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also acted as a consultant on the disastrous 63-year-long New Harbour at <a href="/wiki/Rye,_East_Sussex" title="Rye, East Sussex">Rye</a>, designed to combat the silting of the port of <a href="/wiki/Winchelsea" title="Winchelsea">Winchelsea</a>. The project is now known informally as "Smeaton's Harbour", but despite the name his involvement was limited and occurred more than 30 years after work on the harbour commenced.<sup id="cite_ref-ryemuseum_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryemuseum-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It closed in 1839.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanical_engineer">Mechanical engineer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Smeaton&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mechanical engineer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Employing his skills as a mechanical engineer, he devised a <a href="/wiki/Water_engine" title="Water engine">water engine</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kew" title="Kew">Kew</a> in 1761 and a watermill at <a href="/wiki/Alston,_Cumbria" title="Alston, Cumbria">Alston</a>, Cumbria in 1767 (he is credited by some with inventing the cast-iron axle shaft for <a href="/wiki/Water_wheel" title="Water wheel">water wheels</a>). In 1782 he built the Chimney Mill at <a href="/wiki/Spital_Tongues" title="Spital Tongues">Spital Tongues</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, the first 5-sailed <a href="/wiki/Smock_mill" title="Smock mill">smock mill</a> in Britain. He also improved <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Newcomen" title="Thomas Newcomen">Thomas Newcomen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Newcomen_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcomen engine">atmospheric engine</a>, erecting one at Chacewater mine, <a href="/wiki/Wheal_Busy" title="Wheal Busy">Wheal Busy</a>, in Cornwall in 1775 which was both highly efficient and the most powerful at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNBSmeaton_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNBSmeaton-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1789 Smeaton applied an idea by <a href="/wiki/Denis_Papin" title="Denis Papin">Denis Papin</a>, by using a force pump to maintain the pressure and fresh air inside a <a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">diving bell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-davis1955_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis1955-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dive_hx_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dive_hx-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This bell, built for the <a href="/wiki/Hexham_Bridge" title="Hexham Bridge">Hexham Bridge</a> project, was not intended for underwater work, but in 1790 the design was updated to enable it to be used underwater on the breakwater at Ramsgate Harbour.<sup id="cite_ref-dive_hx_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dive_hx-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smeaton is also credited with explaining the fundamental differences and benefits of overshot versus undershot water wheels. Smeaton experimented with the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Newcomen" title="Thomas Newcomen">Newcomen</a> steam engine and made marked improvements around the time <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> was building his first engines (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> late 1770s</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Smeaton&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/John_Smeaton" title="Special:EditPage/John Smeaton">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Smeaton died after suffering a stroke while walking in the garden of his family home at Austhorpe, and was buried in the <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Whitkirk" title="St Mary's Church, Whitkirk">parish church at Whitkirk</a>, West Yorkshire. His surviving daughters erected a memorial to him and his wife which is on the <a href="/wiki/Chancel" title="Chancel">chancel</a> wall of the church.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Whitkirk_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitkirk-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the decay of the rock beneath the Eddystone Lighthouse the structure needed to be replaced. When the upper section of Smeaton's lighthouse (which included the lantern, store and living and watch room) was about to be removed, it was suggested that some of it be brought to Whitkirk and set up as a memorial to him. Unfortunately, the project was deemed too expensive as it was estimated that it would cost around £1800.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is highly regarded by other engineers, having contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Society">Lunar Society</a> and founded the <a href="/wiki/Smeatonian_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers">Society of Civil Engineers</a> in 1771. He coined the term <i><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil engineers">civil engineers</a></i> to distinguish them from military engineers graduating from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_at_Woolwich" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Military Academy at Woolwich">Royal Military Academy at Woolwich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Denny_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denny-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Society was a forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Civil_Engineers" title="Institution of Civil Engineers">Institution of Civil Engineers</a>, established in 1818, and was renamed the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers in 1830. His pupils included canal engineer <a href="/wiki/William_Jessop" title="William Jessop">William Jessop</a> and architect and engineer <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Latrobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Latrobe">Benjamin Latrobe</a>. </p><p>The pioneering <a href="/wiki/Constant_of_proportionality" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant of proportionality">constant of proportionality</a> describing pressure varying inversely as the square of the velocity when applied to objects moving in air was named <i>Smeaton's coefficient</i> in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-cof_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cof-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on his concepts and data, it was used by the <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a> in their pursuit of the first successful <a href="/wiki/Heavier-than-air_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavier-than-air aircraft">heavier-than-air aircraft</a>. </p><p>Between 1860 and 1894 the design of the reverse side of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_penny_(1714%E2%80%931901)" title="History of the British penny (1714–1901)">old penny coin</a> showed (behind <a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a>) a depiction of Smeaton’s Eddystone lighthouse.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitkirk_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitkirk-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smeaton is one of six civil engineers depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephenson" title="Robert Stephenson">Stephenson</a> stained glass window, designed by <a href="/wiki/William_Wailes" title="William Wailes">William Wailes</a> and unveiled in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> in 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A memorial stone commemorating Smeaton himself was unveiled in the Abbey on 7 November 1994, by Noel Ordman, President of the <a href="/wiki/Smeatonian_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers">Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johm_Smeaton_Viaduct_2013.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Johm_Smeaton_Viaduct_2013.JPG/220px-Johm_Smeaton_Viaduct_2013.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Johm_Smeaton_Viaduct_2013.JPG/330px-Johm_Smeaton_Viaduct_2013.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Johm_Smeaton_Viaduct_2013.JPG/440px-Johm_Smeaton_Viaduct_2013.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Signs on the John Smeaton <a href="/wiki/Viaduct" title="Viaduct">Viaduct</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Smeaton_Academy" title="John Smeaton Academy">John Smeaton Academy</a>, a secondary school in the suburbs of Leeds adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Pendas_Fields" title="Pendas Fields">Pendas Fields</a> estate near Austhorpe, is named after Smeaton. He is also commemorated at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Plymouth" title="University of Plymouth">University of Plymouth</a>, where the Mathematics and Technology Department is housed in a building named after him. A viaduct in the final stage of the <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Inner_Ring_Road" title="Leeds Inner Ring Road">Leeds Inner Ring Road</a>, opened in 2008, was named after him. </p><p>Smeaton is mentioned in the song "<a href="/wiki/I_Predict_a_Riot" title="I Predict a Riot">I Predict a Riot</a>" (as a symbol of a more dignified and peaceful epoch in Leeds history; and in reference to a Junior School House at Leeds Grammar School, which lead singer Ricky Wilson attended) by the indie rock band <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Chiefs" title="Kaiser Chiefs">Kaiser Chiefs</a>, who are natives of Leeds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Smeaton&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=12127159"><i>Experimental enquiry concerning the natural powers of wind and water to turn mills and other machines depending on a circular motion</i></a>. Paris: Louis Courcier. 1810.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Experimental+enquiry+concerning+the+natural+powers+of+wind+and+water+to+turn+mills+and+other+machines+depending+on+a+circular+motion&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Louis+Courcier&rft.date=1810&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D12127159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Smeaton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>A Narrative Of The Building And A Description Of The Construction Of The Edystone Lighthouse With Stone</i>. London: H. Hughs. 1791.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An Account of Some Improvements of the Mariners Compass, in Order to Render the Card and Needle, Proposed by Doctor Knight, of General Use, by John Smeaton, Philosophical Instrument-Maker, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series I, vol 46 (1749), p. 513-517</li> <li>A Letter from Mr. J. Smeaton to Mr. John Ellicott, F. R. S. concerning Some Improvements Made by Himself in the Air-Pump, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series I, vol 47 (1751), p. 415-428</li> <li>An Engine for Raising Water by Fire; Being an Improvement of Savery's Construction, to Render It Capable of Working Itself, Invented by Mr. De Moura of Portugal, F. R. S. Described by Mr. J. Smeaton, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series, vol 47 (1751), p. 436-438</li> <li>A Description of a New Tackle or Combination of Pullies, by Mr. J. Smeaton, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series I, vol 47 (1751), p. 494-497</li> <li>An Account of Some Experiments upon a Machine for Measuring the Way of a Ship at Sea. By Mr. J. Smeaton, F. R. S., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series I, vol 48 (1753), p. 532-546</li> <li>Description of a New Pyrometer, with a Table of Experiments Made Therewith. By Mr. J. Smeaton, F. R. S., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series I, vol 48 (1753), p. 598-613</li> <li>An Account of the Effects of Lightning upon the Steeple and Church of Lestwithiel, Cornwall; In a Letter to the Right Honourable the Earl of Macclesfield, President of the R.S. By Mr. John Smeaton, F.R.S., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series I, vol 50 (1757), p. 198-204</li> <li>Remarks on the Different Temperature of the Air at Edystone, from That Observed at Plymouth, between the 7th and 14 July 1757. By Mr. John Smeaton, F. R. S., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series I, vol 50 (1757), p. 488-490</li> <li>An Experimental Enquiry concerning the Natural Powers of Water and Wind to Turn Mills, and Other Machines, Depending on a Circular Motion. By Mr. J. Smeaton, F. R. S., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series I, vol 51 (1759), p. 100-174</li> <li>A Discourse concerning the Menstrual Parallax, Arising from the Mutual Gravitation of the Earth and Moon; Its Influence on the Observations of the Sun and Planets; With a Method of Observing It: By J. Smeaton, F. R. S., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series I, vol 58 (1768), p. 156-169</li> <li>Description of a New Method of Observing the Heavenly Bodies out of the Meridian: By J. Smeaton, F. R. S., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series I, vol 58 (1768), p. 170-173</li> <li>Observation of a Solar Eclipse the 4th of June, 1769, at the Observatory at Austhorpe, Near Leeds, in the County of York. By J. Smeaton, F. R. S., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series I, vol 59 (1769), p. 286-288</li> <li>Description of a New Hygrometer: By Mr. John Smeaton, F. R. S., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series I, vol 61 (1771), p. 198-211</li> <li>An Experimental Examination of the Quantity and Proportion of Mechanic Power Necessary to be Employed in Giving Different Degrees of Velocity to Heavy Bodies from a State of Rest. By Mr. John Smeaton, F. R. S., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series I, vol 66 (1776), p. 450-475</li> <li>New Fundamental Experiments upon the Collision of Bodies. By Mr. John Smeaton, F. R. S. in a Letter to Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. P. R. S., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series I, vol 72 (1782), p. 337-354</li> <li>Observations on the Graduation of Astronomical Instruments; With an Explanation of the Method Invented by the Late Mr. Henry Hindley, of York, Clock-Maker, to Divide Circles into any Given Number of Parts. By Mr. John Smeaton, F. R. S.; Communicated by Henry Cavendish, Esq. F. R. S. and S. A., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series I, vol 76 (1786), p. 1-47</li> <li>Account of an Observation of the Right Ascension and Declination of Mercury out of the Meridian, Near His Greatest Elongation, Sept. 1786, Made by Mr. John Smeaton, F. R. S. with an Equatorial Micrometer, of His Own Invention and Workmanship; Accompanied with an Investigation of a Method of Allowing for Refraction in Such Kind of Observations; Communicated to the Rev. Nevil Maskelyne, D. D. F. R. S. and Astronomer Royal, and by Him to the Royal Society, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series I, vol 77 (1787), p. 318-343</li> <li>Description of an Improvement in the Application of the Quadrant of Altitude to a Celestial Globe, for the Resolution of Problems Dependant on Azimuth and Altitude. By Mr. John Smeaton, F. R. S.; Communicated by Mr. William Wales, F. R. S., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series I, vol 79 (1789), p. 1-6</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Smeaton&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0727700889" title="Special:BookSources/978-0727700889">978-0727700889</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Smeaton&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnowles" class="citation web cs1">Knowles, Eleanor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineering-timelines.com/who/Smeaton_J/smeatonJohn.asp">"Engineer Biography: John Smeaton"</a>. <i>Engineering Timelines</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engineering+Timelines&rft.atitle=Engineer+Biography%3A+John+Smeaton&rft.aulast=Knowles&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineering-timelines.com%2Fwho%2FSmeaton_J%2FsmeatonJohn.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Smeaton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Denny-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Denny_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denny_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Denny, Mark (2007). "Ingenium: Five Machines That Changed the World". p. 34. JHU Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-InterNACHI-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-InterNACHI_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGromickoShepard" class="citation web cs1">Gromicko, Nick & Shepard, Kenton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nachi.org/history-of-concrete.htm">"the History of Concrete"</a>. The International Association of Certified Home Inspectors (InterNACHI)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=the+History+of+Concrete&rft.pub=The+International+Association+of+Certified+Home+Inspectors+%28InterNACHI%29&rft.aulast=Gromicko&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft.au=Shepard%2C+Kenton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nachi.org%2Fhistory-of-concrete.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Smeaton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich1866" class="citation cs2">Rich, Elihu, ed. (1866), <i>Great Men of Great Britain</i>, D. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=There%27s+a+giant+new+granite+face+staring+out+of+Smeaton%27s+Tower&rft.aulast=Oldfield&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouthherald.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fplymouth-news%2Ftheres-giant-new-granite-face-5306553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Smeaton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100121034952/http://www.biffvernon.freeserve.co.uk/smeaton's_viaduct.htm">"Biff Vernon: "Smeaton's viaduct"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Biffvernon.freeserve.co.uk. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Pacific+Underwater+Medicine+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+diving+and+decompression+illness.&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16986801&rft.issn=0813-1988&rft.aulast=Acott&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.rubicon-foundation.org%2F6004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Smeaton" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineering-timelines.com/who/Smeaton_J/smeatonJohn10.asp">John Smeaton- Engineering Timeline</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307232238/http://www.engineering-timelines.com/who/Smeaton_J/smeatonJohn10.asp">Archived</a> 7 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030044916/https://memorials.whitkirkchurch.org.uk/memorials/nmkx">"Smeaton Memorial"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Smeaton+-+St+Mary%27s+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhitkirkchurch.org.uk%2Fhistory%2Fjohn-smeaton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Smeaton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk1935" class="citation book cs1">Kirk, George E. (1935). <i>A History of the Parish Church of St Mary, Whitkirk, Leeds</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.royalacademy.org.uk&rft.atitle=A+Narrative+Of+The+Building+And+A+Description+Of+The+Construction+Of+The+Edystone+Lighthouse+With+Stone%3A+%7C+Books+%7C+RA+Collection+%7C+Royal+Academy+of+Arts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalacademy.org.uk%2Fart-artists%2Fbook%2Fa-narrative-of-the-building-and-a-description-of-the-construction-of-the&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Smeaton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Smeaton&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Smeaton" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:John Smeaton">John Smeaton</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/persons/data/index.cfm?ID=d000108">John Smeaton</a> at <a href="/wiki/Structurae" title="Structurae">Structurae</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061013162628/http://sine.ncl.ac.uk/view_structure_information.asp?struct_id=1287">Structure Details: Chimney Mill</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A918371">Smeaton's profile at the BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviation-history.com/early/smeaton.htm">John Smeaton: The Aviation History Online Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://secretlivesofobjects.blogspot.com/2010/04/john-smeatons-model-for-foundation-of.html">John Smeaton's model for the foundation of the Eddystone lighthouse (Leeds Museums and Galleries "Secret Life of Objects" blog)</a></li> <li>John Smeaton <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/search/searchterm/smeaton!edystone/field/creato!title/mode/all!all/conn/and!and/order/nosort"><i>A narrative of the building and a description of the construction of the Edystone Lighthouse</i></a> (1791 and 1793 editions) – <a href="/wiki/Linda_Hall_Library" title="Linda Hall Library">Linda Hall Library</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaran" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brady_Haran" title="Brady Haran">Haran, Brady</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Q9rE_6EWac">"The Lighthouse Designer"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(video)</span>. <i>YouTube</i>. Brady Haran. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/0Q9rE_6EWac">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=The+Lighthouse+Designer&rft.aulast=Haran&rft.aufirst=Brady&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D0Q9rE_6EWac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Smeaton" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copley_Medallists_1751%E2%80%931800" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copley Medallists 1751–1800"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(1751–1800)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medallists</a> (1751–1800)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Canton" title="John Canton">John Canton</a> (1751)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Pringle,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Pringle, 1st Baronet">John Pringle</a> (1752)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> (1753)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_(scientist)" title="William Lewis (scientist)">William Lewis</a> (1754)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Huxham" title="John Huxham">John Huxham</a> (1755)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Charles_Cavendish" title="Lord Charles Cavendish">Charles Cavendish</a> (1757)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Dollond" title="John Dollond">John Dollond</a> (1758)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Smeaton</a> (1759)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wilson_(painter)" title="Benjamin Wilson (painter)">Benjamin Wilson</a> (1760)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Canton" title="John Canton">John Canton</a> (1764)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Brownrigg" title="William Brownrigg">William Brownrigg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Delaval" title="Edward Delaval">Edward Delaval</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">Henry Cavendish</a> (1766)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Ellis_(naturalist)" title="John Ellis (naturalist)">John Ellis</a> (1767)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Woulfe" title="Peter Woulfe">Peter Woulfe</a> (1768)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Hewson_(surgeon)" title="William Hewson (surgeon)">William Hewson</a> (1769)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_(diplomat)" title="William Hamilton (diplomat)">William Hamilton</a> (1770)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Raper" title="Matthew Raper">Matthew Raper</a> (1771)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a> (1772)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Walsh_(scientist)" title="John Walsh (scientist)">John Walsh</a> (1773)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nevil_Maskelyne" title="Nevil Maskelyne">Nevil Maskelyne</a> (1775)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> (1776)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Mudge" title="John Mudge">John Mudge</a> (1777)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hutton" title="Charles Hutton">Charles Hutton</a> (1778)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Vince" title="Samuel Vince">Samuel Vince</a> (1780)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a> (1781)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kirwan" title="Richard Kirwan">Richard Kirwan</a> (1782)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Goodricke" title="John Goodricke">John Goodricke</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchins_(naturalist)" title="Thomas Hutchins (naturalist)">Thomas Hutchins</a> (1783)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Waring" title="Edward Waring">Edward Waring</a> (1784)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Roy" title="William Roy">William Roy</a> (1785)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hunter_(surgeon)" title="John Hunter (surgeon)">John Hunter</a> (1787)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Blagden" title="Charles Blagden">Charles Blagden</a> (1788)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Morgan_(actuary)" title="William Morgan (actuary)">William Morgan</a> (1789)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Rennell" title="James Rennell">James Rennell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Andr%C3%A9_Deluc" title="Jean-André Deluc">Jean-André Deluc</a> (1791)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson">Benjamin Thompson</a> (1792)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a> (1794)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ramsden" title="Jesse Ramsden">Jesse Ramsden</a> (1795)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Atwood" title="George Atwood">George Atwood</a> (1796)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Shuckburgh-Evelyn" title="George Shuckburgh-Evelyn">George Shuckburgh-Evelyn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hatchett" title="Charles Hatchett">Charles Hatchett</a> (1798)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hellins" title="John Hellins">John Hellins</a> (1799)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Howard" title="Edward Charles Howard">Edward Charles Howard</a> (1800)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q460922#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000083623289">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/19790673">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/162261/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqk9MDFpTRgVjBKwDqxXd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/117633992">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85067347">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12540429z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12540429z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Smeaton, John <1724-1792>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/PUVV310342">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35790663">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Smeaton, John"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ntk20201062471&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1123888">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1680414">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p339700653">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/3064050">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14118242">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA13493330?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500013122">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?table_name=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value=5745">Scientific illustrators</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1089202">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/persons/1000108">Structurae</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd117633992.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/117633992">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/034674136">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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