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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Thematic maps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thematic_maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historical maps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85" title="خريطة العالم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خريطة العالم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="বিশ্বের মানচিত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিশ্বের মানচিত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapa_kan_Kinaban" title="Mapa kan Kinaban – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mapa kan Kinaban" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karta_svijeta" title="Karta svijeta – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Karta svijeta" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapamundi" title="Mapamundi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mapamundi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapa_sv%C4%9Bta" title="Mapa světa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mapa světa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltkarte" title="Weltkarte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weltkarte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maailmakaart" title="Maailmakaart – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maailmakaart" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapamundi" title="Mapamundi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mapamundi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monda_mapo" title="Monda mapo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Monda mapo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapamundi" title="Mapamundi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mapamundi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4%D9%87_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نقشه جهان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نقشه جهان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planisph%C3%A8re" title="Planisphère – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Planisphère" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapamundi" title="Mapamundi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mapamundi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EC%A7%80%EB%8F%84" title="세계 지도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세계 지도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taswirar_duniya" title="Taswirar duniya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Taswirar duniya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palapala_%CA%BB%C4%80ina_Honua" title="Palapala ʻĀina Honua – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Palapala ʻĀina Honua" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%AB_%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%A6" title="Աշխարհի քարտեզ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աշխարհի քարտեզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="विश्‍व मानचित्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विश्‍व मानचित्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemljovid_svijeta" title="Zemljovid svijeta – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zemljovid svijeta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peta_dunia" title="Peta dunia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peta dunia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimskort" title="Heimskort – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Heimskort" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planisfero" title="Planisfero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Planisfero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D" title="מפת העולם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מפת העולם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltkaart" title="Weltkaart – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Weltkaart" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Карта на светот – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Карта на светот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wereldkaart" title="Wereldkaart – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wereldkaart" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%B3" title="世界地図 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="世界地図" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4%DB%81" title="عالمی نقشہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عالمی نقشہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planiglob" title="Planiglob – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Planiglob" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapa-m%C3%BAndi" title="Mapa-múndi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mapa-múndi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planiglob" title="Planiglob – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Planiglob" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Карта мира – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карта мира" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harta_e_Bot%C3%ABs" title="Harta e Botës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Harta e Botës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AE%D8%B4%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نەخشەی جیھان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەخشەی جیھان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karta_svijeta" title="Karta svijeta – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karta svijeta" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maailmankartta" title="Maailmankartta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maailmankartta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rldskarta" title="Världskarta – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Världskarta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapa_ng_mundo" title="Mapa ng mundo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mapa ng mundo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81" title="แผนที่โลก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แผนที่โลก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnya_haritas%C4%B1" title="Dünya haritası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dünya haritası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiase_asase_mfonini" title="Wiase asase mfonini – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Wiase asase mfonini" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%83" title="Карта світу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карта світу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4%DB%81" title="عالمی نقشہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عالمی نقشہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96" title="世界地圖 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="世界地圖" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE" title="世界地图 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="世界地图" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q653848#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about maps of Earth. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/World_map_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="World map (disambiguation)">World map (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winkel_triple_projection_SW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Winkel_triple_projection_SW.jpg/300px-Winkel_triple_projection_SW.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Winkel_triple_projection_SW.jpg/450px-Winkel_triple_projection_SW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Winkel_triple_projection_SW.jpg/600px-Winkel_triple_projection_SW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2058" data-file-height="1262" /></a><figcaption>A world map on the <a href="/wiki/Winkel_tripel_projection" title="Winkel tripel projection">Winkel tripel projection</a>,<br />a low-error map projection<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adopted by the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a> for reference maps</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Marble_2002.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Blue_Marble_2002.png/300px-Blue_Marble_2002.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Blue_Marble_2002.png/450px-Blue_Marble_2002.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Blue_Marble_2002.png/600px-Blue_Marble_2002.png 2x" data-file-width="43200" data-file-height="21600" /></a><figcaption>NASA's <a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble#Subsequent_Blue_Marble_images" title="The Blue Marble">Blue Marble Next Generation</a>, a composite of cloud-free satellite images</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>world map</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">map</a> of most or all of the surface of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. World maps, because of their scale, must deal with the problem of <a href="/wiki/Map_projection" title="Map projection">projection</a>. Maps rendered in two dimensions by necessity distort the display of the three-dimensional surface of the Earth. While this is true of any map, these distortions reach extremes in a world map. Many techniques have been developed to present world maps that address diverse technical and aesthetic goals.<sup id="cite_ref-ACA1988_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACA1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charting a world map requires global knowledge of the Earth, its oceans, and its continents. From prehistory through the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, creating an accurate world map would have been impossible because less than half of Earth's coastlines and only a small fraction of its continental interiors were known to any culture. With exploration that began during the European <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, knowledge of the Earth's surface accumulated rapidly, such that most of the world's coastlines had been mapped, at least roughly, by the mid-1700s and the continental interiors by the twentieth century. </p><p>Maps of the world generally focus either on political features or on physical features. Political maps emphasize territorial boundaries and human settlement. Physical maps show <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geographical</a> features such as mountains, soil type, or <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geological_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological map">Geological maps</a> show not only the surface, but characteristics of the underlying rock, <a href="/wiki/Geologic_fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic fault">fault</a> lines, and subsurface structures. <a href="/wiki/Choropleth_map" title="Choropleth map">Choropleth maps</a> use color hue and intensity to contrast differences between regions, such as demographic or economic statistics. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Map_projections">Map projections</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Map_projection" title="Map projection">Map projection</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_map_projections" title="List of map projections">List of map projections</a></div> <p>All world maps are based on one of several map projections, or methods of representing a <a href="/wiki/Globe" title="Globe">globe</a> on a plane. All projections distort geographic features, distances, and directions in some way. The various map projections that have been developed provide different ways of balancing accuracy and the unavoidable distortion inherent in making world maps. </p><p>Perhaps the best-known projection is the <a href="/wiki/Mercator_Projection" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercator Projection">Mercator Projection</a>, originally designed as a <a href="/wiki/Nautical_chart" title="Nautical chart">nautical chart</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercator_projection_SW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mercator projection (showing between 82°S and 82°N)"><img alt="Mercator projection (showing between 82°S and 82°N)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Mercator_projection_SW.jpg/142px-Mercator_projection_SW.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Mercator_projection_SW.jpg/212px-Mercator_projection_SW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Mercator_projection_SW.jpg/283px-Mercator_projection_SW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2058" data-file-height="1746" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mercator_projection" title="Mercator projection">Mercator projection</a><br />(showing between 82°S and 82°N)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mollweide_projection_SW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mollweide projection"><img alt="Mollweide projection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mollweide_projection_SW.jpg/175px-Mollweide_projection_SW.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mollweide_projection_SW.jpg/263px-Mollweide_projection_SW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mollweide_projection_SW.jpg/350px-Mollweide_projection_SW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2058" data-file-height="1036" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mollweide_projection" title="Mollweide projection">Mollweide projection</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cahill_Butterfly_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="B.J.S. Cahill Butterfly Map, 1909, from 1919 pamphlet"><img alt="B.J.S. Cahill Butterfly Map, 1909, from 1919 pamphlet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Cahill_Butterfly_Map.jpg/79px-Cahill_Butterfly_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Cahill_Butterfly_Map.jpg/119px-Cahill_Butterfly_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Cahill_Butterfly_Map.jpg/159px-Cahill_Butterfly_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="851" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/B.J.S._Cahill_Butterfly_Map,_1909,_from_1919_pamphlet" class="mw-redirect" title="B.J.S. Cahill Butterfly Map, 1909, from 1919 pamphlet">B.J.S. Cahill Butterfly Map, 1909, from 1919 pamphlet</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Azimuthal_equidistant_projection_SW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Polar azimuthal equidistant projection"><img alt="Polar azimuthal equidistant projection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Azimuthal_equidistant_projection_SW.jpg/120px-Azimuthal_equidistant_projection_SW.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Azimuthal_equidistant_projection_SW.jpg/180px-Azimuthal_equidistant_projection_SW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Azimuthal_equidistant_projection_SW.jpg/240px-Azimuthal_equidistant_projection_SW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2058" data-file-height="2058" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_pole" title="Geographical pole">Polar</a> azimuthal equidistant projection</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank-map-world-south-up.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A south-up map"><img alt="A south-up map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Blank-map-world-south-up.png/175px-Blank-map-world-south-up.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Blank-map-world-south-up.png/263px-Blank-map-world-south-up.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Blank-map-world-south-up.png/350px-Blank-map-world-south-up.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Reversed_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Reversed map">south-up map</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BlankMap-World-162E.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pacific-centric map (more commonly used in East Asian and Oceania countries)"><img alt="Pacific-centric map (more commonly used in East Asian and Oceania countries)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/BlankMap-World-162E.svg/175px-BlankMap-World-162E.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/BlankMap-World-162E.svg/263px-BlankMap-World-162E.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/BlankMap-World-162E.svg/350px-BlankMap-World-162E.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3100" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a>-centric map<br />(more commonly used in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> countries)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gall%E2%80%93Peters_projection_SW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gall–Peters projection, an equal-area map projection"><img alt="Gall–Peters projection, an equal-area map projection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gall%E2%80%93Peters_projection_SW.jpg/175px-Gall%E2%80%93Peters_projection_SW.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gall%E2%80%93Peters_projection_SW.jpg/263px-Gall%E2%80%93Peters_projection_SW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gall%E2%80%93Peters_projection_SW.jpg/350px-Gall%E2%80%93Peters_projection_SW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2058" data-file-height="1314" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gall%E2%80%93Peters_projection" title="Gall–Peters projection">Gall–Peters projection</a>, an equal-area map projection</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robinson_projection_SW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robinson projection, formerly used by National Geographic Society"><img alt="Robinson projection, formerly used by National Geographic Society" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Robinson_projection_SW.jpg/175px-Robinson_projection_SW.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Robinson_projection_SW.jpg/263px-Robinson_projection_SW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Robinson_projection_SW.jpg/350px-Robinson_projection_SW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2058" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Robinson_projection" title="Robinson projection">Robinson projection</a>, formerly used by <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thematic_maps">Thematic maps</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Thematic_map" title="Thematic map">Thematic map</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Thematic_map" title="Thematic map">thematic map</a> shows geographical information about one or a few focused subjects. These maps "can portray physical, social, political, cultural, economic, sociological, agricultural, or any other aspects of a city, state, region, nation, or continent".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 1090px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6ppen-vereinfacht.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clickable world map (with climate classification)"><img alt="Clickable world map (with climate classification)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/K%C3%B6ppen-vereinfacht.svg/175px-K%C3%B6ppen-vereinfacht.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/K%C3%B6ppen-vereinfacht.svg/263px-K%C3%B6ppen-vereinfacht.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/K%C3%B6ppen-vereinfacht.svg/350px-K%C3%B6ppen-vereinfacht.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clickable_world_map" title="Template:Clickable world map">Clickable world map</a><br />(with climate classification)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Map_(political).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A simple political map of the world"><img alt="A simple political map of the world" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/World_Map_%28political%29.svg/175px-World_Map_%28political%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/World_Map_%28political%29.svg/263px-World_Map_%28political%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/World_Map_%28political%29.svg/350px-World_Map_%28political%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="975" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A simple political map of the world</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Physical_World_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A simple physical map of the world"><img alt="A simple physical map of the world" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Physical_World_Map.svg/175px-Physical_World_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Physical_World_Map.svg/263px-Physical_World_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Physical_World_Map.svg/350px-Physical_World_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="973" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A simple physical map of the world</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Topographical map of the world"><img alt="Topographical map of the world" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/World_map.png/132px-World_map.png" decoding="async" width="132" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/World_map.png/199px-World_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/World_map.png/265px-World_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1709" data-file-height="1550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Topographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topographical">Topographical</a> map of the world</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CO2_responsibility_1950-2000.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of anthropogenic CO2 emission by country"><img alt="Map of anthropogenic CO2 emission by country" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/CO2_responsibility_1950-2000.svg/175px-CO2_responsibility_1950-2000.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/CO2_responsibility_1950-2000.svg/263px-CO2_responsibility_1950-2000.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/CO2_responsibility_1950-2000.svg/350px-CO2_responsibility_1950-2000.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> emission by country</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_UN_Human_Development_Report.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United Nations Human Development Index by country as of 2016"><img alt="United Nations Human Development Index by country as of 2016" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/2016_UN_Human_Development_Report.svg/175px-2016_UN_Human_Development_Report.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/2016_UN_Human_Development_Report.svg/263px-2016_UN_Human_Development_Report.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/2016_UN_Human_Development_Report.svg/350px-2016_UN_Human_Development_Report.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="404" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">United Nations <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> by country as of 2016</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_Expectancy_2008_Estimates_CIA_World_Factbook.png" class="mw-file-description" title="World map showing life expectancy"><img alt="World map showing life expectancy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Life_Expectancy_2008_Estimates_CIA_World_Factbook.png/175px-Life_Expectancy_2008_Estimates_CIA_World_Factbook.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Life_Expectancy_2008_Estimates_CIA_World_Factbook.png/263px-Life_Expectancy_2008_Estimates_CIA_World_Factbook.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Life_Expectancy_2008_Estimates_CIA_World_Factbook.png/350px-Life_Expectancy_2008_Estimates_CIA_World_Factbook.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">World map showing <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_density_map_of_the_world.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Population density (people per km2) by country"><img alt="Population density (people per km2) by country" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Population_density_map_of_the_world.svg/170px-Population_density_map_of_the_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Population_density_map_of_the_world.svg/255px-Population_density_map_of_the_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Population_density_map_of_the_world.svg/340px-Population_density_map_of_the_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Population density<br />(people per km<sup>2</sup>) by country</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Volcano_Map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Volcano map"><img alt="Volcano map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Volcano_Map.png/175px-Volcano_Map.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Volcano_Map.png/263px-Volcano_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Volcano_Map.png/350px-Volcano_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="273" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Volcano map</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurasia-Gondwana.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="World map showing the continents circa 200 million years ago (Triassic period)"><img alt="World map showing the continents circa 200 million years ago (Triassic period)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Laurasia-Gondwana.svg/143px-Laurasia-Gondwana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="143" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Laurasia-Gondwana.svg/215px-Laurasia-Gondwana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Laurasia-Gondwana.svg/286px-Laurasia-Gondwana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="435" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">World map showing the continents circa 200 million years ago (<a href="/wiki/Triassic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Triassic period">Triassic period</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BlackMarble20161km.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Satellite image of Earth at night"><img alt="Satellite image of Earth at night" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/BlackMarble20161km.jpg/175px-BlackMarble20161km.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/BlackMarble20161km.jpg/263px-BlackMarble20161km.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/BlackMarble20161km.jpg/350px-BlackMarble20161km.jpg 2x" data-file-width="43200" data-file-height="21600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">Satellite image</a> of Earth at night</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_maps">Historical maps</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Early_world_maps" title="Early world maps">Early world maps</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Early_world_maps" title="Early world maps">Early world maps</a> cover depictions of the <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">world</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a> and the emergence of modern <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>. Old maps provide information about places that were known in past times, as well as the philosophical and cultural basis of the map, which were often much different from modern cartography. Maps are one means by which scientists distribute their ideas and pass them on to <a href="/wiki/Future_generations" title="Future generations">future generations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theatrum_Orbis_Terrarum,_by_Abraham_Ortelius,_World,_1572.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The world, Abraham Ortelius's Typus Orbis Terrarum, first published in 1564"><img alt="The world, Abraham Ortelius's Typus Orbis Terrarum, first published in 1564" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Theatrum_Orbis_Terrarum%2C_by_Abraham_Ortelius%2C_World%2C_1572.jpg/175px-Theatrum_Orbis_Terrarum%2C_by_Abraham_Ortelius%2C_World%2C_1572.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Theatrum_Orbis_Terrarum%2C_by_Abraham_Ortelius%2C_World%2C_1572.jpg/263px-Theatrum_Orbis_Terrarum%2C_by_Abraham_Ortelius%2C_World%2C_1572.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Theatrum_Orbis_Terrarum%2C_by_Abraham_Ortelius%2C_World%2C_1572.jpg/350px-Theatrum_Orbis_Terrarum%2C_by_Abraham_Ortelius%2C_World%2C_1572.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12136" data-file-height="8263" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The world, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ortelius" title="Abraham Ortelius">Abraham Ortelius</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Theatrum_Orbis_Terrarum" title="Theatrum Orbis Terrarum">Typus Orbis Terrarum</a></i>, first published in 1564</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anaximander_world_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hypothetical reconstruction of the world map of Anaximander (610–546 BC)"><img alt="Hypothetical reconstruction of the world map of Anaximander (610–546 BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Anaximander_world_map-en.svg/120px-Anaximander_world_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Anaximander_world_map-en.svg/180px-Anaximander_world_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Anaximander_world_map-en.svg/240px-Anaximander_world_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="1063" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hypothetical reconstruction of the world map of <a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a> (610–546 BC)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphendon%C3%A9,_hoc_est,_Funda_Posidonii.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="World map according to Posidonius (150–130 BC), drawn in 1628"><img alt="World map according to Posidonius (150–130 BC), drawn in 1628" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Sphendon%C3%A9%2C_hoc_est%2C_Funda_Posidonii.jpg/163px-Sphendon%C3%A9%2C_hoc_est%2C_Funda_Posidonii.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Sphendon%C3%A9%2C_hoc_est%2C_Funda_Posidonii.jpg/245px-Sphendon%C3%A9%2C_hoc_est%2C_Funda_Posidonii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Sphendon%C3%A9%2C_hoc_est%2C_Funda_Posidonii.jpg/326px-Sphendon%C3%A9%2C_hoc_est%2C_Funda_Posidonii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2310" data-file-height="1701" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">World map according to <a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a> (150–130 BC),<br />drawn in 1628</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radkarte_MKL1888.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ideal reconstruction of medieval T-and-O maps (from Meyers Konversationslexikon, 1895) (Asia shown on the right)"><img alt="Ideal reconstruction of medieval T-and-O maps (from Meyers Konversationslexikon, 1895) (Asia shown on the right)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Radkarte_MKL1888.png/119px-Radkarte_MKL1888.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Radkarte_MKL1888.png/179px-Radkarte_MKL1888.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Radkarte_MKL1888.png/239px-Radkarte_MKL1888.png 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="357" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ideal reconstruction of medieval <a href="/wiki/T_and_O_map" title="T and O map">T-and-O maps</a> (from <i>Meyers Konversationslexikon</i>, 1895)<br />(Asia shown on the right)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TabulaRogeriana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tabula Rogeriana world map by Muhammad al-Idrisi in 1154 north is to the bottom"><img alt="Tabula Rogeriana world map by Muhammad al-Idrisi in 1154 north is to the bottom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/TabulaRogeriana.jpg/175px-TabulaRogeriana.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/TabulaRogeriana.jpg/263px-TabulaRogeriana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/TabulaRogeriana.jpg/350px-TabulaRogeriana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="1872" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana" title="Tabula Rogeriana">Tabula Rogeriana</a></i></span> world map by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi" title="Muhammad al-Idrisi">Muhammad al-Idrisi</a> in 1154<br />north is to the bottom</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci%E2%80%99s_Mappamundi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="World map in Octant projection (1514), from Leonardo da Vinci's Windsor papers"><img alt="World map in Octant projection (1514), from Leonardo da Vinci's Windsor papers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Leonardo_da_Vinci%E2%80%99s_Mappamundi.jpg/175px-Leonardo_da_Vinci%E2%80%99s_Mappamundi.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Leonardo_da_Vinci%E2%80%99s_Mappamundi.jpg/263px-Leonardo_da_Vinci%E2%80%99s_Mappamundi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Leonardo_da_Vinci%E2%80%99s_Mappamundi.jpg/350px-Leonardo_da_Vinci%E2%80%99s_Mappamundi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="551" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">World map in <a href="/wiki/Octant_projection" title="Octant projection">Octant projection</a> (1514), from Leonardo da Vinci's Windsor papers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercator_1569.png" class="mw-file-description" title="World map by Gerardus Mercator (1569), first map in the well-known Mercator projection"><img alt="World map by Gerardus Mercator (1569), first map in the well-known Mercator projection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Mercator_1569.png/175px-Mercator_1569.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Mercator_1569.png/263px-Mercator_1569.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Mercator_1569.png/350px-Mercator_1569.png 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="737" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">World map by <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator">Gerardus Mercator</a> (1569), first map in the well-known <a href="/wiki/Mercator_projection" title="Mercator projection">Mercator projection</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kunyu_Wanguo_Quantu_(%E5%9D%A4%E8%BC%BF%E8%90%AC%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%96).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kunyu Wanguo Quantu (Ming dynasty, 1602)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kunyu_Wanguo_Quantu_%28%E5%9D%A4%E8%BC%BF%E8%90%AC%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%96%29.jpg/175px-Kunyu_Wanguo_Quantu_%28%E5%9D%A4%E8%BC%BF%E8%90%AC%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%96%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kunyu_Wanguo_Quantu_%28%E5%9D%A4%E8%BC%BF%E8%90%AC%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%96%29.jpg/263px-Kunyu_Wanguo_Quantu_%28%E5%9D%A4%E8%BC%BF%E8%90%AC%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%96%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kunyu_Wanguo_Quantu_%28%E5%9D%A4%E8%BC%BF%E8%90%AC%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%96%29.jpg/350px-Kunyu_Wanguo_Quantu_%28%E5%9D%A4%E8%BC%BF%E8%90%AC%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%96%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11726" data-file-height="5266" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Kunyu_Wanguo_Quantu" title="Kunyu Wanguo Quantu">Kunyu Wanguo Quantu</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, 1602)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Claes_Janszoon_Visscher_-_Nova_Totius_Terrarum_Orbis_Geographica_Ac_Hydrographica_Tabula_Autore%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1652 world map by Claes Janszoon Visscher"><img alt="1652 world map by Claes Janszoon Visscher" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Claes_Janszoon_Visscher_-_Nova_Totius_Terrarum_Orbis_Geographica_Ac_Hydrographica_Tabula_Autore%27.jpg/149px-Claes_Janszoon_Visscher_-_Nova_Totius_Terrarum_Orbis_Geographica_Ac_Hydrographica_Tabula_Autore%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Claes_Janszoon_Visscher_-_Nova_Totius_Terrarum_Orbis_Geographica_Ac_Hydrographica_Tabula_Autore%27.jpg/223px-Claes_Janszoon_Visscher_-_Nova_Totius_Terrarum_Orbis_Geographica_Ac_Hydrographica_Tabula_Autore%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Claes_Janszoon_Visscher_-_Nova_Totius_Terrarum_Orbis_Geographica_Ac_Hydrographica_Tabula_Autore%27.jpg/298px-Claes_Janszoon_Visscher_-_Nova_Totius_Terrarum_Orbis_Geographica_Ac_Hydrographica_Tabula_Autore%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3391" data-file-height="2733" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1652 world map<br />by <a href="/wiki/Claes_Jansz._Visscher" title="Claes Jansz. Visscher">Claes Janszoon Visscher</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Map_1689.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A historical map of the world by Gerard van Schagen, 1689"><img alt="A historical map of the world by Gerard van Schagen, 1689" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/World_Map_1689.JPG/139px-World_Map_1689.JPG" decoding="async" width="139" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/World_Map_1689.JPG/209px-World_Map_1689.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/World_Map_1689.JPG/278px-World_Map_1689.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4560" data-file-height="3936" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A historical map of the world by <a href="/wiki/Gerard_van_Schagen" title="Gerard van Schagen">Gerard van Schagen</a>, 1689 </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Worldmap_LandAndPolitical.jpg/32px-Worldmap_LandAndPolitical.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Worldmap_LandAndPolitical.jpg/48px-Worldmap_LandAndPolitical.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Worldmap_LandAndPolitical.jpg/64px-Worldmap_LandAndPolitical.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5712" data-file-height="2986" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Maps" title="Portal:Maps">Maps portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Template:Clickable_world_map" title="Template:Clickable world map">clickable world map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Map" title="Global Map">Global Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe" title="Globe">Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Map_of_the_World" title="International Map of the World">International Map of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_map_projections" title="List of map projections">List of map projections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_map_changes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of world map changes">List of world map changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappa_mundi" title="Mappa mundi">Mappa mundi</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maps_of_the_world" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Maps of the world">Maps of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhumbline_network" title="Rhumbline network">Rhumbline network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theorema_Egregium" title="Theorema Egregium">Theorema Egregium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.drexel.edu/~goldberg/projections/goldberg_gott.pdf">Large-Scale Distortions in Map Projections</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160216075805/http://www.physics.drexel.edu/~goldberg/projections/goldberg_gott.pdf">Archived</a> 16 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, 2007, David M. Goldberg & <a href="/wiki/J._Richard_Gott" title="J. Richard Gott">J. Richard Gott</a> III, 2007, V42 N4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACA1988-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACA1988_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Cartographic_Association's_Committee_on_Map_Projections1988" class="citation book cs1">American Cartographic Association's Committee on Map Projections (1988). <i>Choosing a World Map</i>. Falls Church: American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. pp. 1–2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choosing+a+World+Map&rft.place=Falls+Church&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=American+Congress+on+Surveying+and+Mapping&rft.date=1988&rft.au=American+Cartographic+Association%27s+Committee+on+Map+Projections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+map" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.washington.edu/maps/MapResources/thematic2.html">Thematic Maps</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120907213951/http://www.lib.washington.edu/maps/MapResources/thematic2.html">Archived</a> 7 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Map Collection & Cartographic Information Services Unit. University Library, University of Washington. Accessed 27 December 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/map/h_map/h_map.htm">"History of maps and cartography"</a>. <i>emporia.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709084524/http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/map/h_map/h_map.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=emporia.edu&rft.atitle=History+of+maps+and+cartography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademic.emporia.edu%2Faberjame%2Fmap%2Fh_map%2Fh_map.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+map" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Edson" title="Evelyn Edson">Edson, Evelyn</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dK-TTLbCw78C&q=world+map"><i>The World Map, 1300–1492: The Persistence of Tradition and Transformation</i></a>. JHU Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1421404303" title="Special:BookSources/1421404303">1421404303</a></li> <li>Harvey, P. D. A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bxuAAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Hereford world map: medieval world maps and their context</i></a>. British Library. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0712347607" title="Special:BookSources/0712347607">0712347607</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Satellite_navigation" title="Template:Satellite navigation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Satellite_navigation" title="Template talk:Satellite navigation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Satellite_navigation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Satellite navigation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Satellite_navigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DORIS_(satellite_system)" title="DORIS (satellite system)">DORIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">IRNSS / NAVIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">QZSS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation_device" title="Satellite navigation device">Devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_navigation_assistant" title="Personal navigation assistant">Personal navigation assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_navigation_system" title="Automotive navigation system">Automotive navigation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS_tracking_unit" title="GPS tracking unit">GPS tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS_tracking_unit#Data_loggers" title="GPS tracking unit">GPS logger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chipsets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SiRFstarIII" title="SiRFstarIII">SiRFstarIII</a></li> <li>SiRFatlasIV</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MediaTek" title="MediaTek">MTK</a></li> <li>CellGuide ACLYS</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GNSS_augmentation" title="GNSS augmentation">GNSS augmentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS-aided_GEO_augmented_navigation" title="GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation">GAGAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS%C2%B7C" title="GPS·C">GPS·C</a> (retired)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_precision_approach_and_landing_system" title="Joint precision approach and landing system">JPALS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local-area_augmentation_system" title="Local-area augmentation system">LAAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTSAT_Satellite_Augmentation_System" title="MTSAT Satellite Augmentation System">MSAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networked_Transport_of_RTCM_via_Internet_Protocol" title="Networked Transport of RTCM via Internet Protocol">NTRIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">QZSS / Michibiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Positioning_Augmentation_Network" title="Southern Positioning Augmentation Network">SouthPAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarFire_(navigation_system)" title="StarFire (navigation system)">StarFire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Area_Augmentation_System" title="Wide Area Augmentation System">WAAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_for_Differential_Corrections_and_Monitoring" title="System for Differential Corrections and Monitoring">SDCM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protocols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NMEA_0183" title="NMEA 0183">NMEA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_GNSS" title="Assisted GNSS">A-GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-GPS" title="S-GPS">S-GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_kinematic_positioning" title="Real-time kinematic positioning">RTK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Maps" title="Apple Maps">Apple Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baidu_Maps" title="Baidu Maps">Baidu Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bing_Maps" title="Bing Maps">Bing Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Here_WeGo" title="Here WeGo">Here WeGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MapQuest" title="MapQuest">MapQuest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenCPN" title="OpenCPN">OpenCPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal_Maps" title="Petal Maps">Petal Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_WorldWind" title="NASA WorldWind">NASA WorldWind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ViaMichelin" title="ViaMichelin">ViaMichelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Maps" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Maps">Yahoo! Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yandex_Maps" title="Yandex Maps">Yandex Maps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocaching" title="Geocaching">Geocaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Address_geocoding" title="Address geocoding">Geocoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoinformatics" title="Geoinformatics">Geoinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomatics" title="Geomatics">Geomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS_animal_tracking" title="GPS animal tracking">GPS animal tracking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Earth" title="Template talk:Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Earth" title="Outline of Earth">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmosphere</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmosphere of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_atmosphere" title="Prebiotic atmosphere">Prebiotic atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">Troposphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">Stratosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesosphere" title="Mesosphere">Mesosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosphere" title="Thermosphere">Thermosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exosphere" title="Exosphere">Exosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Energy balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">Climatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_in_culture" title="Earth in culture">Culture and society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">List of sovereign states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_in_culture" title="Earth in culture">In culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day">Earth Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Earth" title="Flag of Earth">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_symbol" title="Earth symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">World economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth#Etymology" title="Earth">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">World history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Biogeochemical cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">Evolutionary history of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_cartography" title="Computer cartography">Computer cartography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_orbit" title="Earth's orbit">Earth's orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodetic_astronomy" title="Geodetic astronomy">Geodetic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomatics" title="Geomatics">Geomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth" title="Gravity of Earth">Gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Sensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Sensing">Remote Sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopositioning" title="Geopositioning">Geopositioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_globe" title="Virtual globe">Virtual globe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth" title="Internal structure of Earth">Earth structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_fluid_dynamics" title="Geophysical fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Geomagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">Magnetosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_physics" title="Mineral physics">Mineral physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">Seismology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">Signal processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_imaging" title="Geophysical imaging">Tomography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Earth" title="Age of Earth">Age of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremes_on_Earth" title="Extremes on Earth">Extremes on Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_record" title="Geologic record">Geologic record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History of Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></li> <li><a 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