update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III | Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head>  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III | Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | Oxford Academic</title> <script type='text/javascript' defer src='//js.trendmd.com/trendmd.min.js' data-trendmdconfig='{"element":"#trendmd-suggestions"}' class='optanon-category-C0002'></script> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.7.1/jquery.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script>window.jQuery || document.write('<script src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/Themes/Silver/app/js/jquery.3.7.1.min.js" type="text/javascript">\x3C/script>')</script> <script src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/Themes/Silver/app/vendor/v-638654880267142888/jquery-migrate-1.4.1.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://platform-api.sharethis.com/js/sharethis.js#property=643701de45aa460012e1032e&product=sop' async='async' class='optanon-category-C0004'></script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=10" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" />  <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no" />  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/img/v-638654879241847311/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/img/v-638654879242047735/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/img/v-638654879241997236/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/img/v-638654879242697268/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#001C54"> <link rel="icon" href="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/img/v-638654879242147229/favicon.ico"> <link rel="manifest" href="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/img/v-638654879242447968/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/img/v-638654879241847311/browserconfig.xml"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#002f65"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/fonts/icons.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/Themes/Client/app/css/v-638669719594245124/site.min.css" /> <link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Merriweather:300,400,400italic,700,700italic|Source+Sans+Pro:400,400italic,700,700italic" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'"> <link href="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/data/SiteBuilderAssetsOriginals/Live/CSS/journals/v-638647548564311250/global.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/data/SiteBuilderAssets/Live/CSS/botlinnean/v-638642457978747058/Site.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <script> var dataLayer = [{"full_title":"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III","short_title":"update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III","issue_and_volume":"Volume 161 | Issue 2","type":"research-article","online_publication_date":"2009-10-19","access_type":"Paid","license_type":"private","event_type":"Login-full-text","supplier_tag":"SC_Journals","object_type":"Article","taxonomy":"taxId%3a39%7ctaxLabel%3aAcademicSubjects%7cnodeId%3aSCI01210%7cnodeLabel%3aPlant+Sciences+and+Forestry%7cnodeLevel%3a3%3btaxId%3a39%7ctaxLabel%3aAcademicSubjects%7cnodeId%3aSCI02287%7cnodeLabel%3aBotany%7cnodeLevel%3a4","siteid":"botlinnean","authzrequired":"true","turnaway_id":"SUB_NONE","doi":"10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x"}]; </script> <script> (function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({ 'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js' }); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-W6DD7HV'); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var App = App || {}; App.LoginUserInfo = { isInstLoggedIn: 0, isIndividualLoggedIn: 0 }; App.CurrentSubdomain = 'botlinnean'; App.SiteURL = 'academic.oup.com/botlinnean'; </script> <link href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/chartist.js/latest/chartist.min.css" media="print" onload="this.onload=null;this.removeAttribute('media');" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","@id":"https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/161/2/105/2418337","name":"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III","datePublished":"2009-10-19","hasPart":[{"@type":"WebPageElement","isAccessibleForFree":false,"cssSelector":".paywall"}],"isPartOf":{"@id":"https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/issue/161/2","@type":"PublicationIssue","issueNumber":"2","datePublished":"2009-10-01","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/botlinnean","@type":"Periodical","name":"Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society","issn":["1095-8339"]}},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x","keywords":["angiosperm classification","phylogenetic classification","DNA phylogenetics","classification system","APG system"],"inLanguage":"en","copyrightHolder":"The Linnean Society of London","copyrightYear":"2024","publisher":"Oxford University Press","author":[{"name":", ","@type":"Person"}],"description":"Abstract. A revised and updated classification for the families of flowering plants is provided. Many recent studies have yielded increasingly detailed evi","pageStart":"105","pageEnd":"121","siteName":"OUP Academic","thumbnailURL":"https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/botlinnean/161/2/10.1111_j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x/2/m_BOJ_996_f1.gif?Expires=1794508435&Signature=Ugq~jr-eDSG6GUiD0yZwFpXL~Ie1iI6XcYbFL9iQYLPP~cll-Ity3fsGOwU8fE0cY2lA8eL51pfJirt2HmKd6cibqcPfZp7wsxIDw0ZVtFNuVtx1jZgO~2XogMMUAcPTa2oeAmZQ8meg6CDlghJ4X0uwMrHrrTATLp4mvpoxthjwS-tZmT5KucGjASwcOfDBmUvsBLy9VyuKbyyLo0jnRiPvKFytYm~3WiGxAS39~zXqonbQusHpKtYxYP9cJhOIcipvqy887qtr0-Jy0Khz3dLd~EzJFQBkKXTYK7tqvJzPqDyIiiTbUga~QU7d~wjA1D6IOvB02hMNfdyh78yo2g__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA","headline":"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III","image":"https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/botlinnean/161/2/10.1111_j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x/2/m_BOJ_996_f1.gif?Expires=1794508435&Signature=Ugq~jr-eDSG6GUiD0yZwFpXL~Ie1iI6XcYbFL9iQYLPP~cll-Ity3fsGOwU8fE0cY2lA8eL51pfJirt2HmKd6cibqcPfZp7wsxIDw0ZVtFNuVtx1jZgO~2XogMMUAcPTa2oeAmZQ8meg6CDlghJ4X0uwMrHrrTATLp4mvpoxthjwS-tZmT5KucGjASwcOfDBmUvsBLy9VyuKbyyLo0jnRiPvKFytYm~3WiGxAS39~zXqonbQusHpKtYxYP9cJhOIcipvqy887qtr0-Jy0Khz3dLd~EzJFQBkKXTYK7tqvJzPqDyIiiTbUga~QU7d~wjA1D6IOvB02hMNfdyh78yo2g__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA","image:alt":"Interrelationships of the APG III orders and some families supported by jackknife/bootstrap percentages greater than 50 or Bayesian posterior probabilities greater than 0.95 in large-scale analyses of angiosperms. See text for literature supporting these relationships. Newly-recognized-for-APG orders are denoted (†). Some eudicot families not yet classified to order are not shown.","isAccessibleForFree":false} </script> <meta property="og:site_name" content="OUP Academic" /> <meta property="og:title" content="An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Abstract. A revised and updated classification for the families of flowering plants is provided. Many recent studies have yielded increasingly detailed evi" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x" /> <meta property="og:updated_time" content="" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/botlinnean/161/2/10.1111_j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x/2/m_BOJ_996_f1.gif?Expires=1794508435&Signature=Ugq~jr-eDSG6GUiD0yZwFpXL~Ie1iI6XcYbFL9iQYLPP~cll-Ity3fsGOwU8fE0cY2lA8eL51pfJirt2HmKd6cibqcPfZp7wsxIDw0ZVtFNuVtx1jZgO~2XogMMUAcPTa2oeAmZQ8meg6CDlghJ4X0uwMrHrrTATLp4mvpoxthjwS-tZmT5KucGjASwcOfDBmUvsBLy9VyuKbyyLo0jnRiPvKFytYm~3WiGxAS39~zXqonbQusHpKtYxYP9cJhOIcipvqy887qtr0-Jy0Khz3dLd~EzJFQBkKXTYK7tqvJzPqDyIiiTbUga~QU7d~wjA1D6IOvB02hMNfdyh78yo2g__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA" /> <meta property="og:image:url" content="https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/botlinnean/161/2/10.1111_j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x/2/m_BOJ_996_f1.gif?Expires=1794508435&Signature=Ugq~jr-eDSG6GUiD0yZwFpXL~Ie1iI6XcYbFL9iQYLPP~cll-Ity3fsGOwU8fE0cY2lA8eL51pfJirt2HmKd6cibqcPfZp7wsxIDw0ZVtFNuVtx1jZgO~2XogMMUAcPTa2oeAmZQ8meg6CDlghJ4X0uwMrHrrTATLp4mvpoxthjwS-tZmT5KucGjASwcOfDBmUvsBLy9VyuKbyyLo0jnRiPvKFytYm~3WiGxAS39~zXqonbQusHpKtYxYP9cJhOIcipvqy887qtr0-Jy0Khz3dLd~EzJFQBkKXTYK7tqvJzPqDyIiiTbUga~QU7d~wjA1D6IOvB02hMNfdyh78yo2g__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA" /> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/botlinnean/161/2/10.1111_j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x/2/m_BOJ_996_f1.gif?Expires=1794508435&Signature=Ugq~jr-eDSG6GUiD0yZwFpXL~Ie1iI6XcYbFL9iQYLPP~cll-Ity3fsGOwU8fE0cY2lA8eL51pfJirt2HmKd6cibqcPfZp7wsxIDw0ZVtFNuVtx1jZgO~2XogMMUAcPTa2oeAmZQ8meg6CDlghJ4X0uwMrHrrTATLp4mvpoxthjwS-tZmT5KucGjASwcOfDBmUvsBLy9VyuKbyyLo0jnRiPvKFytYm~3WiGxAS39~zXqonbQusHpKtYxYP9cJhOIcipvqy887qtr0-Jy0Khz3dLd~EzJFQBkKXTYK7tqvJzPqDyIiiTbUga~QU7d~wjA1D6IOvB02hMNfdyh78yo2g__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA" /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="Interrelationships of the APG III orders and some families supported by jackknife/bootstrap percentages greater than 50 or Bayesian posterior probabilities greater than 0.95 in large-scale analyses of angiosperms. See text for literature supporting these relationships. Newly-recognized-for-APG orders are denoted (†). Some eudicot families not yet classified to order are not shown." /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP" /><meta name="citation_title" content="An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" /><meta name="citation_firstpage" content="105" /><meta name="citation_lastpage" content="121" /><meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x" /><meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" /><meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Bot J Linn Soc" /><meta name="citation_volume" content="161" /><meta name="citation_issue" content="2" /><meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2009/10/01" /><meta name="citation_issn" content="0024-4074" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="Oxford Academic" /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=A new classification of the tribe Veroniceae – problems and a possible solution; citation_author=Albach DC; citation_author=Martínez-Ortega MM; citation_author=Fischer MA; citation_author=Chase MW; citation_journal_title=Taxon; citation_year=2004; citation_volume=53; citation_pages=429-452; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants; citation_author=APG; citation_journal_title=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden; citation_year=1998; citation_volume=85; citation_pages=531-553; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II; citation_author=APG II; citation_journal_title=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society; citation_year=2003; citation_volume=141; citation_pages=399-436; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Phylogeny of the portulacaceous cohort based on ndhF sequence data; citation_author=Applequist WL; citation_author=Wallace RS; citation_journal_title=Systematic Botany; citation_year=2001; citation_volume=26; citation_pages=406-419; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=To be or not to be – principles of classification and monotypic plant families; citation_author=Backlund A; citation_author=Bremer K; citation_journal_title=Taxon; citation_year=1998; citation_volume=47; citation_pages=391-401; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Mitochondrial DNA suggests at least 11 origins of parasitism in angiosperms and reveals genomic chimerism in parasitic plants; citation_author=Barkman TJ; citation_author=McNeal JR; citation_author=Lim S-H; citation_author=Coat G; citation_author=Croom HB; citation_author=Young ND; citation_author=DePamphilis CW; citation_journal_title=BMC Evolutionary Biology; citation_year=2007; citation_volume=7; citation_pages=248" /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Phylogeny of the Caryophyllales and the evolution of the perianth; citation_author=Brockington SF; citation_author=Alexandre R; citation_author=Ramdial J; citation_author=Moore MJ; citation_author=Crawley S; citation_author=Dhingra A; citation_author=Hilu K; citation_author=Soltis PS; citation_author=Soltis DE; citation_journal_title=International Journal of Plant Sciences; citation_year=2009; citation_volume=170; citation_pages=627-643; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Multi-gene analyses of monocot relationships: a summary; citation_author=Chase MW; citation_author=Fay MF; citation_author=Devey DS; citation_author=Maurin O; citation_author=Rønsted N; citation_author=Davies J; citation_author=Pillon Y; citation_author=Petersen G; citation_author=Seberg O; citation_author=Tamura MN; citation_author=Asmussen CB; citation_author=Hilu K; citation_author=Borsch T; citation_author=Davis JI; citation_author=Stevenson DW; citation_author=Pires JC; citation_author=Givnish TJ; citation_author=Sytsma KJ; citation_author=Graham SW; citation_author=McPherson MA; citation_author=Rai HS; citation_author=Columbus JT; citation_author=Friar EA; citation_author=Hamilton CW; citation_author=Porter JM; citation_author=Prince LM; citation_author=Simpson MG; citation_publisher=Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, CA; citation_title=Monocots: comparative biology and evolution (vol. 1, excluding Poales); citation_year=2006; citation_pages=63-75; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III; citation_author=Chase MW; citation_author=Reveal JL; citation_journal_title=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society; citation_year=2009; citation_volume=161; citation_pages=122-127; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families, Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae; citation_author=Chase MW; citation_author=Reveal JL; citation_author=Fay MF; citation_journal_title=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society; citation_year=2009; citation_volume=161; citation_pages=132-136; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=When in doubt, put it in Flacourtiaceae: a molecular phylogenetic analysis based on plastid rbcL DNA sequences; citation_author=Chase MW; citation_author=Zmarzty S; citation_author=Lledó MD; citation_author=Wurdack KJ; citation_author=Swensen SM; citation_author=Fay MF; citation_journal_title=Kew Bulletin; citation_year=2002; citation_volume=57; citation_pages=141-181; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=The validation of two new family names in Malvales: Durionaceae and Brownlowiaceae; citation_author=Cheek M; citation_journal_title=Kew Bulletin; citation_year=2006; citation_volume=61; citation_pages=443" /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Evolution of apocarpy in Alismatidae using phylogenetic evidence from chloroplast rbcL sequence data; citation_author=Chen J-M; citation_author=Chen D; citation_author=Robert GW; citation_author=Wang Q-F; citation_author=Guo Y-H; citation_journal_title=Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica; citation_year=2004a; citation_volume=45; citation_pages=33-40; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Evolution of aquatic life forms in Alismatidae: phylogenetic estimation from chloroplast rbcL sequence data; citation_author=Chen J-M; citation_author=Robert GW; citation_author=Wang Q-F; citation_journal_title=Israel Journal of Plant Sciences; citation_year=2004b; citation_volume=52; citation_pages=323-329; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Cronquist A; citation_publisher=Columbia University Press, New York; citation_title=An integrated system of classification of flowering plants; citation_year=1981; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Molecular phylogenetics of Caryophyllales based on nuclear 18S rDNA and plastid rbcL, atpB, and matK DNA sequences; citation_author=Cuénoud P; citation_author=Savolainen V; citation_author=Chatrou LW; citation_author=Powell M; citation_author=Grayer RJ; citation_author=Chase MW; citation_journal_title=American Journal of Botany; citation_year=2002; citation_volume=89; citation_pages=132-144; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Elatinaceae are sister to Malpighiaceae; Peridiscaceae belong to Saxifragales; citation_author=Davis CC; citation_author=Chase MW; citation_journal_title=American Journal of Botany; citation_year=2004; citation_volume=91; citation_pages=262-273; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Host-to-parasite gene transfer in flowering plants: phylogenetic evidence from Malpighiales; citation_author=Davis CC; citation_author=Wurdack KJ; citation_journal_title=Science; citation_year=2004; citation_volume=305; citation_pages=676-678; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Explosive radiation of Malpighiales supports a Mid-Cretaceous origin of modern tropical rain forests; citation_author=Davis CC; citation_author=Webb CO; citation_author=Wurdack KJ; citation_author=Jaramillo CA; citation_author=Donoghue MJ; citation_journal_title=American Naturalist; citation_year=2005; citation_volume=165; citation_pages=E36-E65; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Floral gigantism in Rafflesiaceae; citation_author=Davis CC; citation_author=Latvis M; citation_author=Nickrent DL; citation_author=Wurdack KJ; citation_author=Baum DA; citation_journal_title=Science; citation_year=2007; citation_volume=315; citation_pages=1812" /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=A molecular phylogeny of Santalaceae (Santalales); citation_author=Der J; citation_author=Nickrent D; citation_journal_title=Systematic Botany; citation_year=2008; citation_volume=33; citation_pages=107-116; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=A reinterpretation of the staminate flowers of Haptanthus; citation_author=Doust AN; citation_author=Stevens PF; citation_journal_title=Systematic Botany; citation_year=2005; citation_volume=30; citation_pages=779-785; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=The last common ancestor of Sarcolaenaceae and Asian dipterocarp trees was ectomycorrhizal before the India–Madagascar separation, about 88 million years ago; citation_author=Ducousso M; citation_author=Béna G; citation_author=Bourgeois C; citation_author=Buyck B; citation_author=Eyssartier G; citation_author=Vincelette M; citation_author=Rabévohitra R; citation_author=Randrihasipara L; citation_author=Dreyfus B; citation_author=Prin Y; citation_journal_title=Molecular Ecology; citation_year=2004; citation_volume=13; citation_pages=231-236; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Molluginaceae; citation_author=Endress ME; citation_author=Bittrich V; citation_author=Kubitzki K; citation_author=Rohwer JG; citation_author=Bittrich V; citation_publisher=Springer, Berlin; citation_title=The families and genera of vascular plants. II. Flowering plants: dicotyledons, magnoliid, hamamelid and caryophyllid families; citation_year=1993; citation_pages=419-425; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Reconstructing the ancestral angiosperm flower and its initial specializations; citation_author=Endress PK; citation_author=Doyle JA; citation_journal_title=American Journal of Botany; citation_year=2009; citation_volume=96; citation_pages=22-66; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Majority rules, when systematists disagree; citation_author=Entwisle TJ; citation_author=Weston PH; citation_journal_title=Australian Journal of Systematic Botany; citation_year=2005; citation_volume=18; citation_pages=1-6; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Hydatellaceae are water lilies with gymnospermous tendencies; citation_author=Friedman WE; citation_journal_title=Nature; citation_year=2008; citation_volume=453; citation_pages=94-97; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Removal of noisy characters from chloroplast genome-scale data suggests revision of phylogenetic placement of Amborella and Ceratophyllum; citation_author=Goremykin VV; citation_author=Viola R; citation_author=Hellwig FH; citation_journal_title=Journal of Molecular Evolution; citation_year=2009; citation_volume=68; citation_pages=197-204; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Congruence of a phylogeny of Cordiaceae (Boraginales) inferred from ITS1 sequence data with morphology, ecology, and biogeography; citation_author=Gottschling M; citation_author=Miller JS; citation_author=Weigend M; citation_author=Hilger HH; citation_journal_title=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden; citation_year=2005; citation_volume=92; citation_pages=425-437; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Phylogeny of Capparaceae and Brassicaceae based on chloroplast sequence data; citation_author=Hall JC; citation_author=Sytsma KJ; citation_author=Iltis HH; citation_journal_title=American Journal of Botany; citation_year=2002; citation_volume=89; citation_pages=1826-1842; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Molecular phylogenetics of core Brassicales, placement of orphan genera Emblingia, Forchammeria, Tirania, and character evolution; citation_author=Hall JC; citation_author=Iltis HH; citation_author=Sytsma KJ; citation_journal_title=Systematic Botany; citation_year=2004; citation_volume=29; citation_pages=654-669; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Phylogenetic and evolutionary implications of complete chloroplast genome sequences of four early-diverging angiosperms: Buxus (Buxaceae), Chloranthus (Chloranthaceae), Dioscorea (Dioscoreaceae), and Illicium (Schisandraceae); citation_author=Hansen DR; citation_author=Dastidar SG; citation_author=Cau Z; citation_author=Penaflor C; citation_author=Kuehl JV; citation_author=Boore JL; citation_author=Jansen RK; citation_journal_title=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution; citation_year=2007; citation_volume=45; citation_pages=547-563; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=LAPG III: a linear sequence of the families in APG III; citation_author=Haston E; citation_author=Richardson JE; citation_author=Stevens PF; citation_author=Chase MW; citation_author=Harris DJ; citation_journal_title=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society; citation_year=2009; citation_volume=161; citation_pages=128-131; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Heywood VH; citation_author=Brummitt RK; citation_author=Culham A; citation_author=Seberg O; citation_publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; citation_title=Flowering plant families of the World; citation_year=2007; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="Iles W, Smith SY, Graham SW 2009. Robust resolution of the backbone of Alismatales phylogeny. In Botany and Mycology [ http://2009.botanyconference.org/engine/search/index.php?func=detail&aid=849. " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Analysis of 81 genes from 64 chloroplast genomes resolves relationships in angiosperms and identifies genome-scale evolutionary patterns; citation_author=Jansen RK; citation_author=Cai Z; citation_author=Raubeson LA; citation_author=Daniell H; citation_author=DePamphilis CW; citation_author=Leebens-Mack J; citation_author=Müller KF; citation_author=Guisinger-Bellian M; citation_author=Haberle RC; citation_author=Hansen AK; citation_author=Chumley TW; citation_author=Lee S-B; citation_author=Peery R; citation_author=McNeal JR; citation_author=Kuehl JV; citation_author=Boore JL; citation_journal_title=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America; citation_year=2007; citation_volume=104; citation_pages=19369-19374; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Resolving an ancient, rapid radiation in Saxifragales; citation_author=Jian S; citation_author=Soltis PS; citation_author=Gitzendanner MA; citation_author=Moore MJ; citation_author=Li R; citation_author=Hendry TA; citation_author=Qiu Y-L; citation_author=Dhingra A; citation_author=Bell C; citation_author=Soltis DE; citation_journal_title=Systematic Biology; citation_year=2008; citation_volume=57; citation_pages=38-57; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Judd WS; citation_author=Campbell CS; citation_author=Kellogg EA; citation_author=Stevens PF; citation_author=Donoghue MJ; citation_publisher=Sinauer, Sunderland, MA; citation_title=Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach; citation_year=2007; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Generic realignment in primuloid families of the Ericales s.l.: a phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences from three chloroplast genes and morphology; citation_author=Källersjö M; citation_author=Bergqvist G; citation_author=Anderberg AA; citation_journal_title=American Journal of Botany; citation_year=2000; citation_volume=87; citation_pages=1325-1341; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Multiple origin of the tropical forest tree family Icacinaceae; citation_author=Kårehed J; citation_journal_title=American Journal of Botany; citation_year=2001; citation_volume=88; citation_pages=2259-2274; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Kårehed J; citation_publisher=Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Uppsala; citation_title=Evolutionary studies in asterids emphasising euasterids II; citation_year=2002; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=The family Pennantiaceae and its relationship to Apiales; citation_author=Kårehed J; citation_journal_title=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society; citation_year=2003; citation_volume=141; citation_pages=1-24; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Introduction to Malvales; citation_author=Kubitzki K; citation_author=Chase MW; citation_author=Kubitzki K; citation_publisher=Springer, Berlin; citation_title=The families and genera of vascular plants. V. Flowering plants. Dicotyledons. Malvales, Capparales and non-betalain Caryophyllales; citation_year=2002; citation_pages=12-16; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Lundberg J; citation_publisher=Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Uppsala; citation_title=Phylogenetic studies in the euasterids II with particular reference to Asterales and Escalloniaceae; citation_year=2001; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Mabberley DJ; citation_publisher=Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; citation_title=Mabberley's plant book: a portable dictionary of plants, their classifications, and uses; citation_year=2008; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Molecular phylogenetic relationships of Olacaceae and related Santalales; citation_author=Malécot V; citation_author=Nickrent DL; citation_journal_title=Systematic Botany; citation_year=2008; citation_volume=33; citation_pages=97-106; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Comparative floral structure and systematics in Celastrales (Celastraceae, Parnassiaceae, Lepidobotryaceae); citation_author=Matthews ML; citation_author=Endress PK; citation_journal_title=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society; citation_year=2005a; citation_volume=149; citation_pages=129-194; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Comparative floral structure and systematics in Crossosomatales (Crossosomataceae, Stachyuraceae, Staphyleaceae, Aphloiaceae, Geissolomataceae, Ixerbaceae, Strasburgeriaceae); citation_author=Matthews ML; citation_author=Endress PK; citation_journal_title=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society; citation_year=2005b; citation_volume=147; citation_pages=1-46; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Floral structure and systematics in four orders of rosids, including a broad survey of floral mucilage cells; citation_author=Matthews ML; citation_author=Endress PK; citation_journal_title=Plant Systematics and Evolution; citation_year=2006; citation_volume=260; citation_pages=199-221; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Comparative floral structure and systematics in Chrysobalanaceae s.l. (Chrysobalanaceae, Dichapetalaceae, Euphroniaceae, Trigoniaceae; Malpighiales); citation_author=Matthews ML; citation_author=Endress PK; citation_journal_title=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society; citation_year=2008; citation_volume=157; citation_pages=249-309; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Breakdown and delayed cospeciation in the arbuscular mycorrhizal mutualism; citation_author=Merckx V; citation_author=Bidartondo MI; citation_journal_title=Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B; citation_year=2008; citation_volume=275; citation_pages=1029-1035; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Phylogeny and evolution of Burmanniaceae (Dioscoreales) based on nuclear and mitochondrial data; citation_author=Merckx V; citation_author=Schols V; citation_author=Maas-van de Kamer H; citation_author=Maas P; citation_author=Huysmans S; citation_author=Smets E; citation_journal_title=American Journal of Botany; citation_year=2006; citation_volume=93; citation_pages=1684-1698; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Bias and conflict in phylogenetic inference of myco-heterotrophic plants: a case study in Thismiaceae; citation_author=Merckx V; citation_author=Bakker FT; citation_author=Huysmans S; citation_author=Smets E; citation_journal_title=Cladistics; citation_year=2009; citation_volume=25; citation_pages=64-77; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Using plastid genome-scale data to resolve enigmatic relationships among basal angiosperms; citation_author=Moore MJ; citation_author=Bell CD; citation_author=Soltis PS; citation_author=Soltis DE; citation_journal_title=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America; citation_year=2007; citation_volume=104; citation_pages=19363-19368; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="Moore MJ, Bell CD, Soltis PS, Soltis DE 2008. Analysis of an 83-gene, 86-taxon plastid genome data set resolves relationships among several deep-level eudicot lineages. In: Botany 2008. [Botanical Society of America, http://2008.botanyconference.org/engine/search/index.php?func=detail&aid=203. " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="Moore MJ, Soltis PS, Bell CD, Burleigh JG, Soltis DE 2009. Phylogenetic analysis of 83 plastid genes resolves relationships among major clades of eudicot angiosperms and reveals multiple rapid radiations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. In press. " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Orígenes filogenéticos de las plantas parásitas; citation_author=Nickrent DL; citation_author=López-Sáez JA; citation_author=Catalán P; citation_author=Sáez L; citation_publisher=Mundi-Prensa, Madrid; citation_title=Plantas parásitas de la península Ibérica e islas Baleares; citation_year=2002; citation_pages=29-56; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Cytinaceae are sister to Muntingiaceae (Malvales); citation_author=Nickrent DL; citation_journal_title=Taxon; citation_year=2007; citation_volume=56; citation_pages=1129-1135; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="Nickrent DL, Der JP, Anderson FE 2005. Discovery of the photosynthetic relatives of the ‘Maltese mushroom’Cynomorium. BMC Evolutionary Biology 5 : 38. Available at http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/5/38 " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=The closest relatives of cacti: insights from phylogenetic analyses of chloroplast and mitochondrial sequences with special emphasis on relationships in the tribe Anacampseroteae; citation_author=Nyffeler R; citation_journal_title=American Journal of Botany; citation_year=2007; citation_volume=94; citation_pages=89-101; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="Nyffeler R, Eggli U In press. Disintegrating Portulacaceae – a new familial classification of the suborder Portulacineae (Caryophyllales) based on molecular and morphological evidence. Taxon. In press. " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Anatomical variation in Cactaceae and relatives: trait lability and evolutionary innovation; citation_author=Ogburn RM; citation_author=Edwards EJ; citation_journal_title=American Journal of Botany; citation_year=2009; citation_volume=96; citation_pages=391-408; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Description and phylogenetic position of a new angiosperm family, Guamatelaceae, inferred from chloroplast rbcL, atpB, and matK sequences; citation_author=Oh S-H; citation_author=Potter D; citation_journal_title=Systematic Botany; citation_year=2006; citation_volume=31; citation_pages=730-738; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=What to do with Hibiscus? A proposed nomenclatural resolution for a large and well-known genus of Malvaceae and comments on paraphyly; citation_author=Pfeil BE; citation_author=Crisp MD; citation_journal_title=Australian Journal of Systematic Botany; citation_year=2005; citation_volume=18; citation_pages=49-60; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Relationship of the order Apiales to subclass Asteridae: a re-evaluation of morphological characters based on insights from molecular data; citation_author=Plunkett GM; citation_journal_title=Edinburgh Journal of Botany; citation_year=2001; citation_volume=8; citation_pages=183-200; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="Refulio-Rodriguez NF, Olmstead R 2008. Lamiales phylogeny. In: Botany 2008. [ http://2008.botanyconference.org/engine/search/index.php?func=detail&aid=498 ] " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="Reveal J 2008 onwards. A checklist of family and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants. Available at http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/supgennames.html. " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Comparative ovule and megagametophyte development in Hydatellaceae and water lilies reveal a mosaic of features among the earliest angiosperms; citation_author=Rudall PJ; citation_author=Remizowa MV; citation_author=Beer AS; citation_author=Bradshaw E; citation_author=Stevenson DW; citation_author=Macfarlane TD; citation_author=Tuckett RE; citation_author=Yadav SR; citation_author=Sokoloff DD; citation_journal_title=Annals of Botany; citation_year=2008; citation_volume=101; citation_pages=941-956; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Hydatellaceae identified as a new branch near the base of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree; citation_author=Saarela JM; citation_author=Rai HS; citation_author=Doyle JA; citation_author=Endress PK; citation_author=Mathews S; citation_author=Marchant AD; citation_author=Briggs B; citation_author=Graham SW; citation_journal_title=Nature; citation_year=2007; citation_volume=446; citation_pages=312-315; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Celastraceae; citation_author=Simmons MP; citation_author=Kubitzki K; citation_publisher=Springer, Berlin; citation_title=The families and genera of vascular plants. VI. Flowering plants. Dicotyledons. Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales; citation_year=2004; citation_pages=29-64; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Phylogenetics of Crossosomataceae based on rbcL sequence data; citation_author=Sosa V; citation_author=Chase MW; citation_journal_title=Systematic Botany; citation_year=2003; citation_volume=28; citation_pages=96-105; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic amphitropical family Peridiscaceae; citation_author=Soltis DE; citation_author=Clayton JW; citation_author=Davis CC; citation_author=Gitzendanner MA; citation_author=Cheek M; citation_author=Savolainen V; citation_author=Amorin AM; citation_author=Soltis PS; citation_journal_title=Taxon; citation_year=2007a; citation_volume=56; citation_pages=65-73; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=A 567-taxon data set for angiosperms: The challenges posed by Bayesian analyses of large data sets; citation_author=Soltis DE; citation_author=Gitzendanner MA; citation_author=Soltis PS; citation_journal_title=International Journal of Plant Sciences; citation_year=2007b; citation_volume=168; citation_pages=137-157; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Maesaceae, Myrsinaceae; citation_author=Ståhl B; citation_author=Anderberg AA; citation_author=Kubitzki K; citation_publisher=Springer, Berlin; citation_title=The families and genera of vascular plants. VI. Flowering plants. Dicotyledons. Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales; citation_year=2004; citation_pages=255-257; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="Stevens PF 2001 onwards. Angiosperm phylogeny website. Available at http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/ " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Takhtajan A; citation_publisher=Columbia University Press, New York; citation_title=Diversity and classification of flowering plants; citation_year=1997; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="Tank DC, Donoghue MJ In press. Phylogeny and phylogenetic nomenclature of the Campanulidae based on an expanded sample of genes and taxa. Systematic Botany. In press. " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Molecular phylogeny of monocotyledons inferred from combined analysis of plastid matK and rbcL gene sequences; citation_author=Tamura MN; citation_author=Yamashita J; citation_author=Fuse S; citation_author=Haraguchi M; citation_journal_title=Journal of Plant Research; citation_year=2004; citation_volume=117; citation_pages=109-120; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Delimitation and subdivision of the Crypteroniaceae (Myrtales); citation_author=Van Beusekom-Osinga RJ; citation_author=Van Beusekom CF; citation_journal_title=Blumea; citation_year=1975; citation_volume=22; citation_pages=255-266; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests; citation_author=Wang H; citation_author=Moore MJ; citation_author=Soltis PS; citation_author=Bell CD; citation_author=Brockington SF; citation_author=Alexandre R; citation_author=Davis CC; citation_author=Latvis M; citation_author=Manchester SR; citation_author=Soltis DE; citation_journal_title=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America; citation_year=2009; citation_volume=106; citation_pages=3853-3858; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Towards a resolution of campanulid phylogeny, with special reference to the placement of Dipsacales; citation_author=Winkworth RC; citation_author=Lundberg J; citation_author=Donoghue MJ; citation_journal_title=Taxon; citation_year=2008; citation_volume=57; citation_pages=53-65; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Huerteales sister to Brassicales plus Malvales, and newly circumscribed to include Dipentodon, Gerrardina, Huertea, Perrottetia, and Tapiscia; citation_author=Worberg A; citation_author=Alford MH; citation_author=Quandt D; citation_author=Borsch T; citation_journal_title=Taxon; citation_year=2009; citation_volume=58; citation_pages=468-478; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=On the taxonomy and phylogenetic position of Thomandersia; citation_author=Wortley AH; citation_author=Harris DJ; citation_author=Scotland RW; citation_journal_title=Systematic Botany; citation_year=2007; citation_volume=32; citation_pages=415-444; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Malpighiales phylogenetics: gaining ground on one of the most recalcitrant clades in the angiosperm tree of life; citation_author=Wurdack KJ; citation_author=Davis CC; citation_journal_title=American Journal of Botany; citation_year=2009; citation_volume=96; citation_pages=1551-1570; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Phylogeny and delimitation of the Celastrales inferred from nuclear and plastid genes; citation_author=Zhang L-B; citation_author=Simmons MP; citation_journal_title=Systematic Botany; citation_year=2006; citation_volume=31; citation_pages=122-137; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Phylogenetic placement of Cynomorium in Rosales inferred from sequences of the inverted repeat region of the chloroplast genome; citation_author=Zhang Z-H; citation_author=Li C-Q; citation_author=Li J; citation_journal_title=Journal of Systematics and Evolution; citation_year=2009; citation_volume=47; citation_pages=297-304; " /><meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article-pdf/161/2/105/17036711/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x.pdf" /><meta name="description" content="Abstract. A revised and updated classification for the families of flowering plants is provided. Many recent studies have yielded increasingly detailed evi" /><meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article-xml/161/2/105/2418337" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article-abstract/161/2/105/2418337" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_botlinnean_1996_01_252" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_botlinnean_1996_01_336" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_botlinnean_1996_01_312" /> <meta name="product_code" content="COMP_RetainedFBI" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_BOTLINNEAN_1996_01_9999" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_BOTLINNEAN_1996_01_276" /> <meta name="product_code" content="j_ALLJOURNALS" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_BOTLINNEAN_1996_01_264" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_botlinnean_1996_01_300" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_botlinnean_1996_01_288" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_botlinnean_1996_01_180" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_2418337" /> <meta name="product_code" content="I_82922" /> <script> var SCM = SCM || {}; SCM.pubGradeAdsEnabled = true; SCM.pubGradeJSLibrary = 'https://cdn.pbgrd.com/core-oup-new.js'; </script> <script async="async" src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script> var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type='text/javascript'> var gptAdSlots = []; googletag.cmd.push(function() { var mapping_ad1 = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([1024, 0], [[970, 90], [728, 90]]) .addSize([768, 0], [728, 90]) .addSize([0, 0], [320, 50]) .build(); gptAdSlots["ad1"] = googletag.defineSlot('/116097782/botlinnean_InFront_Ad1', [[970, 90], [728, 90], [320, 50]], 'adBlockHeader') .defineSizeMapping(mapping_ad1) .addService(googletag.pubads()); var mapping_ad2 = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([768, 0], [[300, 250], [300, 600], [160, 600]]) .build(); gptAdSlots["ad2"] = googletag.defineSlot('/116097782/botlinnean_InFront_Ad2', [[300, 250], [160, 600], [300, 600]], 'adBlockMainBodyTop') .defineSizeMapping(mapping_ad2) .addService(googletag.pubads()); var mapping_ad3 = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([768, 0], [[300, 250], [300, 600], [160, 600]]) .build(); gptAdSlots["ad3"] = googletag.defineSlot('/116097782/botlinnean_InFront_Ad3', [[300, 250], [160, 600], [300, 600]], 'adBlockMainBodyBottom') .defineSizeMapping(mapping_ad3) .addService(googletag.pubads()); var mapping_ad4 = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([0,0], [320, 50]) .addSize([768, 0], [728, 90]) .build(); gptAdSlots["ad4"] = googletag.defineSlot('/116097782/botlinnean_InFront_Ad4', [728, 90], 'adBlockFooter') .defineSizeMapping(mapping_ad4) .addService(googletag.pubads()); var mapping_ad6 = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([1024, 0], [[970, 90], [728, 90]]) .addSize([768, 0], [728, 90]) .addSize([0, 0], [320, 50]) .build(); gptAdSlots["ad6"] = googletag.defineSlot('/116097782/botlinnean_InFront_Ad6', [[728, 90], [970, 90]], 'adBlockStickyFooter') .defineSizeMapping(mapping_ad6) .addService(googletag.pubads()); gptAdSlots["adInterstitial"] = googletag.defineOutOfPageSlot('/116097782/botlinnean_Interstitial_Ad', googletag.enums.OutOfPageFormat.INTERSTITIAL) .addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded', function (event) { if (!event.isEmpty) { $('.js-' + event.slot.getSlotElementId()).each(function () { if ($(this).find('iframe').length) { $(this).removeClass('hide'); } }); } }); googletag.pubads().addEventListener('impressionViewable', function (event) { if (!event.isEmpty) { $('.js-' + event.slot.getSlotElementId()).each(function () { var $adblockDiv = $(this).find('.js-adblock'); var $adText = $(this).find('.js-adblock-advertisement-text'); if ($adblockDiv && $adblockDiv.is(':visible') && $adblockDiv.find('*').length > 1) { $adText.removeClass('hide'); App.CenterAdBlock.Init($adblockDiv, $adText); } else { $adText.addClass('hide'); } //Initialize logic for Sticky Footer Ad var $stickyFooterDiv = $(this).parents('.js-sticky-footer-ad'); if ($stickyFooterDiv && $stickyFooterDiv.is(':visible') && $stickyFooterDiv.find('*').length > 1) { App.StickyFooterAd.Init(); } }); } }); googletag.pubads().setTargeting("jnlspage", "article-abstract"); googletag.pubads().setTargeting("jnlsurl", "botlinnean/article-abstract/161/2/105/2418337"); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad(); googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(); }); </script> <input type="hidden" class="hfInterstitial" data-interstitiallinks="botlinnean/issue,botlinnean/advance-articles,botlinnean/advance-article,botlinnean/supplements,botlinnean/article,botlinnean/article-abstract,botlinnean/pages" data-subdomain="botlinnean" /> <script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.pubads().setTargeting("jnlsdoi", "10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x"); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var NTPT_PGEXTRA= 'event_type=Login-full-text&supplier_tag=SC_Journals&object_type=Article&taxonomy=taxId%3a39%7ctaxLabel%3aAcademicSubjects%7cnodeId%3aSCI01210%7cnodeLabel%3aPlant+Sciences+and+Forestry%7cnodeLevel%3a3%3btaxId%3a39%7ctaxLabel%3aAcademicSubjects%7cnodeId%3aSCI02287%7cnodeLabel%3aBotany%7cnodeLevel%3a4&siteid=botlinnean&authzrequired=true&turnaway_id=SUB_NONE&doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x'; </script> <script src="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_js/casa.js" async></script> </head> <body data-sitename="botanicaljournalofthelinneansociety" class="off-canvas pg_Article pg_article " theme-botlinnean data-sitestyletemplate="Journal" > <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-W6DD7HV" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> <a href="#skipNav" class="skipnav">Skip to Main Content</a> <input id="hdnSiteID" name="hdnSiteID" type="hidden" value="5596" /><input id="hdnAdDelaySeconds" name="hdnAdDelaySeconds" type="hidden" value="5000" /><input id="hdnAdConfigurationTop" name="hdnAdConfigurationTop" type="hidden" value="default" /><input id="hdnAdConfigurationRightRail" name="hdnAdConfigurationRightRail" type="hidden" value="sticky" /> <div class="master-container js-master-container"> <section class="master-header row js-master-header vt-site-page-header"> <div class="widget widget-SitePageHeader widget-instance-SitePageHeader"> <div class="ad-banner js-ad-banner-header"> <div class="widget widget-AdBlock widget-instance-HeaderAd"> <div class="js-adBlock-parent-wrap adblock-parent-wrap"> <div class="adBlockHeader-wrap js-adBlockHeader hide"> <div id="adBlockHeader" class="js-adblock at-adblock" data-lazy-load-margin="150"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('adBlockHeader'); }); </script> </div> <div class="advertisement-text at-adblock js-adblock-advertisement-text hide">Advertisement</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="oup-header sigma "> <div class="center-inner-row"> <div class="oup-header-logo"> <a href="/"> <img src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/umbrella/oxford-academic-logo.svg" alt="Oxford Academic" class="oup-header-image at-oup-header-image " /> </a> </div> <div class="widget widget-CustomNavLinks widget-instance-CustomNavLinksDeskTop"> <div class="custom-nav-links-box"> <div class="custom-nav-link"> <a href="/journals">Journals</a> </div> <div class="custom-nav-link"> <a href="/books">Books</a> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="oup-header-menu account-menu sigma-account-menu "> <li class="oup-header-menu-item mobile"> <a href="javascript:;" class="mobile-dropdown-toggle mobile-search-toggle"> <i class="icon-menu_search"><span class="screenreader-text">Search Menu</span></i> </a> </li> <li class="oup-header-menu-item mobile info-icon-menu-item"> <a href="/pages/information" target="_blank" class="at-info-button sigma-info-wrapper" role="button"> <img class="sigma-info-icon" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/i.svg" alt="Information" /> </a> </li> <li class="oup-header-menu-item mobile account-icon-menu-item"> <a href="javascript:;" class="account-button js-account-button at-account-button " role="button" data-turnawayparams="journal%3dbotlinnean"> <img class="sigma-account-icon" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/account.svg" alt="Account" /> </a> </li> <li class="oup-header-menu-item mobile"> <a href="javascript:;" class="mobile-dropdown-toggle mobile-nav-toggle"> <i class="icon-menu_hamburger"><span class="screenreader-text">Menu</span></i> </a> </li> <li class="oup-header-menu-item desktop info-icon-menu-item"> <a href="/pages/information" target="_blank" class="at-info-button sigma-info-wrapper" role="button"> <img class="sigma-info-icon" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/i.svg" alt="Information" /> </a> </li> <li class="oup-header-menu-item desktop account-icon-menu-item"> <a href="javascript:;" class="account-button js-account-button at-account-button sigma-logo-wrapper" role="button" data-turnawayparams="journal%3dbotlinnean"> <img class="sigma-account-icon" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/account.svg" alt="Account" /> </a> </li> <li class="oup-header-menu-item desktop account-icon-menu-item"> <div class="widget widget-SeamlessAccess widget-instance-SitePageHeader"> <a href="javascript:;" class="js-shibboleth-action seamless-access-button seamless-button-header button-call-to-action at-institutional-sign-in" rel="nofollow" data-action-type="" data-entity-id=""> <span class="seamless-access-text">Sign in through your institution</span> </a> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="login-box-placeholder js-login-box-placeholder hide"> <div class="spinner"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="dropdown-panel-wrap"> <div class="dropdown-panel mobile-search-dropdown"> <div class="mobile-search-inner-wrap"> <div class="navbar-search"> <div class="mobile-microsite-search"> <label for="SitePageHeader-mobile-navbar-search-filter" class="screenreader-text js-mobile-navbar-search-filter-label"> Navbar Search Filter </label> <select class="mobile-navbar-search-filter js-mobile-navbar-search-filter at-navbar-search-filter" id="SitePageHeader-mobile-navbar-search-filter"> <option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Issue">This issue</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Parent">Linnean Society Family</option> <optgroup class="navbar-search-optgroup" label="Search across Oxford Academic"> <option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="AcademicSubjects/SCI02287">Botany</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="AcademicSubjects/SCI01210">Plant Sciences and Forestry</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Books">Books</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Journals">Journals</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Umbrella">Oxford Academic</option> </optgroup> </select> <label for="SitePageHeader-mobile-microsite-search-term" class="screenreader-text js-mobile-microsite-search-term-label"> Mobile Enter search term </label> <input class="mobile-search-input mobile-microsite-search-term js-mobile-microsite-search-term at-microsite-search-term" type="text" maxlength="255" placeholder="Search" id="SitePageHeader-mobile-microsite-search-term"> <a href="javascript:;" class="mobile-microsite-search-icon mobile-search-submit icon-menu_search"> <span class="screenreader-text">Search</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="dropdown-panel mobile-nav-dropdown"> <ul class="site-menu site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu"> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701195"> <a href="/botlinnean/issue" class="nav-link"> Issues </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701196"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/advance-articles" class="nav-link"> Advance Access </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701192"> <a href="javascript:;" class="nav-link js-nav-dropdown at-nav-dropdown" role="button" aria-expanded="false"> More Content <i class="desktop-nav-arrow icon-general-arrow-filled-down arrow-icon"></i> </a> <i class="mobile-nav-arrow icon-general_arrow-down"></i> <ul class="site-menu site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu"> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701197"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/pages/special_issues" class="nav-link"> Special Issues </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701198"> <a href="/botlinnean/pages/virtual_issues" class="nav-link"> Virtual Issues </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701199"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/search-results?f_OUPSeries=Editor%27s+Choice" class="nav-link"> Editor's Choice </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701200"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/pages/highly_cited" class="nav-link"> High-Impact Research </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701201"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/pages/using-the-content/email-alerts" class="nav-link"> Email Alerts </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701193"> <a href="javascript:;" class="nav-link js-nav-dropdown at-nav-dropdown" role="button" aria-expanded="false"> Submit <i class="desktop-nav-arrow icon-general-arrow-filled-down arrow-icon"></i> </a> <i class="mobile-nav-arrow icon-general_arrow-down"></i> <ul class="site-menu site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu"> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701202"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/pages/why-publish" class="nav-link"> Why Publish </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701203"> <a href="/botlinnean/pages/General_Instructions" class="nav-link"> Author Guidelines </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701204"> <a href="https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/botjls" class="nav-link"> Submission Site </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701205"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/authors/production_and_publication/publication-charges/read-and-publish-agreements" class="nav-link"> Read & Publish </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701206"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/authors" class="nav-link"> Author Resources </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701207"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/pages/self_archiving_policy_b" class="nav-link"> Self-Archiving policy </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701208"> <a href="/botlinnean/subscribe" class="nav-link"> Purchase </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701194"> <a href="javascript:;" class="nav-link js-nav-dropdown at-nav-dropdown" role="button" aria-expanded="false"> About <i class="desktop-nav-arrow icon-general-arrow-filled-down arrow-icon"></i> </a> <i class="mobile-nav-arrow icon-general_arrow-down"></i> <ul class="site-menu site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu"> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701209"> <a href="/botlinnean/pages/About" class="nav-link"> About Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701210"> <a href="/botlinnean/pages/Editorial_Board" class="nav-link"> Editorial Board </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701211"> <a href="https://www.linnean.org/" class="nav-link"> About the Linnean Society of London </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701212"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/advertising-and-corporate-services/pages/botlinnean-media-kit" class="nav-link"> Advertising & Corporate Services </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701213"> <a href="http://science-and-mathematics-careernetwork.oxfordjournals.org" class="nav-link"> Journals Career Network </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-custom"> <a href="/journals" class="nav-link">Journals on Oxford Academic</a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-custom"> <a href="/books" class="nav-link">Books on Oxford Academic</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="journal-header journal-bg"> <div class="center-inner-row"> <div class="site-parent-link-wrap"> <a href="//academic.oup.com/linnean" class="site-parent-link">Linnean Society Family</a> </div> <a href="/botlinnean" class="journal-logo-container"> <img id="logo-BotanicalJournaloftheLinneanSociety" class="journal-logo" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/data/SiteBuilderAssets/Live/Images/botlinnean/botlinnean_title-95754736.svg" alt="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" /> </a> <div class="society-logo-block"> <div class="society-block-inner-wrap"> <a href="https://www.linnean.org/" target="" class="society-logo-container"> <img id="logo-TheLinneanSocietyofLondon" class="society-logo" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/data/SiteBuilderAssets/Live/Images/botlinnean/botlinnean_h1-1493065206.png" alt="The Linnean Society of London" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="navbar"> <div class="center-inner-row"> <nav class="navbar-menu"> <ul class="site-menu site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu"> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701195"> <a href="/botlinnean/issue" class="nav-link"> Issues </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701196"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/advance-articles" class="nav-link"> Advance Access </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701192"> <a href="javascript:;" class="nav-link js-nav-dropdown at-nav-dropdown" role="button" aria-expanded="false"> More Content <i class="desktop-nav-arrow icon-general-arrow-filled-down arrow-icon"></i> </a> <i class="mobile-nav-arrow icon-general_arrow-down"></i> <ul class="site-menu site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu"> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701197"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/pages/special_issues" class="nav-link"> Special Issues </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701198"> <a href="/botlinnean/pages/virtual_issues" class="nav-link"> Virtual Issues </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701199"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/search-results?f_OUPSeries=Editor%27s+Choice" class="nav-link"> Editor's Choice </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701200"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/pages/highly_cited" class="nav-link"> High-Impact Research </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701201"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/pages/using-the-content/email-alerts" class="nav-link"> Email Alerts </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701193"> <a href="javascript:;" class="nav-link js-nav-dropdown at-nav-dropdown" role="button" aria-expanded="false"> Submit <i class="desktop-nav-arrow icon-general-arrow-filled-down arrow-icon"></i> </a> <i class="mobile-nav-arrow icon-general_arrow-down"></i> <ul class="site-menu site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu"> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701202"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/pages/why-publish" class="nav-link"> Why Publish </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701203"> <a href="/botlinnean/pages/General_Instructions" class="nav-link"> Author Guidelines </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701204"> <a href="https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/botjls" class="nav-link"> Submission Site </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701205"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/authors/production_and_publication/publication-charges/read-and-publish-agreements" class="nav-link"> Read & Publish </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701206"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/authors" class="nav-link"> Author Resources </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701207"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/pages/self_archiving_policy_b" class="nav-link"> Self-Archiving policy </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701208"> <a href="/botlinnean/subscribe" class="nav-link"> Purchase </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701194"> <a href="javascript:;" class="nav-link js-nav-dropdown at-nav-dropdown" role="button" aria-expanded="false"> About <i class="desktop-nav-arrow icon-general-arrow-filled-down arrow-icon"></i> </a> <i class="mobile-nav-arrow icon-general_arrow-down"></i> <ul class="site-menu site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu"> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701209"> <a href="/botlinnean/pages/About" class="nav-link"> About Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701210"> <a href="/botlinnean/pages/Editorial_Board" class="nav-link"> Editorial Board </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701211"> <a href="https://www.linnean.org/" class="nav-link"> About the Linnean Society of London </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701212"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/advertising-and-corporate-services/pages/botlinnean-media-kit" class="nav-link"> Advertising & Corporate Services </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1701213"> <a href="http://science-and-mathematics-careernetwork.oxfordjournals.org" class="nav-link"> Journals Career Network </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="navbar-search-container js-navbar-search-container"> <a href="javascript:;" class="navbar-search-close js_close-navsearch">Close</a> <div class="navbar-search"> <div class="microsite-search"> <label for="SitePageHeader-navbar-search-filter" class="screenreader-text js-navbar-search-filter-label"> Navbar Search Filter </label> <select class="navbar-search-filter js-navbar-search-filter at-navbar-search-filter" id="SitePageHeader-navbar-search-filter"> <option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Issue">This issue</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Parent">Linnean Society Family</option> <optgroup class="navbar-search-optgroup" label="Search across Oxford Academic"> <option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="AcademicSubjects/SCI02287">Botany</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="AcademicSubjects/SCI01210">Plant Sciences and Forestry</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Books">Books</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Journals">Journals</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Umbrella">Oxford Academic</option> </optgroup> </select> <label for="SitePageHeader-microsite-search-term" class="screenreader-text js-microsite-search-term-label"> Enter search term </label> <input class="navbar-search-input microsite-search-term js-microsite-search-term at-microsite-search-term" type="text" maxlength="255" placeholder="Search" id="SitePageHeader-microsite-search-term"> <a href="javascript:;" class="microsite-search-icon navbar-search-submit icon-menu_search"> <span class="screenreader-text">Search</span> </a> </div> </div> <input id="hfCurrentBookSearch" name="hfCurrentBookSearch" type="hidden" value="" /><input id="hfCurrentBookScope" name="hfCurrentBookScope" type="hidden" value="CurrentBook" /><input id="hfBookSiteScope" name="hfBookSiteScope" type="hidden" value="Books" /><input id="hfSeriesScope" name="hfSeriesScope" type="hidden" value="taxWithOr" /><input id="hfParentSiteName" name="hfParentSiteName" type="hidden" value="Linnean Society Family" /><input id="hfParentSiteUrl" name="hfParentSiteUrl" type="hidden" value="academic.oup.com/linnean" /><input id="hfSiteID" name="hfSiteID" type="hidden" value="5596" /><input id="hfParentSiteID" name="hfParentSiteID" type="hidden" value="5578" /><input id="hfJournalSiteScope" name="hfJournalSiteScope" type="hidden" value="Journals" /><input id="hfParentSiteScope" name="hfParentSiteScope" type="hidden" value="Parent" /><input id="hfDefaultSearchURL" name="hfDefaultSearchURL" type="hidden" value="search-results?page=1&q=" /><input id="hfIssueSearch" name="hfIssueSearch" type="hidden" value="&fl_IssueID=82922" /><input id="hfIssueSiteScope" name="hfIssueSiteScope" type="hidden" value="Issue" /><input id="hfUmbrellaScope" name="hfUmbrellaScope" type="hidden" value="Umbrella" /><input id="hfUmbrellaSiteUrl" name="hfUmbrellaSiteUrl" type="hidden" value="academic.oup.com" /><input id="hfUmbrellaSiteId" name="hfUmbrellaSiteId" type="hidden" value="191" /><input id="hfDefaultAdvancedSearchUrl" name="hfDefaultAdvancedSearchUrl" type="hidden" value="advanced-search?page=1&q=" /><input id="hfTaggedCollectionScope" name="hfTaggedCollectionScope" type="hidden" value="" /> <div class="navbar-search-advanced"><a href="/botlinnean/advanced-search" class="advanced-search js-advanced-search">Advanced Search</a></div> </div> <div class="navbar-search-collapsed"><a href="javascript:;" class="icon-menu_search js_expand-navsearch"><span class="screenreader-text">Search Menu</span></a></div> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="searchScope" id="hfSolrJournalID" value="" /> <input type="hidden" id="hfSolrJournalName" value="" /> <input type="hidden" id="hfSolrMaxAllowSearchChar" value="100" /> <input type="hidden" id="hfJournalShortName" value="" /> <input type="hidden" id="hfSearchPlaceholder" value="" /> <input type="hidden" name="hfGlobalSearchSiteURL" id="hfGlobalSearchSiteURL" value="" /> <input type="hidden" name="hfSearchSiteURL" id="hfSiteURL" value="academic.oup.com/botlinnean" /> <input type="hidden" name="RedirectSiteUrl" id="RedirectSiteUrl" value="httpszazjzjacademiczwoupzwcom" /> <script type="text/javascript"> (function () { var hfSiteUrl = document.getElementById('hfSiteURL'); var siteUrl = hfSiteUrl.value; var subdomainIndex = siteUrl.indexOf('/'); hfSiteUrl.value = location.host + (subdomainIndex >= 0 ? siteUrl.substring(subdomainIndex) : ''); })(); </script> <input id="routename" name="RouteName" type="hidden" value="botlinnean" /> </div> </section> <div class="widget widget-SitewideBanner widget-instance-"> </div> <div id="main" class="content-main js-main ui-base"> <section class="master-main row"> <div class="center-inner-row no-overflow"> <div id="skipNav" tabindex="-1"></div> <div class="page-column-wrap"> <div id="InfoColumn" class="page-column page-column--left js-left-nav-col"> <div class="mobile-content-topbar hide"> <button class="toggle-left-col toggle-left-col__article">Article Navigation</button> </div> <div class="info-inner-wrap js-left-nav"> <button class="toggle-left-col__close btn-as-icon icon-general-close"> <span class="screenreader-text">Close mobile search navigation</span> </button> <div class="responsive-nav-title">Article Navigation</div> <div class="info-widget-wrap"> <div class="widget widget-IssueInfo widget-instance-OUP_IssueInfo_Article"> <div id="issueInfo-OUP_IssueInfo_Article" class="article-info-wrap clearfix"> <i class="icon-general-close mobile-nav-btn nav-open"></i> <a class="article-issue-link" href="/botlinnean/issue/161/2"> <div class="article-issue-img"> <img id="issueImage" class="fb-featured-image" src="https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/botlinnean/Issue/161/2/2/m_cover.gif?Expires=1735417197&Signature=Auxj6wa05BiLXSCSSt9YZtMrt463CqNIRQSwP923R14hIgbKyjuvJi2A-1woYJzgyPvKVUtelhNPbE3KMd8N6DrhUSdF1m~NKDscTDi26~QSHfStSkwWQ8lgB2AVXoJbPAVQJ9z0YBEqnJH6tsHgMKSYOA~xjB1-dducArrKJSsDNZIVSfZ1HhEJ4L8~iFhyVNOjses6SoPmdXOV0kgwo~Z3NTx3Bsm~LdaxP65xQ7YJTp1k6mIPHiooEeSDhkwAxhLeJd9RxkzvsnTlkupSCOeT81NuVAWix~NtbRTt-X-lQCKoV0bvO9wgljnaMbY~gBjHdugsPkMYE-uhFz8CGA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA" alt="Issue Cover" /> </div> <div class="article-issue-info"> <div class="volume-issue__wrap"> <div class="volume trailing-comma">Volume 161</div> <div class="issue">Issue 2</div> </div> <div class="ii-pub-date"> October 2009 </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="content-nav"> </div> <div class="widget widget-ArticleNavLinks widget-instance-OUP_ArticleNavLinks_Article"> <ul class="inline-list"> <li class="empty arrow"> </li> <li class="next arrow"> <a href="/botlinnean/article/161/2/122/2418423">Next ></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sticky-toolbar js-sticky-toolbar"></div> <div id="ContentColumn" class="page-column page-column--center"> <div class="article-browse-top article-browse-mobile-nav js-mobile-nav"> <div class="article-browse-mobile-nav-inner js-mobile-nav-inner"> <button class="toggle-left-col toggle-left-col__article btn-as-link"> Article Navigation </button> </div> </div> <div class="article-browse-top article-browse-mobile-nav mobile-sticky-toolbar js-mobile-nav-sticky"> <div class="article-browse-mobile-nav-inner"> <button class="toggle-left-col toggle-left-col__article btn-as-link"> Article Navigation </button> </div> </div> <div class="content-inner-wrap"> <div class="widget widget-ArticleTopInfo widget-instance-OUP_Abstract_ArticleTop_Info_Widget"> <div class="module-widget article-top-widget"> <div class="access-state-logos all-viewports"> <span class="journal-info__format-label">Journal Article</span> </div> <div class="widget-items"> <div class="title-wrap"> <h1 class="wi-article-title article-title-main accessible-content-title at-articleTitle"> An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III <i class='' title='' ></i> </h1> <a href="#no-access-message" class="get-access get-access-jumplink at-get-access-jumplink js-no-access-jumplink"> <span class="get-access-text">Get access</span> <img class='get-access-icon' src='/UI/app/svg/chevron-right-white.svg' alt='Arrow' aria-hidden='true'> </a> </div> <div class="wi-authors at-ArticleAuthors"> <div class="al-authors-list"> <span class="al-author-name-more js-flyout-wrap"> <button type="button" class="linked-name js-linked-name-trigger btn-as-link">THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP</button><span class='delimiter'></span> <span class="al-author-info-wrap arrow-up"> <div class="info-card-author authorInfo_OUP_Abstract_ArticleTop_Info_Widget"> <div class="name-role-wrap"> <div class="info-card-name"> THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP </div> </div> <div class="info-card-search-label"> Search for other works by this author on: </div> <div class="info-card-search info-card-search-internal"> <a href="/botlinnean/search-results?f_Authors=THE+ANGIOSPERM+PHYLOGENY+GROUP" rel="nofollow">Oxford Academic</a> </div> <div class="info-card-search info-card-search-google"> <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=author:%22THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP%22">Google Scholar</a> </div> </div> </span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="pub-history-wrap clearfix js-history-dropdown-wrap"> <div class="pub-history-row clearfix"> <div class="ww-citation-primary"><em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em>, Volume 161, Issue 2, October 2009, Pages 105–121, <a href='https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x'>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x</a></div> </div> <div class="pub-history-row clearfix"> <div class="ww-citation-date-wrap"> <div class="citation-label">Published:</div> <div class="citation-date">19 October 2009</div> </div> <a href="javascript:;" class="history-label js-history-dropdown-trigger st-article-history at-ArticleHistory"> <span>Article history</span><i class="icon-general-arrow-filled-down arrow-icon"></i> </a> </div> <div class="ww-history js-history-entries-wrap at-history-entries-wrap"> <div class="history-entry at-history-entry"> <div class="wi-state">Received:</div> <div class="wi-date">12 August 2009</div> </div> <div class="history-entry at-history-entry"> <div class="wi-state">Accepted:</div> <div class="wi-date">18 August 2009</div> </div> <div class="history-entry at-history-entry"> <div class="wi-state">Published:</div> <div class="wi-date">19 October 2009</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script> $(document).ready(function () { $('.article-top-widget').on('click', '.ati-toggle-trigger', function () { $(this).find('.icon-general-add, .icon-minus').toggleClass('icon-minus icon-general-add'); $(this).siblings('.ati-toggle-content').toggleClass('hide'); }); // In Chrome, an anchor tag with target="_blank" and a "mailto:" href opens a new tab/window as well as the email client // I suspect this behavior will be corrected in the future // Remove the target="_blank" $('ul.wi-affiliationList').find('a[href^="mailto:"]').each(function () { $(this).removeAttr('target'); }); }); </script> </div> <div class="widget widget-ArticleLinks widget-instance-OUP_Article_Links_Widget"> </div> <div class="article-body js-content-body"> <div class="toolbar-wrap js-toolbar-wrap"> <div class="toolbar-inner-wrap"> <ul id="Toolbar" role="navigation"> <li class="toolbar-item item-with-dropdown item-views"> <a class="at-views-dropdown drop-trigger" href="javascript:;" data-dropdown="FilterDrop" aria-haspopup="true"> <i class="icon-menu_views"></i> <div class="toolbar-label"> <div class="toolbar-text">Views</div> <i class="icon-general-arrow-filled-down arrow-icon"></i> </div> </a> <ul id="ViewsDrop" class="f-dropdown js-dropdown-content" data-dropdown-content aria-label="submenu"> <div class="arrow-up"></div> <li class="article-content-filter js-article-content-filter" data-content-filter="article-content"> <a href="javascript:;"><span>Article contents</span></a> </li> <li class="at-figures-tables article-content-filter js-article-content-filter" data-content-filter="figures-tables"> <a href="javascript:;"><span>Figures & tables</span></a> </li> <li class="article-content-filter js-article-content-filter" data-content-filter="video"> <a href="javascript:;"><span>Video</span></a> </li> <li class="article-content-filter js-article-content-filter" data-content-filter="audio"> <a href="javascript:;"><span>Audio</span></a> </li> <li class="article-content-filter js-article-content-filter" data-content-filter="supplementary-data"> <a href="javascript:;"><span>Supplementary Data</span></a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toolbar-item item-cite js-item-cite"> <div class="widget widget-ToolboxGetCitation widget-instance-OUP_Get_Citation"> <a href="#" class="js-cite-button at-CiteButton" data-reveal-id="getCitation" data-reveal> <i class="icon-read-more"></i> <span>Cite</span> </a> <div id="getCitation" class="reveal-modal js-citation-modal" data-reveal> <h3 class="modal-title">Cite</h3> <div class="oxford-citation-text"> <p>THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP, An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III, <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em>, Volume 161, Issue 2, October 2009, Pages 105–121, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x</a></p> </div> <div class="citation-download-wrap"> <form action="/Citation/Download" method="get" id="citationModal"> <input type="hidden" name="resourceId" value="2418337" /> <input type="hidden" name="resourceType" value="3" /> <label for="selectFormat" class="hide js-citation-format-label">Select Format</label> <select required name="citationFormat" class="citation-download-format js-citation-format" id="selectFormat"> <option selected disabled >Select format</option> <option value="0" >.ris (Mendeley, Papers, Zotero)</option> <option value="1" >.enw (EndNote)</option> <option value="2" >.bibtex (BibTex)</option> <option value="3" >.txt (Medlars, RefWorks)</option> </select> <button class="btn citation-download-link disabled" type="submit">Download citation</button> </form> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" href="javascript:;"><i class="icon-general-close"></i><span class="screenreader-text">Close</span></a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="toolbar-item item-tools"> <div class="widget widget-ToolboxPermissions widget-instance-OUP_Get_Permissions"> <div class="module-widget"> <a href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=OUP&publication=1095-8339&title=An%20update%20of%20the%20Angiosperm%20Phylogeny%20Group%20classification%20for%20the%20orders%20and%20families%20of%20flowering%20plants%3A%20APG%20III&publicationDate=2009-10-19&volumeNum=161&issueNum=2&author=THE%20ANGIOSPERM%20PHYLOGENY%20GROUP&startPage=105&endPage=121&contentId=10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.00996.x&oa=&copyright=%C2%A9%202009%20The%20Linnean%20Society%20of%20London&orderBeanReset=True" id="PermissionsLink" class="" target="_blank"> <i class="icon-menu_permissions"> <span class="screenreader-text">Permissions Icon</span> </i> Permissions </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="toolbar-item item-with-dropdown item-share"> <a href="javascript:;" class="drop-trigger js-toolbar-dropdown at-ShareButton" data-dropdown="ShareDrop"> <i class="icon-menu_share"><span class="screenreader-text">Share Icon</span></i> <span class="toolbar-label"> <span class="toolbar-text">Share</span> <i class="arrow-icon icon-general-arrow-filled-down js-toolbar-arrow-icon"></i> </span> </a> <ul id="ShareDrop" class="addthis_toolbox addthis_default_style addthis_20x20_style f-dropdown js-dropdown-content" data-dropdown-content> <li> <a class="st-custom-button addthis_button_facebook js-share-link" data-network="facebook" data-title="update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" data-url="https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article-abstract/161/2/105/2418337" data-email-subject="update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" href="javascript:;"><span>Facebook</span></a> </li> <li> <a class="st-custom-button addthis_button_twitter js-share-link" data-network="twitter" data-title="update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" data-url="https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article-abstract/161/2/105/2418337" data-email-subject="update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" href="javascript:;"><span>Twitter</span></a> </li> <li> <a class="st-custom-button addthis_button_linkedin js-share-link" data-network="linkedin" data-title="update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" data-url="https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article-abstract/161/2/105/2418337" data-email-subject="update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" href="javascript:;"><span>LinkedIn</span></a> </li> <li> <a class="st-custom-button addthis_button_email js-share-link" data-network="email" data-title="update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" data-url="https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article-abstract/161/2/105/2418337" data-email-subject="update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" href="javascript:;"><span>Email</span></a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div class="toolbar-search"> <div class="widget widget-SitePageHeader widget-instance-OUP_ArticleToolbarSearchBox"> <div class="dropdown-panel-wrap"> <div class="dropdown-panel mobile-search-dropdown"> <div class="mobile-search-inner-wrap"> <div class="navbar-search"> <div class="mobile-microsite-search"> <label for="OUP_ArticleToolbarSearchBox-mobile-navbar-search-filter" class="screenreader-text js-mobile-navbar-search-filter-label"> Navbar Search Filter </label> <select class="mobile-navbar-search-filter js-mobile-navbar-search-filter at-navbar-search-filter" id="OUP_ArticleToolbarSearchBox-mobile-navbar-search-filter"> <option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Issue">This issue</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Parent">Linnean Society Family</option> <optgroup class="navbar-search-optgroup" label="Search across Oxford Academic"> <option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="AcademicSubjects/SCI02287">Botany</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="AcademicSubjects/SCI01210">Plant Sciences and Forestry</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Books">Books</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Journals">Journals</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Umbrella">Oxford Academic</option> </optgroup> </select> <label for="OUP_ArticleToolbarSearchBox-mobile-microsite-search-term" class="screenreader-text js-mobile-microsite-search-term-label"> Mobile Enter search term </label> <input class="mobile-search-input mobile-microsite-search-term js-mobile-microsite-search-term at-microsite-search-term" type="text" maxlength="255" placeholder="Search" id="OUP_ArticleToolbarSearchBox-mobile-microsite-search-term"> <a href="javascript:;" class="mobile-microsite-search-icon mobile-search-submit icon-menu_search"> <span class="screenreader-text">Search</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="dropdown-panel mobile-nav-dropdown"> </div> </div> <div class="navbar"> <div class="center-inner-row"> <nav class="navbar-menu"> </nav> <div class="navbar-search-container js-navbar-search-container"> <a href="javascript:;" class="navbar-search-close js_close-navsearch">Close</a> <div class="navbar-search"> <div class="microsite-search"> <label for="OUP_ArticleToolbarSearchBox-navbar-search-filter" class="screenreader-text js-navbar-search-filter-label"> Navbar Search Filter </label> <select class="navbar-search-filter js-navbar-search-filter at-navbar-search-filter" id="OUP_ArticleToolbarSearchBox-navbar-search-filter"> <option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Issue">This issue</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Parent">Linnean Society Family</option> <optgroup class="navbar-search-optgroup" label="Search across Oxford Academic"> <option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="AcademicSubjects/SCI02287">Botany</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="AcademicSubjects/SCI01210">Plant Sciences and Forestry</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Books">Books</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Journals">Journals</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Umbrella">Oxford Academic</option> </optgroup> </select> <label for="OUP_ArticleToolbarSearchBox-microsite-search-term" class="screenreader-text js-microsite-search-term-label"> Enter search term </label> <input class="navbar-search-input microsite-search-term js-microsite-search-term at-microsite-search-term" type="text" maxlength="255" placeholder="Search" id="OUP_ArticleToolbarSearchBox-microsite-search-term"> <a href="javascript:;" class="microsite-search-icon navbar-search-submit icon-menu_search"> <span class="screenreader-text">Search</span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="navbar-search-advanced"><a href="/botlinnean/advanced-search" class="advanced-search js-advanced-search">Advanced Search</a></div> </div> <div class="navbar-search-collapsed"><a href="javascript:;" class="icon-menu_search js_expand-navsearch"><span class="screenreader-text">Search Menu</span></a></div> </div> </div> <input id="routename" name="RouteName" type="hidden" value="botlinnean" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="ContentTab" class="content active"> <div class="widget widget-ArticleFulltext widget-instance-OUP_Abstract_Article_FullText_Widget"> <div class="module-widget"> <div class="widget-items" data-widgetname="ArticleFulltext"> <h2 scrollto-destination=84222228 id="84222228" class="abstract-title js-splitscreen-abstract-title" >Abstract</h2> <section class="abstract"><p class="chapter-para">A revised and updated classification for the families of flowering plants is provided. Many recent studies have yielded increasingly detailed evidence for the positions of formerly unplaced families, resulting in a number of newly adopted orders, including Amborellales, Berberidopsidales, Bruniales, Buxales, Chloranthales, Escalloniales, Huerteales, Nymphaeales, Paracryphiales, Petrosaviales, Picramniales, Trochodendrales, Vitales and Zygophyllales. A number of previously unplaced genera and families are included here in orders, greatly reducing the number of unplaced taxa; these include Hydatellaceae (Nymphaeales), Haptanthaceae (Buxales), Peridiscaceae (Saxifragales), Huaceae (Oxalidales), Centroplacaceae and Rafflesiaceae (both Malpighiales), Aphloiaceae, Geissolomataceae and Strasburgeriaceae (all Crossosomatales), Picramniaceae (Picramniales), Dipentodontaceae and Gerrardinaceae (both Huerteales), Cytinaceae (Malvales), Balanophoraceae (Santalales), Mitrastemonaceae (Ericales) and Boraginaceae (now at least known to be a member of lamiid clade). Newly segregated families for genera previously understood to be in other APG-recognized families include Petermanniaceae (Liliales), Calophyllaceae (Malpighiales), Capparaceae and Cleomaceae (both Brassicales), Schoepfiaceae (Santalales), Anacampserotaceae, Limeaceae, Lophiocarpaceae, Montiaceae and Talinaceae (all Caryophyllales) and Linderniaceae and Thomandersiaceae (both Lamiales). Use of bracketed families is abandoned because of its unpopularity, and in most cases the broader circumscriptions are retained; these include Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceace and Xanthorrheaceae (all Asparagales), Passifloraceae (Malpighiales), Primulaceae (Ericales) and several other smaller families. Separate papers in this same volume deal with a new linear order for APG, subfamilial names that can be used for more accurate communication in Amaryllidaceae <em>s.l.</em>, Asparagaceace <em>s.l.</em> and Xanthorrheaceae <em>s.l.</em> (all Asparagales) and a formal supraordinal classification for the flowering plants.</p></section> <div class="article-metadata-panel clearfix at-ArticleMetadata"></div> <div class="kwd-group"><a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword=""angiosperm classification"">angiosperm classification</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword=""phylogenetic classification"">phylogenetic classification</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword=""DNA phylogenetics"">DNA phylogenetics</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword=""classification system"">classification system</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword=""APG system"">APG system</a></div>  <div class="widget widget-ArticlePubStateInfo widget-instance-OUP_ArticlePubStateInfo"> </div> <div class="article-metadata-standalone-panel clearfix"></div> <div class="copyright copyright-statement">© 2009 The Linnean Society of London</div> <span id="UserHasAccess" data-userHasAccess="False"></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget-SolrResourceMetadata widget-instance-OUP_Article_ResourceMetadata_Widget"> <div class="article-metadata-panel solr-resource-metadata js-metadata-panel at-ContentMetadata"> <div class="article-metadata-tocSections"> <div class="article-metadata-tocSections-title">Issue Section:</div> <a href="/botlinnean/search-results?f_TocHeadingTitleList=Original+Articles">Original Articles</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget-EditorInformation widget-instance-OUP_Article_EditorInformation_Widget"> </div> <div id="no-access-message" class="article-top-info-user-restricted-options"> You do not currently have access to this article. </div> <div id="ContentTabFilteredView"></div> <div class="downloadImagesppt js-download-images-ppt st-download-images-ppt"> <a id="lnkDownloadAllImages" class="js-download-all-images-link btn" href="/DownloadFile/DownloadImage.aspx?image=&PPTtype=SlideSet&ar=2418337&xsltPath=~/UI/app/XSLT&siteId=5596">Download all slides</a> </div> <div class="widget widget-ArticleDataRepositories widget-instance-Article_DryadLink"> </div> <div class="comments"> <div class="widget widget-UserCommentBody widget-instance-UserCommentBody_Article"> </div> <div class="widget widget-UserComment widget-instance-OUP_UserComment_Article"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="login-purchase-wrap"> <div id="article-purchase" class="unauth-row clearfix"> <div id="unauth" class="unauth-wrap"> <div class="widget widget-LoginBox widget-instance-LoginBox_UnAuthorizedLoginAndPaywall"> <div class="login-box" data-google-interstitial="false"> <div class="login-box__main-section-wrap"> <div class="login-box__section-wrap login-box_heading"> <div class="login-box__main-heading-wrap"> <h2>Sign in</h2> <a href="javascript:;" class="login-box__help js-login-help at-access-help"> <img class="login-box__help-icon" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/i.svg" alt="Information" /> <span>Get help with access</span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="login-box__section-wrap login-box-society"> </div> <div class="login-box__section-wrap cols login-box_sign-in-accounts"> <div class="login-box__section column-border login-box_personal-account"> <h3 class="login-box__heading">Personal account</h3> <ul class="bullets"> <li>Sign in with email/username & password</li> <li>Get email alerts</li> <li>Save searches</li> <li>Purchase content</li> <li>Activate your purchase/trial code</li> <li>Add your ORCID iD</li> </ul> <div class="login-box__button-row"> <a rel="nofollow" class="button-call-to-action at-personal-sign-in js-sign-in-link" data-linkType="user-pass" href="javascript:;"> <span>Sign in</span> <img class="society-link-icon" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/chevron-right-white.svg" alt="Arrow" aria-hidden="true"/> </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="at-personal-register-link js-register-link" href="/my-account/register?siteId=5596&returnUrl=http%3a%2f%2facademic.oup.com%2fbotlinnean%2farticle-abstract%2f161%2f2%2f105%2f2418337%3fredirectedFrom%3dfulltext">Register</a> </div> </div> <div class="login-box__section column-border login-box_institution"> <h3 class="login-box__heading">Institutional access</h3> <ol> <div class="widget widget-SeamlessAccess widget-instance-LoginBoxInstitutionalAccount"> <a href="javascript:;" class="login-box__sign-in-link js-shibboleth-action seamless-access-button seamless-button-login-box button-call-to-action at-institutional-sign-in" rel="nofollow" data-action-type="" data-entity-id=""> <span class="seamless-access-text">Sign in through your institution</span> </a> <div> <a href="javascript:;" class="login-box__sign-in-link js-shibboleth-action change-institution" rel="nofollow" data-action-type=""> Sign in through your institution </a> </div> </div> <li class="login-box__button-row"> <a rel="nofollow" class="login-box__sign-in-link js-sign-in-link" data-linkType="library-card" href="javascript:;">Sign in with a library card</a> </li> <li class="login-box__button-row"> <a rel="nofollow" class="login-box__sign-in-link js-sign-in-link at-institutional-sign-in-username" data-linkType="user-pass" href="javascript:;">Sign in with username/password</a> </li> <li class="login-box__button-row"> <a rel="nofollow" class="login-box__sign-in-link js-sign-in-link at-institutional-recommend" href="/pages/get-help-with-access/recommend-to-your-librarian?journal=botlinnean">Recommend to your librarian</a> </li> </ol> <h3 class="login-box__heading login-box__administrator_heading at-administrator-heading">Institutional account management</h3> <a rel="nofollow" class="login-box__sign-in-link js-sign-in-link" href="javascript:" data-linkType="user-pass">Sign in as administrator</a> </div> </div> <div id="divAccessHelp" class="accessHelp-modal small reveal-modal" data-reveal> <div tabindex="0" id="AccessHelpContainer" class="comment-form__wrap" data-reveal> <h2>Get help with access</h2> <h3>Institutional access</h3> <p> Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: </p> <h4>IP based access</h4> <p> Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. </p> <h4>Sign in through your institution</h4> <p> Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Shibboleth/Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutionâ€™s website and Oxford Academic. </p> <ol class="order"> <li>Click Sign in through your institution.</li> <li>Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in.</li> <li>When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account.</li> <li>Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic.</li> </ol> <p> If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutionâ€™s website, please contact your librarian or administrator. </p> <h4>Sign in with a library card</h4> <p> Enter your library card number to sign in. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. </p> <h3>Society Members</h3> <p> Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: </p> <h4>Sign in through society site</h4> <p> Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. If you see â€˜Sign in through society siteâ€™ in the sign in pane within a journal: </p> <ol class="order"> <li>Click Sign in through society site.</li> <li>When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account.</li> <li>Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic.</li> </ol> <p> If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. </p> <h4>Sign in using a personal account</h4> <p> Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. See below. </p> <h3>Personal account</h3> <p> A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. </p> <p> Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. </p> <h3>Viewing your signed in accounts</h3> <p> Click the account icon in the top right to: </p> <ul> <li>View your signed in personal account and access account management features.</li> <li>View the institutional accounts that are providing access.</li> </ul> <h3>Signed in but can't access content</h3> <p> Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. </p> <h3>Institutional account management</h3> <p> For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more. </p> </div> <button class="accessHelp__close btn-as-icon icon-general-close js-access-help-close"> <span class="screenreader-text">Close access help modal</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget-PurchaseOptions widget-instance-OUP_ArticlePage_PurchaseOptions"> <div class="purchase-wrap"> <h2 class="purchase-title">Purchase</h2> <div> <a class="purchase-subscription-links" href="/botlinnean/Subscribe/CurrentYear">Subscription prices and ordering for this journal</a> </div> <div> <a class="purchase-subscription-link" href="/pages/purchasing">Purchasing options for books and journals across Oxford Academic</a> </div> <div class="purchase-ppv-wrap-article clearfix"> <h3>Short-term Access</h3> <div class="register-ribbon-wrap"> <p> To purchase short-term access, please sign in to your personal account above. </p> <p> Don't already have a personal account? <a class="at-ShortTermAccess-Register" href="https://academic.oup.com/my-account/register?siteId=5596&returnUrl=https://academic.oup.com%2fbotlinnean%2farticle-abstract%2f161%2f2%2f105%2f2418337%3fredirectedFrom%3dfulltext">Register</a> </p> </div> An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III - 24 Hours access <div class="purchase-currency-wrap"> <div class="purchase-currency"> EUR €38.00 </div> <div class="purchase-currency"> GBP £33.00 </div> <div class="purchase-currency"> USD $41.00 </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="divDeepDive" class="deep-dive-wrap js-deepdyve-link" data-issn="00244074" data-eissn="10958339" data-doi="10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x" data-fieldname="journal_doi" data-affiliate="OUP"> <h3 class="deep-dive-title">Rental</h3> <div class="deep-dive-box"> <div class="deep-dive-img"> <a class="deepDiveLink" href="https://www.deepdyve.com/doc-view?docId=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x&fieldName=journal_doi&affiliateId=OUP" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/deepdyve-link-button.svg" style="border:none" alt="Read this now at DeepDyve" /></a> </div> <div class="deep-dive-text"> This article is also available for rental through DeepDyve. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="Sidebar" class="page-column page-column--right"> <div class="widget widget-AdBlock widget-instance-ArticlePageTopSidebar"> <div class="js-adBlock-parent-wrap adblock-parent-wrap"> <div class="adBlockMainBodyTop-wrap js-adBlockMainBodyTop hide"> <div id="adBlockMainBodyTop" class="js-adblock at-adblock" data-lazy-load-margin="150"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('adBlockMainBodyTop'); }); </script> </div> <div class="advertisement-text at-adblock js-adblock-advertisement-text hide">Advertisement</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget-dynamic " data-count="1"> <div class="widget-dynamic-inner-wrap"> <div class="widget widget-dynamic " data-count="8"> <div class="widget-dynamic-inner-wrap"> <div class="widget widget-ArticleLevelMetrics widget-instance-Article_RightRailB0Article_RightRail_ArticleLevelMetrics"> <div class="artmet-wrapper horizontal-artmet"> <div class="contentmet-border"> <div class="contentmet-wrapper horizontal-contentmet"> <div class="contentmet-citations contentmet-badges-wrap js-contentmet-citations hide"> <h3 class="contentmet-text">Citations</h3> <div class="contentmet-item contentmet-dimensions"> <div class="widget widget-DimensionsBadge widget-instance-ArticleLevelMetrics_DimensionsBadge"> <span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__" data-doi="10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x" data-legend="never" data-style="small_circle" data-hide-zero-citations="false"></span> <script async src="https://badge.dimensions.ai/badge.js" charset="utf-8"></script> </div> </div> </div> <div class="contentmet-views contentmet-badges-wrap js-contentmet-views"> <h3 class="contentmet-text">Views</h3> <div class="contentmet-item circle-text circle-text-views"> <div class="contentmet-number">59,061</div> </div> </div> <div class="contentmet-item contentmet-badges-wrap"> <h3 class="contentmet-text">Altmetric</h3> <div class="contentmet-item contentmet-altmetric"> <div class="widget widget-AltmetricLink widget-instance-ArticleLevelMetrics_AltmetricLinkSummary">  <div id="altmetricEmbedId" runat="server" class='altmetric-embed' data-badge-type="donut" data-hide-no-mentions="false" data-doi="10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x" ></div> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://d1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net/assets/embed.js'></script> </div> </div> </div> <div class="contentmet-modal-trigger-wrap clearfix"> <a href="javascript:;" class="artmet-modal-trigger js-artmet-modal-trigger at-alm-metrics-modal-trigger" data-resource-id="2418337" data-resource-type="3"> <img class="contentmet-info-icon" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/i.svg" alt="Information"> <span class="contentmet-more-info">More metrics information</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="artmet-modal js-artmet-modal" id="MetricsModal"> <div class="artmet-modal-contents js-metric-modal-contents at-alm-modal-contents"> <div class="artmet-full-wrap clearfix js-metric-full-wrap hide"> <div class="widget-title-1 artmet-widget-title-1">Metrics</div> <div class="artmet-item artmet-views-wrap"> <div class="artmet-views clearfix"> <div class="artmet-total-views"> <span class="artmet-text">Total Views</span> <span class="artmet-number">59,061</span> </div> <div class="artmet-breakdown-views-wrap"> <div class="artmet-breakdown-view breakdown-border"> <span class="artmet-number">44,819</span> <span class="artmet-text">Pageviews</span> </div> <div class="artmet-breakdown-view"> <span class="artmet-number">14,242</span> <span class="artmet-text">PDF Downloads</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="artmet-views-since">Since 1/1/2017</div> </div> <script> var ChartistData = ChartistData || {}; ChartistData.data = { labels: ['Jan 2017', 'Feb 2017', 'Mar 2017', 'Apr 2017', 'May 2017', 'Jun 2017', 'Jul 2017', 'Aug 2017', 'Sep 2017', 'Oct 2017', 'Nov 2017', 'Dec 2017', 'Jan 2018', 'Feb 2018', 'Mar 2018', 'Apr 2018', 'May 2018', 'Jun 2018', 'Jul 2018', 'Aug 2018', 'Sep 2018', 'Oct 2018', 'Nov 2018', 'Dec 2018', 'Jan 2019', 'Feb 2019', 'Mar 2019', 'Apr 2019', 'May 2019', 'Jun 2019', 'Jul 2019', 'Aug 2019', 'Sep 2019', 'Oct 2019', 'Nov 2019', 'Dec 2019', 'Jan 2020', 'Feb 2020', 'Mar 2020', 'Apr 2020', 'May 2020', 'Jun 2020', 'Jul 2020', 'Aug 2020', 'Sep 2020', 'Oct 2020', 'Nov 2020', 'Dec 2020', 'Jan 2021', 'Feb 2021', 'Mar 2021', 'Apr 2021', 'May 2021', 'Jun 2021', 'Jul 2021', 'Aug 2021', 'Sep 2021', 'Oct 2021', 'Nov 2021', 'Dec 2021', 'Jan 2022', 'Feb 2022', 'Mar 2022', 'Apr 2022', 'May 2022', 'Jun 2022', 'Jul 2022', 'Aug 2022', 'Sep 2022', 'Oct 2022', 'Nov 2022', 'Dec 2022', 'Jan 2023', 'Feb 2023', 'Mar 2023', 'Apr 2023', 'May 2023', 'Jun 2023', 'Jul 2023', 'Aug 2023', 'Sep 2023', 'Oct 2023', 'Nov 2023', 'Dec 2023', 'Jan 2024', 'Feb 2024', 'Mar 2024', 'Apr 2024', 'May 2024', 'Jun 2024', 'Jul 2024', 'Aug 2024', 'Sep 2024', 'Oct 2024', 'Nov 2024'], series: [[2, 59, 134, 235, 164, 154, 66, 107, 76, 180, 165, 526, 692, 935, 809, 968, 920, 719, 382, 114, 162, 210, 183, 129, 134, 214, 273, 299, 177, 150, 147, 152, 166, 143, 221, 144, 119, 139, 146, 124, 84, 135, 1060, 1048, 1123, 1511, 1332, 1049, 957, 633, 973, 951, 1063, 1028, 726, 680, 710, 862, 972, 788, 781, 889, 1006, 993, 1154, 890, 812, 768, 904, 856, 987, 991, 815, 844, 928, 1006, 1066, 838, 760, 751, 853, 1105, 1046, 832, 975, 908, 1091, 1155, 1173, 797, 666, 690, 806, 340, 61]] }; </script> <div class="artmet-item artmet-chart"> <div class="ct-chart ct-octave js-ct-chart"></div> <div class="artmet-table"> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Month:</th> <th>Total Views:</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>January 2017</td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>February 2017</td> <td>59</td> </tr> <tr> <td>March 2017</td> <td>134</td> </tr> <tr> <td>April 2017</td> <td>235</td> </tr> <tr> <td>May 2017</td> <td>164</td> </tr> <tr> <td>June 2017</td> <td>154</td> </tr> <tr> <td>July 2017</td> <td>66</td> </tr> <tr> <td>August 2017</td> <td>107</td> </tr> <tr> <td>September 2017</td> <td>76</td> </tr> <tr> <td>October 2017</td> <td>180</td> </tr> <tr> <td>November 2017</td> <td>165</td> </tr> <tr> <td>December 2017</td> <td>526</td> </tr> <tr> <td>January 2018</td> <td>692</td> </tr> <tr> <td>February 2018</td> <td>935</td> </tr> <tr> <td>March 2018</td> <td>809</td> </tr> <tr> <td>April 2018</td> <td>968</td> </tr> <tr> <td>May 2018</td> <td>920</td> </tr> <tr> <td>June 2018</td> <td>719</td> </tr> <tr> <td>July 2018</td> <td>382</td> </tr> <tr> <td>August 2018</td> <td>114</td> </tr> <tr> <td>September 2018</td> <td>162</td> </tr> <tr> <td>October 2018</td> <td>210</td> </tr> <tr> <td>November 2018</td> <td>183</td> </tr> <tr> <td>December 2018</td> <td>129</td> </tr> <tr> <td>January 2019</td> <td>134</td> </tr> <tr> <td>February 2019</td> <td>214</td> </tr> <tr> <td>March 2019</td> <td>273</td> </tr> <tr> <td>April 2019</td> <td>299</td> </tr> <tr> <td>May 2019</td> <td>177</td> </tr> <tr> <td>June 2019</td> <td>150</td> </tr> <tr> <td>July 2019</td> <td>147</td> </tr> <tr> <td>August 2019</td> <td>152</td> </tr> <tr> <td>September 2019</td> <td>166</td> </tr> <tr> <td>October 2019</td> <td>143</td> </tr> <tr> <td>November 2019</td> <td>221</td> </tr> <tr> <td>December 2019</td> <td>144</td> </tr> <tr> <td>January 2020</td> <td>119</td> </tr> <tr> <td>February 2020</td> <td>139</td> </tr> <tr> <td>March 2020</td> <td>146</td> </tr> <tr> <td>April 2020</td> <td>124</td> </tr> <tr> <td>May 2020</td> <td>84</td> </tr> <tr> <td>June 2020</td> <td>135</td> </tr> <tr> <td>July 2020</td> <td>1,060</td> </tr> <tr> <td>August 2020</td> <td>1,048</td> </tr> <tr> <td>September 2020</td> <td>1,123</td> </tr> <tr> <td>October 2020</td> <td>1,511</td> </tr> <tr> <td>November 2020</td> <td>1,332</td> </tr> <tr> <td>December 2020</td> <td>1,049</td> </tr> <tr> <td>January 2021</td> <td>957</td> </tr> <tr> <td>February 2021</td> <td>633</td> </tr> <tr> <td>March 2021</td> <td>973</td> </tr> <tr> <td>April 2021</td> <td>951</td> </tr> <tr> <td>May 2021</td> <td>1,063</td> </tr> <tr> <td>June 2021</td> <td>1,028</td> </tr> <tr> <td>July 2021</td> <td>726</td> </tr> <tr> <td>August 2021</td> <td>680</td> </tr> <tr> <td>September 2021</td> <td>710</td> </tr> <tr> <td>October 2021</td> <td>862</td> </tr> <tr> <td>November 2021</td> <td>972</td> </tr> <tr> <td>December 2021</td> <td>788</td> </tr> <tr> <td>January 2022</td> <td>781</td> </tr> <tr> <td>February 2022</td> <td>889</td> </tr> <tr> <td>March 2022</td> <td>1,006</td> </tr> <tr> <td>April 2022</td> <td>993</td> </tr> <tr> <td>May 2022</td> <td>1,154</td> </tr> <tr> <td>June 2022</td> <td>890</td> </tr> <tr> <td>July 2022</td> <td>812</td> </tr> <tr> <td>August 2022</td> <td>768</td> </tr> <tr> <td>September 2022</td> <td>904</td> </tr> <tr> <td>October 2022</td> <td>856</td> </tr> <tr> <td>November 2022</td> <td>987</td> </tr> <tr> <td>December 2022</td> <td>991</td> </tr> <tr> <td>January 2023</td> <td>815</td> </tr> <tr> <td>February 2023</td> <td>844</td> </tr> <tr> <td>March 2023</td> <td>928</td> </tr> <tr> <td>April 2023</td> <td>1,006</td> </tr> <tr> <td>May 2023</td> <td>1,066</td> </tr> <tr> <td>June 2023</td> <td>838</td> </tr> <tr> <td>July 2023</td> <td>760</td> </tr> <tr> <td>August 2023</td> <td>751</td> </tr> <tr> <td>September 2023</td> <td>853</td> </tr> <tr> <td>October 2023</td> <td>1,105</td> </tr> <tr> <td>November 2023</td> <td>1,046</td> </tr> <tr> <td>December 2023</td> <td>832</td> </tr> <tr> <td>January 2024</td> <td>975</td> </tr> <tr> <td>February 2024</td> <td>908</td> </tr> <tr> <td>March 2024</td> <td>1,091</td> </tr> <tr> <td>April 2024</td> <td>1,155</td> </tr> <tr> <td>May 2024</td> <td>1,173</td> </tr> <tr> <td>June 2024</td> <td>797</td> </tr> <tr> <td>July 2024</td> <td>666</td> </tr> <tr> <td>August 2024</td> <td>690</td> </tr> <tr> <td>September 2024</td> <td>806</td> </tr> <tr> <td>October 2024</td> <td>340</td> </tr> <tr> <td>November 2024</td> <td>61</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div class="artmet-stats-wrap clearfix"> <div class="artmet-item artmet-citations hide"> <div class="widget-title-2 artmet-widget-title-2">Citations</div> <div class="artmet-badges-wrap artmet-dimensions"> <div class="widget widget-DimensionsBadge widget-instance-ArticleLevelMetrics_DimensionsBadgeDetails"> <span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__" data-doi="10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x" data-legend="always" data-style="" data-hide-zero-citations="false"></span> <script async src="https://badge.dimensions.ai/badge.js" charset="utf-8"></script> </div> <span class="artmet-dimensions-text">Powered by Dimensions</span> </div> <div class="artmet-wos"> <span class="artmet-number"> <a href="http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000270958200001&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=61f30d8ae69c46f86624c5f98a3bc13a" target="_blank">2,009</a> </span> <span class="artmet-text">Web of Science</span> </div> </div> <div class="artmet-item artmet-altmetric js-show-if-unknown"> <div class="widget-title-2 artmet-widget-title-2">Altmetrics</div> <div class="artmet-badges-wrap js-artmet-badges"> <div class="widget widget-AltmetricLink widget-instance-ArticleLevelMetrics_AltmetricLinkDetails">  <div id="altmetricEmbedId" runat="server" class='altmetric-embed' data-badge-type="donut" data-hide-no-mentions="false" data-doi="10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x" data-badge-details = "right" ></div> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://d1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net/assets/embed.js'></script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a class="artmet-close-modal js-artmet-close-modal">×</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget-Alerts widget-instance-Article_RightRailB0Article_RightRail_Alerts"> <div class="alertsWidget"> <h3>Email alerts</h3> <div class="userAlert alertType-1"> <a href="javascript:;" class="js-user-alert" role="button" data-userLoggedIn="False" data-alertType="1" href="javascript:;">Article activity alert</a> </div> <div class="userAlert alertType-3"> <a href="javascript:;" class="js-user-alert" role="button" data-userLoggedIn="False" data-alertType="3" href="javascript:;">Advance article alerts</a> </div> <div class="userAlert alertType-5"> <a href="javascript:;" class="js-user-alert" role="button" data-userLoggedIn="False" data-alertType="5" href="javascript:;">New issue alert</a> </div> <div class="userAlert alertType-MarketingLink"> <a href="javascript:;" class="js-user-alert" role="button" data-userLoggedIn="False" data-additionalUrl="/my-account/communication-preferences" href="javascript:;">Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic</a> </div> <div class="userAlertSignUpModal reveal-modal small" data-reveal> <div class="userAlertSignUp at-userAlertSignUp"></div> <a href="javascript:;" role="button" aria-label="Close" class="close-reveal-modal" href="javascript:;"> <i class="icon-general-close"></i> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget-TrendMD widget-instance-Article_RightRailB0trendmd"> <div id="trendmd-suggestions"></div> <div class="options" data-suppress-if-hum-is-present="True"></div> </div> <div class="widget widget-ArticleCitedBy widget-instance-Article_RightRailB0Article_RightRail_ArticleCitedBy"> <div class="rail-widget_wrap vt-articles-cited-by"> <h3 class="article-cited-title">Citing articles via</h3> <div class="widget-links_wrap"> <div class="article-cited-link-wrap web-of-science"> <a href="http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000270958200001&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=61f30d8ae69c46f86624c5f98a3bc13a" target="_blank">Web of Science (2009)</a> </div> <div class="article-cited-link-wrap google-scholar-url"> <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=link:https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbotlinnean%2Farticle%2F161%2F2%2F105%2F2418337" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget-ArticleListNewAndPopular widget-instance-Article_RightRailB0Article_RightRail_ArticleNewPopularCombined"> <ul class="articleListNewAndPopularCombinedView"> <li> <h3> <a href="javascript:;" class="articleListNewAndPopular-mode active" data-mode="MostRecent">Latest</a> </h3> </li> <li> <h3> <a href="javascript:;" class="articleListNewAndPopular-mode " data-mode="MostRead">Most Read</a> </h3> </li> <li> <h3> <a href="javascript:;" class="articleListNewAndPopular-mode " data-mode="MostCited">Most Cited</a> </h3> </li> </ul> <section class="articleListNewPopContent articleListNewAndPopular-ContentView-MostRecent hasContent"> <div id="newPopularList-Article_RightRailB0Article_RightRail_ArticleNewPopularCombined" class="fb"> <div class="widget-layout widget-layout--vert "> <div class="widget-columns widget-col-1"> <div class="col"> <div class="widget-dynamic-entry journalArticleItem at-widget-entry-SCL"> <span class="hfDoi" data-attribute="10.1093/botlinnean/boae078" aria-hidden="true"></span> <a class="journal-link" href="/botlinnean/advance-article/doi/10.1093/botlinnean/boae078/7907228?searchresult=1"> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-title"> Taxonomic adjustments in Mimoseae (Fabaceae): new genera described to accommodate <em>Zygia</em>/<em>Inga inundata</em> and <em>Zygia sabatieri</em>, and a recombination of <em>Marmaroxylon ocumarense</em> </div> </a> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-image-synopsis"> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-synopsis"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget-dynamic-entry journalArticleItem at-widget-entry-SCL"> <span class="hfDoi" data-attribute="10.1093/botlinnean/boae079" aria-hidden="true"></span> <a class="journal-link" href="/botlinnean/advance-article/doi/10.1093/botlinnean/boae079/7906381?searchresult=1"> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-title"> Factors influencing the global invasion of the South American weedy species <em>Praxelis clematidea</em> (Asteraceae): a niche shift and modelling-based approach </div> </a> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-image-synopsis"> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-synopsis"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget-dynamic-entry journalArticleItem at-widget-entry-SCL"> <span class="hfDoi" data-attribute="10.1093/botlinnean/boae077" aria-hidden="true"></span> <a class="journal-link" href="/botlinnean/advance-article/doi/10.1093/botlinnean/boae077/7905798?searchresult=1"> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-title"> Genetic structure and potential hybridization between populations of two <em>Penstemon</em> species </div> </a> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-image-synopsis"> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-synopsis"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget-dynamic-entry journalArticleItem at-widget-entry-SCL"> <span class="hfDoi" data-attribute="10.1093/botlinnean/boae076" aria-hidden="true"></span> <a class="journal-link" href="/botlinnean/advance-article/doi/10.1093/botlinnean/boae076/7905797?searchresult=1"> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-title"> Different but not isolated: absence of reproductive barriers and strong floral divergence between ecotypes of <em>Epidendrum fulgens</em> (Orchidaceae) </div> </a> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-image-synopsis"> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-synopsis"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget-dynamic-entry journalArticleItem at-widget-entry-SCL"> <span class="hfDoi" data-attribute="10.1093/botlinnean/boae075" aria-hidden="true"></span> <a class="journal-link" href="/botlinnean/advance-article/doi/10.1093/botlinnean/boae075/7900887?searchresult=1"> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-title"> Morphological and molecular data demonstrate the existence of <em>Betula fruticosa</em> and <em>B. middendorffii</em> and the absence of <em>B. ovalifolia</em> in northeastern China </div> </a> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-image-synopsis"> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-synopsis"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </section> <section class="articleListNewPopContent articleListNewAndPopular-ContentView-MostRead hide"> </section> <section class="articleListNewPopContent articleListNewAndPopular-ContentView-MostCited hide"> </section> </div> <div class="widget widget-RelatedTaxonomies widget-instance-Article_RightRailB0Article_RightRail_RelatedTaxonomies"> <div class="widget-related-taxonomies-wrap vt-related-taxonomies"> <div class="widget-related-taxonomies_title">More from Oxford Academic</div> <div class="widget-related-taxonomies"> <a id="more-from-oa-AcademicSubjects_SCI00960" class="related-taxonomies-link" href="/search-results?tax=AcademicSubjects/SCI00960">Biological Sciences</a> </div> <div class="widget-related-taxonomies"> <a id="more-from-oa-AcademicSubjects_SCI02287" class="related-taxonomies-link" href="/search-results?tax=AcademicSubjects/SCI02287">Botany</a> </div> <div class="widget-related-taxonomies"> <a id="more-from-oa-AcademicSubjects_SCI01210" class="related-taxonomies-link" href="/search-results?tax=AcademicSubjects/SCI01210">Plant Sciences and Forestry</a> </div> <div class="widget-related-taxonomies"> <a id="more-from-oa-AcademicSubjects_SCI00010" class="related-taxonomies-link" href="/search-results?tax=AcademicSubjects/SCI00010">Science and Mathematics</a> </div> <div class="widget-related-taxonomies"> <a id="more-from-oa-format-Books" class="related-taxonomies-link" href="/books">Books</a> </div> <div class="widget-related-taxonomies"> <a id="more-from-oa-format-Journals" class="related-taxonomies-link" href="/journals">Journals</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget-AdBlock widget-instance-ArticlePageTopMainBodyBottom"> <div class="js-adBlock-parent-wrap adblock-parent-wrap"> <div class="adBlockMainBodyBottom-wrap js-adBlockMainBodyBottom hide"> <div id="adBlockMainBodyBottom" class="js-adblock at-adblock js-adblock-lazy-loading" data-lazy-load-margin="150"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('adBlockMainBodyBottom'); }); </script> </div> <div class="advertisement-text at-adblock js-adblock-advertisement-text hide">Advertisement</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <input id="hfArticleTitle" name="hfArticleTitle" type="hidden" value="update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III | Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | Oxford Academic" /> <input id="hfLeftNavStickyOffset" name="hfLeftNavStickyOffset" type="hidden" value="29" /> </div> </section> </div> <div class="mobile-mask"> </div> <section class="footer_wrap vt-site-footer"> <div class="ad-banner-footer sticky-footer-ad js-sticky-footer-ad"> <div class="widget widget-AdBlock widget-instance-StickyFooterAd"> <div class="js-adBlock-parent-wrap adblock-parent-wrap"> <div class="adBlockStickyFooter-wrap js-adBlockStickyFooter hide"> <div id="adBlockStickyFooter" class="js-adblock at-adblock" data-lazy-load-margin="150"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('adBlockStickyFooter'); }); </script> </div> <div class="advertisement-text at-adblock js-adblock-advertisement-text hide">Advertisement</div> <button type="button" class="close-footer-ad js-close-footer-ad"> <span class="screenreader-text">close advertisement</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget-SitePageFooter widget-instance-SitePageFooter"> <div class="ad-banner ad-banner-footer"> <div class="widget widget-AdBlock widget-instance-FooterAd"> <div class="js-adBlock-parent-wrap adblock-parent-wrap"> <div class="adBlockFooter-wrap js-adBlockFooter hide"> <div id="adBlockFooter" class="js-adblock at-adblock js-adblock-lazy-loading" data-lazy-load-margin="150"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('adBlockFooter'); }); </script> </div> <div class="advertisement-text at-adblock js-adblock-advertisement-text hide">Advertisement</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="journal-footer journal-bg"> <div class="center-inner-row"> <div class="journal-footer-menu"> <ul> <li class="link-1"> <a href="/botlinnean/pages/About">About Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</a> </li> <li class="link-2"> <a href="/botlinnean/pages/Editorial_Board">Editorial Board</a> </li> <li class="link-3"> <a href="/botlinnean/pages/General_Instructions">Author Guidelines</a> </li> <li class="link-4"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/OUPAcademic">Facebook</a> </li> <li class="link-5"> <a href="https://twitter.com/OxfordJournals">X (formerly Twitter)</a> </li> </ul><ul><li class="link-1"> <a href="/botlinnean/subscribe">Purchase</a> </li> <li class="link-2"> <a href="http://www.oxfordjournals.org/en/library-recommendation-form.html">Recommend to Your Librarian</a> </li> <li class="link-3"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/advertising-and-corporate-services/pages/botlinnean-media-kit">Advertising and Corporate Services</a> </li> <li class="link-4"> <a href="http://science-and-mathematics-careernetwork.oxfordjournals.org">Journals Career Network</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="journal-footer-affiliations">  <a href="https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean" target=""> <img id="footer-logo-BotanicalJournaloftheLinneanSociety" class="journal-footer-affiliations-logo" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/data/SiteBuilderAssets/Live/Images/botlinnean/botlinnean_f1-95754736.svg" alt="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" /> </a> </div> <div class="journal-footer-colophon"> <ul> <li>Online ISSN 1095-8339</li> <li>Print ISSN 0024-4074</li> <li>Copyright © 2024 The Linnean Society of London</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="oup-footer"> <div class="center-inner-row"> <div class="widget widget-SelfServeContent widget-instance-OupUmbrellaFooterSelfServe"> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeContentId" value="GlobalFooter_Links" /> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeVersionId" value="0" /> <div class="oup-footer-row journal-links"> <div class="global-footer selfservelinks"> <ul> <li><a href="/pages/about-oxford-academic">About Oxford Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/about-oxford-academic/publish-journals-with-us">Publish journals with us</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/about-oxford-academic/our-university-press-partners">University press partners</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/what-we-publish">What we publish</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/new-features">New features</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="global-footer selfservelinks"> <ul> <li><a href="/pages/authoring">Authoring</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/open-research/open-access">Open access</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/purchasing">Purchasing</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/institutional-account-management">Institutional account management</a></li> <li><a href="https://academic.oup.com/pages/purchasing/rights-and-permissions">Rights and permissions</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="global-footer selfservelinks"> <ul> <li><a href="/pages/get-help-with-access">Get help with access</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/about-oxford-academic/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/contact-us">Contact us</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/media-enquiries">Media enquiries</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="global-footer selfservelinks global-footer-external"> <ul> <li><a href="https://global.oup.com/">Oxford University Press</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.mynewsdesk.com/uk/oxford-university-press">News</a></li> <li><a href="https://languages.oup.com/">Oxford Languages</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/">University of Oxford</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="OUP-mission"> <p>Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide</p> <img class="journal-footer-logo" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/umbrella/oup-logo.svg" alt="Oxford University Press" width="150" height="42" /> </div> </div> <div class="oup-footer-row"> <div class="oup-footer-row-links"> <ul> <li>Copyright © 2024 Oxford University Press</li> <li><button id="Change-Preferences" type="button" onclick="window.top.document.dispatchEvent(new Event('changeConsent'))">Cookie settings</button></li> <li><a href="https://global.oup.com/cookiepolicy">Cookie policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://global.oup.com/privacy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/legal-and-policy/legal-notice">Legal notice</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <style type="text/css"> /* Issue right column fix for tablet/mobile */ @media (max-width: 1200px) { .pg_issue .widget-instance-OUP_Issue { width: 100%; } } .sf-facet-list .sf-facet label, .sf-facet-list .taxonomy-label-wrap label { font-size: 0.9375rem; } .issue-pagination-wrap .pagination-container { float: right; } </style> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ss-ui-only"> </div> </section> </div> <div class="widget widget-SiteWideModals widget-instance-SiteWideModals"> <div id="revealModal" class="reveal-modal" data-reveal> <div id="revealContent"></div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" href="javascript:;"><i class="icon-general-close"></i><span class="screenreader-text">Close</span></a> </div> <div id="globalModalContainer" class="modal-global-container"> <div id="globalModalContent"> <div class="js-globalModalPlaceholder"></div> </div> <a class="close-modal js-close-modal" href="javascript:;"><i class="icon-general-close"><span class="screenreader-text">Close</span></i></a> </div> <div id="globalModalOverlay" class="modal-overlay js-modal-overlay"></div> <div id="NeedSubscription" class="reveal-modal small" data-reveal> <div class="subscription-needed"> <h5>This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only</h5> <p><a href="/sign-in">Sign In</a> or <a href="/my-account/register?siteId=5596&returnUrl=%2fbotlinnean%2farticle-abstract%2f161%2f2%2f105%2f2418337%3fredirectedFrom%3dfulltext">Create an Account</a></p> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" href="javascript:;"><i class="icon-general-close"></i><span class="screenreader-text">Close</span></a> </div> <div id="noAccessReveal" class="reveal-modal tiny" data-reveal> <p>This PDF is available to Subscribers Only</p> <a class="hide-for-article-page" id="articleLinkToPurchase" data-reveal><span>View Article Abstract & Purchase Options</span></a> <div class="issue-purchase-modal"> <p>For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.</p> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" href="javascript:;"><i class="icon-general-close"></i><span class="screenreader-text">Close</span></a> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> MathJax = { tex: { inlineMath: [['|$', '$|'], ['\$', '\$']] } }; </script> <script id="MathJax-script" async src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/tex-mml-chtml.js"></script>   <script> var NTPT_PGEXTRA = 'event_type=Login-full-text\u0026supplier_tag=SC_Journals\u0026object_type=Article\u0026taxonomy=taxId%3a39%7ctaxLabel%3aAcademicSubjects%7cnodeId%3aSCI01210%7cnodeLabel%3aPlant+Sciences+and+Forestry%7cnodeLevel%3a3%3btaxId%3a39%7ctaxLabel%3aAcademicSubjects%7cnodeId%3aSCI02287%7cnodeLabel%3aBotany%7cnodeLevel%3a4\u0026siteid=botlinnean\u0026authzrequired=true\u0026turnaway_id=SUB_NONE\u0026doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x'; </script>  <script type="text/javascript" src="//ouptag.scholarlyiq.com/ntpagetag.js" class="optanon-category-C0002"></script> <noscript> <img src="//ouptag.scholarlyiq.com/ntpagetag.gif?js=0" height="1" width="1" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" alt="Scholarly IQ" /> </noscript> <script type="text/javascript" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/Themes/Client/app/jsdist/v-638669719712896271/site.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/chartist.js/latest/chartist.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/Themes/Client/app/jsdist/v-638669719629345371/article-page.min.js"></script> <div class="ad-banner js-ad-riser ad-banner-riser"> <div class="widget widget-AdBlock widget-instance-RiserAd"> </div> </div> <script src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/scm.proxylogging.js"></script> <div class="end-of-page-js"></div> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III | Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | Oxford Academic