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class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Thigh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thigh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lower_leg_and_foot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_leg_and_foot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Lower leg and foot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_leg_and_foot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extrinsic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extrinsic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3.1</span> <span>Extrinsic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extrinsic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intrinsic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intrinsic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3.2</span> <span>Intrinsic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intrinsic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flexibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flexibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Flexibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flexibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stretching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stretching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Stretching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stretching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Blood supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Veins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nerve_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nerve_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Nerve supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nerve_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lower_leg_and_foot_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_leg_and_foot_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Lower leg and foot</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lower_leg_and_foot_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lower leg and foot subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lower_leg_and_foot_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exercises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exercises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Exercises</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exercises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Isometric_and_standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isometric_and_standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Isometric and standard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isometric_and_standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lower_leg_injury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_leg_injury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Lower leg injury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_leg_injury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Types of activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Running" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Running"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.1</span> <span>Running</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Running-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Prevention tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Summary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fracture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fracture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fracture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fracture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pain_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pain_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pain management</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pain_management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pain management subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pain_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plantar_fasciitis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plantar_fasciitis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Plantar fasciitis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plantar_fasciitis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medial_tibial_stress_syndrome_(shin_splint)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medial_tibial_stress_syndrome_(shin_splint)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Medial tibial stress syndrome (shin splint)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medial_tibial_stress_syndrome_(shin_splint)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Achilles_tendinopathy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achilles_tendinopathy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Achilles tendinopathy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Achilles_tendinopathy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Image gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Human leg</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Been_(ledemaat)" title="Been (ledemaat) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Been (ledemaat)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bein" title="Bein – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bein" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ساق الإنسان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ساق الإنسان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garra" title="Garra – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Garra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Нага чалавека – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нага чалавека" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabay_nin_tawo" title="Tabay nin tawo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tabay nin tawo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donji_ekstremiteti" title="Donji ekstremiteti – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Donji ekstremiteti" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membre_inferior" title="Membre inferior – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Membre inferior" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Этем ури – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Этем ури" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidsk%C3%A1_noha" title="Lidská noha – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lidská noha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miembro_inferior" title="Miembro inferior – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Miembro inferior" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beheko_gorputz-adar" title="Beheko gorputz-adar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Beheko gorputz-adar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پای انسان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پای انسان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membre_inf%C3%A9rieur_(anatomie_humaine)" title="Membre inférieur (anatomie humaine) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Membre inférieur (anatomie humaine)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cos_dhaonna" title="Cos dhaonna – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cos dhaonna" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perna" title="Perna – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Perna" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B0%84%EC%9D%98_%EB%8B%A4%EB%A6%AC" title="인간의 다리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인간의 다리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0" title="मानव पैर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मानव पैर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3tleggur" title="Fótleggur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fótleggur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arto_inferiore" title="Arto inferiore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arto inferiore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B5_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81" title="ಮಾನವ ಕಾಲು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾನವ ಕಾಲು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8F%D2%9B" title="Аяқ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аяқ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83" title="Адамдын буту – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Адамдын буту" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilv%C4%93ka_k%C4%81ja" title="Cilvēka kāja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cilvēka kāja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apatin%C4%97s_gal%C5%ABn%C4%97s" title="Apatinės galūnės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Apatinės galūnės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE" title="मानव खुट्टा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मानव खुट्टा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_(legemsdel)" title="Ben (legemsdel) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ben (legemsdel)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" 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of the human body (foot, lower leg, thigh and hip)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the legs of humans. For the legs of other animals, see <a href="/wiki/Leg" title="Leg">Leg</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Human leg</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray1240.png" class="mw-file-description" title="PP"><img alt="PP" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Gray1240.png" decoding="async" width="307" height="500" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Lateral aspect of right leg</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>membrum inferius</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma7184">7184</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6027402" class="extiw" title="d:Q6027402">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>leg</b> is the entire lower <a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">limb</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">human body</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">foot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">thigh</a> or sometimes even the <a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">hip</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gluteal_muscles" title="Gluteal muscles">buttock</a> region. The major <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a> of the leg are the <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a> (thigh bone), <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a> (shin bone), and adjacent <a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">fibula</a>. There are 60 leg bones in each leg. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">thigh</a> is between the <a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">hip</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">knee</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Calf_(leg)" title="Calf (leg)">calf</a> (rear) and shin (front), or shank, are between the knee and ankle.<sup id="cite_ref-Muscolino2016_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muscolino2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Legs are used for <a href="/wiki/Standing" title="Standing">standing</a>, many forms of human movement, recreation such as <a href="/wiki/Dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dancing">dancing</a>, and constitute a significant portion of a person's mass. <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a> has led to the human leg's development into a mechanism specifically adapted for efficient <a href="/wiki/Bipedalism" title="Bipedalism">bipedal</a> <a href="/wiki/Gait" title="Gait">gait</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Striedter2016_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Striedter2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the capacity to walk upright is not unique to humans, other <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> can only achieve this for short periods and at a great expenditure of energy.<sup id="cite_ref-Hefti2015_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hefti2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In humans, female legs generally have greater hip <a href="/wiki/Anteversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anteversion">anteversion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibiofemoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibiofemoral">tibiofemoral</a> angles, while male legs have longer <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibial</a> lengths.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>, each lower limb is divided into the <a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">hip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">thigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">knee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leg" title="Leg">leg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">ankle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">foot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a>, just as <a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">arm</a> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Upper_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper arm">upper arm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leg" title="Leg">leg</a> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Lower_leg" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower leg">lower leg</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In human anatomy, the lower leg is the part of the lower limb that lies between the <a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">knee</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">ankle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Muscolino2016_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muscolino2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anatomists restrict the term <i>leg</i> to this use, rather than to the entire lower limb.<sup id="cite_ref-Patton2015_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patton2015-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">thigh</a> is between the <a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">hip</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">knee</a> and makes up the rest of the lower limb.<sup id="cite_ref-Muscolino2016_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muscolino2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <b>lower limb</b> or <i>lower extremity</i> is commonly used to describe all of the leg. </p><p>The leg from the knee to the ankle is called the <i>crus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tortora2020_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tortora2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Calf_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calf (anatomy)">calf</a> is the back portion, and the <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a> or shinbone together with the smaller <a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">fibula</a> make up the shin, the front of the lower leg.<sup id="cite_ref-McDowell2010_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDowell2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Primatenskelett-drawing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Primatenskelett-drawing.jpg/170px-Primatenskelett-drawing.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Primatenskelett-drawing.jpg/255px-Primatenskelett-drawing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Primatenskelett-drawing.jpg/340px-Primatenskelett-drawing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1466" data-file-height="1636" /></a><figcaption>Comparison between <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">gorilla</a> skeletons. (Gorilla in non-natural stretched posture.)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a> has provided the human body with two distinct features: the specialization of the upper limb for visually guided manipulation and the lower limb's development into a mechanism specifically adapted for efficient <a href="/wiki/Bipedalism" title="Bipedalism">bipedal</a> <a href="/wiki/Gait" title="Gait">gait</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Striedter2016_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Striedter2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the capacity to walk upright is not unique to humans, other <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> can only achieve this for short periods and at a great expenditure of energy.<sup id="cite_ref-Hefti2015_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hefti2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The human adaption to bipedalism has also affected the location of the body's <a href="/wiki/Center_of_mass" title="Center of mass">center of gravity</a>, the reorganization of <a href="/wiki/Viscus" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscus">internal organs</a>, and the form and <a href="/wiki/Biomechanics" title="Biomechanics">biomechanism</a> of the trunk.<sup id="cite_ref-Soames2018_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soames2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In humans, the double S-shaped <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">vertebral column</a> acts as a great shock-absorber which shifts the weight from the trunk over the load-bearing surface of the feet. The human legs are exceptionally long and powerful as a result of their exclusive specialization for support and locomotion—in <a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutans</a> the leg length is 111% of the trunk; in <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a> 128%, and in humans 171%. Many of the leg's muscles are also adapted to <a href="/wiki/Bipedalism" title="Bipedalism">bipedalism</a>, most substantially the <a href="/wiki/Gluteal_muscles" title="Gluteal muscles">gluteal muscles</a>, the extensors of the <a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">knee</a> joint, and the <a href="/wiki/Calf_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Calf muscle">calf muscles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skeleton">Skeleton</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Skeleton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_skeletal_changes_due_to_bipedalism" title="Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism">Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_leg_bones_labeled.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Human_leg_bones_labeled.svg/170px-Human_leg_bones_labeled.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Human_leg_bones_labeled.svg/255px-Human_leg_bones_labeled.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Human_leg_bones_labeled.svg/340px-Human_leg_bones_labeled.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption>Bones of the leg</figcaption></figure> <p>The major <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a> of the leg are the <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a> (thigh bone), <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a> (shin bone), and adjacent <a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">fibula</a>, and these are all <a href="/wiki/Long_bone" title="Long bone">long bones</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">patella</a> (kneecap) is the <a href="/wiki/Sesamoid_bone" title="Sesamoid bone">sesamoid bone</a> in front of the <a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">knee</a>. Most of the leg skeleton has bony prominences and margins that can be <a href="/wiki/Palpation" title="Palpation">palpated</a> and some serve as <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_landmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomical landmark">anatomical landmarks</a> that define the extent of the leg. These landmarks are the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_superior_iliac_spine" title="Anterior superior iliac spine">anterior superior iliac spine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greater_trochanter" title="Greater trochanter">greater trochanter</a>, the superior margin of the <a href="/wiki/Medial_condyle_of_tibia" title="Medial condyle of tibia">medial condyle of tibia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Medial_malleolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial malleolus">medial malleolus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable exceptions to palpation are the <a href="/wiki/Hip_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip joint">hip joint</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Femur_neck" class="mw-redirect" title="Femur neck">neck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Body_of_femur" title="Body of femur">body, or shaft</a> of the femur. </p><p>Usually, the large joints of the lower limb are aligned in a straight line, which represents the mechanical longitudinal axis of the leg, the <a href="/wiki/Jan_Mikulicz-Radecki" title="Jan Mikulicz-Radecki">Mikulicz</a> line. This line stretches from the <a href="/wiki/Hip_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip joint">hip joint</a> (or more precisely the <a href="/wiki/Femur_head" class="mw-redirect" title="Femur head">head of the femur</a>), through the <a href="/wiki/Knee_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Knee joint">knee joint</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Intercondylar_eminence" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercondylar eminence">intercondylar eminence</a> of the tibia), and down to the center of the <a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">ankle</a> (the ankle mortise, the fork-like grip between the <a href="/wiki/Medial_malleolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial malleolus">medial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lateral_malleolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral malleolus">lateral malleoli</a>). In the <a href="/wiki/Body_of_tibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Body of tibia">tibial shaft</a>, the mechanical and anatomical axes coincide, but in the <a href="/wiki/Body_of_femur" title="Body of femur">femoral shaft</a> they diverge 6°, resulting in the <i>femorotibial angle</i> of 174° in a leg with normal axial alignment. A leg is considered straight when, with the feet brought together, both the medial malleoli of the ankle and the medial condyles of the knee are touching. Divergence from the normal femorotibial angle is called <a href="/wiki/Genu_varum" title="Genu varum">genu varum</a> if the center of the knee joint is lateral to the mechanical axis (intermalleolar distance exceeds 3 cm), and <a href="/wiki/Genu_valgum" title="Genu valgum">genu valgum</a> if it is medial to the mechanical axis (intercondylar distance exceeds 5 cm). These conditions impose unbalanced loads on the joints and stretching of either the thigh's adductors and abductors.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The angle of inclination formed between the neck and shaft of the femur (collodiaphysial angle) varies with age—about 150° in the newborn, it gradually decreases to 126–128° in adults, to reach 120° in old age. Pathological changes in this angle result in abnormal posture of the leg: a small angle produces <a href="/wiki/Coxa_vara" title="Coxa vara">coxa vara</a> and a large angle <a href="/wiki/Coxa_valga" title="Coxa valga">coxa valga</a>; the latter is usually combined with genu varum, and coxa vara leads genu valgum. Additionally, a line drawn through the femoral neck superimposed on a line drawn through the femoral condyles forms an angle, the <i>torsion</i> angle, which makes it possible for flexion movements of the hip joint to be transposed into rotary movements of the femoral head. Abnormally increased torsion angles result in a limb turned inward and a decreased angle in a limb turned outward; both cases resulting in a reduced range of a person's mobility.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer-196_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-196-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muscles">Muscles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Muscles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hip">Hip</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hip"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muscles_of_the_hip" title="Muscles of the hip">Muscles of the hip</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:15px"> <caption>Function of hip muscles<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer-244_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-244-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Movement</th> <th>Muscles<br />(in order of importance) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Lateral<br />rotation </td> <td> <p>•<a href="/wiki/Sartorius_muscle" title="Sartorius muscle">Sartorius</a><br />•<a href="/wiki/Gluteus_maximus" title="Gluteus maximus">Gluteus maximus</a><br />•<a href="/wiki/Quadratus_femoris_muscle" title="Quadratus femoris muscle">Quadratus femoris</a><br />•<a href="/wiki/Obturator_internus_muscle" title="Obturator internus muscle">Obturator internus</a><br />•<a href="/wiki/Gluteus_medius" title="Gluteus medius">Gluteus medius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gluteus_minimus" title="Gluteus minimus">Gluteus minimus</a><br />•<a href="/wiki/Iliopsoas" title="Iliopsoas">Iliopsoas</a><br />(with <a href="/wiki/Psoas_major_muscle" title="Psoas major muscle">psoas major</a>♣)<br />•<a href="/wiki/External_obturator_muscle" title="External obturator muscle">Obturator externus</a><br />•All functional <a href="/wiki/Adductor_muscles_of_the_hip" title="Adductor muscles of the hip">adductors</a><br />except <a href="/wiki/Gracilis_muscle" title="Gracilis muscle">gracilis</a>* and <a href="/wiki/Pectineus_muscle" title="Pectineus muscle">pectineus</a><br />•<a href="/wiki/Piriformis_muscle" title="Piriformis muscle">Piriformis</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Medial<br />rotation </td> <td> <p>•Gluteus medius and<br />minimus (anterior fibers)<br />•Tensor fasciae latae*<br />•<a href="/wiki/Adductor_magnus_muscle" title="Adductor magnus muscle">Adductor magnus</a><br />(long medial fibers)<br />•Pectineus (with leg abducted) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Extension </td> <td> <p>•Gluteus maximus<br />•Gluteus medius and<br />minimus (dorsal fibers)<br />•Adductor magnus<br />•Piriformis<br />•Semimembranosus*<br />•Semitendinosus*<br />•Biceps femoris*<br />(long head) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Flexion </td> <td> <p>•Iliopsoas<br />(with psoas major♣)<br />•Tensor fasciae latae*<br />•Pectineus<br />•Adductor longus<br />•Adductor brevis<br />•Gracilis*<br />•Rectus femoris*<br />•Sartorius* </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Abduction </td> <td> <p>•Gluteus medius<br />•Tensor fasciae latae*<br />•Gluteus maximus<br />(fibers to fascia lata)<br />•Gluteus minimus<br />•Piriformis<br />•Obturator internus </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Adduction </td> <td> <p>•Adductor magnus<br />(with adductor minimus)<br />•Adductor longus<br />•Adductor brevis<br />•Gluteus maximus (fibers<br />to gluteal tuberosity)<br />•Gracilis<br />•Pectineus<br />•Quadratus femoris<br />•Obturator externus<br />•Semitendinosus* </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Notes</th> <th><b>♣</b> Also act on vertebral joints.<br /> <b>*</b> Also act on knee joint. </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are several ways of classifying the muscles of the hip: </p> <ol><li>By location or innervation (ventral and dorsal divisions of the plexus layer);</li> <li>By development on the basis of their points of insertion (a posterior group in two layers and an anterior group); and</li> <li>By function (i.e. extensors, flexors, adductors, and abductors).<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer-232_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-232-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Some hip muscles also act either on the knee joint or on vertebral joints. Additionally, because the areas of origin and insertion of many of these muscles are very extensive, these muscles are often involved in several very different movements. In the hip joint, lateral and medial rotation occur along the axis of the limb; extension (also called dorsiflexion or retroversion) and flexion (anteflexion or anteversion) occur along a transverse axis; and abduction and adduction occur about a <a href="/wiki/Sagittal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagittal">sagittal</a> axis.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer-244_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-244-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The anterior dorsal hip muscles are the <a href="/wiki/Iliopsoas" title="Iliopsoas">iliopsoas</a>, a group of two or three muscles with a shared insertion on the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_trochanter" title="Lesser trochanter">lesser trochanter</a> of the femur. The <a href="/wiki/Psoas_major" class="mw-redirect" title="Psoas major">psoas major</a> originates from the last vertebra and along the <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_spine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbar spine">lumbar spine</a> to stretch down into the pelvis. The <a href="/wiki/Iliacus_muscle" title="Iliacus muscle">iliacus</a> originates on the <a href="/wiki/Iliac_fossa" title="Iliac fossa">iliac fossa</a> on the interior side of the pelvis. The two muscles unite to form the iliopsoas muscle, which is inserted on the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_trochanter" title="Lesser trochanter">lesser trochanter</a> of the femur. The <a href="/wiki/Psoas_minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Psoas minor">psoas minor</a>, only present in about 50 per cent of subjects, originates above the psoas major to stretch obliquely down to its insertion on the interior side of the major muscle.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The posterior dorsal hip muscles are inserted on or directly below the <a href="/wiki/Greater_trochanter" title="Greater trochanter">greater trochanter</a> of the femur. The <a href="/wiki/Tensor_fasciae_latae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensor fasciae latae">tensor fasciae latae</a>, stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_superior_iliac_spine" title="Anterior superior iliac spine">anterior superior iliac spine</a> down into the <a href="/wiki/Iliotibial_tract" title="Iliotibial tract">iliotibial tract</a>, presses the <a href="/wiki/Femur_head" class="mw-redirect" title="Femur head">head of the femur</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Acetabulum" title="Acetabulum">acetabulum</a> but also flexes, rotates medially, and abducts to hip joint. The <a href="/wiki/Piriformis" class="mw-redirect" title="Piriformis">piriformis</a> originates on the anterior pelvic surface of the <a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">sacrum</a>, passes through the <a href="/wiki/Greater_sciatic_foramen" title="Greater sciatic foramen">greater sciatic foramen</a>, and inserts on the posterior aspect of the tip of the greater trochanter. In a standing posture it is a lateral rotator, but it also assists extending the thigh. The <a href="/wiki/Gluteus_maximus" title="Gluteus maximus">gluteus maximus</a> has its origin between (and around) the <a href="/wiki/Iliac_crest" title="Iliac crest">iliac crest</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coccyx" title="Coccyx">coccyx</a>, from where one part radiates into the iliotibial tract and the other stretches down to the <a href="/wiki/Gluteal_tuberosity" title="Gluteal tuberosity">gluteal tuberosity</a> under the greater trochanter. The gluteus maximus is primarily an extensor and lateral rotator of the hip joint, and it comes into action when climbing stairs or rising from a sitting to a standing posture. Furthermore, the part inserted into the fascia latae abducts and the part inserted into the gluteal tuberosity adducts the hip. The two deep glutei muscles, the <a href="/wiki/Gluteus_medius" title="Gluteus medius">gluteus medius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gluteus_minimus" title="Gluteus minimus">minimus</a>, originate on the lateral side of the pelvis. The medius muscle is shaped like a cap. Its anterior fibers act as a medial rotator and flexor; the posterior fibers as a lateral rotator and extensor; and the entire muscle abducts the hip. The minimus has similar functions and both muscles are inserted onto the greater trochanter.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray436.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gray436.png/170px-Gray436.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gray436.png/255px-Gray436.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gray436.png/340px-Gray436.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>Muscles of the hip</figcaption></figure> <p>The ventral hip muscles function as lateral rotators and play an important role in the control of the body's balance. Because they are stronger than the medial rotators, in the normal position of the leg, the apex of the foot is pointing outward to achieve better support. The <a href="/wiki/Obturator_internus" class="mw-redirect" title="Obturator internus">obturator internus</a> originates on the pelvis on the <a href="/wiki/Obturator_foramen" title="Obturator foramen">obturator foramen</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Obturator_membrane" title="Obturator membrane">membrane</a>, passes through the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_sciatic_foramen" title="Lesser sciatic foramen">lesser sciatic foramen</a>, and is inserted on the <a href="/wiki/Trochanteric_fossa" title="Trochanteric fossa">trochanteric fossa</a> of the femur. "Bent" over the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_sciatic_notch" title="Lesser sciatic notch">lesser sciatic notch</a>, which acts as a fulcrum, the muscle forms the strongest lateral rotators of the hip together with the gluteus maximus and quadratus femoris. When sitting with the knees flexed it acts as an abductor. The <a href="/wiki/Obturator_externus" class="mw-redirect" title="Obturator externus">obturator externus</a> has a parallel course with its origin located on the posterior border of the obturator foramen. It is covered by several muscles and acts as a lateral rotator and a weak adductor. The <a href="/wiki/Gemelli_muscles" title="Gemelli muscles">inferior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gemelli_muscles" title="Gemelli muscles">superior gemelli muscles</a> represent marginal heads of the obturator internus and assist this muscle. These three muscles form a three-headed muscle (tricipital) known as the <b>triceps coxae</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Quadratus_femoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadratus femoris">quadratus femoris</a> originates at the <a href="/wiki/Ischial_tuberosity" title="Ischial tuberosity">ischial tuberosity</a> and is inserted onto the <a href="/wiki/Intertrochanteric_crest" title="Intertrochanteric crest">intertrochanteric crest</a> between the trochanters. This flattened muscle act as a strong lateral rotator and adductor of the thigh.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray433.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Gray433.png/90px-Gray433.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Gray433.png/135px-Gray433.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Gray433.png/180px-Gray433.png 2x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Hip adductors</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Adductor_muscles_of_the_hip" title="Adductor muscles of the hip">adductor muscles</a> of the thigh are innervated by the <a href="/wiki/Obturator_nerve" title="Obturator nerve">obturator nerve</a>, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Pectineus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectineus">pectineus</a> which receives fibers from the <a href="/wiki/Femoral_nerve" title="Femoral nerve">femoral nerve</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Adductor_magnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Adductor magnus">adductor magnus</a> which receives fibers from the <a href="/wiki/Tibial_nerve" title="Tibial nerve">tibial nerve</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gracilis_muscle" title="Gracilis muscle">gracilis</a> arises from near the <a href="/wiki/Pubic_symphysis" title="Pubic symphysis">pubic symphysis</a> and is unique among the adductors in that it reaches past the knee to attach on the medial side of the <a href="/wiki/Body_of_tibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Body of tibia">shaft of the tibia</a>, thus acting on two joints. It share its distal insertion with the <a href="/wiki/Sartorius_muscle" title="Sartorius muscle">sartorius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semitendinosus_muscle" title="Semitendinosus muscle">semitendinosus</a>, all three muscles forming the <a href="/wiki/Pes_anserinus_(leg)" title="Pes anserinus (leg)">pes anserinus</a>. It is the most medial muscle of the adductors, and with the thigh abducted its origin can be clearly seen arching under the skin. With the knee extended, it adducts the thigh and flexes the hip. The <a href="/wiki/Pectineus_muscle" title="Pectineus muscle">pectineus</a> has its origin on the <a href="/wiki/Iliopubic_eminence" title="Iliopubic eminence">iliopubic eminence</a> laterally to the gracilis and, rectangular in shape, extends obliquely to attach immediately behind the lesser trochanter and down the <a href="/wiki/Pectineal_line_(femur)" title="Pectineal line (femur)">pectineal line</a> and the proximal part of the <a href="/wiki/Linea_aspera" title="Linea aspera">Linea aspera</a> on the femur. It is a flexor of the hip joint, and an adductor and a weak medial rotator of the thigh. The <a href="/wiki/Adductor_brevis_muscle" title="Adductor brevis muscle">adductor brevis</a> originates on the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_ramus_of_the_pubis" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior ramus of the pubis">inferior ramus of the pubis</a> below the gracilis and stretches obliquely below the pectineus down to the upper third of the Linea aspera. Except for being an adductor, it is a lateral rotator and weak flexor of the hip joint.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Adductor_longus_muscle" title="Adductor longus muscle">adductor longus</a> has its origin at <a href="/wiki/Superior_ramus_of_the_pubis" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior ramus of the pubis">superior ramus of the pubis</a> and inserts medially on the middle third of the Linea aspera. Primarily an adductor, it is also responsible for some flexion. The <a href="/wiki/Adductor_magnus_muscle" title="Adductor magnus muscle">adductor magnus</a> has its origin just behind the longus and lies deep to it. Its wide belly divides into two parts: One is inserted into the Linea aspera and the tendon of the other reaches down to <a href="/wiki/Adductor_tubercle" class="mw-redirect" title="Adductor tubercle">adductor tubercle</a> on the medial side of the femur's distal end where it forms an intermuscular septum that separates the flexors from the extensors. Magnus is a powerful adductor, especially active when crossing legs. Its superior part is a lateral rotator but the inferior part acts as a medial rotator on the flexed leg when rotated outward and also extends the hip joint. The <a href="/wiki/Adductor_minimus_muscle" title="Adductor minimus muscle">adductor minimus</a> is an incompletely separated subdivision of the adductor magnus. Its origin forms an anterior part of the magnus and distally it is inserted on the Linea aspera above the magnus. It acts to adduct and lateral rotate the femur.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thigh"><a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">Thigh</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Thigh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:15px"> <caption>Function of knee muscles<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Movement</th> <th>Muscles<br />(in order of<br />importance) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Extension </td> <td> <p>•<a href="/wiki/Quadriceps" title="Quadriceps">Quadriceps femoris</a><br />•<a href="/wiki/Tensor_fasciae_latae_muscle" title="Tensor fasciae latae muscle">Tensor fasciae latae</a>* </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Flexion </td> <td> <p>•<a href="/wiki/Semimembranosus_muscle" title="Semimembranosus muscle">Semimembranosus</a><br />•<a href="/wiki/Semitendinosus_muscle" title="Semitendinosus muscle">Semitendinosus</a><br />•<a href="/wiki/Biceps_femoris_muscle" title="Biceps femoris muscle">Biceps femoris</a><br />•<a href="/wiki/Gracilis_muscle" title="Gracilis muscle">Gracilis</a><br />•<a href="/wiki/Sartorius_muscle" title="Sartorius muscle">Sartorius</a><br />•<a href="/wiki/Popliteus_muscle" title="Popliteus muscle">Popliteus</a><br />•<a href="/wiki/Gastrocnemius_muscle" title="Gastrocnemius muscle">Gastrocnemius</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Medial<br />rotation </td> <td> <p>•Semimembranosus<br />•Semitendinosus<br />•Gracilis<br />•Sartorius<br />•Popliteus </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lateral<br />rotation </td> <td> <p>•Biceps femoris<br />•Tensor fasciae latae* </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">*Insignificant assistance. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The muscles of the <a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">thigh</a> can be classified into three groups according to their location: anterior and posterior muscles and the adductors (on the medial side). All the adductors except gracilis insert on the femur and act on the hip joint, and so functionally qualify as hip muscles. The majority of the thigh muscles, the "true" thigh muscles, insert on the leg (either the tibia or the fibula) and act primarily on the knee joint. Generally, the extensors lie on anterior of the thigh and flexors lie on the posterior. Even though the sartorius flexes the knee, it is <a href="/wiki/Ontogeny" title="Ontogeny">ontogenetically</a> considered an extensor since its displacement is secondary.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer-232_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-232-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:57px;max-width:57px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray430.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gray430.png/55px-Gray430.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gray430.png/83px-Gray430.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gray430.png/110px-Gray430.png 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="1229" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:72px;max-width:72px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray434.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gray434.png/70px-Gray434.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gray434.png/105px-Gray434.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gray434.png/140px-Gray434.png 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Anterior and posterior thigh muscles.</div></div></div></div> <p>Of the anterior thigh muscles the largest are the four muscles of the <a href="/wiki/Quadriceps_femoris_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriceps femoris muscle">quadriceps femoris</a>: the central <a href="/wiki/Rectus_femoris_muscle" title="Rectus femoris muscle">rectus femoris</a>, which is surrounded by the three vasti, the <a href="/wiki/Vastus_intermedius_muscle" title="Vastus intermedius muscle">vastus intermedius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vastus_medialis_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastus medialis muscle">medialis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vastus_lateralis_muscle" title="Vastus lateralis muscle">lateralis</a>. Rectus femoris is attached to the pelvis with two tendons, while the vasti are inserted to the femur. All four muscles unite in a common tendon inserted into the <a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">patella</a> from where the <a href="/wiki/Patellar_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Patellar ligament">patellar ligament</a> extends it down to the <a href="/wiki/Tibial_tuberosity" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibial tuberosity">tibial tuberosity</a>. Fibers from the medial and lateral vasti form two <a href="/wiki/Lateral_retinaculum" title="Lateral retinaculum">retinacula</a> that stretch past the patella on either sides down to the condyles of the tibia. The quadriceps is <i>the</i> knee extensor, but the rectus femoris additionally flexes the hip joint, and articular muscle of the knee protects the <a href="/wiki/Articular_capsule_of_the_knee_joint" title="Articular capsule of the knee joint">articular capsule of the knee joint</a> from being nipped during extension. The <a href="/wiki/Sartorius_muscle" title="Sartorius muscle">sartorius</a> runs superficially and obliquely down on the anterior side of the thigh, from the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_superior_iliac_spine" title="Anterior superior iliac spine">anterior superior iliac spine</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Pes_anserinus_(leg)" title="Pes anserinus (leg)">pes anserinus</a> on the medial side of the knee, from where it is further extended into the <a href="/wiki/Crural_fascia" class="mw-redirect" title="Crural fascia">crural fascia</a>. The sartorius acts as a flexor on both the hip and knee, but, due to its oblique course, also contributes to medial rotation of the leg as one of the pes anserinus muscles (with the knee flexed), and to lateral rotation of the hip joint.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are four posterior thigh muscles. The <a href="/wiki/Biceps_femoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Biceps femoris">biceps femoris</a> has two heads: The long head has its origin on the <a href="/wiki/Ischial_tuberosity" title="Ischial tuberosity">ischial tuberosity</a> together with the semitendinosus and acts on two joints. The short head originates from the middle third of the <a href="/wiki/Linea_aspera" title="Linea aspera">linea aspera</a> on the shaft of the femur and the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_intermuscular_septum_of_thigh" title="Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh">lateral intermuscular septum of thigh</a>, and acts on only one joint. These two heads unite to form the biceps which inserts on the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_fibula" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of the fibula">head of the fibula</a>. The biceps flexes the knee joint and rotates the flexed leg laterally—it is the only lateral rotator of the knee and thus has to oppose all medial rotator. Additionally, the long head extends the hip joint. The <a href="/wiki/Semitendinosus_muscle" title="Semitendinosus muscle">semitendinosus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Semimembranosus_muscle" title="Semimembranosus muscle">semimembranosus</a> share their origin with the long head of the biceps, and both attaches on the medial side of the proximal head of the tibia together with the gracilis and sartorius to form the pes anserinus. The semitendinosus acts on two joints; extension of the hip, flexion of the knee, and medial rotation of the leg. Distally, the semimembranosus' tendon is divided into three parts referred to as the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pes_anserinus_profondus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pes anserinus profondus (page does not exist)">pes anserinus profondus</a></i>. Functionally, the semimembranosus is similar to the semitendinosus, and thus produces extension at the hip joint and flexion and medial rotation at the knee.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Posteriorly below the knee joint, the <a href="/wiki/Popliteus_muscle" title="Popliteus muscle">popliteus</a> stretches obliquely from the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_epicondyle_of_the_femur" title="Lateral epicondyle of the femur">lateral femoral epicondyle</a> down to the posterior surface of the tibia. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subpopliteal_recess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subpopliteal recess (page does not exist)">subpopliteal bursa</a> is located deep to the muscle. Popliteus flexes the knee joint and medially rotates the leg.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer_2004,_p_264_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer_2004,_p_264-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lower_leg_and_foot">Lower leg and foot</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lower leg and foot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:15px"> <caption>Function of foot muscles<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer-266_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-266-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Movement</th> <th>Muscles<br />(in order of<br />importance) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Dorsi-<br />flexion </td> <td> <p>•Tibialis anterior<br />•Extensor digitorum<br />longus<br />•Extensor hallucis<br />longus </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plantar<br />flexion </td> <td> <p>•Triceps surae<br />•<a href="/wiki/Fibularis_longus" title="Fibularis longus">Fibularis (peroneus) longus</a><br />•<a href="/wiki/Fibularis_brevis" title="Fibularis brevis">Fibularis (peroneus) brevis</a><br />•Flexor digitorum<br />longus<br />•Tibialis posterior </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eversion_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eversion (kinesiology)">Eversion</a> </td> <td> <p>•Fibularis (peroneus) longus<br />•Fibularis (peroneus) brevis<br />•Extensor digitorum<br />longus<br />•<a href="/wiki/Fibularis_tertius" title="Fibularis tertius">Fibularis (peroneus) tertius</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Inversion </td> <td> <p>•Triceps surae<br />•Tibialis posterior<br />•Flexor hallucis<br />longus<br />•Flexor digitorum<br />longus<br />•Tibialis anterior </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/Popliteus_muscle" title="Popliteus muscle">popliteus</a> (see above) as the single exception, all muscles in the leg are attached to the foot and, based on location, can be classified into an anterior and a posterior group separated from each other by the tibia, the fibula, and the <a href="/wiki/Interosseous_membrane_of_the_leg" class="mw-redirect" title="Interosseous membrane of the leg">interosseous membrane</a>. In turn, these two groups can be subdivided into subgroups or layers—the anterior group consists of the extensors and the peroneals, and the posterior group of a superficial and a deep layer. Functionally, the muscles of the leg are either extensors, responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Dorsiflexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsiflexion">dorsiflexion</a> of the foot, or flexors, responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Plantar_flexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantar flexion">plantar flexion</a>. These muscles can also classified by innervation, muscles supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Common_fibular_nerve" title="Common fibular nerve">anterior subdivision</a> of the plexus and those supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Tibial_nerve" title="Tibial nerve">posterior subdivision</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leg muscles acting on the foot are called the extrinsic foot muscles whilst the foot muscles located <i>in</i> the foot are called intrinsic.<sup id="cite_ref-Starkey2015_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starkey2015-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dorsiflexion (extension) and plantar flexion occur around the transverse axis running through the ankle joint from the tip of the medial malleolus to the tip of the lateral malleolus. Pronation (eversion) and supination (inversion) occur along the oblique axis of the ankle joint.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer-266_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-266-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Extrinsic">Extrinsic</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Extrinsic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray437.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Gray437.png/120px-Gray437.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="462" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Gray437.png/180px-Gray437.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Gray437.png/240px-Gray437.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Anterior muscles</figcaption></figure> <p>Three of the anterior muscles are extensors. From its origin on the lateral surface of the tibia and the interosseus membrane, the three-sided belly of the <a href="/wiki/Tibialis_anterior_muscle" title="Tibialis anterior muscle">tibialis anterior</a> extends down below the <a href="/wiki/Superior_extensor_retinaculum_of_foot" title="Superior extensor retinaculum of foot">superior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inferior_extensor_retinaculum_of_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior extensor retinaculum of foot">inferior extensor retinacula</a> to its insertion on the plantar side of the <a href="/wiki/Medial_cuneiform_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial cuneiform bone">medial cuneiform bone</a> and the first <a href="/wiki/Metatarsal_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Metatarsal bone">metatarsal bone</a>. In the non-weight-bearing leg, the anterior tibialis dorsal flexes the foot and lifts the medial edge of the foot. In the weight-bearing leg, it pulls the leg towards the foot. The <a href="/wiki/Extensor_digitorum_longus_muscle" title="Extensor digitorum longus muscle">extensor digitorum longus</a> has a wide origin stretching from the lateral condyle of the tibia down along the anterior side of the fibula, and the interosseus membrane. At the ankle, the tendon divides into four that stretch across the foot to the dorsal <a href="/wiki/Aponeuroses" class="mw-redirect" title="Aponeuroses">aponeuroses</a> of the last phalanges of the four lateral toes. In the non-weight-bearing leg, the muscle extends the digits and dorsiflexes the foot, and in the weight-bearing leg acts similar to the tibialis anterior. The <a href="/wiki/Extensor_hallucis_longus_muscle" title="Extensor hallucis longus muscle">extensor hallucis longus</a> has its origin on the fibula and the interosseus membrane between the two other extensors and is, similarly to the extensor digitorum, is inserted on the last phalanx of big toe ("hallux"). The muscle dorsiflexes the hallux, and acts similar to the tibialis anterior in the weight-bearing leg.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two muscles on the lateral side of the leg form the fibular (peroneal) group. The <a href="/wiki/Fibularis_longus" title="Fibularis longus">fibularis (peroneus) longus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fibularis_brevis" title="Fibularis brevis">fibularis (peroneus) brevis</a> both have their origins on the fibula, and they both pass behind the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_malleolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral malleolus">lateral malleolus</a> where their tendons pass under the <a href="/wiki/Fibular_retinacula" title="Fibular retinacula">fibular retinacula</a>. Under the foot, the fibularis longus stretches from the lateral to the medial side in a groove, thus bracing the <a href="/wiki/Transverse_arch_of_the_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Transverse arch of the foot">transverse arch of the foot</a>. The fibularis brevis is attached on the lateral side to the tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal. Together, these two <a href="/wiki/Fibularis_muscles" title="Fibularis muscles">fibularis muscles</a> form the strongest pronators of the foot.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fibularis muscles are highly variable, and several variants can occasionally be present.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:72px;max-width:72px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray438.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gray438.png/70px-Gray438.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gray438.png/105px-Gray438.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gray438.png/140px-Gray438.png 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:52px;max-width:52px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray439.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Gray439.png/50px-Gray439.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Gray439.png/75px-Gray439.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Gray439.png/100px-Gray439.png 2x" data-file-width="222" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Superficial and deep posterior muscles.</div></div></div></div> <p>Of the posterior muscles three are in the superficial layer. The major plantar flexors, commonly referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Triceps_surae" class="mw-redirect" title="Triceps surae">triceps surae</a>, are the <a href="/wiki/Soleus_muscle" title="Soleus muscle">soleus</a>, which arises on the proximal side of both leg bones, and the <a href="/wiki/Gastrocnemius_muscle" title="Gastrocnemius muscle">gastrocnemius</a>, the two heads of which arises on the distal end of the femur. These muscles unite in a large terminal tendon, the <a href="/wiki/Achilles_tendon" title="Achilles tendon">Achilles tendon</a>, which is attached to the posterior tubercle of the <a href="/wiki/Calcaneus" title="Calcaneus">calcaneus</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Plantaris_muscle" title="Plantaris muscle">plantaris</a> closely follows the lateral head of the gastrocnemius. Its tendon runs between those of the soleus and gastrocnemius and is embedded in the medial end of the calcaneus tendon.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the deep layer, the <a href="/wiki/Tibialis_posterior_muscle" title="Tibialis posterior muscle">tibialis posterior</a> has its origin on the interosseus membrane and the neighbouring bone areas and runs down behind the <a href="/wiki/Medial_malleolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial malleolus">medial malleolus</a>. Under the foot it splits into a thick medial part attached to the <a href="/wiki/Navicular_bone" title="Navicular bone">navicular bone</a> and a slightly weaker lateral part inserted to the three cuneiform bones. The muscle produces simultaneous plantar flexion and supination in the non-weight-bearing leg, and approximates the heel to the calf of the leg. The <a href="/wiki/Flexor_hallucis_longus_muscle" title="Flexor hallucis longus muscle">flexor hallucis longus</a> arises distally on the fibula and on the interosseus membrane from where its relatively thick muscle belly extends far distally. Its tendon extends beneath the <a href="/wiki/Flexor_retinaculum_of_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexor retinaculum of foot">flexor retinaculum</a> to the sole of the foot and finally attaches on the base of the last phalanx of the hallux. It plantarflexes the hallux and assists in supination. The <a href="/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_longus_muscle" title="Flexor digitorum longus muscle">flexor digitorum longus</a>, finally, has its origin on the upper part of the tibia. Its tendon runs to the sole of the foot where it forks into four terminal tendon attached to the last phalanges of the four lateral toes. It crosses the tendon of the tibialis posterior distally on the tibia, and the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus in the sole. Distally to its division, the <a href="/wiki/Quadratus_plantae_muscle" title="Quadratus plantae muscle">quadratus plantae</a> radiates into it and near the middle phalanges its tendons penetrate the tendons of the <a href="/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_brevis_muscle" title="Flexor digitorum brevis muscle">flexor digitorum brevis</a>. In the non-weight-bearing leg, it plantar flexes the toes and foot and supinates. In the weight-bearing leg it supports the <a href="/wiki/Plantar_arch" title="Plantar arch">plantar arch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer_2004,_p_264_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer_2004,_p_264-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (For the <a href="/wiki/Popliteus_muscle" title="Popliteus muscle">popliteus</a>, see above.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Intrinsic">Intrinsic</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Intrinsic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The intrinsic muscles of the foot, muscles whose bellies are located in the foot proper, are either dorsal (top) or plantar (sole). On the dorsal side, two long extrinsic extensor muscles are superficial to the intrinsic muscles, and their tendons form the dorsal aponeurosis of the toes. The short intrinsic extensors and the plantar and dorsal interossei radiates into these aponeuroses. The <a href="/wiki/Extensor_digitorum_brevis_muscle" title="Extensor digitorum brevis muscle">extensor digitorum brevis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extensor_hallucis_brevis_muscle" title="Extensor hallucis brevis muscle">extensor hallucis brevis</a> have a common origin on the anterior side of the calcaneus, from where their tendons extend into the dorsal aponeuroses of digits 1–4. They act to dorsiflex these digits.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plantar muscles can be subdivided into three groups associated with three regions: those of the big digit, the little digit, and the region between these two. All these muscles are covered by the thick and dense <a href="/wiki/Plantar_aponeurosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantar aponeurosis">plantar aponeurosis</a>, which together with two tough septa, form the spaces of the three groups. These muscles and their fatty tissue function as cushions that transmit the weight of the body downward. As a whole, the foot is a functional entity.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer-270_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-270-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:178px;max-width:178px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:62px;max-width:62px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray445.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Gray445.png/60px-Gray445.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Gray445.png/90px-Gray445.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Gray445.png/120px-Gray445.png 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:58px;max-width:58px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray444.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gray444.png/56px-Gray444.png" decoding="async" width="56" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gray444.png/84px-Gray444.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gray444.png/112px-Gray444.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:52px;max-width:52px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray443.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gray443.png/50px-Gray443.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gray443.png/75px-Gray443.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gray443.png/100px-Gray443.png 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Intrinsic foot muscles</div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Abductor_hallucis_muscle" title="Abductor hallucis muscle">abductor hallucis</a> stretches along the medial edge of the foot, from the calcaneus to the base of the first phalanx of the first digit and the medial sesamoid bone. It is an abductor and a weak flexor, and also helps maintain the arch of the foot. Lateral to the abductor hallucis is the <a href="/wiki/Flexor_hallucis_brevis_muscle" title="Flexor hallucis brevis muscle">flexor hallucis brevis</a>, which originates from the medial cuneiform bone and from the tendon of the tibialis posterior. The flexor hallucis has a medial and a lateral head inserted laterally to the abductor hallucis. It is an important plantar flexor which comes into prominent use in <a href="/wiki/Classical_ballet" title="Classical ballet">classical ballet</a> (i.e. for <a href="/wiki/En_pointe" class="mw-redirect" title="En pointe">pointe work</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer-270_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-270-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Adductor_hallucis_muscle" title="Adductor hallucis muscle">adductor hallucis</a> has two heads; a stronger oblique head which arises from the cuboid and lateral cuneiform bones and the bases of the second and third metatarsals; and a transverse head which arises from the distal ends of the third-fifth metatarsals. Both heads are inserted on the lateral sesamoid bone of the first digit. The muscle acts as a tensor to the arches of the foot, but can also adduct the first digit and plantar flex its first phalanx.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer-272_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-272-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Opponens_digiti_minimi_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Opponens digiti minimi muscle">opponens digiti minimi</a> originates from the long plantar ligament and the plantar tendinous sheath of the fibularis (peroneus) longus and is inserted on the fifth metatarsal. When present, it acts to plantar flex the fifth digit and supports the plantar arch. The <a href="/wiki/Flexor_digiti_quinti_brevis_muscle_(foot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexor digiti quinti brevis muscle (foot)">flexor digiti minimi</a> arises from the region of base of the fifth metatarsal and is inserted onto the base of the first phalanx of the fifth digit where it is usually merged with the abductor of the first digit. It acts to plantar flex the last digit. The largest and longest muscles of the little toe is the <a href="/wiki/Abductor_digiti_quinti_muscle_(foot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abductor digiti quinti muscle (foot)">abductor digiti minimi</a>. Stretching from the lateral process of the calcaneus, with a second attachment on the base of the fifth metatarsal, to the base of the fifth digit's first phalanx, the muscle forms the lateral edge of the sole. Except for supporting the arch, it plantar flexes the little toe and also acts as an abductor.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer-272_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-272-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The four <a href="/wiki/Lumbrical_muscle_(foot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbrical muscle (foot)">lumbricales</a> have their origin on the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus, from where they extend to the medial side of the bases of the first phalanx of digits two-five. Except for reinforcing the plantar arch, they contribute to plantar flexion and move the four digits toward the big toe. They are, in contrast to the lumbricales of the hand, rather variable, sometimes absent and sometimes more than four are present. The <a href="/wiki/Quadratus_plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadratus plantae">quadratus plantae</a> arises with two slips from margins of the plantar surface of the calcaneus and is inserted into the tendon(s) of the flexor digitorum longus, and is known as the "plantar head" of this latter muscle. The three <a href="/wiki/Plantar_interossei_muscles" title="Plantar interossei muscles">plantar interossei</a> arise with their single heads on the medial side of the third-fifth metatarsals and are inserted on the bases of the first phalanges of these digits. The two heads of the four <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_interossei_muscles_(foot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal interossei muscles (foot)">dorsal interossei</a> arise on two adjacent metatarsals and merge in the intermediary spaces. Their distal attachment is on the bases of the proximal phalanges of the second-fourth digits. The interossei are organized with the second digit as a longitudinal axis; the plantars act as adductors and pull digits 3–5 towards the second digit; while the dorsals act as abductors. Additionally, the interossei act as plantar flexors at the <a href="/wiki/Metatarsophalangeal_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Metatarsophalangeal joint">metatarsophalangeal joints</a>. Lastly, the <a href="/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_brevis_muscle" title="Flexor digitorum brevis muscle">flexor digitorum brevis</a> arises from underneath the calcaneus to insert its tendons on the middle phalanges of digit 2–4. Because the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus run between these tendons, the brevis is sometimes called <i>perforatus</i>. The tendons of these two muscles are surrounded by a tendinous sheath. The brevis acts to plantar flex the middle phalanges.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Table_of_muscles#Leg" class="mw-redirect" title="Table of muscles">Table of muscles</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flexibility">Flexibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Flexibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flexibility can be simply defined as the available <a href="/wiki/Range_of_motion" title="Range of motion">range of motion</a> (ROM) provided by a specific <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joint</a> or group of joints.<sup id="cite_ref-alter2004_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alter2004-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the most part, exercises that increase <a href="/wiki/Flexibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexibility">flexibility</a> are performed with intentions to boost overall muscle length, reduce the risks of injury and to potentially improve muscular performance in <a href="/wiki/Physical_activity" title="Physical activity">physical activity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lowextremity10_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lowextremity10-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stretching" title="Stretching">Stretching</a> muscles after engagement in any physical activity can improve muscular strength, increase flexibility, and reduce <a href="/wiki/Acute_muscle_soreness" title="Acute muscle soreness">muscle soreness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nelson2007_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nelson2007-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If limited movement is present within a joint, the "insufficient extensibility" of the muscle, or muscle group, could be restricting the activity of the affected joint.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stretching">Stretching</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Stretching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stretching prior to strenuous physical activity has been thought to increase muscular performance by extending the soft tissue past its attainable length in order to increase range of motion.<sup id="cite_ref-alter2004_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alter2004-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many physically active individuals practice these techniques as a "<a href="/wiki/Warm-up" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm-up">warm-up</a>" in order to achieve a certain level of muscular preparation for specific exercise movements. When stretching, muscles should feel somewhat uncomfortable but not physically agonizing. </p> <ul><li><b>Plantar flexion:</b> One of the most popular lower leg muscle stretches is the step standing <a href="/wiki/Heel" title="Heel">heel</a> raises, which mainly involves the <a href="/wiki/Gastrocnemius" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrocnemius">gastrocnemius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Soleus">soleus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Achilles_tendon" title="Achilles tendon">Achilles tendon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Standing heel raises allow the individual to activate their <a href="/wiki/Calf_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Calf muscle">calf muscles</a> by standing on a step with toes and <a href="/wiki/Forefoot" title="Forefoot">forefoot</a>, leaving the heel hanging off the step, and <a href="/wiki/Plantar_flexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantar flexion">plantar flexing</a> the <a href="/wiki/Ankle_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankle joint">ankle joint</a> by raising the heel. This exercise is easily modified by holding on to a nearby rail for balance and is generally repeated 5–10 times.</li> <li><b>Dorsiflexion:</b> In order to stretch the <a href="/wiki/Anterior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior">anterior</a> <a href="/wiki/Leg_muscles" class="mw-redirect" title="Leg muscles">muscles of the lower leg</a>, crossover shin stretches work well.<sup id="cite_ref-shea2013_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shea2013-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This motion will stretch the <a href="/wiki/Dorsiflexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsiflexion">dorsiflexion</a> muscles, mainly the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_tibialis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior tibialis">anterior tibialis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extensor_hallucis_longus" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensor hallucis longus">extensor hallucis longus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extensor_digitorum_longus" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensor digitorum longus">extensor digitorum longus</a>, by slowly causing the muscles to lengthen as body weight is leaned on the ankle joint by using the floor as resistance against the top of the foot.<sup id="cite_ref-shea2013_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shea2013-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crossover shin stretches can vary in intensity depending on the amount of body weight applied on the ankle joint as the individual bends at the <a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">knee</a>. This stretch is typically held for 15–30 seconds.</li> <li><b>Eversion and inversion:</b> Stretching the <a href="/wiki/Eversion_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eversion (kinesiology)">eversion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inversion_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inversion (kinesiology)">inversion</a> muscles allows for better range of motion to the ankle joint.<sup id="cite_ref-lowextremity10_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lowextremity10-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seated ankle elevations and depressions will stretch the <a href="/wiki/Fibularis_muscles" title="Fibularis muscles">fibularis (peroneus)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibialis_anterior" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibialis anterior">tibilalis</a> muscles that are associated with these movements as they lengthen. Eversion muscles are stretched when the ankle becomes depressed from the starting position. In like manner, the inversion muscles are stretched when the ankle joint becomes elevated. Throughout this seated stretch, the ankle joint is to remain supported while depressed and elevated with the <a href="/wiki/Ipsilateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipsilateral">ipsilateral</a> (same side) hand in order to sustain the stretch for 10–15 seconds. This stretch will increase overall eversion and inversion muscle group length and provide more flexibility to the ankle joint for larger range of motion during activity.<sup id="cite_ref-alter2004_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alter2004-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lowextremity10_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lowextremity10-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_supply">Blood supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Blood supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Superficial_femoral_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Superficial femoral artery">Superficial femoral artery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arcuate_artery_of_the_foot" title="Arcuate artery of the foot">Arcuate artery of the foot</a></div> <p>The arteries of the leg are divided into a series of segments. </p><p>In the pelvis area, at the level of the last <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbar vertebra">lumbar vertebra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_aorta" title="Abdominal aorta">abdominal aorta</a>, a continuation the <a href="/wiki/Descending_aorta" title="Descending aorta">descending aorta</a>, splits into a pair of <a href="/wiki/Common_iliac_artery" title="Common iliac artery">common iliac arteries</a>. These immediately split into the <a href="/wiki/Internal_iliac_artery" title="Internal iliac artery">internal</a> and <a href="/wiki/External_iliac_artery" title="External iliac artery">external iliac arteries</a>, the latter of which descends along the medial border of the <a href="/wiki/Psoas_major_muscle" title="Psoas major muscle">psoas major</a> to exits the pelvis area through the <a href="/wiki/Vascular_lacuna" title="Vascular lacuna">vascular lacuna</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Inguinal_ligament" title="Inguinal ligament">inguinal ligament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-464_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-464-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The artery enters the thigh as the <a href="/wiki/Femoral_artery" title="Femoral artery">femoral artery</a> which descends the medial side of the thigh to the <a href="/wiki/Adductor_canal" title="Adductor canal">adductor canal</a>. The canal passes from the anterior to the posterior side of the limb where the artery leaves through the <a href="/wiki/Adductor_hiatus" title="Adductor hiatus">adductor hiatus</a> and becomes the <a href="/wiki/Popliteal_artery" title="Popliteal artery">popliteal artery</a>. On the back of the knee the popliteal artery runs through the <a href="/wiki/Popliteal_fossa" title="Popliteal fossa">popliteal fossa</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Popliteal_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Popliteal muscle">popliteal muscle</a> where it divides into <a href="/wiki/Anterior_tibial_artery" title="Anterior tibial artery">anterior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Posterior_tibial_artery" title="Posterior tibial artery">posterior tibial arteries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-464_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-464-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the lower leg, the anterior tibial enters the extensor compartment near the upper border of the <a href="/wiki/Interosseus_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Interosseus membrane">interosseus membrane</a> to descend between the <a href="/wiki/Tibialis_anterior_muscle" title="Tibialis anterior muscle">tibialis anterior</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Extensor_hallucis_longus_muscle" title="Extensor hallucis longus muscle">extensor hallucis longus</a>. Distal to the <a href="/wiki/Superior_extensor_retinaculum_of_foot" title="Superior extensor retinaculum of foot">superior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inferior_extensor_retinaculum_of_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior extensor retinaculum of foot">extensor retinacula of the foot</a> it becomes the <a href="/wiki/Dorsalis_pedis_artery" title="Dorsalis pedis artery">dorsal artery of the foot</a>. The posterior tibial forms a direct continuation of the popliteal artery which enters the flexor compartment of the lower leg to descend behind the <a href="/wiki/Medial_malleolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial malleolus">medial malleolus</a> where it divides into the <a href="/wiki/Medial_plantar_artery" title="Medial plantar artery">medial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lateral_plantar_artery" title="Lateral plantar artery">lateral plantar arteries</a>, of which the posterior branch gives rise to the <a href="/wiki/Fibular_artery" title="Fibular artery">fibular artery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-464_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-464-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For practical reasons the lower limb is subdivided into somewhat arbitrary regions:<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer-412_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-412-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regions of the hip are all located in the thigh: anteriorly, the subinguinal region is bounded by the inguinal ligament, the sartorius, and the pectineus and forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Femoral_triangle" title="Femoral triangle">femoral triangle</a> which extends distally to the adductor longus. Posteriorly, the gluteal region corresponds to the gluteus maximus. The anterior region of the thigh extends distally from the femoral triangle to the region of the knee and laterally to the tensor fasciae latae. The posterior region ends distally before the popliteal fossa. The anterior and posterior regions of the knee extend from the proximal regions down to the level of the tuberosity of the tibia. In the lower leg the anterior and posterior regions extend down to the malleoli. Behind the malleoli are the lateral and medial retromalleolar regions and behind these is the region of the heel. Finally, the foot is subdivided into a dorsal region superiorly and a plantar region inferiorly.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer-412_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-412-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Veins">Veins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Veins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0609_LegVeins.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Blausen_0609_LegVeins.png/180px-Blausen_0609_LegVeins.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Blausen_0609_LegVeins.png/270px-Blausen_0609_LegVeins.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Blausen_0609_LegVeins.png/360px-Blausen_0609_LegVeins.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Veins</a> of the leg</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">veins</a> are subdivided into three systems. The <a href="/wiki/Deep_vein" title="Deep vein">deep veins</a> return approximately 85 percent of the blood and the <a href="/wiki/Superficial_vein" title="Superficial vein">superficial veins</a> approximately 15 percent. A series of <a href="/wiki/Perforator_vein" title="Perforator vein">perforator veins</a> interconnect the superficial and deep systems. In the standing posture, the veins of the leg have to handle an exceptional load as they act against gravity when they return the blood to the heart. The <a href="/wiki/Venous_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Venous valve">venous valves</a> assist in maintaining the superficial to deep direction of the <a href="/wiki/Blood_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood flow">blood flow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-466_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-466-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Superficial veins: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_saphenous_vein" title="Great saphenous vein">Great saphenous vein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_saphenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Small saphenous">Small saphenous</a></li></ul> <p>Deep veins: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Femoral_vein" title="Femoral vein">Femoral vein</a>, whose segment is the <a href="/wiki/Common_femoral_vein" class="mw-redirect" title="Common femoral vein">common femoral vein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popliteal_vein" title="Popliteal vein">Popliteal vein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_tibial_vein" title="Anterior tibial vein">Anterior tibial vein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_tibial_vein" title="Posterior tibial vein">Posterior tibial vein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibular_vein" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibular vein">Fibular vein</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nerve_supply">Nerve supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nerve supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nerve_supply_of_the_human_leg" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve supply of the human leg">Nerve supply of the human leg</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:208px;max-width:208px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:107px;max-width:107px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray827.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gray827.png/105px-Gray827.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gray827.png/158px-Gray827.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gray827.png/210px-Gray827.png 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray832.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gray832.png/95px-Gray832.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gray832.png/143px-Gray832.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gray832.png/190px-Gray832.png 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Nerves of right leg, anterior and posterior aspects</div></div></div></div> <p>The sensory and motor innervation to the lower limb is supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Lumbosacral_plexus" title="Lumbosacral plexus">lumbosacral plexus</a>, which is formed by the <a href="/wiki/Ventral_ramus_of_spinal_nerve" title="Ventral ramus of spinal nerve">ventral rami</a> of the lumbar and sacral spinal nerves with additional contributions from the <a href="/wiki/Subcostal_nerve" title="Subcostal nerve">subcostal nerve</a> (T12) and <a href="/wiki/Coccygeal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Coccygeal nerve">coccygeal nerve</a> (Co1). Based on distribution and topography, the lumbosacral plexus is subdivided into the <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_plexus" title="Lumbar plexus">lumbar plexus</a> (T12-L4) and the <a href="/wiki/Sacral_plexus" title="Sacral plexus">Sacral plexus</a> (L5-S4); the latter is often further subdivided into the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sciatic_plexus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sciatic plexus (page does not exist)">sciatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pudendal_plexus_(nerves)" title="Pudendal plexus (nerves)">pudendal plexuses</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-470_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-470-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lumbar plexus is formed lateral to the <a href="/wiki/Intervertebral_foramina" class="mw-redirect" title="Intervertebral foramina">intervertebral foramina</a> by the ventral rami of the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1-L4), which all pass through <a href="/wiki/Psoas_major_muscle" title="Psoas major muscle">psoas major</a>. The larger branches of the plexus exit the muscle to pass sharply downward to reach the <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_wall" title="Abdominal wall">abdominal wall</a> and the thigh (under the <a href="/wiki/Inguinal_ligament" title="Inguinal ligament">inguinal ligament</a>); with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Obturator_nerve" title="Obturator nerve">obturator nerve</a> which pass through the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_pelvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser pelvis">lesser pelvis</a> to reach the medial part of the thigh through the <a href="/wiki/Obturator_foramen" title="Obturator foramen">obturator foramen</a>. The nerves of the lumbar plexus pass in front of the <a href="/wiki/Hip_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip joint">hip joint</a> and mainly support the anterior part of the thigh.<sup id="cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-470_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-470-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Iliohypogastric_nerve" title="Iliohypogastric nerve">iliohypogastric</a> (T12-L1) and <a href="/wiki/Ilioinguinal_nerve" title="Ilioinguinal nerve">ilioinguinal nerves</a> (L1) emerge from the psoas major near the muscle's origin, from where they run laterally downward to pass anteriorly above the <a href="/wiki/Iliac_crest" title="Iliac crest">iliac crest</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Transversus_abdominis_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Transversus abdominis muscle">transversus abdominis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_internal_oblique_muscle" title="Abdominal internal oblique muscle">abdominal internal oblique</a>, and then run above the inguinal ligament. Both nerves give off muscular branches to both these muscles. Iliohypogastric supplies sensory branches to the skin of the lateral hip region, and its terminal branch finally pierces the aponeurosis of the <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle" title="Abdominal external oblique muscle">abdominal external oblique</a> above the inguinal ring to supply sensory branches to the skin there. Ilioinguinalis exits through the inguinal ring and supplies sensory branches to the skin above the <a href="/wiki/Pubic_symphysis" title="Pubic symphysis">pubic symphysis</a> and the lateral portion of the <a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">scrotum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-472_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-472-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Genitofemoral_nerve" title="Genitofemoral nerve">genitofemoral nerve</a> (L1, L2) leaves psoas major below the two former nerves, immediately divides into two branches that descends along the muscle's anterior side. The sensory femoral branch supplies the skin below the inguinal ligament, while the mixed genital branch supplies the skin and muscles around the sex organ. The <a href="/wiki/Lateral_cutaneous_nerve_of_thigh" title="Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh">lateral femoral cutaneous nerve</a> (L2, L3) leaves psoas major laterally below the previous nerve, runs obliquely and laterally downward above the <a href="/wiki/Iliacus_muscle" title="Iliacus muscle">iliacus</a>, exits the pelvic area near the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_superior_iliac_spine" title="Anterior superior iliac spine">iliac spine</a>, and supplies the skin of the anterior thigh.<sup id="cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-472_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-472-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Obturator_nerve" title="Obturator nerve">obturator nerve</a> (L2-L4) passes medially behind psoas major to exit the pelvis through the <a href="/wiki/Obturator_canal" title="Obturator canal">obturator canal</a>, after which it gives off branches to <a href="/wiki/Obturator_externus_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Obturator externus muscle">obturator externus</a> and divides into two branches passing behind and in front of <a href="/wiki/Adductor_brevis_muscle" title="Adductor brevis muscle">adductor brevis</a> to supply motor innervation to all the other adductor muscles. The anterior branch also supplies sensory nerves to the skin on a small area on the distal medial aspect of the thigh.<sup id="cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-474_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-474-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Femoral_nerve" title="Femoral nerve">femoral nerve</a> (L2-L4) is the largest and longest of the nerves of the lumbar plexus. It supplies motor innervation to <a href="/wiki/Iliopsoas_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Iliopsoas muscle">iliopsoas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pectineus_muscle" title="Pectineus muscle">pectineus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sartorius_muscle" title="Sartorius muscle">sartorius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quadriceps_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriceps muscle">quadriceps</a>; and sensory branches to the anterior thigh, medial lower leg, and posterior foot.<sup id="cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-474_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-474-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nerves of the sacral plexus pass behind the hip joint to innervate the posterior part of the thigh, most of the lower leg, and the foot.<sup id="cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-470_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-470-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Superior_gluteal_nerve" title="Superior gluteal nerve">superior</a> (L4-S1) and <a href="/wiki/Inferior_gluteal_nerve" title="Inferior gluteal nerve">inferior gluteal nerves</a> (L5-S2) innervate the gluteus muscles and the <a href="/wiki/Tensor_fasciae_latae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensor fasciae latae">tensor fasciae latae</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Posterior_cutaneous_nerve_of_thigh" title="Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh">posterior femoral cutaneous nerve</a> (S1-S3) contributes sensory branches to the skin on the posterior thigh.<sup id="cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-476_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-476-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sciatic_nerve" title="Sciatic nerve">sciatic nerve</a> (L4-S3), the largest and longest nerve in the human body, leaves the pelvis through the <a href="/wiki/Greater_sciatic_foramen" title="Greater sciatic foramen">greater sciatic foramen</a>. In the posterior thigh it first gives off branches to the short head of the <a href="/wiki/Biceps_femoris_muscle" title="Biceps femoris muscle">biceps femoris</a> and then divides into the <a href="/wiki/Tibial_nerve" title="Tibial nerve">tibial</a> (L4-S3) and <a href="/wiki/Common_fibular_nerve" title="Common fibular nerve">common fibular nerves</a> (L4-S2). The fibular nerve continues down on the medial side of biceps femoris, winds around the fibular neck and enters the front of the lower leg. There it divides into a <a href="/wiki/Deep_fibular_nerve" title="Deep fibular nerve">deep</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Superficial_fibular_nerve" title="Superficial fibular nerve">superficial terminal branch</a>. The superficial branch supplies the <a href="/wiki/Fibularis_muscles" title="Fibularis muscles">fibularis muscles</a> and the deep branch enters the extensor compartment; both branches reaches into the dorsal foot. In the thigh, the tibial nerve gives off branches to <a href="/wiki/Semitendinosus_muscle" title="Semitendinosus muscle">semitendinosus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semimembranosus_muscle" title="Semimembranosus muscle">semimembranosus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adductor_magnus_muscle" title="Adductor magnus muscle">adductor magnus</a>, and the long head of the biceps femoris. The nerve then runs straight down the back of the leg, through the <a href="/wiki/Popliteal_fossa" title="Popliteal fossa">popliteal fossa</a> to supply the ankle flexors on the back of the lower leg and then continues down to supply all the muscles in the sole of the foot.<sup id="cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-480_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-480-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pudendal_nerve" title="Pudendal nerve">pudendal</a> (S2-S4) and <a href="/wiki/Coccygeal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Coccygeal nerve">coccygeal nerves</a> (S5-Co2<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Typo_help_inline" title="Template:Typo help inline"><span title="Expert help is needed to correct the spelling of this word or mark it as OK. (December 2022)">check spelling</span></a></i>]</sup>) supply the muscles of the <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_floor" title="Pelvic floor">pelvic floor</a> and the surrounding skin.<sup id="cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-482_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-482-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Lumbosacral_trunk" title="Lumbosacral trunk">lumbosacral trunk</a> is a communicating branch passing between the sacral and lumbar plexuses containing ventral fibers from L4. The <a href="/wiki/Coccygeal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Coccygeal nerve">coccygeal nerve</a>, the last spinal nerve, emerges from the <a href="/wiki/Sacral_hiatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacral hiatus">sacral hiatus</a>, unites with the ventral rami of the two last sacral nerves, and forms the <a href="/wiki/Coccygeal_plexus" title="Coccygeal plexus">coccygeal plexus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-470_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-470-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lower_leg_and_foot_2">Lower leg and foot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lower leg and foot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lower leg and ankle need to keep exercised and moving well as they are the base of the whole body. The lower extremities must be strong in order to balance the weight of the rest of the body, and the <a href="/wiki/Gastrocnemius" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrocnemius">gastrocnemius</a> muscles take part in much of the blood circulation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exercises">Exercises</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Exercises"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Isometric_and_standard">Isometric and standard</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Isometric and standard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of exercises that can be done to strengthen the lower leg. For example, in order to activate <a href="/wiki/Plantar_flexors" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantar flexors">plantar flexors</a> in the deep plantar flexors one can sit on the floor with the hips flexed, the ankle neutral with knees fully extended as they alternate pushing their foot against a wall or platform. This kind of exercise is beneficial as it hardly causes any fatigue.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another form of isometric exercise for the gastrocnemius would be seated calf raises which can be done with or without equipment. One can be seated at a table with their feet flat on the ground, and then plantar flex both ankles so that the heels are raised off the floor and the gastrocnemius flexed.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternate movement could be heel drop exercises with the toes being propped on an elevated surface—as an opposing movement this would improve the range of motion.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One-legged toe raises for the gastrocnemius muscle can be performed by holding one dumbbell in one hand while using the other for balance, and then standing with one foot on a plate. The next step would be to plantar flex and keep the knee joint straight or <a href="/wiki/Knee_flexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Knee flexion">flexed</a> slightly. The triceps surae is contracted during this exercise.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stabilization exercises like the <a href="/wiki/BOSU" title="BOSU">BOSU</a> ball squat are also important especially as they assist in the ankles having to adjust to the ball's form in order to balance.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strengthening the lower leg is essential for improving overall leg stability, balance, and injury prevention. Several effective exercises target the muscles in the lower leg, including the calves, tibialis anterior, and other supporting muscles. <b>Calf raises</b> are a foundational exercise: standing with feet hip-width apart, you raise your heels off the ground and lower them back down, effectively strengthening the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. <b>Seated calf raises</b>, performed while sitting with a weight on your knees, focus specifically on the soleus muscle, which is crucial for endurance activities. </p><p>To target the tibialis anterior, <b>toe raises</b> are highly effective. Standing with feet flat, you lift your toes off the ground while keeping your heels planted, then lower them back down. For improved ankle mobility, <b>ankle circles</b>—rotating your ankle clockwise and counterclockwise while seated or standing—are beneficial. Similarly, <b>heel walks</b>, where you walk on your heels with toes lifted, strengthen the tibialis anterior and enhance balance. </p><p>Using equipment like resistance bands can add versatility to your routine. For example, looping a band around your foot and pulling it toward you strengthens various lower leg muscles. <b>Jump rope</b> is another excellent option, enhancing calf strength, coordination, and cardiovascular fitness. Finally, <b>box jumps</b>, where you jump onto a sturdy box or platform, develop explosive strength in the calves and lower legs. </p><p>Incorporating these exercises into your workout routine can significantly improve lower leg strength and stability. Begin with a proper warm-up and gradually increase intensity to prevent injury. If you have specific fitness goals or medical conditions, consulting a fitness professional or physical therapist is recommended. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1982_expedition_to_Tartu_%C3%9Clikool_350_(32).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/1982_expedition_to_Tartu_%C3%9Clikool_350_%2832%29.jpg/220px-1982_expedition_to_Tartu_%C3%9Clikool_350_%2832%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/1982_expedition_to_Tartu_%C3%9Clikool_350_%2832%29.jpg/330px-1982_expedition_to_Tartu_%C3%9Clikool_350_%2832%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/1982_expedition_to_Tartu_%C3%9Clikool_350_%2832%29.jpg/440px-1982_expedition_to_Tartu_%C3%9Clikool_350_%2832%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3417" data-file-height="2225" /></a><figcaption>Mountaineers have heightened risk for serious leg injuries. This is generally due to the lack of medical help in mountainous areas, as well as movement impairment restricting access to other medical services.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower_leg_injury">Lower leg injury</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Lower leg injury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lower leg injuries are common while running or playing sports. About 10% of all injuries in athletes involve the lower extremities.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of athletes sprain their ankles; this is mainly caused by the increased loads onto the feet when they move into <a href="/wiki/Plantar_flexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantar flexion">the foot down</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Pronation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronation">an outer ankle position</a>. All areas of the foot, which are the forefoot, midfoot, and rearfoot, absorb various forces while running and this can also lead to injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1999_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1999-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Running and various activities can cause stress fractures, tendinitis, musculotendinous injuries, or any chronic pain to our lower extremities such as the tibia.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Types_of_activities">Types of activities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Types of activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Injuries to quadriceps or hamstrings are caused by the constant impact loads to the legs during activities, such as kicking a ball. While doing this type of motion, 85% of that shock is absorbed to the hamstrings; this can cause strain to those muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1999_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1999-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Jumping</b> – is another risk because if the legs do not land properly after an initial jump, there may be damage to the meniscus in the knees, sprain to the ankle by everting or inverting the foot, or damage to the Achilles tendon and gastrocnemius if there is too much force while plantar flexing.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1999_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1999-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Weight lifting</b> – such as the improperly performed <a href="/wiki/Deep_squat" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep squat">deep squat</a>, is also dangerous to the lower limbs, because the exercise can lead to an overextension, or an outstretch, of our ligaments in the knee and can cause pain over time.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1999_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1999-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Running</b> – the most common activity associated with lower leg injury. There is constant pressure and stress being put on the feet, knees, and legs while running by gravitational force. Muscle tears in our legs or pain in various areas of the feet can be a result of poor biomechanics of running.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Running">Running</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Running"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common injuries in running involve the knees and the feet. Various studies have focused on the initial cause of these running related injuries and found that there are many factors that correlate to these injuries. Female distance runners who had a history of stress fracture injuries had higher vertical impact forces than non-injured subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2006_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2006-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large forces onto the lower legs were associated with gravitational forces, and this correlated with patellofemoral pain or potential knee injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2006_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2006-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers have also found that these running-related injuries affect the feet as well, because runners with previous injuries showed more foot eversion and over-pronation while running than non-injured runners.<sup id="cite_ref-vanderstraeten2004_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanderstraeten2004-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This causes more loads and forces on the medial side of the foot, causing more stress on the tendons of the foot and ankle.<sup id="cite_ref-vanderstraeten2004_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanderstraeten2004-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these running injuries are caused by overuse: running longer distances weekly for a long duration is a risk for injuring the lower legs.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prevention_tools">Prevention tools</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Prevention tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Voluntary stretches to the legs, such as the wall stretch, condition the hamstrings and the <a href="/wiki/Gastrocnemius_muscle" title="Gastrocnemius muscle">calf muscle</a> to various movements before vigorously working them.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The environment and surroundings, such as uneven terrain, can cause the feet to position in an unnatural way, so wearing shoes that can absorb forces from the ground's impact and allow for stabilizing the feet can prevent some injuries while running as well. Shoes should be structured to allow friction-traction at the shoe surface, space for different foot-strike stresses, and for comfortable, regular arches for the feet.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1999_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1999-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Summary">Summary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chance of damaging our lower extremities will be reduced by having knowledge about some activities associated with lower leg injury and developing a correct form of running, such as not over-pronating the foot or overusing the legs. Preventative measures, such as various stretches, and wearing appropriate footwear, will also reduce injuries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fracture">Fracture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Fracture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Broken leg" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Broken_leg_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Broken leg (disambiguation)">Broken leg (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Bone_fracture" title="Bone fracture">fracture</a> of the leg can be classified according to the involved <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a> into: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Femoral_fracture" title="Femoral fracture">Femoral fracture</a> (in the upper leg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crus_fracture" title="Crus fracture">Crus fracture</a> (in the lower leg)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pain_management">Pain management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Pain management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lower leg and foot pain management is critical in reducing the progression of further injuries, uncomfortable sensations and limiting alterations while walking and running. Most individuals suffer from various pains in their <a href="/wiki/Lower_leg" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower leg">lower leg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">foot</a> due to different factors. <a href="/wiki/Muscle_inflammation" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle inflammation">Muscle inflammation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strain_(injury)" title="Strain (injury)">strain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenderness_(medicine)" title="Tenderness (medicine)">tenderness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swelling_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swelling (medical)">swelling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muscle_tear" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle tear">muscle tear</a> from muscle overuse or incorrect movement are several conditions often experienced by athletes and the common public during and after high impact physical activities. Therefore, suggested pain management mechanisms are provided to reduce pain and prevent the progression of injury. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plantar_fasciitis">Plantar fasciitis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Plantar fasciitis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Plantar_fasciitis" title="Plantar fasciitis">plantar fasciitis</a> foot stretch is one of the recommended methods to reduce pain caused by plantar fasciitis (Figure 1). To do the <a href="/wiki/Plantar_fascia" title="Plantar fascia">plantar fascia</a> stretch, while sitting in a chair place the <a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">ankle</a> on the opposite knee and hold the toes of the impaired foot, slowly pulling back. The stretch should be held for approximately ten seconds, three times per day.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medial_tibial_stress_syndrome_(shin_splint)"><span id="Medial_tibial_stress_syndrome_.28shin_splint.29"></span>Medial tibial stress syndrome (shin splint)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Medial tibial stress syndrome (shin splint)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several methods can be utilized to help control pain caused by <a href="/wiki/Shin_splints" title="Shin splints">shin splints</a>. Placing ice on the affected area prior to and after running will aid in reducing pain. In addition, wearing orthotic devices including a <a href="/wiki/Neoprene" title="Neoprene">neoprene</a> sleeve (Figure 2) and wearing appropriate footwear such as a <a href="/wiki/Foot_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot arch">foot arch</a> can help to eliminate the condition. Stretching and strengthening of the anterior <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a> or medial tibia by performing exercises of <a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">plantar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">dorsi</a> flexors such as <a href="/wiki/Triceps_surae" class="mw-redirect" title="Triceps surae">calf</a> stretch can also help in easing the pain.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Achilles_tendinopathy">Achilles tendinopathy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Achilles tendinopathy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are numerous appropriate approaches to handling pain resulting from <a href="/wiki/Achilles_tendinitis" title="Achilles tendinitis">Achilles tendinitis</a>. The primary action is to rest. Activities that do not provide additional stress to the affected <a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">tendon</a> are also recommended. Wearing orthothics or <a href="/wiki/Prostheses" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostheses">prostheses</a> will provide cushion and will prevent the affected <a href="/wiki/Achilles_tendon" title="Achilles tendon">Achilles tendon</a> from experiencing further stress when walking and performing therapeutic stretches. A few stretch modalities or <a href="/wiki/Eccentric_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Eccentric exercise">eccentric exercises</a> such as toe <a href="/wiki/Extension_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extension (kinesiology)">extension</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexion">flexion</a> and calf and heel stretch are beneficial in lowering pain with Achilles tendinopathy patients (Figure 4)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Leg_fetishism" title="Leg fetishism">Leg fetishism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miniskirt" title="Miniskirt">Miniskirt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:If_we_lift_our_skirts_they_level_their_eye-glasses_at_our_ankles.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/If_we_lift_our_skirts_they_level_their_eye-glasses_at_our_ankles.png/220px-If_we_lift_our_skirts_they_level_their_eye-glasses_at_our_ankles.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/If_we_lift_our_skirts_they_level_their_eye-glasses_at_our_ankles.png/330px-If_we_lift_our_skirts_they_level_their_eye-glasses_at_our_ankles.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/If_we_lift_our_skirts_they_level_their_eye-glasses_at_our_ankles.png/440px-If_we_lift_our_skirts_they_level_their_eye-glasses_at_our_ankles.png 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2449" /></a><figcaption>A 1854 English cartoon expressing the dilemma of Victorian women that had to either drag their hems through wet or filth, or slightly lift up their skirts and attract attention from men (many of which have developed an interest in female knees or ankles at the time)</figcaption></figure> <p>In Norse mythology, the race of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">Jotuns</a> was born from the legs of <a href="/wiki/Ymir" title="Ymir">Ymir</a>. In Finnic mythology, the Earth was created from the shards of the egg of a goldeneye that fell from the knees of <a href="/wiki/Ilmatar" title="Ilmatar">Ilmatar</a>. While this story isn't found in other Finno-Ugric mythologies, <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Ivanovich_Melnikov" title="Pavel Ivanovich Melnikov">Pavel Melnikov-Pechersky</a> has noted several times that the beauty of legs is commonly mentioned in Mordvin mythology as a characteristic of both female mythological characters and real <a href="/wiki/Erzyas" title="Erzyas">Erzyan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mokshas" title="Mokshas">Mokshan</a> women. </p><p>In medieval Europe, showing legs was one of the biggest taboos for women, especially the ones with a high social status. In Victorian England several centuries later legs were not to be mentioned at all (not only human ones, but even those of a table or a piano), and referred to as "limbs" instead.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miniskirts and other clothing that reveal legs first became popular in mid-20th century science fiction. Since then, it became mainstream in <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western cultures</a>, with female legs frequently being focused on in films, TV ads, music videos, dance shows and various kinds of sports (i.e. ice skating or women's gymnastics).<sup id="cite_ref-psychologytoday_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psychologytoday-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many men who are attracted to female legs tend to regard them aesthetically almost as much as they do sexually, perceiving legs as more elegant, suggestive, sensual, or seductive (especially with clothing that makes legs easy to be revealed and concealed), whereas female breasts or buttocks are viewed as much more "in your face" sexual.<sup id="cite_ref-psychologytoday_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psychologytoday-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That said, legs (especially the inside of the upper leg that has the most sensitive and delicate skin) are considered to be one of the most sexualized elements of a woman's body, especially in Hollywood movies.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both men and women generally consider long legs attractive,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may explain the preference for tall fashion models. Men also tend to favor women who have a higher leg length to body ratio, but the opposite is true of women's preferences in men.<sup id="cite_ref-psychologytoday_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psychologytoday-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adolescent and adult women in many Western cultures often <a href="/wiki/Leg_shaving" title="Leg shaving">remove the hair from their legs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toned, tanned, shaved legs are sometimes perceived as a sign of youthfulness and are often considered attractive in these cultures. </p><p>Men generally do not shave their legs in any culture. However, leg-shaving is a generally accepted practice in <a href="/wiki/Model_(person)" title="Model (person)">modeling</a>. It is also fairly common in sports where the hair removal makes the athlete appreciably faster by reducing <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a>; the most common case of this is competitive <a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">swimming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Image_gallery">Image gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Image gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray1239.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Surface anatomy of human leg"><img alt="Surface anatomy of human leg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gray1239.png/47px-Gray1239.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gray1239.png/71px-Gray1239.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gray1239.png/95px-Gray1239.png 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Surface anatomy of human leg</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray434.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Muscles of the gluteal and posterior femoral regions"><img alt="Muscles of the gluteal and posterior femoral regions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gray434.png/44px-Gray434.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gray434.png/66px-Gray434.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gray434.png/88px-Gray434.png 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Muscles of the gluteal and posterior femoral regions</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray582.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Small saphenous vein and its tributaries"><img alt="Small saphenous vein and its tributaries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gray582.png/29px-Gray582.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gray582.png/43px-Gray582.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gray582.png/58px-Gray582.png 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Small saphenous vein and its tributaries</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray551.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The popliteal, posterior tibial, and peroneal arteries"><img alt="The popliteal, posterior tibial, and peroneal arteries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gray551.png/36px-Gray551.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gray551.png/55px-Gray551.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gray551.png/73px-Gray551.png 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The popliteal, posterior tibial, and peroneal arteries</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray832.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Nerves of the right lower extremity, posterior view"><img alt="Nerves of the right lower extremity, posterior view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gray832.png/41px-Gray832.png" decoding="async" width="41" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gray832.png/62px-Gray832.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gray832.png/82px-Gray832.png 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nerves of the right lower extremity, posterior view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0608_LegBones.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Leg bones"><img alt="Leg bones" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Blausen_0608_LegBones.png/60px-Blausen_0608_LegBones.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Blausen_0608_LegBones.png/90px-Blausen_0608_LegBones.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Blausen_0608_LegBones.png/120px-Blausen_0608_LegBones.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leg bones</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distraction_osteogenesis" title="Distraction osteogenesis">Distraction osteogenesis</a> (leg lengthening)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Muscolino2016-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Muscolino2016_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muscolino2016_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muscolino2016_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMuscolino2016" class="citation book cs1">Muscolino, Joseph (2016). "1 - Basic Kinesiology Terminology". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elsevier.com/books/the-muscular-system-manual/muscolino/978-0-323-32770-1"><i>The Muscular System Manual: The Skeletal Muscles of the Human Body</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-32771-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-32771-8"><bdi>978-0-323-32771-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1+-+Basic+Kinesiology+Terminology&rft.btitle=The+Muscular+System+Manual%3A+The+Skeletal+Muscles+of+the+Human+Body&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-323-32771-8&rft.aulast=Muscolino&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elsevier.com%2Fbooks%2Fthe-muscular-system-manual%2Fmuscolino%2F978-0-323-32770-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+leg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Striedter2016-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Striedter2016_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Striedter2016_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStriedterBullockPreussRubenstein2016" class="citation book cs1">Striedter, Georg; Bullock, Theodore; Preuss, Todd; Rubenstein, John (2016). "3.12 - Evolved Mechanisms of High-Level Visual Perception in Primates". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elsevier.com/books/evolution-of-nervous-systems/kaas/978-0-12-804042-3"><i>Evolution of Nervous Systems</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. pp. 222–226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-128-04096-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-128-04096-6"><bdi>978-0-128-04096-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.12+-+Evolved+Mechanisms+of+High-Level+Visual+Perception+in+Primates&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+Nervous+Systems&rft.pages=222-226&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-128-04096-6&rft.aulast=Striedter&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft.au=Bullock%2C+Theodore&rft.au=Preuss%2C+Todd&rft.au=Rubenstein%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elsevier.com%2Fbooks%2Fevolution-of-nervous-systems%2Fkaas%2F978-0-12-804042-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+leg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hefti2015-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hefti2015_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hefti2015_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHefti2015" class="citation book cs1">Hefti, Fritz (2015). "4 - Spine, trunk". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-662-46810-4"><i>Pediatric Orthopedics in Practice</i></a> (2 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-662-46810-4">10.1007/978-3-662-46810-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-46810-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-662-46810-4"><bdi>978-3-662-46810-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4+-+Spine%2C+trunk&rft.btitle=Pediatric+Orthopedics+in+Practice&rft.pages=87&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-662-46810-4&rft.isbn=978-3-662-46810-4&rft.aulast=Hefti&rft.aufirst=Fritz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3-662-46810-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+leg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShultzNguyenSchmitz2008" class="citation journal cs1">Shultz SJ, Nguyen AD, Schmitz RJ (2008). 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To relieve heel pain, simple therapies may be all you need"</a>. <i>Harvard Women's Health Watch</i>. <b>14</b> (12): 4–5. 2007. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17722355">17722355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Women%27s+Health+Watch&rft.atitle=Easing+the+pain+of+plantar+fasciitis.+To+relieve+heel+pain%2C+simple+therapies+may+be+all+you+need&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=4-5&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17722355&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fharvardpartnersinternational.staywellsolutionsonline.com%2FHealthNewsLetters%2F69%2CW0807c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+leg" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarl2004" class="citation journal cs1">Garl, Tim (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.docstoc.com/docs/48481525/LOWER-LEG-PAIN-IN-BASKETBALL-PLAYERS">"Lower Leg Pain in Basketball Players"</a>. <i>FIBA Assist Magazine</i>: 61–62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FIBA+Assist+Magazine&rft.atitle=Lower+Leg+Pain+in+Basketball+Players&rft.pages=61-62&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Garl&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.docstoc.com%2Fdocs%2F48481525%2FLOWER-LEG-PAIN-IN-BASKETBALL-PLAYERS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+leg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnoblochSchreibmuellerLongoVogt2008" class="citation journal cs1">Knobloch, Karsten; Schreibmueller, Louisa; Longo, Umile Giuseppe; Vogt, Peter M. (2008). "Eccentric exercises for the management of tendinopathy of the main body of the Achilles tendon with or without the AirHeel Brace. A randomized controlled trial. 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Seltzer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/evolution-of-the-self/201605/why-do-men-find-womens-legs-so-alluring">"Why Do Men Find Women's Legs So Alluring?"</a>. Psychology Today<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Do+Men+Find+Women%27s+Legs+So+Alluring%3F&rft.pub=Psychology+Today&rft.au=Leon+F.+Seltzer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Fintl%2Fblog%2Fevolution-of-the-self%2F201605%2Fwhy-do-men-find-womens-legs-so-alluring&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+leg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Lauren E., «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1354&context=theses">A Leg Up For Women? Stereotypes of Female Sexuality in American Culture through an Analysis of Iconic Film Stills of Women's Legs</a>». Senior Theses, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Sample2008" class="citation news cs1">Ian Sample (17 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/jan/17/humanbehaviour.psychology">"Why men and women find longer legs more attractive"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+men+and+women+find+longer+legs+more+attractive&rft.date=2008-01-17&rft.au=Ian+Sample&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2008%2Fjan%2F17%2Fhumanbehaviour.psychology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+leg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhil_Edwards2015" class="citation web cs1">Phil Edwards (22 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2015/5/22/8640457/leg-shaving-history">"How the beauty industry convinced women to shave their legs"</a>. Vox<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+beauty+industry+convinced+women+to+shave+their+legs&rft.pub=Vox&rft.date=2015-05-22&rft.au=Phil+Edwards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2015%2F5%2F22%2F8640457%2Fleg-shaving-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+leg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichelle_Martin" class="citation web cs1">Michelle Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207210005/https://www.triathlonoz.com/Injury_n_Recovery/Why_Men_Should_Shave_Their_Legs.aspx">"Why Men Should Shave Their Legs"</a>. TriathlonOz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.triathlonoz.com/Injury_n_Recovery/Why_Men_Should_Shave_Their_Legs.aspx">the original</a> on 7 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Men+Should+Shave+Their+Legs&rft.pub=TriathlonOz&rft.au=Michelle+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.triathlonoz.com%2FInjury_n_Recovery%2FWhy_Men_Should_Shave_Their_Legs.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+leg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p>Literature specified by multiple pages above: </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaitowWalker_DeLany,_Judith2000" class="citation book cs1">Chaitow, Leon; Walker DeLany, Judith (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140924022049/http://books.google.com/books?id=09fssXGvlrIC&pg=PA554&hl=lt"><i>Clinical Application of Neuromuscular Techniques: The Lower Body</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-443-06284-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-443-06284-6"><bdi>0-443-06284-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=09fssXGvlrIC&pg=PA554">the original</a> on 24 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+Application+of+Neuromuscular+Techniques%3A+The+Lower+Body&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-443-06284-6&rft.aulast=Chaitow&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft.au=Walker+DeLany%2C+Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D09fssXGvlrIC%26pg%3DPA554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+leg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFconsulting_editors,_Lawrence_M._Ross,_Edward_D._Lamperti;_authors,_Michael_Schuenke,_Erik_Schulte,_Udo_Schumacher.2006" class="citation book cs1">consulting editors, Lawrence M. Ross, Edward D. Lamperti; authors, Michael Schuenke, Erik Schulte, Udo Schumacher. (2006). <i>Thieme Atlas of Anatomy: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System</i>. Thieme. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58890-419-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-58890-419-9"><bdi>1-58890-419-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thieme+Atlas+of+Anatomy%3A+General+Anatomy+and+Musculoskeletal+System&rft.pub=Thieme&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-58890-419-9&rft.au=consulting+editors%2C+Lawrence+M.+Ross%2C+Edward+D.+Lamperti%3B+authors%2C+Michael+Schuenke%2C+Erik+Schulte%2C+Udo+Schumacher.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+leg" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatzer2004" class="citation book cs1">Platzer, Werner (2004). <i>Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System</i> (5th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Thieme_Medical_Publishers" title="Thieme Medical Publishers">Thieme</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-13-533305-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-13-533305-1"><bdi>3-13-533305-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+Atlas+of+Human+Anatomy%2C+Vol.+1%3A+Locomotor+System&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Thieme&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-13-533305-1&rft.aulast=Platzer&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+leg" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Human_regional_anatomy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human regional anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_regional_anatomy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_body#Regional_groups" title="Human body">Human regional anatomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">Body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_head" title="Human head">Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">Face</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forehead" title="Forehead">Forehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheek" title="Cheek">Cheek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin" title="Chin">Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyebrow" title="Eyebrow">Eyebrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">Eyelid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">Lip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">Tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Tooth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">Jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">Mandible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occipital_bone" title="Occipital bone">Occiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalp" title="Scalp">Scalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(anatomy)" title="Temple (anatomy)">Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">Neck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_apple" title="Adam's apple">Adam's apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat" title="Throat">Throat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nape" title="Nape">Nape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">Torso</a> (Trunk)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">Abdomen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waist" title="Waist">Waist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midriff" title="Midriff">Midriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navel" title="Navel">Navel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">Vertebral column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_back" title="Human back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">Thorax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple" title="Nipple">Nipple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">Pelvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">Genitalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">Limbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">Arm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axilla" title="Axilla">Axilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">Elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">Forearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">Wrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">Hand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finger" title="Finger">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Fingernail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">Thumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_finger" title="Index finger">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_finger" title="Middle finger">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_finger" title="Ring finger">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_finger" title="Little finger">Little</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buttocks" title="Buttocks">Buttocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">Hip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">Thigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_(leg)" title="Calf (leg)">Calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">Foot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">Ankle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heel" title="Heel">Heel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe" title="Toe">Toe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Toenail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(foot)" title="Sole (foot)">Sole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bones_of_the_human_leg" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bones_of_lower_limb" title="Template:Bones of lower limb"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bones_of_lower_limb" title="Template talk:Bones of lower limb"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bones_of_lower_limb" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bones of lower limb"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bones_of_the_human_leg" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bones</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">human leg</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">Femur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_extremity_of_femur" title="Upper extremity of femur">upper extremity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Femoral_head" title="Femoral head">head</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Femoral_head" title="Femoral head">fovea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femur_neck" class="mw-redirect" title="Femur neck">neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_trochanter" title="Greater trochanter">greater trochanter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trochanteric_fossa" title="Trochanteric fossa">fossa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_trochanter" title="Lesser trochanter">lesser trochanter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertrochanteric_line" title="Intertrochanteric line">intertrochanteric line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertrochanteric_crest" title="Intertrochanteric crest">intertrochanteric crest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrate_tubercle" title="Quadrate tubercle">quadrate tubercle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Body_of_femur" title="Body of femur">shaft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linea_aspera" title="Linea aspera">linea aspera</a> <ul><li><i>upper medial</i>: merges with <a href="/wiki/Intertrochanteric_line" title="Intertrochanteric line">intertrochanteric line</a></li> <li><i>upper intermediate</i>: <a href="/wiki/Pectineal_line_(femur)" title="Pectineal line (femur)">pectineal line</a></li> <li><i>upper lateral</i>: <a href="/wiki/Gluteal_tuberosity" title="Gluteal tuberosity">gluteal tuberosity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Third_trochanter" title="Third trochanter">third trochanter</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lower_extremity_of_femur" title="Lower extremity of femur">lower extremity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adductor_tubercle_of_femur" title="Adductor tubercle of femur">adductor tubercle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercondylar_fossa_of_femur" title="Intercondylar fossa of femur">patellar surface</a></li> <li><i>epicondyles</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_epicondyle_of_the_femur" title="Lateral epicondyle of the femur">lateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_epicondyle_of_the_femur" title="Medial epicondyle of the femur">medial</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>condyles</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_condyle_of_femur" title="Lateral condyle of femur">lateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_condyle_of_femur" title="Medial condyle of femur">medial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercondylar_fossa_of_femur" title="Intercondylar fossa of femur">intercondylar fossa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">Tibia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">upper extremity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerdy%27s_tubercle" title="Gerdy's tubercle">Gerdy's tubercle</a></li> <li><i>condyles</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_condyle_of_tibia" title="Lateral condyle of tibia">lateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_condyle_of_tibia" title="Medial condyle of tibia">medial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercondylar_area" title="Intercondylar area">intercondylar area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">shaft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuberosity_of_the_tibia" title="Tuberosity of the tibia">tuberosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soleal_line" title="Soleal line">soleal line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">lower extremity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malleolus" title="Malleolus">medial malleolus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_colliculus" title="Anterior colliculus">Anterior colliculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_colliculus" title="Posterior colliculus">Posterior colliculus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibular_notch" title="Fibular notch">fibular notch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">Fibula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malleolus" title="Malleolus">lateral malleolus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">patella</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">apex</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">Foot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)" title="Tarsus (skeleton)">Tarsus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcaneus" title="Calcaneus">calcaneus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcaneus" title="Calcaneus">sustentaculum tali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcaneus" title="Calcaneus">calcaneal tubercle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talus_bone" title="Talus bone">talus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navicular_bone" title="Navicular bone">navicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuboid_bone" title="Cuboid bone">cuboid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_bones" title="Cuneiform bones">cuneiform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_bones" title="Cuneiform bones">medial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_bones" title="Cuneiform bones">intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_bones" title="Cuneiform bones">lateral</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metatarsal_bones" title="Metatarsal bones">Metatarsals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_metatarsal_bone" title="First metatarsal bone">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_metatarsal_bone" title="Second metatarsal bone">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_metatarsal_bone" title="Third metatarsal bone">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_metatarsal_bone" title="Fourth metatarsal bone">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_metatarsal_bone" title="Fifth metatarsal bone">5th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx_bone" title="Phalanx bone">Phalanges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Joints_and_ligaments_of_the_human_leg" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Joints_of_lower_limbs" title="Template:Joints of lower limbs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Joints_of_lower_limbs" title="Template talk:Joints of lower limbs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Joints_of_lower_limbs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Joints of lower limbs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Joints_and_ligaments_of_the_human_leg" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">Joints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ligament" title="Ligament">ligaments</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">human leg</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">Hip</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>femoral</i> (<a href="/wiki/Iliofemoral_ligament" title="Iliofemoral ligament">iliofemoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pubofemoral_ligament" title="Pubofemoral ligament">pubofemoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischiofemoral_ligament" title="Ischiofemoral ligament">ischiofemoral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligament_of_head_of_femur" title="Ligament of head of femur">head of femur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_acetabular_ligament" title="Transverse acetabular ligament">transverse acetabular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetabular_labrum" title="Acetabular labrum">acetabular labrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_of_hip_joint" title="Capsule of hip joint">capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zona_orbicularis" title="Zona orbicularis">zona orbicularis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">Knee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">Tibiofemoral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articular_capsule_of_the_knee_joint" title="Articular capsule of the knee joint">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_meniscofemoral_ligament" title="Anterior meniscofemoral ligament">Anterior meniscofemoral ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_meniscofemoral_ligament" title="Posterior meniscofemoral ligament">Posterior meniscofemoral ligament</a></li> <li><i>extracapsular:</i> popliteal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_popliteal_ligament" title="Oblique popliteal ligament">oblique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcuate_popliteal_ligament" title="Arcuate popliteal ligament">arcuate</a></li></ul></li> <li>collateral <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medial_collateral_ligament" title="Medial collateral ligament">medial/tibial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibular_collateral_ligament" title="Fibular collateral ligament">fibular/lateral</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>intracapsular:</i> cruciate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament" title="Anterior cruciate ligament">anterior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_cruciate_ligament" title="Posterior cruciate ligament">posterior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meniscus_(anatomy)" title="Meniscus (anatomy)">menisci</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medial_meniscus" title="Medial meniscus">medial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_meniscus" title="Lateral meniscus">lateral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_ligament_of_knee" title="Transverse ligament of knee">transverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterolateral_ligament" title="Anterolateral ligament">anterolateral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">Patellofemoral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patellar_tendon" title="Patellar tendon">Patellar tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrapatellar_fat_pad" title="Infrapatellar fat pad">Infrapatellar fat pad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tibiofibular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Superior_tibiofibular_joint" title="Superior tibiofibular joint">Superior tibiofibular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_ligament_of_the_head_of_the_fibula" title="Anterior ligament of the head of the fibula">anterior of the head of the fibula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_ligament_of_the_head_of_the_fibula" title="Posterior ligament of the head of the fibula">posterior of the head of the fibula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inferior_tibiofibular_joint" title="Inferior tibiofibular joint">Inferior tibiofibular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_tibiofibular_ligament" title="Anterior tibiofibular ligament">Anterior tibiofibular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_tibiofibular_ligament" title="Posterior tibiofibular ligament">Posterior tibiofibular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interosseous_membrane_of_leg" title="Interosseous membrane of leg">Interosseous membrane of leg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">Foot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">Talocrural and ankle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>medial:</i> <a href="/wiki/Deltoid_ligament" title="Deltoid ligament">medial of talocrural joint/deltoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deltoid_ligament" title="Deltoid ligament">anterior tibiotalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltoid_ligament" title="Deltoid ligament">posterior tibiotalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltoid_ligament" title="Deltoid ligament">tibiocalcaneal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltoid_ligament" title="Deltoid ligament">tibionavicular</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>lateral:</i> <a href="/wiki/Lateral_collateral_ligament_of_ankle_joint" title="Lateral collateral ligament of ankle joint">lateral collateral of ankle joint</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_talofibular_ligament" title="Anterior talofibular ligament">anterior talofibular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_talofibular_ligament" title="Posterior talofibular ligament">posterior talofibular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcaneofibular_ligament" title="Calcaneofibular ligament">calcaneofibular</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subtalar_joint" title="Subtalar joint">Subtalar/talocalcaneal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_talocalcaneal_ligament" title="Anterior talocalcaneal ligament">anterior</a>/<a href="/wiki/Posterior_talocalcaneal_ligament" title="Posterior talocalcaneal ligament">posterior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_talocalcaneal_ligament" title="Lateral talocalcaneal ligament">lateral</a>/<a href="/wiki/Medial_talocalcaneal_ligament" title="Medial talocalcaneal ligament">medial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interosseous_talocalcaneal_ligament" title="Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament">interosseous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transverse_tarsal_joint" title="Transverse tarsal joint">Transverse tarsal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Talocalcaneonavicular_joint" title="Talocalcaneonavicular joint">Talocalcaneonavicular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_talonavicular_ligament" title="Dorsal talonavicular ligament">dorsal talonavicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_calcaneonavicular_ligament" title="Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament">plantar calcaneonavicular/spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifurcated_ligament" title="Bifurcated ligament">bifurcated (calcaneonavicular)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calcaneocuboid_joint" title="Calcaneocuboid joint">Calcaneocuboid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_calcaneocuboid_ligament" title="Dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament">dorsal calcaneocuboid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_plantar_ligament" title="Long plantar ligament">long plantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_calcaneocuboid_ligament" title="Plantar calcaneocuboid ligament">plantar calcaneocuboid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifurcated_ligament" title="Bifurcated ligament">bifurcated (calcaneocuboid)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Distal <a href="/wiki/Intertarsal_joints" title="Intertarsal joints">intertarsal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cuneonavicular_joint" title="Cuneonavicular joint">Cuneonavicular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_cuneonavicular_ligaments" title="Plantar cuneonavicular ligaments">plantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_cuneonavicular_ligaments" title="Dorsal cuneonavicular ligaments">dorsal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cuboideonavicular_joint" title="Cuboideonavicular joint">Cuboideonavicular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_cuboideonavicular_ligament" title="Plantar cuboideonavicular ligament">plantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_cuboideonavicular_ligament" title="Dorsal cuboideonavicular ligament">dorsal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intercuneiform_joints" title="Intercuneiform joints">Intercuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_intercuneiform_ligaments" title="Plantar intercuneiform ligaments">plantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_intercuneiform_ligaments" title="Dorsal intercuneiform ligaments">dorsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interosseous_intercuneiform_ligaments" title="Interosseous intercuneiform ligaments">interosseous intercuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interosseous_cuneometatarsal_ligaments" title="Interosseous cuneometatarsal ligaments">interosseous cuneometatarsal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tarsometatarsal_joints" title="Tarsometatarsal joints">Tarsometatarsal/Lisfranc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_tarsometatarsal_ligaments" title="Plantar tarsometatarsal ligaments">plantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_tarsometatarsal_ligaments" title="Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments">dorsal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intermetatarsal_joints" title="Intermetatarsal joints">Intermetatarsal/metatarsal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_metatarsal_ligaments" title="Plantar metatarsal ligaments">plantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_metatarsal_ligaments" title="Dorsal metatarsal ligaments">dorsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interosseous_metatarsal_ligaments" title="Interosseous metatarsal ligaments">interosseous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_metatarsal_ligament" title="Transverse metatarsal ligament">superficial transverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_metatarsal_ligament" title="Transverse metatarsal ligament">deep transverse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metatarsophalangeal_joints" title="Metatarsophalangeal joints">Metatarsophalangeal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantar_ligaments_of_metatarsophalangeal_joints&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plantar ligaments of metatarsophalangeal joints (page does not exist)">plantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_ligaments_of_metatarsophalangeal_joints" title="Collateral ligaments of metatarsophalangeal joints">collateral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interphalangeal_joints_of_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Interphalangeal joints of foot">Interphalangeal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantar_ligaments_of_interphalangeal_joints_of_foot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plantar ligaments of interphalangeal joints of foot (page does not exist)">plantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_ligaments_of_interphalangeal_joints_of_foot" title="Collateral ligaments of interphalangeal joints of foot">collateral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arches_of_the_foot" title="Arches of the foot">Arches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arches_of_the_foot" title="Arches of the foot">Longitudinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arches_of_the_foot" title="Arches of the foot">Transverse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Muscles_of_the_hip_and_human_leg" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muscles_of_the_lower_limb" title="Template:Muscles of the lower limb"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muscles_of_the_lower_limb" title="Template talk:Muscles of the lower limb"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muscles_of_the_lower_limb" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muscles of the lower limb"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muscles_of_the_hip_and_human_leg" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Muscles_of_the_hip" title="Muscles of the hip">Muscles of the hip</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">human leg</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ilium_(bone)" title="Ilium (bone)">Iliac region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iliopsoas" title="Iliopsoas">Iliopsoas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psoas_major_muscle" title="Psoas major muscle">Psoas major</a>/<a href="/wiki/Psoas_minor_muscle" title="Psoas minor muscle">Psoas minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iliacus_muscle" title="Iliacus muscle">Iliacus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buttocks" title="Buttocks">Buttocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gluteal_muscles" title="Gluteal muscles">Gluteal muscles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gluteus_maximus" title="Gluteus maximus">Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluteus_medius" title="Gluteus medius">Medius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluteus_minimus" title="Gluteus minimus">Minimus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor_fasciae_latae_muscle" title="Tensor fasciae latae muscle">Tensor fasciae latae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Lateral_rotator_group" title="Lateral rotator group">Lateral rotator group</a>:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quadratus_femoris_muscle" title="Quadratus femoris muscle">Quadratus femoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemelli_muscles" title="Gemelli muscles">Inferior gemellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_gemellus_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior gemellus muscle">Superior gemellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_obturator_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal obturator muscle">Internal obturator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_obturator_muscle" title="External obturator muscle">External obturator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piriformis_muscle" title="Piriformis muscle">Piriformis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">Thigh</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Fascial_compartments_of_thigh" title="Fascial compartments of thigh">compartments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_compartment_of_thigh" title="Anterior compartment of thigh">Anterior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sartorius_muscle" title="Sartorius muscle">Sartorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadriceps_femoris_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriceps femoris muscle">Quadriceps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rectus_femoris_muscle" title="Rectus femoris muscle">Rectus femoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastus_lateralis_muscle" title="Vastus lateralis muscle">Vastus lateralis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastus_intermedius_muscle" title="Vastus intermedius muscle">Vastus intermedius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastus_medialis" title="Vastus medialis">Vastus medialis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articularis_genus_muscle" title="Articularis genus muscle">Articularis genus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Posterior_compartment_of_thigh" title="Posterior compartment of thigh">Posterior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamstring" title="Hamstring">Hamstring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biceps_femoris_muscle" title="Biceps femoris muscle">Biceps femoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitendinosus_muscle" title="Semitendinosus muscle">Semitendinosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semimembranosus_muscle" title="Semimembranosus muscle">Semimembranosus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medial_compartment_of_thigh" title="Medial compartment of thigh">Medial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pectineus_muscle" title="Pectineus muscle">Pectineus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_obturator_muscle" title="External obturator muscle">External obturator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gracilis_muscle" title="Gracilis muscle">Gracilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adductor_muscles_of_the_hip" title="Adductor muscles of the hip">Adductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adductor_longus_muscle" title="Adductor longus muscle">Longus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adductor_brevis_muscle" title="Adductor brevis muscle">Brevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adductor_magnus_muscle" title="Adductor magnus muscle">Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adductor_minimus_muscle" title="Adductor minimus muscle">Minimus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">Fascia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Femoral_sheath" title="Femoral sheath">Femoral sheath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Femoral_canal" title="Femoral canal">Femoral canal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femoral_ring" title="Femoral ring">Femoral ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adductor_canal" title="Adductor canal">Adductor canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adductor_hiatus" title="Adductor hiatus">Adductor hiatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_lacuna" title="Muscular lacuna">Muscular lacuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Fascia_lata" title="Fascia lata">Fascia lata</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iliotibial_tract" title="Iliotibial tract">Iliotibial tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_intermuscular_septum_of_thigh" title="Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh">Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_intermuscular_septum_of_thigh" title="Medial intermuscular septum of thigh">Medial intermuscular septum of thigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cribriform_fascia" title="Cribriform fascia">Cribriform fascia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leg</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Fascial_compartments_of_leg" title="Fascial compartments of leg">compartments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_compartment_of_leg" title="Anterior compartment of leg">Anterior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibialis_anterior_muscle" title="Tibialis anterior muscle">Tibialis anterior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_hallucis_longus_muscle" title="Extensor hallucis longus muscle">Extensor hallucis longus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_digitorum_longus_muscle" title="Extensor digitorum longus muscle">Extensor digitorum longus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibularis_tertius" title="Fibularis tertius">Fibularis (peroneus) tertius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Posterior_compartment_of_leg" title="Posterior compartment of leg">Posterior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>Superficial</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triceps_surae_muscle" title="Triceps surae muscle">Triceps surae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastrocnemius_muscle" title="Gastrocnemius muscle">Gastrocnemius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soleus_muscle" title="Soleus muscle">Soleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_soleus_muscle" title="Accessory soleus muscle">Accessory soleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achilles_tendon" title="Achilles tendon">Achilles tendon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantaris_muscle" title="Plantaris muscle">Plantaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>Deep</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tarsal_tunnel" title="Tarsal tunnel">tarsal tunnel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flexor_hallucis_longus_muscle" title="Flexor hallucis longus muscle">Flexor hallucis longus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_longus_muscle" title="Flexor digitorum longus muscle">Flexor digitorum longus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibialis_posterior_muscle" title="Tibialis posterior muscle">Tibialis posterior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popliteus_muscle" title="Popliteus muscle">Popliteus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_compartment_of_leg" title="Lateral compartment of leg">Lateral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibularis_muscles" title="Fibularis muscles">Fibularis (peroneus) muscles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibularis_longus" title="Fibularis longus">Longus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibularis_brevis" title="Fibularis brevis">Brevis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">Fascia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pes_anserinus_(leg)" title="Pes anserinus (leg)">Pes anserinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_fascia_of_leg" title="Deep fascia of leg">Intermuscular septa</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_intermuscular_septum_of_leg" title="Anterior intermuscular septum of leg">Anterior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_intermuscular_septum_of_leg" title="Posterior intermuscular septum of leg">Posterior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_transverse_fascia" title="Deep transverse fascia">Transverse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">Foot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dorsal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_hallucis_brevis_muscle" title="Extensor hallucis brevis muscle">Extensor hallucis brevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_digitorum_brevis_muscle" title="Extensor digitorum brevis muscle">Extensor digitorum brevis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plantar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>1st layer</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abductor_hallucis_muscle" title="Abductor hallucis muscle">Abductor hallucis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_brevis_muscle" title="Flexor digitorum brevis muscle">Flexor digitorum brevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abductor_digiti_minimi_muscle_of_foot" title="Abductor digiti minimi muscle of foot">Abductor digiti minimi</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>2nd layer</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quadratus_plantae_muscle" title="Quadratus plantae muscle">Quadratus plantae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbricals_of_the_foot" title="Lumbricals of the foot">Lumbrical muscle</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>3rd layer</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flexor_hallucis_brevis_muscle" title="Flexor hallucis brevis muscle">Flexor hallucis brevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adductor_hallucis_muscle" title="Adductor hallucis muscle">Adductor hallucis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexor_digiti_minimi_brevis_muscle_(foot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle (foot)">Flexor digiti minimi brevis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>4th layer</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_interossei_of_the_foot" title="Dorsal interossei of the foot">Dorsal interossei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_interossei_muscles" title="Plantar interossei muscles">Plantar interossei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">Fascia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_fascia" title="Plantar fascia">Plantar fascia</a></li> <li>retinacula <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peroneal_retinacula" class="mw-redirect" title="Peroneal retinacula">Peroneal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_extensor_retinaculum_of_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior extensor retinaculum of foot">Inferior extensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_extensor_retinaculum_of_foot" title="Superior extensor retinaculum of foot">Superior extensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexor_retinaculum_of_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexor retinaculum of foot">Flexor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arteries_of_the_human_leg" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arteries_of_lower_limbs" title="Template:Arteries of lower limbs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arteries_of_lower_limbs" title="Template talk:Arteries of lower limbs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arteries_of_lower_limbs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arteries of lower limbs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arteries_of_the_human_leg" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Arteries</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">human leg</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inferior_epigastric_artery" title="Inferior epigastric artery">Inferior epigastric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cremasteric_artery" title="Cremasteric artery">cremasteric</a> ♂ / <a href="/wiki/Artery_of_round_ligament_of_uterus" title="Artery of round ligament of uterus">round ligament</a> ♀</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deep_circumflex_iliac_artery" title="Deep circumflex iliac artery">Deep circumflex iliac</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>no major branches</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Femoral_artery" title="Femoral artery">Femoral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Femoral_canal" title="Femoral canal">femoral canal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_epigastric_artery" title="Superficial epigastric artery">superficial epigastric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_circumflex_iliac_artery" title="Superficial circumflex iliac artery">superficial circumflex iliac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_external_pudendal_artery" title="Superficial external pudendal artery">superficial external pudendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_external_pudendal_artery" title="Deep external pudendal artery">deep external pudendal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_scrotal_arteries" title="Anterior scrotal arteries">anterior scrotal</a> ♂</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Descending_genicular_artery" title="Descending genicular artery">Descending genicular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>saphenous branch</li> <li>articular branches</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deep_femoral_artery" title="Deep femoral artery">Deep femoral artery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medial_circumflex_femoral_artery" title="Medial circumflex femoral artery">medial circumflex femoral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascending_branch_of_medial_circumflex_femoral_artery" title="Ascending branch of medial circumflex femoral artery">ascending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descending_branch_of_medial_circumflex_femoral_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Descending branch of medial circumflex femoral artery">descending</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_branch_of_medial_circumflex_femoral_artery" title="Superficial branch of medial circumflex femoral artery">superficial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_branch_of_medial_circumflex_femoral_artery" title="Deep branch of medial circumflex femoral artery">deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetabular_branch_of_medial_circumflex_femoral_artery" title="Acetabular branch of medial circumflex femoral artery">acetabular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_circumflex_femoral_artery" title="Lateral circumflex femoral artery">lateral circumflex femoral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Descending_branch_of_lateral_circumflex_femoral_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Descending branch of lateral circumflex femoral artery">descending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_branch_of_lateral_circumflex_femoral_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Transverse branch of lateral circumflex femoral artery">transverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascending_branch_of_lateral_circumflex_femoral_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascending branch of lateral circumflex femoral artery">ascending</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perforating_arteries" title="Perforating arteries">perforating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruciate_anastomosis" title="Cruciate anastomosis">Cruciate anastomosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochanteric_anastomosis" title="Trochanteric anastomosis">Trochanteric anastomosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Popliteal_artery" title="Popliteal artery">Popliteal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genicular_arteries" title="Genicular arteries">Genicular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_genicular_arteries" title="Superior genicular arteries">superior genicular</a> (<a href="/wiki/Medial_superior_genicular_artery" title="Medial superior genicular artery">medial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lateral_superior_genicular_artery" title="Lateral superior genicular artery">lateral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_genicular_artery" title="Middle genicular artery">middle genicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_genicular_arteries" title="Inferior genicular arteries">inferior genicular</a> (<a href="/wiki/Medial_inferior_genicular_artery" title="Medial inferior genicular artery">medial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lateral_inferior_genicular_artery" title="Lateral inferior genicular artery">lateral</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sural_arteries" title="Sural arteries">Sural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>no major branches</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_tibial_artery" title="Anterior tibial artery">Anterior tibial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>tibial recurrent <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_tibial_recurrent_artery" title="Posterior tibial recurrent artery">posterior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_tibial_recurrent_artery" title="Anterior tibial recurrent artery">anterior</a></li></ul></li> <li>anterior malleolar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_medial_malleolar_artery" title="Anterior medial malleolar artery">medial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_lateral_malleolar_artery" title="Anterior lateral malleolar artery">lateral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsalis_pedis_artery" title="Dorsalis pedis artery">dorsalis pedis</a>: <i>tarsal</i> (<a href="/wiki/Medial_tarsal_arteries" title="Medial tarsal arteries">medial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lateral_tarsal_artery" title="Lateral tarsal artery">lateral</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibial-fibular_trunk" title="Tibial-fibular trunk">Tibial-fibular (Tibial-peroneal) trunk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_tibial_artery" title="Posterior tibial artery">Posterior tibial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumflex_fibular_artery" title="Circumflex fibular artery">circumflex fibular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_plantar_artery" title="Medial plantar artery">medial plantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_plantar_artery" title="Lateral plantar artery">lateral plantar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibular_artery" title="Fibular artery">fibular (peroneal)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcuate_artery_of_the_foot" title="Arcuate artery of the foot">arcuate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_metatarsal_arteries" title="Dorsal metatarsal arteries">dorsal metatarsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_dorsal_metatarsal_artery" title="First dorsal metatarsal artery">first dorsal metatarsal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_plantar_artery" title="Deep plantar artery">deep plantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_digital_arteries_of_foot" title="Dorsal digital arteries of foot">dorsal digital arteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_arch" title="Plantar arch">plantar arch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_metatarsal_arteries" title="Plantar metatarsal arteries">plantar metatarsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_plantar_digital_arteries" title="Common plantar digital arteries">common plantar digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_plantar_digital_arteries" title="Proper plantar digital arteries">proper plantar digital</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Veins_of_the_human_leg" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Veins_of_the_lower_limb" title="Template:Veins of the lower limb"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Veins_of_the_lower_limb" title="Template talk:Veins of the lower limb"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Veins_of_the_lower_limb" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Veins of the lower limb"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Veins_of_the_human_leg" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Veins</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">human leg</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">thigh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Femoral_vein" title="Femoral vein">femoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_femoral_vein" title="Deep femoral vein">deep femoral vein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popliteal_vein" title="Popliteal vein">popliteal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">deep <a class="mw-selflink selflink">leg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibular_veins" title="Fibular veins">fibular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_tibial_vein" title="Anterior tibial vein">anterior tibial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_tibial_vein" title="Posterior tibial vein">posterior tibial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">superficial leg</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_saphenous_vein" title="Small saphenous vein">small saphenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_saphenous_vein" title="Great saphenous vein">great saphenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/External_pudendal_veins" title="External pudendal veins">external pudendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_veins_of_the_penis" title="Dorsal veins of the penis">superficial of penis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Superficial_dorsal_veins_of_clitoris" title="Superficial dorsal veins of clitoris">clitoris</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">foot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_venous_arch_of_the_foot" title="Dorsal venous arch of the foot">dorsal arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_metatarsal_veins" title="Dorsal metatarsal veins">dorsal metatarsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_digital_veins_of_the_foot" title="Dorsal digital veins of the foot">dorsal digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_venous_arch" title="Plantar venous arch">plantar arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_metatarsal_veins" title="Plantar metatarsal veins">plantar metatarsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_digital_veins" title="Common digital veins">common digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_digital_veins" title="Plantar digital veins">plantar digital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_lymphatic_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lymphatic_system_anatomy" title="Template:Lymphatic system anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lymphatic_system_anatomy" title="Template talk:Lymphatic system anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lymphatic_system_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lymphatic system anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_lymphatic_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Head and neck</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Head</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Back</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occipital_lymph_nodes" title="Occipital lymph nodes">Occipital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastoid_lymph_nodes" title="Mastoid lymph nodes">Mastoid/retroauricular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parotid_lymph_nodes" title="Parotid lymph nodes">Parotid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_parotid_lymph_nodes" title="Superficial parotid lymph nodes">Superficial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_parotid_lymph_nodes" title="Deep parotid lymph nodes">Deep</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preauricular_deep_parotid_lymph_nodes" title="Preauricular deep parotid lymph nodes">preauricular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infraauricular_deep_parotid_lymph_nodes" title="Infraauricular deep parotid lymph nodes">infra-auricular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraglandular_deep_parotid_lymph_nodes" title="Intraglandular deep parotid lymph nodes">intraglandular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facial_lymph_nodes" title="Facial lymph nodes">Facial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buccinator_lymph_node" title="Buccinator lymph node">buccinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasolabial_lymph_node" title="Nasolabial lymph node">nasolabial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandibular_lymph_node" title="Mandibular lymph node">Mandibular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submandibular_lymph_nodes" title="Submandibular lymph nodes">Submandibular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submental_lymph_nodes" title="Submental lymph nodes">Submental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cervical_lymph_nodes" title="Cervical lymph nodes">Cervical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Superficial_cervical_lymph_nodes" title="Superficial cervical lymph nodes">Superficial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_anterior_cervical_lymph_nodes" title="Superficial anterior cervical lymph nodes">anterior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_lateral_cervical_lymph_nodes" title="Superficial lateral cervical lymph nodes">lateral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deep_cervical_lymph_nodes" title="Deep cervical lymph nodes">Deep</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_anterior_cervical_lymph_nodes" title="Deep anterior cervical lymph nodes">Deep anterior cervical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pretracheal_lymph_nodes" title="Pretracheal lymph nodes">pretracheal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paratracheal_lymph_nodes" title="Paratracheal lymph nodes">paratracheal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelaryngeal_lymph_nodes" title="Prelaryngeal lymph nodes">prelaryngeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_lymph_nodes" title="Thyroid lymph nodes">thyroid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_lateral_cervical_lymph_nodes" title="Deep lateral cervical lymph nodes">Deep lateral cervical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_deep_cervical_lymph_nodes" title="Superior deep cervical lymph nodes">superior deep cervical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_deep_cervical_lymph_nodes" title="Inferior deep cervical lymph nodes">inferior deep cervical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retropharyngeal_lymph_nodes" title="Retropharyngeal lymph nodes">retropharyngeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugulodigastric_lymph_node" title="Jugulodigastric lymph node">jugulodigastric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugulo-omohyoid_lymph_node" title="Jugulo-omohyoid lymph node">jugulo-omohyoid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_cervical_lymph_nodes" title="Anterior cervical lymph nodes">Anterior cervical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_cervical_lymph_nodes" title="Lateral cervical lymph nodes">Lateral cervical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supraclavicular_lymph_nodes" title="Supraclavicular lymph nodes">Supraclavicular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jugular_lymph_trunk" title="Jugular lymph trunk">Jugular trunk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arm and axilla</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nodes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axillary_lymph_nodes" title="Axillary lymph nodes">Axillary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brachial_lymph_nodes" title="Brachial lymph nodes">Brachial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectoral_axillary_lymph_nodes" title="Pectoral axillary lymph nodes">Pectoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscapular_axillary_lymph_nodes" title="Subscapular axillary lymph nodes">Subscapular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_lymph_nodes" title="Central lymph nodes">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_lymph_nodes" title="Apical lymph nodes">Apical</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arm <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supratrochlear_lymph_nodes" title="Supratrochlear lymph nodes">Supratrochlear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltopectoral_lymph_nodes" title="Deltopectoral lymph nodes">Deltopectoral</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subclavian_lymph_trunk" title="Subclavian lymph trunk">Subclavian lymph trunk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nodes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parasternal_lymph_nodes" title="Parasternal lymph nodes">Parasternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercostal_lymph_nodes" title="Intercostal lymph nodes">Intercostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_diaphragmatic_lymph_nodes" title="Superior diaphragmatic lymph nodes">Superior diaphragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracheobronchial_lymph_nodes" title="Tracheobronchial lymph nodes">Trachea and bronchi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tracheobronchial_lymph_nodes" title="Tracheobronchial lymph nodes">superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracheobronchial_lymph_nodes" title="Tracheobronchial lymph nodes">inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracheobronchial_lymph_nodes" title="Tracheobronchial lymph nodes">bronchopulmonary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paratracheal_lymph_nodes" title="Paratracheal lymph nodes">paratracheal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrapulmonary_nodes" title="Intrapulmonary nodes">intrapulmonary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_duct" title="Thoracic duct">Thoracic duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_lymphatic_duct" title="Right lymphatic duct">Right lymphatic duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchomediastinal_lymph_trunk" title="Bronchomediastinal lymph trunk">Bronchomediastinal lymph trunk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abdomen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nodes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retroaortic_lymph_nodes" title="Retroaortic lymph nodes">Retroaortic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraaortic_lymph_nodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraaortic lymph nodes">Paraaortic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preaortic_lymph_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Preaortic lymph node">Preaortic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celiac_lymph_nodes" title="Celiac lymph nodes">Celiac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_lymph_nodes" title="Gastric lymph nodes">gastric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_lymph_nodes" title="Hepatic lymph nodes">hepatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splenic_lymph_nodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Splenic lymph nodes">splenic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_lymph_nodes" title="Superior mesenteric lymph nodes">Superior mesenteric</a> <ul><li>mesenteric</li> <li>ileocolic</li> <li>mesocolic</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_mesenteric_lymph_nodes" title="Inferior mesenteric lymph nodes">Inferior mesenteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pararectal_lymph_nodes" title="Pararectal lymph nodes">pararectal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iliac <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_iliac_lymph_nodes" title="Common iliac lymph nodes">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_iliac_lymph_nodes" title="External iliac lymph nodes">external</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_iliac_lymph_nodes" title="Internal iliac lymph nodes">internal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacral_lymph_nodes" title="Sacral lymph nodes">Sacral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroperitoneal_lymph_nodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroperitoneal lymph nodes">Retroperitoneal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_lymph_trunk" title="Lumbar lymph trunk">Lumbar lymph trunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_lymph_trunk" title="Intestinal lymph trunk">Intestinal trunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisterna_chyli" title="Cisterna chyli">Cisterna chyli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leg</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inguinal_lymph_nodes" title="Inguinal lymph nodes">Inguinal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_inguinal_lymph_nodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep inguinal lymph nodes">deep</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloquet%27s_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloquet's node">Cloquet's node</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_inguinal_lymph_nodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Superficial inguinal lymph nodes">superficial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popliteal_lymph_nodes" title="Popliteal lymph nodes">Popliteal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nerves_of_the_lumbosacral_plexus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lumbosacral_plexus" title="Template:Lumbosacral plexus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lumbosacral_plexus" title="Template talk:Lumbosacral plexus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lumbosacral_plexus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lumbosacral plexus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nerves_of_the_lumbosacral_plexus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nerves</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lumbosacral_plexus" title="Lumbosacral plexus">lumbosacral plexus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_plexus" title="Lumbar plexus">Lumbar plexus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iliohypogastric_nerve" title="Iliohypogastric nerve">iliohypogastric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iliohypogastric_nerve" title="Iliohypogastric nerve">lateral cutaneous branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_cutaneous_branch_of_iliohypogastric_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior cutaneous branch of iliohypogastric nerve">anterior cutaneous branch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ilioinguinal_nerve" title="Ilioinguinal nerve">ilioinguinal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_scrotal_nerves" title="Anterior scrotal nerves">anterior scrotal ♂</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anterior_labial_nerves" title="Anterior labial nerves">labial ♀</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genitofemoral_nerve" title="Genitofemoral nerve">genitofemoral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumboinguinal_nerve" title="Lumboinguinal nerve">femoral branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_branch_of_genitofemoral_nerve" title="Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve">genital branch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_cutaneous_nerve_of_thigh" title="Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh">Lateral cutaneous </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patellar_plexus" title="Patellar plexus">patellar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obturator_nerve" title="Obturator nerve">obturator</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_branch_of_obturator_nerve" title="Anterior branch of obturator nerve">anterior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_branch_of_the_obturator_nerve" title="Cutaneous branch of the obturator nerve">cutaneous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_branch_of_obturator_nerve" title="Posterior branch of obturator nerve">posterior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_obturator_nerve" title="Accessory obturator nerve">accessory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Femoral_nerve" title="Femoral nerve">femoral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_cutaneous_branches_of_the_femoral_nerve" title="Anterior cutaneous branches of the femoral nerve">anterior cutaneous branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saphenous_nerve" title="Saphenous nerve">saphenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infrapatellar_branch_of_saphenous_nerve" title="Infrapatellar branch of saphenous nerve">infrapatellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_crural_cutaneous_branches_of_saphenous_nerve" title="Medial crural cutaneous branches of saphenous nerve">medial crural cutaneous</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacral_plexus" title="Sacral plexus">sacral plexus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sciatic_nerve" title="Sciatic nerve">sciatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_fibular_nerve" title="Common fibular nerve">common fibular </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_sural_cutaneous_nerve" title="Lateral sural cutaneous nerve">lateral sural cutaneous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sural_communicating_branch_of_common_peroneal_nerve" title="Sural communicating branch of common peroneal nerve">communicating branch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_fibular_nerve" title="Deep fibular nerve">deep fibular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_terminal_branch_of_deep_fibular_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral terminal branch of deep fibular nerve">lateral terminal branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_terminal_branch_of_deep_fibular_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial terminal branch of deep fibular nerve">medial terminal branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_digital_nerves_of_foot" title="Dorsal digital nerves of foot">dorsal digital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_fibular_nerve" title="Superficial fibular nerve">superficial fibular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medial_dorsal_cutaneous_nerve" title="Medial dorsal cutaneous nerve">medial dorsal cutaneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_dorsal_cutaneous_nerve" title="Intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve">intermediate dorsal cutaneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_digital_nerves_of_foot" title="Dorsal digital nerves of foot">dorsal digital</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibial_nerve" title="Tibial nerve">tibial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medial_sural_cutaneous_nerve" title="Medial sural cutaneous nerve">medial sural cutaneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_calcaneal_branches_of_the_tibial_nerve" title="Medial calcaneal branches of the tibial nerve">medial calcaneal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_plantar_nerve" title="Medial plantar nerve">medial plantar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Common_plantar_digital_nerves_of_medial_plantar_nerve" title="Common plantar digital nerves of medial plantar nerve">common plantar digital nerves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_plantar_digital_nerves_of_medial_plantar_nerve" title="Proper plantar digital nerves of medial plantar nerve">proper plantar digital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_plantar_nerve" title="Lateral plantar nerve">lateral plantar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deep_branch_of_lateral_plantar_nerve" title="Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve">deep branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_branch_of_lateral_plantar_nerve" title="Superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve">superficial branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_plantar_digital_nerves_of_lateral_plantar_nerve" title="Common plantar digital nerves of lateral plantar nerve">common plantar digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_plantar_digital_nerves_of_lateral_plantar_nerve" title="Proper plantar digital nerves of lateral plantar nerve">proper plantar digital</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sural_nerve" title="Sural nerve">sural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_dorsal_cutaneous_nerve" title="Lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve">lateral dorsal cutaneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_calcaneal_branches_of_sural_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral calcaneal branches of sural nerve">lateral calcaneal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Muscular <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_gluteal_nerve" title="Superior gluteal nerve">superior gluteal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_gluteal_nerve" title="Inferior gluteal nerve">inferior gluteal</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lateral_rotator_group" title="Lateral rotator group">lateral rotator group</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Nerve_to_quadratus_femoris" title="Nerve to quadratus femoris">to quadratus femoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obturator_internus_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Obturator internus nerve">to obturator internus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piriformis_nerve" title="Piriformis nerve">to the piriformis</a>)<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_nerve" title="Cutaneous nerve">cutaneous</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Posterior_cutaneous_nerve_of_thigh" title="Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh">posterior cutaneous of thigh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inferior_cluneal_nerves" title="Inferior cluneal nerves">inferior cluneal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perineal_branches_of_posterior_femoral_cutaneous_nerve" title="Perineal branches of posterior femoral cutaneous nerve">perineal branches</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perforating_cutaneous_nerve" title="Perforating cutaneous nerve">perforating cutaneous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coccygeal_plexus" title="Coccygeal plexus">coccygeal plexus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pudendal_nerve" title="Pudendal nerve">pudendal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_anal_nerves" title="Inferior anal nerves">inferior anal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perineal_nerve" title="Perineal nerve">perineal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_branch_of_the_perineal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep branch of the perineal nerve">deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_scrotal_nerves" title="Posterior scrotal nerves">posterior scrotal♂</a> / <a href="/wiki/Posterior_labial_nerves" title="Posterior labial nerves">labial♀</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_nerve_of_the_penis" title="Dorsal nerve of the penis">dorsal of the penis♂</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_nerve_of_clitoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal nerve of clitoris">clitoris♀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anococcygeal_nerve" title="Anococcygeal nerve">anococcygeal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nerve_supply_of_the_human_leg" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve supply of the human leg">Nerve supply of the human leg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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