CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913518a42eaafd96',cH: '.hmDHdRnTmnsEE96pOpF.vcQUzh1pwrNBBKUNDtOZMs-1739788165-1.2.1.1-ABGfKlWYkmLcHRFjFrQgmH1xFTpBXZiU1qwSdnn4eao2j5Mdcx5ZuZu2PzvHt6ys',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=hydrometallurgy&__cf_chl_tk=9KM.bylLzwB_aETg9vZcLEMLGxwWWQjy1oR0i7HRngQ-1739788165-1.0.1.1-O7vCjT2Dd2PqGAQ66DOv3BVpi3ntGRmr7M8w3ZKM4vs",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739788165',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=hydrometallurgy&__cf_chl_f_tk=9KM.bylLzwB_aETg9vZcLEMLGxwWWQjy1oR0i7HRngQ-1739788165-1.0.1.1-O7vCjT2Dd2PqGAQ66DOv3BVpi3ntGRmr7M8w3ZKM4vs",md: "elCHRh_eewljAEyAUnh_Ztmu9vBqV8UTHAhbjtdOSWk-1739788165-1.2.1.1-WdiBfjtHcuv3k969kbQaDWenUZ4BSwUtVLUaSja2i343uCsC3FymBnSaOSlJj1I_vQmOVEixUfG51oArfbl0x_JWOXq8N.dpPvg5DH05_TzfeJVVyz1Cz_IUsiV8W_mE_h1FNNHNgNHZN8pTVjIwF80IQAONcIMsHR47VP7Uy9b8__9BCPYjDOtn9SuYrI0DCi3Ixs46iVhkLPw8H6B_0d8gajeVCMMtdBePdyUTVDcZVZpi.uyDdC.kCgzarLhhEcEEhiACxoDzLUT0cg85aRPBtV3j6zAuTnQqRJcRdO51RHzGjHivpGTobowztxgd48aQyPlwiPggAecd.5tQkbuGvvkSXpSkQZAsyuZQR.g3yCnqnw5nvHw3FdumTzrhaWj5KheLFUaxdzHrtm1AcsukPYbtMnKXo69RUOEknvWb_2xoBR_._uexLJBtXR692NbdiPawZFAw1QT2XZ1TuX468GbQJ6ofTWE.SaI0ILsFKSjcjZZudRtscm.sC18jUKXiPGjWbiKpuSuDY1ruO7cyyyKAC3JHAFWxUTkC3kdTPhA7rIJRVORSv.GBzDqeRcT1Z2E6sN_2WhJhrI1j7g57DxB7Jz6KTvwdvbsWDuCH9DzcHYnuubMOxb2absMSVyLmA3NzExa7qvRiMTTDTwhgWzRdFG5Ah_v43Pg1xE4Vw3ugHYUv0BDDpUC8QN8cEcIFHpj8JzV6hQ91FlBYLgcu5WOW_ahApWflnNhfZir2ZLwEe1qxTidTz5fIR008uCGjI73lxBI4OAXOa8um9SO8pFuGSveXSP9stfBh.SJx05yoDVg1xMChUhBt_k0Jmg7JL3vbc3txYkwvUMVN4twt7wIDy5Z20aT75LXvW3LVjfSo4Dc23uzQzRnB7cMOlShmp49_h.HBNzNUgs.cUeXju2UxfHLtZVL51oTvpHey66sDo9IstlvoElNWo.Vbeut6YAVBRBiYs_V5xmBCd9TqWqWhuBjK2GUSYU3uuzknTf31wKxAOXpcXY6Kach2Uyd07xuC.RDze1._6EZG6WGM5kBZHkn07Ka2r62UEgbwSGGduz5nfFrdcw4ihJLdDMmSBkmLTqxbjBi8G9rZbhEeOHj3fWRiQr.ThTFp1hVfAyWMscSYzK6gCYHyTfbmCzNwJXEFK6HKCXzH_21t7NbmGb7XsDuCsEzepj_auXIQqSyFcixSeCPykpsmb5iyijSJ21dSXM2HaYNX_8vc_SGgqgk3K96QKG9Vdawj2iM_yVlqHLBmHGUCSS2hURUmREJP5qqvZv2jv8RaOltlcPm1YJzY2.jP8..pOik0.wcXtF.UV_TDvxH.1gEW9ZS5EK5YRYFT_ITa.aiiG8tXEczdlkWGwnay31C0yjmpHI0hz7qWDxG4kOHm2JPqGqvXLFQqMZ6KqZNKX.ITTavrIzM0.1FxaPSInD9XFj1WKXPk0eZG9bASNXmDFTR1.TUBOPLISlG26L8JJLI7BqakU_B7RKlNGuz4eENpx1o7f3PB.pCbNtICxerqoY8I33XpCfn3DmrZuXJTl.q0.iFrmZyOr_hvhvR1mFvHDe.XwRWwPraCd1FTKJuDkN_4jXToRw5j5lCLIBKs2eVFHmbY2cp0CPZUq3o2YR94M7CC_QtQ2D85eJQipfJ1emhNDQRfboFvv5UpQ2jY8MkFL0I1LpLtMaoK.CI3YKkNUsDkwiUXHm9sW_BaSbZsQWcTkqWvLWeJ05PqReAIGQ7PDkCZ1qzcRpOwgxrV7HcwzFmbZpGrJKyie1sugh2twpazESZVrrb24wa1GlVliZ3lc_2UUzcoTRz74z_KvNQYfnxZQZMmgeQ1d4XyuFB0p7hAZwt7dblDrBr3L.2PGrmQo1lK75ponHX8o1p9uPEyTK7XTG1mFKEZ3zIfze.TV1c78TYW7szEK300PPrPViuHa58xLzEBA3PfmEKkSovG1k5wbGw",mdrd: "d74MUMTNbzYoDG4J4w17kYGGh2s5nR2l5njsw8WA4UA-1739788165-1.2.1.1-oUVRsNlGYHuRyvqcYSnov3DawbgLkaFVPh3O0fpRCFMlU2gQsm4Y.TmKkUQ6hQVg2nTAGrr0xwGsBtKJ_qMG4uvHFaqCt34GRM9r37W8eaSMBswI__yJY66yr.4Pt4iyUXtDl7KhtSsd6xxfkp8qaBG6xyG.upnS5z_7dhHIPjIrQWkJUsGlulXm0r0SaHQtUCxKLQZdLLTlSNTzhCALcvVK2jVrb30tuRe4q80uX7PNiT82DV5N.yV9bAfgZpraAa1FowMKt.dTyHeFD9vlZqvDQARkSGind3A0WQBP3lzosmgQ57LsXtSAp4dY7J0gVaYo7L5xddElGkU8fz8G6WAaUFM8145wOucLonQXGPxCpCj3ckrUOB9XGxMBJoxjSzwpX88n9t_cVyWoLBHSSFqMbsx3Kc9zEpHemn8C0CXwVpXbEEavbzZejTLjWETWdQu0kjAfTz7WrVhunvREo.AXesuefJ4wiUKFgFgAxyHVyehkh80h2QoYwqFWnu1qbBdedh1.P_mrZUnzMEZosLF1gKWGXStzK1.ilAwTOVFI6l5o.rKJjwjy9puYlspq76zuSaXeiDedNdeNRYlu5aiE9zmdUJ.RkJ_koUiT0gos7s.cIRj3El_F9wSKDOxFnCrhmpfDgzYRiGk8i5zTUiK1kaCEB8495DH1i5ZPNV8zscIwJ11i.PkroRZFlNW4BAYKYn6oQurqvQMhi_X3zT.w9gSOLigpHJwkkpeCt9eo1qHwv4bnwTfzlb01OhNh4e4Uz9_3Wi70DKSeYWoaxSSoFNOWd6weS5tSgyH2M9ZYVL_kX0ChDw6JYT6tXGNRqzNWVmLNPzLfWk9dbT7dL9v51OoRxVJUrSrZs020GFKOiMgsvI4m4RTOxsF1mA1EEYHh1qLgphHTJV6gtrzVA.QiT2262ig28ebeI5Rd9KQLAD0Jyi1bXr9wj0x20LxskzYxg7leuLYfVzkXLLEYl7rshNlWFLUVLgw8k2bkscG14NON3h36yRQhctL8XLq6p2gnxKdlbko.qqilmoVr1ScwUmWm5a3boZs4ClsWqRp7I8w05o1s8zXjrqYLXoZJTc8pWi2ZA8MFr1EtUF5FZb7cTjz1zbHjF3g52ruhwNhr4DHhzwrwFf9WjmDSB2PTfK5i4ZeprRseZmoquU9LMuYZxDOcdp5uCJ6RdJy99MUtabT_RuPuxbIoeW76vfgK6W9rtlQFd06v1nM.zCKhZfjKYABgUeQ8oFv6iZs0par611LLZgIfli7oi5XM7VWifYhpORrauZ.fdiui0cO9EpwBVfchY5TNSg9SKspEjTPYXUln4kLG95KndMA_2SV6in2j9EL1ZRs7utdAnh7UsDohrc6szmOeE8tfNtkJ2OLeyBYqt6zGAmbWIozoF5Ee5ibLYmL3XAOLUOeYnNdZm8Eu8oOOqMdn11p3_FuT9e7tMmqPSO3eACAQeJrZCzQb4bsz5WUXihEut8FptO66edqAtuuz8KESZZos4Ldx8gNfHsTlfNXh4f2pb6OSF_h7wauJ072b_LOmPwRViJBIeNyg4UP7qiXPmBinSeJ_USv3uWOnhU_UP7HKwJp8kGQQM94wCthhHoODpf9YAbAy67gMLaBBCECc5G_5XIbe.yfqA7Uk8pnCf8r7xWwUOmDHlVsUa3BR5q4vNQNukQQoDfkDQgxRpfsL4giNjQA.UdoaPb0hQEocOPw9jgnZEq_87sJjGKaI6JENwJaVou13YFTdWYOSG9VbeYquh015Cxwl0XdJdwqh1yGOYZSabO73Re9AKxLFDDAlubOHuaJcy7bpDKKq3_RjsLL0X6SA8cMl.5FQH3sxkBJDkWLxYJea3IxL4hloybze8sDtPX2i8rqQ8WM8m9CU26SG4Kvw.1i4QwjLS43fBAZgQt3cy6kG_HR6GMythar0sMcMrgMxevjsljMvFGMwpJ3mPnHk4Fb.dtaAnyem2ewgjXpshWFE"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913518a42eaafd96';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=hydrometallurgy&__cf_chl_rt_tk=9KM.bylLzwB_aETg9vZcLEMLGxwWWQjy1oR0i7HRngQ-1739788165-1.0.1.1-O7vCjT2Dd2PqGAQ66DOv3BVpi3ntGRmr7M8w3ZKM4vs" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>