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class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Znaci i simptomi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Znaci_i_simptomi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Sadržaj cjeline Znaci i simptomi </button> <ul id="toc-Znaci_i_simptomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Klinička_slika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klinička_slika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Klinička slika </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klinička_slika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rane_(prve)_komplikacije" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rane_(prve)_komplikacije"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Rane (prve) komplikacije </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rane_(prve)_komplikacije-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uzroci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uzroci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Uzroci </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uzroci-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Sadržaj cjeline Uzroci </button> <ul id="toc-Uzroci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bakterijski_meningitis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bakterijski_meningitis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Bakterijski meningitis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bakterijski_meningitis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virusni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virusni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Virusni </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virusni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gljivice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gljivice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Gljivice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gljivice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parazitski" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parazitski"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Parazitski </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parazitski-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neinfekciozni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neinfekciozni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Neinfekciozni </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neinfekciozni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mehanizam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mehanizam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Mehanizam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mehanizam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dijagnoza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dijagnoza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Dijagnoza </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dijagnoza-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Sadržaj cjeline Dijagnoza </button> <ul id="toc-Dijagnoza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Krvne_i_slikovne_pretrage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Krvne_i_slikovne_pretrage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Krvne i slikovne pretrage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Krvne_i_slikovne_pretrage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lumbalna_punkcija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lumbalna_punkcija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Lumbalna punkcija </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lumbalna_punkcija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obdukcija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obdukcija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Obdukcija </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obdukcija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevencija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevencija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Prevencija </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevencija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Sadržaj cjeline Prevencija </button> <ul id="toc-Prevencija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Način_zaraze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Način_zaraze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Način zaraze </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Način_zaraze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cijepljenje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cijepljenje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Cijepljenje </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cijepljenje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antibiotici" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antibiotici"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Antibiotici </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antibiotici-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liječenje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liječenje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Liječenje </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Liječenje-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Sadržaj cjeline Liječenje </button> <ul id="toc-Liječenje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bakterijski_meningitis_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bakterijski_meningitis_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Bakterijski meningitis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bakterijski_meningitis_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antibiotici_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antibiotici_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Antibiotici </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antibiotici_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steroidi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steroidi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Steroidi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steroidi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virusni_meningitis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virusni_meningitis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Virusni meningitis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virusni_meningitis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gljivični_meningitis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gljivični_meningitis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Gljivični meningitis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gljivični_meningitis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognoza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognoza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Prognoza </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognoza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiologija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiologija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Epidemiologija </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiologija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Povijest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Povijest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Povijest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Povijest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Literatura </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjske_poveznice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjske_poveznice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Vanjske poveznice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjske_poveznice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaz sadržaja stranice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Prikaz sadržaja stranice </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Meningitis</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupan je na 101 jeziku" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-101" aria-hidden="true" > 101 jezik </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breinvliesontsteking" title="Breinvliesontsteking – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Breinvliesontsteking" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis – švicarski njemački" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Meningitis" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="švicarski njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%8C%85%E1%88%AB%E1%89%B5_%E1%8C%88%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AD" title="ማጅራት ገትር – amharski" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማጅራት ገትር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharski" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meninchitis" title="Meninchitis – aragonski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Meninchitis" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="التهاب السحايا – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التهاب السحايا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="التهاب السحايا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="التهاب السحايا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meninxitis" title="Meninxitis – asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Meninxitis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningit" title="Meningit – azerbajdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Meningit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A6%D9%86%D9%86%DA%98%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مئننژیت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مئننژیت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningits" title="Meningits – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Meningits" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%82" title="Менінгіт – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Менінгіт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%82" title="Мэнінгіт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэнінгіт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Менингит – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Менингит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="মেনিনজাইটিস – bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেনিনজাইটিস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis – bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Meningitis" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Meningitis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B4%DA%A9" title="ھەوکردنی پەردەکانی مێشک – soranski kurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەوکردنی پەردەکانی مێشک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="soranski kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitida" title="Meningitida – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Meningitida" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis – velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Meningitis" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velški" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Meningitis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članak"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Meningitis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%8Bok" title="Paŋok – dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Paŋok" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%A8%DE%86%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%91%DE%A9%DE%8E%DE%AC_%DE%8B%DE%AA%DE%8D%DE%A8%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%81%DE%B0_%DE%8B%DE%AA%DE%85%DE%A6%DE%88%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ސިކުނޑީގެ ދުލިފަށް ދުޅަވުން – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސިކުނޑީގެ ދުލިފަށް ދުޅަވުން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Μηνιγγίτιδα – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μηνιγγίτιδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članak"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Meningitis" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningito" title="Meningito – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Meningito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis – španjolski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Meningitis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španjolski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningiit" title="Meningiit – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Meningiit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Meningitis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D9%86%DA%98%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مننژیت – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مننژیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankarau" title="Sankarau – fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Sankarau" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aivokalvontulehdus" title="Aivokalvontulehdus – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aivokalvontulehdus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9ningite" title="Méningite – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Méningite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningjite" title="Meningjite – furlanski" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Meningjite" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="furlanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meining%C3%ADteas" title="Meiningíteas – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Meiningíteas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9nenjit" title="Ménenjit – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ménenjit" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meninxite" title="Meninxite – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Meninxite" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%C6%99arau" title="Sanƙarau – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sanƙarau" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97" title="דלקת קרום המוח – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דלקת קרום המוח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A5" title="तानिकाशोथ – hindski" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तानिकाशोथ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindski" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članak"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agyh%C3%A1rtyagyullad%C3%A1s" title="Agyhártyagyulladás – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Agyhártyagyulladás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF" title="Մենինգիտ – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մենինգիտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Meningitis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meninja%E1%BB%8Btis" title="Meninjaịtis – igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Meninjaịtis" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningito" title="Meningito – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Meningito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilahimnub%C3%B3lga" title="Heilahimnubólga – islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Heilahimnubólga" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobri članak"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningite" title="Meningite – talijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Meningite" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%84%E8%86%9C%E7%82%8E" title="髄膜炎 – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="髄膜炎" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis – javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Meningitis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D2%9B%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%82" title="Миқұрт – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Миқұрт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%A7%89%EC%97%BC" title="수막염 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수막염" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%8E%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%95%D8%B3" title="مینَنجایٹٕس – kašmirski" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مینَنجایٹٕس" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kašmirski" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menenj%C3%AEt" title="Menenjît – kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Menenjît" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Менингит – kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Менингит" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis – latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Meningitis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitas" title="Meningitas – litavski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Meningitas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litavski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mening%C4%ABts" title="Meningīts – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Meningīts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Meningitis" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Менингитис – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Менингитис" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="മെനിഞ്ചൈറ്റിസ് – malajalamski" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മെനിഞ്ചൈറ്റിസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalamski" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A5" title="मस्तिष्कावरणशोथ – marathski" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मस्तिष्कावरणशोथ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathski" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radang_meninges" title="Radang meninges – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Radang meninges" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB" title="ဦးနှောက်အမြှေးရောင် ရောဂါ – burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဦးနှောက်အမြှေးရောင် ရောဂါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" title="मेनिञ्जाइतिस् – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मेनिञ्जाइतिस्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hersenvliesontsteking" title="Hersenvliesontsteking – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hersenvliesontsteking" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjernehinnebetennelse" title="Hjernehinnebetennelse – norveški nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hjernehinnebetennelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjernehinnebetennelse" title="Hjernehinnebetennelse – norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hjernehinnebetennelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matenda_oumitsa_khosi" title="Matenda oumitsa khosi – njandža" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Matenda oumitsa khosi" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="njandža" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D" title="ମେନିଞ୍ଜାଇଟିସ୍ – orijski" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମେନିଞ୍ଜାଇଟିସ୍" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="orijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8" title="ਮੈਨਿਨਜਾਈਟਿਸ – pandžapski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੈਨਿਨਜਾਈਟਿਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžapski" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapalenie_opon_m%C3%B3zgowo-rdzeniowych" title="Zapalenie opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zapalenie opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članak"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningite" title="Meningite – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Meningite" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91utqu_p%27istuq_llika_unquy" title="Ñutqu p'istuq llika unquy – kečuanski" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ñutqu p'istuq llika unquy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečuanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningit%C4%83" title="Meningită – rumunjski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Meningită" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunjski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članak"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Менингит – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Менингит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članak"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis – srpsko-hrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Meningitis" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpsko-hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Meningitis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Meningitis" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Meningitis" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qoorgooye" title="Qoorgooye – somalski" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qoorgooye" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningjiti" title="Meningjiti – albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Meningjiti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Менингитис – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Менингитис" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imenenjayethisi" title="Imenenjayethisi – svati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Imenenjayethisi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="svati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9ningitis" title="Méningitis – sundanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Méningitis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%A4rnhinneinflammation" title="Hjärnhinneinflammation – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hjärnhinneinflammation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugonjwa_wa_uti_wa_mgongo" title="Ugonjwa wa uti wa mgongo – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ugonjwa wa uti wa mgongo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="மூளையுறை அழற்சி – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மூளையுறை அழற்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81" title="మెదడు వాపు – teluški" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మెదడు వాపు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="teluški" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobri članak"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9A" title="เยื่อหุ้มสมองอักเสบ – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เยื่อหุ้มสมองอักเสบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meninghitis" title="Meninghitis – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Meninghitis" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menenjit" title="Menenjit – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Menenjit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%82" title="Менінгіт – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Менінгіт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%91_%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="گردن توڑ بخار – urdski" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گردن توڑ بخار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdski" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningit" title="Meningit – uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Meningit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%AAm_m%C3%A0ng_n%C3%A3o" title="Viêm màng não – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Viêm màng não" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Meningitis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningite" title="Meningite – volof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Meningite" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="volof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%91%E8%86%9C%E7%82%8E" title="脑膜炎 – wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="脑膜炎" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="მენინგიტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მენინგიტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobri članak"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%91%E8%86%9C%E7%82%8E" title="脑膜炎 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="脑膜炎" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E8%86%9C%E7%82%8E" title="腦膜炎 – kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="腦膜炎" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q48143#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Poveznice na druge jezike" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi poveznice</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Pogledaj sadržaj [c]" accesskey="c">Stranica</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Razgovor:Meningitis" rel="discussion" title="Razgovorna stranica [t]" 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Kliknite ovdje za više informacija." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="hr" dir="ltr"> <table class="infobox vcard" style="font-size: 85%; text-align: left; width: 22em;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">Klasifikacija i vanjske poveznice </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MKB-10" title="MKB-10">MKB-10</a>-CM </td> <td>G03.9, G03 <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48143?uselang=hr#P4229" title="Uredi na Wikipodatcima"><img alt="Uredi na Wikipodatcima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MeSH" class="mw-redirect" title="MeSH">MeSH</a> </td> <td>D008581 <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48143?uselang=hr#P486" title="Uredi na Wikipodatcima"><img alt="Uredi na Wikipodatcima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> Meningitis je <a href="/wiki/Upala" title="Upala">upala</a> zaštitnih ovojnica koje obavijaju <a href="/wiki/Mozak" title="Mozak">mozak</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kralje%C5%BEni%C4%8Dna_mo%C5%BEdina" title="Kralježnična moždina">leđnu moždinu</a>, a koje poznajemo i kao <a href="/wiki/Mo%C5%BEdane_ovojnice" title="Moždane ovojnice">moždane ovojnice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet-1">[1]</a> Upalu mogu prouzročiti infekcije <a href="/wiki/Virusi" title="Virusi">virusima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije">bakterijama</a> ili drugim <a href="/wiki/Mikroorganizmi" title="Mikroorganizmi">mikroorganizmima</a>, rjeđe i <a href="/wiki/Lijekovi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lijekovi">lijekovima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ginsberg-2">[2]</a> Meningitis je bolest koja može ugroziti život, jer je upala u blizini mozga i leđne moždine pa se stoga to stanje smatra hitnim slučajem.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-IDSA-3">[3]</a> Najčešći simptomi meningitisa su <a href="/wiki/Glavobolja" title="Glavobolja">glavobolja</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uko%C4%8Denost_vrata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukočenost vrata (stranica ne postoji)">ukočenost vrata</a> koji su povezani s <a href="/wiki/Groznica" title="Groznica">groznicom</a>, smetenošću ili promijenjenim stanjem svijesti, <a href="/wiki/Povra%C4%87anje" title="Povraćanje">povraćanjem</a> te preosjetljivosti na svjetlost (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotofobija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotofobija (stranica ne postoji)">fotofobija</a>) i glasne zvukove (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonofobija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fonofobija (stranica ne postoji)">fonofobija</a>). Djeca često pokazuju samo nespecifične simptome kao što su razdražljivost i mamurluk. Ako se pojavi i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osip (stranica ne postoji)">osip</a> može se raditi o posebnom uzroku meningitisa. Meningitis uzrokovan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningokok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meningokok (stranica ne postoji)">meningokoknom</a> bakterijom može, na primjer, pratiti karakterističan osip.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-NEJM-4">[4]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Punkcija_likvora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Punkcija likvora (stranica ne postoji)">Punkcija likvora</a> dijagnosticira ili isključuje meningitis. Igla se ubode u kanal <a href="/wiki/Kralje%C5%BEnica" title="Kralježnica">kralježnice</a> kako bi se izvukao uzorak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebrospinalna_teku%C4%87ina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerebrospinalna tekućina (stranica ne postoji)">cerebrospinalne tekućine</a> (CSF), koja okružuje mozak i leđnu moždinu. Cerebrospinalna tekućina se ispituje u laboratoriju.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA-3">[3]</a> Prvi korak u liječenju akutnog meningitisa je neposredna primjena <a href="/wiki/Antibiotik" title="Antibiotik">antibiotika</a> i, ponekad, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirusni_lijekovi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antivirusni lijekovi (stranica ne postoji)">antivirusnih lijekova</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kortikosteroid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kortikosteroid (stranica ne postoji)">Kortikosteroidi</a> se također mogu primijeniti kako bi se izbjeglo širenje upale.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-NEJM-4">[4]</a> Meningitis može dovesti do ozbiljnih dugotrajnih posljedica kao što su <a href="/wiki/Gluho%C4%87a" title="Gluhoća">gluhoća</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epilepsija" title="Epilepsija">epilepsija</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrocefalus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrocefalus (stranica ne postoji)">hidrocefalus</a> i smanjene umne sposobnosti. To se ponajprije dešava, ako se bolest odmah ne liječi.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-NEJM-4">[4]</a> Neki oblici meningitisa (posebno onih povezanih s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_meningitidis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neisseria meningitidis (stranica ne postoji)">meningokokom</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haemophilus_influenzae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haemophilus influenzae (stranica ne postoji)">hemophilusom influenzae tipa B</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Streptococcus_pneumoniae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Streptococcus pneumoniae (stranica ne postoji)">pneumokokom</a> ili virusom <a href="/wiki/Zau%C5%A1njaci" title="Zaušnjaci">zaušnjaka</a>, infekcijama mogu se spriječiti <a href="/wiki/Imunost" class="mw-redirect" title="Imunost">imunizacijom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet-1">[1]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Znaci_i_simptomi">Znaci i simptomi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak: Znaci i simptomi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Znaci i simptomi">uredi kôd</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klinička_slika">Klinička slika</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak: Klinička slika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Klinička slika">uredi kôd</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Neck_stiffness.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Neck_stiffness.jpg/250px-Neck_stiffness.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Neck_stiffness.jpg/375px-Neck_stiffness.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Neck_stiffness.jpg/500px-Neck_stiffness.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="1342" /></a><figcaption>Ukočenost vrata, epidemija meningitisa u Texasu 1911.–1912. godine</figcaption></figure> Najčešći znak bolesti u odraslih je jaka <a href="/wiki/Glavobolja" title="Glavobolja">glavobolja</a>, koja se javlja u gotovo 90 % slučajeva bakterijskog meningitisa, a praćena je krutošću vrata (krutost se iskazuje kao nemogućnost da vrat nagnemo naprijed zbog povećanog mišićnog tonusa i ukočenosti).<a href="#cite_note-vdBeek2004-5">[5]</a> Klasična trijada dijagnostičnih pokazatelja je ukočenost vrata, nenadana <a href="/wiki/Groznica" title="Groznica">visoka groznica</a> i promijenjeno stanje svijesti. Ipak, sva tri znaka se pojavljuju u samo 44–46 % slučajeva bakterijskog meningitisa.<a href="#cite_note-vdBeek2004-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Attia-6">[6]</a> Ne postoji li niti jedan od ta tri simptoma, vrlo je mala vjerojatnost da se radi o meningitisu.<a href="#cite_note-Attia-6">[6]</a> Drugi znaci koji se obično povezuju s meningitisom uključuju preosjetljivost na jasnu svjetlost <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotofobija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotofobija (stranica ne postoji)">fotofobija</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonofobiju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fonofobiju (stranica ne postoji)">fonofobiju</a> (osjetljivost na jake zvukove). Mala djeca obično ne pokazuju gore spomenute simptome, već mogu samo biti razdražljivi i mogu imati loš izgled.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet-1">[1]</a> Pri djeci do šest mjeseci može se ispupčiti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fontanela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fontanela (stranica ne postoji)">fontanela</a> (mekana točka na dječjoj glavici). Drugi znaci koji razlikuju meningitis od drugih manje opasnih bolesti kod male djece su bolovi u nogama, hladni udovi i donekle nenormalna boja kože.<a href="#cite_note-SIGN-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Ukočenost vrata se javlja u 70 % slučajeva bakterijskog meningitisa kod odraslih.<a href="#cite_note-Attia-6">[6]</a> Drugi znaci upale <a href="/wiki/Mo%C5%BEdane_ovojnice" title="Moždane ovojnice">moždane ovojnice</a> uključuju prisutnost <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kernigov_znak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kernigov znak (stranica ne postoji)">Kernigovog znaka</a> ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brudzi%C5%84skijev_znak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brudzińskijev znak (stranica ne postoji)">Brudzińskijevog znaka</a>. Kernigov je znak potvrđen kod osobe u ležećem položaju i koja ima savinute noge tako da kuk i koljeno tvore kut od 90 stupnjeva. Pokazuje li osoba siguran Kernigov znak, tada postupno pojačavanje boli smanjuje mogućnost pasivnog istezanja koljena. Siguran Brudzinskijev znak se javlja kada slučajno pognuti vrat izazove nevoljnu fleksiju koljena i kuka. Iako se i Kerningov i Brudzinskijev znak normalno ispituju da bi se dijagnosticirao meningitis, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osjetljivost_i_specifi%C4%8Dnost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osjetljivost i specifičnost (stranica ne postoji)">osjetljivost</a> tih testova je ograničen.<a href="#cite_note-Attia-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thomas_2002-9">[9]</a> Ipak, oba imaju vrlo dobru <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osjetljivost_i_specifi%C4%8Dnost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osjetljivost i specifičnost (stranica ne postoji)">specifičnost</a> pri dijagnosticiranju: to su znaci koji se rijetko javljaju kod drugih bolesti.<a href="#cite_note-Attia-6">[6]</a> Drugi test, poznat pod nazivom jolt accentuation maneuver pomaže da se kod osoba koje imaju groznicu i glavobolju odredi radi li se o meningitisu. Od pacijenta se zahtijeva da brzo vrti glavom - ako ti pokreti ne pojačavaju glavobolju, vjerojatno se ne radi o meningitisu.<a href="#cite_note-Attia-6">[6]</a> Meningitis kojeg je prouzročila bakterija <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_meningitidis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neisseria meningitidis (stranica ne postoji)">Neisseria meningitidis</a> (poznati kao "meningokokni meningitis") može se razlikovati od meningitisa drugih uzročnika po <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petehije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petehije (stranica ne postoji)">petehijalnem osipu</a>, koji se vrlo brzo širi i koji može prethoditi drugim simptomima.<a href="#cite_note-SIGN-7">[7]</a> Taj se osip sastoji od brojnih, malih, nepravilnih ljubičastih ili crvenih mrlja (“petehija”) po tijelu, nogama, <a href="/wiki/Sluznica" title="Sluznica">sluznicama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spojnica_(oko)" title="Spojnica (oko)">spojnici oka</a> i (povremeno) na dlanovima i <a href="/wiki/Stopalo" title="Stopalo">stopalima</a>. Osip uglavnom ne izbijeli; crvenilo ne nestane kad se na osip pritisne prstom ili čašom. Iako se osip ne mora pojaviti kod meningokoknog meningitisa, ipak je relativno specifičan za to oboljenje; povremeno se može javiti kod meningitisa uzrokovanih drugim bakterijama.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet-1">[1]</a> Drugi način određivanja uzroka bolesti mogu biti mrlje na koži izazvane <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolest_ruku,_stopala_i_ustiju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolest ruku, stopala i ustiju (stranica ne postoji)">bolešću ruku, stopala i ustiju</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitalni_herpes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genitalni herpes (stranica ne postoji)">genitalni herpes</a>. Jedno i drugo je povezano s različitim oblicima virusnog meningitisa.<a href="#cite_note-LoganMacMahon-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rane_(prve)_komplikacije">Rane (prve) komplikacije</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak: Rane (prve) komplikacije" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Rane (prve) komplikacije">uredi kôd</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Charlotte_Cleverley-Bisman_Meningicoccal_Disease.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Charlotte_Cleverley-Bisman_Meningicoccal_Disease.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="140" /></a><figcaption>Charlotte Cleverley-Bisman je oboljela od teškog menigokoknog meningitisa kao malo dijete; u njenon slučaju, petekijalni osip je uznapredovao u gangrenu što je zahtijevalo amputaciju svih udova. Preživjela je bolest i postala dijete s naslovne strane u kampanji cijepljenja protiv meningitisa na Novom Zelandu.</figcaption></figure> Dodatne se komplikacije mogu javiti u ranom stadiju bolesti i mogu zahtijevati specifično liječenje, a ponekad ukazuju i na vrlo teško oboljenje ili na još gore prognoze. Zaraza može izazvati <a href="/wiki/Sepsa" title="Sepsa">sepsu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindrom_sistemske_upalne_reakcije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sindrom sistemske upalne reakcije (stranica ne postoji)">sindrom sistemske upalne reakcije</a> pad <a href="/wiki/Krvni_tlak" title="Krvni tlak">krvnog tlaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahikardija" title="Tahikardija">ubrzani rad srca</a>, visoku ili nenormalno nisku temperaturu i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahipneja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahipneja (stranica ne postoji)">ubrzano disanje</a>. Vrlo <a href="/wiki/Hipotenzija" title="Hipotenzija">nizak krvni tlak</a> se može javiti u ranoj fazi bolesti, naročito, iako ne isključivo, kod meningokoknog meningitisa; to stanje može dovesti do nedovoljnog dotoka krvi u druge organe.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet-1">[1]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raspr%C5%A1ena_intravaskularna_koagulacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raspršena intravaskularna koagulacija (stranica ne postoji)">Raspršena intravaskularna koagulacija</a>, pretjerana aktivacija <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koagualcija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koagualcija (stranica ne postoji)">ugrušavanja krvi</a> može opstruirati <a href="/wiki/Krvotok" class="mw-redirect" title="Krvotok">protok krvi</a> u organe i, paradoksalno, povećati opasnost od iskrvavljenja. <a href="/wiki/Gangrena" title="Gangrena">Gangrena</a> udova se može pojaviti u menigokoknoj bolesti.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet-1">[1]</a> Teške menigokokne i pneumokokne zaraze mogu prouzročiti krvarenje u <a href="/wiki/Nadbubre%C5%BEna_%C5%BElijezda" title="Nadbubrežna žlijezda">nadbubrežnoj žlijezdi</a> i dovesti do <a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterhouse-Friderichsenov_sindrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waterhouse-Friderichsenov sindrom (stranica ne postoji)">Waterhouse-Friderichsenovog sindroma</a>, koji je obično fatalan.<a href="#cite_note-pmid9696186-11">[11]</a> Moždano tkivo može oteći (<a href="/wiki/Edem" title="Edem">edem</a>), pritisak unutar lubanje se može povećati i mozak se može uklještiti (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEdana_hernijacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moždana hernijacija (stranica ne postoji)">moždana hernijacija</a>) kroz bazu <a href="/wiki/Lubanja" title="Lubanja">lubanje</a>. Takvo stanje prouzroči smanjenu razinu svijesti, gubitak <a href="/wiki/Zjenica" title="Zjenica">zjeničnog</a> refleksa na svjetlost i nenormalno držanje tijela.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM-4">[4]</a> Upala moždanog tkiva može također opstruirati normalan protok <a href="/w/index.php?title=Likvor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Likvor (stranica ne postoji)">cerebro-spinalne tekućine/likvora</a> (CSF) oko mozga uzrokujući <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrocefalus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrocefalus (stranica ne postoji)">hidrocefalus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM-4">[4]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvulzije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvulzije (stranica ne postoji)">Konvulzije</a> se mogu javiti zbog različitih uzroka: u djece su konvulzije uobičajene u ranim fazama meningitisa (u 30 % slučajeva) i ne moraju ukazivati na temeljni uzrok.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA-3">[3]</a> Konvulzije mogu biti posljedica povećanog pritiska u području moždanog tkiva zahvaćenog upalom.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM-4">[4]</a> Žarišne konvulzije (konvulzije koje uključuju jedan od udova ili jedan dio tijela), neprekidne konvulzije, konvulzije u kasnijoj fazi te one koje je teško lijekovima držati pod kontrolom ukazuju na slabiji krajnji i zakašnjeli ishod bolesti.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet-1">[1]</a> Upala moždanih ovojnica može dovesti do oštećenja <a href="/wiki/Mo%C5%BEdani_%C5%BEivci" class="mw-redirect" title="Moždani živci">moždanih živaca</a>, živaca koji izlaze iz <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEdano_deblo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moždano deblo (stranica ne postoji)">moždanog debla</a> i koji opskrbljuju glavu i područje vrata te koji, pored ostalog, upravljaju pokretanjem <a href="/wiki/O%C4%8Di" class="mw-redirect" title="Oči">očiju</a>, mišića lica i sluhom.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Attia-6">[6]</a> Vizualni simptomi i gubitak <a href="/wiki/Sluh" title="Sluh">sluha</a> mogu ustrajati i nakon prestanka bolesti.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet-1">[1]</a> Upala mozga (<a href="/wiki/Encefalitis" title="Encefalitis">encefalitis</a>) ili njegovih <a href="/wiki/Krvo%C5%BEilni_sustav" title="Krvožilni sustav">krvnih žila</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEdani_vaskulitis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moždani vaskulitis (stranica ne postoji)">moždani vaskulitis</a>), isto tako kao i nastanak <a href="/wiki/Tromboza" title="Tromboza">krvnih ugrušaka</a> u venama (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebralna_venska_tromboza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerebralna venska tromboza (stranica ne postoji)">cerebralna venska tromboza</a>), može dovesti do malaksalosti, gubitka osjetljivosti, ili nenormalnog funkcioniranja dijela tijela kojim pogođeni dio mozga upravlja.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-NEJM-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uzroci">Uzroci</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak: Uzroci" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Uzroci">uredi kôd</a>]</div> Meningitis je tipično uzrokovan <a href="/wiki/Infekcija" class="mw-redirect" title="Infekcija">infekcijom</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikroorganizmi" title="Mikroorganizmi">mikororganizmima</a>. U većini slučajeva uzročnici su <a href="/wiki/Virusi" title="Virusi">virusi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Attia-6">[6]</a> a sljedeći po redoslijedu su <a href="/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije">bakterije</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gljivice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gljivice (stranica ne postoji)">gljivice</a> i <a href="/wiki/Pra%C5%BEivotinje" title="Praživotinje">praživotinje</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ginsberg-2">[2]</a> Meningitis mogu uzrokovati i razni neinfekciozni čimbenici.<a href="#cite_note-Ginsberg-2">[2]</a> Slučajevi meningitisa, kod kojih nije bilo moguće dokazati bakterijsku infekciju nazivaju se <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asepti%C4%8Dni_meningitis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aseptični meningitis (stranica ne postoji)">aseptičnim meningitisom</a>. Ovaj oblik meningitisa je obično uzrokovan virusima, ali može biti uzrokovan i bakterijskom infekcijom, koja je djelomice izliječena, pa se u moždanim ovojnicama bakterije više ne nalaze, ili patogenima koji inficiraju prostore uz moždane ovojnice (pr. <a href="/wiki/Sinusitis" title="Sinusitis">sinusitis</a>). Aseptični meningitis može biti posljedica <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endokarditis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endokarditis (stranica ne postoji)">endokarditisa</a>, infekcije <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sr%C4%8Dani_zalistci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Srčani zalistci (stranica ne postoji)">srčanih zalistaka</a>, s kojih se u krv otkidaju male nakupine bakterija. Aseptični meningitis može nastati i zbog infekcije <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirohete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spirohete (stranica ne postoji)">spirohetama</a>, vrstom bakterija u koje spada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Treponema_pallidum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treponema pallidum (stranica ne postoji)">Treponema pallidum</a> (uzročnik <a href="/wiki/Sifilis" title="Sifilis">sifilisa</a>) i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borrelia_burgdorferi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borrelia burgdorferi (stranica ne postoji)">Borrelia burgdorferi</a> (uzročnik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lymeska_bolest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lymeska bolest (stranica ne postoji)">Lymeske bolesti</a>). Meningitis se može razviti u sklopu <a href="/wiki/Malarija" title="Malarija">malarije</a> (infekcija mozga malarijom) ili infekcije <a href="/wiki/Ameba" title="Ameba">amebama</a>, kao što je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naegleria_fowleri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naegleria fowleri (stranica ne postoji)">Naegleria fowleri</a>, a do zaraze kojom dolazi u slatkim vodama (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amebni_meningitis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amebni meningitis (stranica ne postoji)">amebni meningitis</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Ginsberg-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bakterijski_meningitis">Bakterijski meningitis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak: Bakterijski meningitis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Bakterijski meningitis">uredi kôd</a>]</div> Vrste <a href="/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije">bakterija</a> koje uzrokuju meningitis se razlikuju s obzirom na dobne skupine. <ul><li>U <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prijevremeno_ro%C4%91ena_djeca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prijevremeno rođena djeca (stranica ne postoji)">prijevremeno rođene djece</a> i <a href="/wiki/Novoro%C4%91en%C4%8De" title="Novorođenče">novorođenčadi</a> u dobi do tri mjeseca, česti uzročnici su <a href="/wiki/Streptokok" class="mw-redirect" title="Streptokok">streptokoki</a> skupine B (podtipovi III koji se i normalno nalaze u <a href="/wiki/Rodnica" title="Rodnica">rodnici</a>, uglavnom su uzrok infekcije u prvom tjednu života) i bakterije koje se normalno nalaze u <a href="/wiki/Probavni_sustav" class="mw-redirect" title="Probavni sustav">probavnom sustavu</a> kao što je <a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a> (nosilac K1 antigena). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Listeria_monocytogenes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Listeria monocytogenes (stranica ne postoji)">Listeria monocytogenes</a> (serotip IVb) može biti uzročnik infekcije u novorođenčadi, a pojavljuje se u <a href="/wiki/Epidemija" title="Epidemija">epidemijama</a>.</li> <li>U starije djece uzročnik je često <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_meningitidis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neisseria meningitidis (stranica ne postoji)">Neisseria meningitidis</a> (meningokok) i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Streptococcus_pneumoniae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Streptococcus pneumoniae (stranica ne postoji)">Streptococcus pneumoniae</a> (serotipovi 6, 9, 14, 18 i 23) a u djece ispod pet godina života <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haemophilus_influenzae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haemophilus influenzae (stranica ne postoji)">Haemophilus influenzae tipe B</a> (u zemljama u kojima nije organizirano cijepljenje).<a href="#cite_note-Lancet-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-IDSA-3">[3]</a></li> <li>U odraslih, Neisseria meningitidis i Streptococcus pneumoniae zajedno uzrokuju 80 % slučajeva bakterijskog meningitisa. Opasnost od infekcije s Listeriom monocytogenes je povećana u osoba starijih od 50 godina.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-NEJM-4">[4]</a> Uvođenje cijepljenja protiv pneumokoka smanjilo je učestalost pneumokoknog meningitisa i u odraslih i u djece.<a href="#cite_note-Hsu-12">[12]</a></li></ul> Nedavna <a href="/wiki/Trauma" title="Trauma">trauma</a> lubanje može omogućiti bakterijama iz nosa da uđu u moždane ovojnice. Na sličan način, naprave u području mozga i mekih ovojnica poput <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebralni_shunt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerebralni shunt (stranica ne postoji)">cerebralnih shuntova</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekstraventrikularna_drena%C5%BEa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekstraventrikularna drenaža (stranica ne postoji)">ekstraventrikularnih drenaža</a> ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ommaya_rezervoar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ommaya rezervoar (stranica ne postoji)">Ommaya rezervoara</a>, povećavaju opasnost od razvoja meningitisa. U tim je slučajevima povećana vjerojatnost infekcije <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stafilokoki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stafilokoki (stranica ne postoji)">stafilokokima</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudomonas_Aeruginosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (stranica ne postoji)">Pseudomonasom Aeruginosa</a> i drugim <a href="/wiki/Bojenje_po_Gramu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bojenje po Gramu">Gram negativnim</a> bakterijama.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA-3">[3]</a> Ovi su patogeni također povezani s meningitisom u osoba s <a href="/wiki/Imunodeficijencija" title="Imunodeficijencija">oslabljenim imunosnim sustavom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet-1">[1]</a> U malog broja ljudi, infekcije u području glave i vrata, poput <a href="/w/index.php?title=Upala_srednjeg_uha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upala srednjeg uha (stranica ne postoji)">upale srednjeg uha</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Mastoiditis" title="Mastoiditis">mastoiditisa</a>, mogu dovesti do meningitisa.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA-3">[3]</a> Nosioci <a href="/wiki/Umjetna_pu%C5%BEnica" title="Umjetna pužnica">umjetne pužnice</a> zbog <a href="/wiki/Gluho%C4%87a" title="Gluhoća">gluhoće</a> u većoj su opasnosti od pneumokoknog meningitisa.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tuberkuloza" title="Tuberkuloza">Tuberkulozni</a> meningitis, uzrokovan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycobacterium_tuberculosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mycobacterium tuberculosis (stranica ne postoji)">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</a>, je učestaliji u osoba iz zemalja u kojima je <a href="/wiki/Tuberkuloza" title="Tuberkuloza">tuberkuloza</a> endemska bolest, ali se pojavljuje i u bolesnika s bolestima <a href="/wiki/Imunosni_sustav" title="Imunosni sustav">imunosnog sustava</a>, kao što je <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tuberc-14">[14]</a> Recidivirajući bakterijski meningitis može biti posljedica trajnih anatomskih oštećenja, kako urođenih, tako i stečenih, ili poremećaja <a href="/wiki/Imunosni_sustav" title="Imunosni sustav">imunosnog sustava</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tebruegge-15">[15]</a> Anatomska oštećenja dovode do povezanosti okoliša i <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDiv%C4%8Dani_sustav" title="Živčani sustav">živčanog sustava</a>. Najčešći uzrok recidivirajućeg meningitisa je <a href="/wiki/Prijelom" class="mw-disambig" title="Prijelom">prijelom</a> lubanje,<a href="#cite_note-Tebruegge-15">[15]</a> osobito u području baze, ili kada prijelomna pukotina zahvaća ili se širi prema <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinusi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinusi (stranica ne postoji)">sinusima</a> i petroznom dijelu <a href="/wiki/Sljepoo%C4%8Dna_kost" title="Sljepoočna kost">sljepoočne kosti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tebruegge-15">[15]</a> Oko 59 % slučajeva recidivirajućeg meningitisa nastaje zbog anatomskih poremećaja, 36 % zbog <a href="/wiki/Imunodeficijencija" title="Imunodeficijencija">imunodeficijencija</a> (poput nedostatnosti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustav_komplemenata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sustav komplemenata (stranica ne postoji)">komplementa</a>, koje stvaraju sklonost osobito recidivirajućem meningokoknom meningitisu), a 5 % zbog dugotrajnih infekcija u područjima neposredno uz moždane ovojnice.<a href="#cite_note-Tebruegge-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virusni">Virusni</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak: Virusni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Virusni">uredi kôd</a>]</div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7016135">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Virusni_meningitis" title="Virusni meningitis">Virusni meningitis</a></div></div> Virusi koji uzrokuju meningitis su <a href="/wiki/Enterovirusi" title="Enterovirusi">enterovirusi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herpes_simplex_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herpes simplex virus (stranica ne postoji)">Herpes simplex virus tip 2</a> (rjeđe tip 1), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Varicella_zoster_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Varicella zoster virus (stranica ne postoji)">Varicella zoster virus</a> (uzročnik <a href="/wiki/Vodene_kozice" title="Vodene kozice">vodenih kozica</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herpes_zoster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herpes zoster (stranica ne postoji)">herpes zostera</a>), virus <a href="/wiki/Mumps" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumps">mumpsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>, i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limfocitni_koriomeningtis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limfocitni koriomeningtis (stranica ne postoji)">LCMV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LoganMacMahon-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gljivice">Gljivice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odlomak: Gljivice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Gljivice">uredi kôd</a>]</div> Za razvoj gljivičnog meningitisa postoje mnogi čimbenici rizika, uključujući liječenje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imunosupresiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imunosupresiv (stranica ne postoji)">imunosupresivima</a> (kao poslije <a href="/w/index.php?title=Presa%C4%91ivanje_organa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presađivanje organa (stranica ne postoji)">presađivanja organa</a>), uz <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> i smanjenje imunosti povezane sa starenjem.<a href="#cite_note-Sirven2008-17">[17]</a> U osoba s normalnim imunosnim sustavom je rijetkost,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> ali je do njega došlo u <a href="/wiki/Epidemija" title="Epidemija">epidemiji</a> u New England Compounding Center zbog kontaminacije lijekova.<a href="#cite_note-NECC-19">[19]</a> Pojavljivanje simptoma tipično je postupnije, a glavobolje i vrućica postoje barem nekoliko tjedana prije nego što se postavi dijagnoza.<a href="#cite_note-Sirven2008-17">[17]</a> Najčešći gljivični meningitis je kriptokokni meningitis, uzrokovan gljivicom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptococcus_neoformans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryptococcus neoformans (stranica ne postoji)">Cryptococcus neoformans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Procjenjuje se kako je u <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Africi</a> kriptokokni meningitis najčešći oblik meningitisa,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> odgovoran za 20–25 % smrtnih slučajeva povezanih s AIDS-om u Africi.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Drugi česti gljivični uzročnici su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Histoplasma_capsulatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Histoplasma capsulatum (stranica ne postoji)">Histoplasma capsulatum</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coccidioides_immitis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coccidioides immitis (stranica ne postoji)">Coccidioides immitis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blastomyces_dermatitidis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blastomyces dermatitidis (stranica ne postoji)">Blastomyces dermatitidis</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_(gljivica)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Candida (gljivica) (stranica ne postoji)">Candida</a> spp.<a href="#cite_note-Sirven2008-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parazitski">Parazitski</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odlomak: Parazitski" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Parazitski">uredi kôd</a>]</div> Da je uzročnik parazit, posumnja se na osnovi prevladavajućeg broja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eozinofili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eozinofili (stranica ne postoji)">eozinofila</a> (jedne vrste bijelih krvnih stanica) u CST. Najčešći uzročnici su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angiostrongylus_cantonensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angiostrongylus cantonensis (stranica ne postoji)">Angiostrongylus cantonensis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnathostoma_spinigerum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gnathostoma spinigerum (stranica ne postoji)">Gnathostoma spinigerum</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schistosoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schistosoma (stranica ne postoji)">Schistosoma</a>, a meningitis se može razviti i u sklopu parazitima uzrokovanih bolesti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cisticerkoza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cisticerkoza (stranica ne postoji)">cisticerkoze</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toksokaroza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toksokaroza (stranica ne postoji)">toksokaroze</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baylisascaris_procyonis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baylisascaris procyonis (stranica ne postoji)">bailisaskarijoze</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paragonimijaze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paragonimijaze (stranica ne postoji)">paragonimijaze</a> te niza rijetkih infekcija i neinfekcioznih stanja.<a href="#cite_note-Graeff-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neinfekciozni">Neinfekciozni</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odlomak: Neinfekciozni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Neinfekciozni">uredi kôd</a>]</div> Meningitis može nastati zbog nekoliko neinfekcioznih uzroka: širenja <a href="/wiki/Rak_(bolest)" title="Rak (bolest)">raka</a> u moždane ovojnice (maligni ili neoplastični meningitis)<a href="#cite_note-Chamberlain-24">[24]</a> i zbog nekih <a href="/wiki/Lijek" title="Lijek">lijekova</a> (uglavnom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nesteroidni_protuupalni_lijek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nesteroidni protuupalni lijek (stranica ne postoji)">nesteroidnih protuupalnih lijekova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antibiotik" title="Antibiotik">antibiotika</a> i intravenski primijenjenih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imunoglobulina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imunoglobulina (stranica ne postoji)">imunoglobulina</a>).<a href="#cite_note-ArchInternMed-25">[25]</a> Može također biti uzrokovan nekim upalnim stanjima, poput <a href="/wiki/Sarkoidoza" title="Sarkoidoza">sarkoidoze</a> (koja se u tom slučaju naziva <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurosarkoidoza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neurosarkoidoza (stranica ne postoji)">neurosarkoidoza</a>), bolesti vezivnog tkiva kao što je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistemni_lupus_eritematozus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistemni lupus eritematozus (stranica ne postoji)">sistemni lupus eritematozus</a> i neki oblici <a href="/wiki/Vaskulitis" title="Vaskulitis">vaskulitisa</a> (upale krvnih žila), poput <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beh%C3%A7etova_bolest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Behçetova bolest (stranica ne postoji)">Behçetove bolesti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ginsberg-2">[2]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epidermoidna_cista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epidermoidna cista (stranica ne postoji)">Epidermoidne ciste</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dermoidna_cista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dermoidna cista (stranica ne postoji)">dermoidne ciste</a> mogu izazvati meningitis izlaženjem sadržaja u subarahnoidalni prostor.<a href="#cite_note-Ginsberg-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tebruegge-15">[15]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollaretov_meningitis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mollaretov meningitis (stranica ne postoji)">Mollaretov meningitis</a> je sindrom obilježen recidivirajućim napadima aseptičnog meningitisa; smatra se da je uzrok <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herpes_simplex_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herpes simplex virus (stranica ne postoji)">herpes simplex virus tip 2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Migrena" title="Migrena">Migrena</a> je kao uzrok meningitisa rijetkost, no ta se dijagnoza postavlja obično tek kad su isključeni svi drugi mogući uzroci.<a href="#cite_note-Ginsberg-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mehanizam">Mehanizam</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odlomak: Mehanizam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Mehanizam">uredi kôd</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Mo%C5%BEdane_ovojnice" title="Moždane ovojnice">Moždane ovojnice</a> (meninge) se sastoje od tri opne, koje zajedno s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebrospinalna_teku%C4%87ina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerebrospinalna tekućina (stranica ne postoji)">cerebrospinalnom tekućinom</a> okružuju i štite <a href="/wiki/Mozak" title="Mozak">mozak</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kralje%C5%BEni%C4%8Dna_mo%C5%BEdina" title="Kralježnična moždina">kralježničnu moždinu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sredi%C5%A1nji_%C5%BEiv%C4%8Dani_sustav" title="Središnji živčani sustav">središnji živčani sustav</a>). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pia_mater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pia mater (stranica ne postoji)">Pia mater</a>, meka moždana ovojnica je vrlo nježna, nepropusna opna koja je čvrsto prirasla za površinu mozga, prateći sve njegove vijuge. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arachnoidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arachnoidea (stranica ne postoji)">Arachnoidea</a>, paučinasta moždana ovojnica (nazvana tako zbog izgleda nalik na paučinu) je rahla ovojnica iznad meke ovojnice. Meku i paučinastu ovojnicu razdvaja subarahnoidalni prostor koji je ispunjen cerebrospinalnom tekućinom. Vanjska ovojnica <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dura_mater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dura mater (stranica ne postoji)">dura mater</a>, tvrda moždana ovojnica je debela, čvrsta ovojnica, povezana i s mekom moždanom ovojnicom i s kostima lubanje. U bakterijskom meningitisu, bakterije dospijevaju do moždanih ovojnica na dva glavna načina: krvlju ili neposredno, na mjestima dodira moždanih ovojnica s nosnom šupljinom ili kožom. U većini slučajeva, do meningitisa dolazi ulaskom u krv mikroorganizama koji se nalaze na <a href="/wiki/Sluznica" title="Sluznica">sluznici</a> <a href="/wiki/Nosna_%C5%A1upljina" class="mw-redirect" title="Nosna šupljina">nosne šupljine</a>. Tome često prethode virusne infekcije, koje oštećuju normalnu obranu koju sluznice pružaju. Kad bakterije jednom uđu u krv, one ulaze u subarahnoidalni prostor na mjestima gdje je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krvno%E2%80%93mo%C5%BEdana_barijera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krvno–moždana barijera (stranica ne postoji)">krvno–moždana barijera</a> slabija, kao što je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Korioidni_pleksus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korioidni pleksus (stranica ne postoji)">korioidni pleksus</a>. Meningitis se razvija u 25 % novorođenčadi sa širenjem infekcija uzrokovanih streptokokima skupine B u krv; u odraslih je to rjeđa pojava.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet-1">[1]</a> Do neposredne zaraze cerebrospinalne tekućine može doći zbog ugrađenih naprava, prijeloma lubanje ili infekcija nazofarinksa ili sinusa, kod kojih je došlo do spoja sa subarahnoidalnim prostorom (vidi gore); uzrok ponekad mogu biti urođene promjene <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dura_mater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dura mater (stranica ne postoji)">dure mater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet-1">[1]</a> Opsežna <a href="/wiki/Upala" title="Upala">upala</a> koja se zbiva u subarahnoidalnom prostoru tijekom meningitisa nije neposredna posljedica bakterijske infekcije, već se u najvećoj mjeri može pripisati odgovoru <a href="/wiki/Imunosni_sustav" title="Imunosni sustav">imunosnog sustava</a> na ulazak bakterija u <a href="/wiki/Sredi%C5%A1nji_%C5%BEiv%C4%8Dani_sustav" title="Središnji živčani sustav">središnji živčani sustav</a>. Kada stanice imunosnog sustava u mozgu (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrociti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astrociti (stranica ne postoji)">astrociti</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikroglija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikroglija (stranica ne postoji)">mikroglija</a>) otkriju sastavnice bakterijske <a href="/wiki/Stani%C4%8Dna_membrana" title="Stanična membrana">stanične membrane</a>, one otpuštaju velike količine <a href="/w/index.php?title=Citokini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Citokini (stranica ne postoji)">citokina</a>, posrednika nalik <a href="/wiki/Hormoni" title="Hormoni">hormonima</a>, koji dozivaju druge stanice imunosnog sustava i potiču druga tkiva da sudjeluju u imunosnom odgovori. Krvno-moždana barijera postaje propusnija, dovodeći do <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vazogeni_mo%C5%BEdani_edem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vazogeni moždani edem (stranica ne postoji)">vazogenog moždanog edema</a> (nateknuća mozga zbog izlaženja tekućine iz krvnih žila). U SŽS ulazi veliki broj <a href="/wiki/Leukociti" title="Leukociti">leukocita</a>, uzrokujući upalu u moždanim ovonicama i dovodeći do <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intersticijski_mo%C5%BEdani_edem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intersticijski moždani edem (stranica ne postoji)">intersticijakog moždanog edema</a> (nateknuća zbog nakupljanja tekućine između stanica). Osim toga, i u stijenkama krvnih žila dolazi do upale (cerebralni vaskulitis), što smanjuje dotok krvi i izaziva treći tip edema, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Citotoksi%C4%8Dni_mo%C5%BEdani_edem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Citotoksični moždani edem (stranica ne postoji)">citotoksičnog moždanog edema</a>. Tri oblika moždanog edema dovode do povišenja intrakranijalnog tlaka; što se zajedno sa sniženim krvnim tlakom često zbiva u akutnoj infekciji, a što znači da je krvi teže doprijeti do mozga. Posljedično, <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neuroni</a> pate od manjka <a href="/wiki/Kisik" title="Kisik">kisika</a> i podliježu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apoptoza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apoptoza (stranica ne postoji)">apoptozi</a> (automatska stanična smrt).<a href="#cite_note-Lancet-1">[1]</a> Poznato je da liječenje antibioticima može u početku pogoršati opisana zbivanja, uništavanjem bakterija povećavajući količinu sastavnica bakterijske membrane. Liječenje <a href="/wiki/Kortikosteroidi" title="Kortikosteroidi">kortikosteroidima</a> je usmjereno na ublažavanje imunosnog odgovora.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-NEJM-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dijagnoza">Dijagnoza</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odlomak: Dijagnoza" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&action=edit&section=11" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Dijagnoza">uredi kôd</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:15px;"> <caption>Nalazi cerebrospinalne tekućine (CST) u različitim vrstama meningitisa<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>vrste meningitisa </th> <th>  glukoza u CST-u   </th> <th>bjelančevine u CST-u </th> <th>pleocitoza (stanice u CST-u) </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">akutni bakterijski </th> <td>niska</td> <td>visoke</td> <td>neutrofili, često > 300/mm³ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">akutni virusni </th> <td>normalna</td> <td>normalne ili visoke</td> <td>linfociti, < 300/mm³ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">tuberkulozni </th> <td>niska</td> <td>visoke</td> <td>mononuklearni leukociti (uglavnom linfociti) i neutrofili, < 300/mm³ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">gljivični </th> <td>niska</td> <td>visoke</td> <td>< 300/mm³ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">neoplastični (tumoralni) </th> <td>niska</td> <td>visoke</td> <td>uglavnom mononuklearni leukociti (uglavnom linfociti) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Krvne_i_slikovne_pretrage">Krvne i slikovne pretrage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi odlomak: Krvne i slikovne pretrage" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&action=edit&section=12" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Krvne i slikovne pretrage">uredi kôd</a>]</div> U osobe za koju se sumnja da boluje od meningitisa, izvode se krvne pretrage za dokazivanje pokazatelja upale (pr. <a href="/wiki/C-reaktivni_protein" title="C-reaktivni protein">C-reaktivni protein</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kompletna_krvna_slika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kompletna krvna slika (stranica ne postoji)">kompletna krvna slika</a>) i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemokultura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemokultura (stranica ne postoji)">hemokultura</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-EFNS-27">[27]</a> Najvažnija pretraga za potvrđivanje ili isključivanje meningitisa je pretraga cerebrospinalne tekućine dobivena <a href="/wiki/Lumbalna_punkcija" title="Lumbalna punkcija">lumbalnom punkcijom</a> (LP).<a href="#cite_note-Straus-28">[28]</a> Lumbalna je punkcija, međutim, kontraindicirana ako u mozgu postoji masa (tumor ili <a href="/wiki/Apsces" title="Apsces">apsces</a>) ili ako je intrakranijalni tlak (IKT) povišen, jer ona može dovesti do <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hernijacija_mozga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hernijacija mozga (stranica ne postoji)">hernijacije mozga</a>. Ako postoji sumnja na postojanje mase ili povišenog IKT (nedavna ozljeda glave, poznati poremećaj imunosnog sustava, lokalizirani neurološki ispadi ili znakovi povišenog IKT prilikom kliničkog pregleda), prije izvođenja lumbalne punkcije preporučuje se učiniti <a href="/wiki/Kompjuterizirana_tomografija" class="mw-redirect" title="Kompjuterizirana tomografija">kompjuteriziranu tomografiju (CT)ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnetska_rezonancija" title="Magnetska rezonancija">magnetsku rezonancu (MRI)</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IDSA-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-EFNS-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-BIS-29">[29]</a> što se odnosi na 45 % odraslih bolesnika.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM-4">[4]</a> Ako je CT ili MRI potrebno učiniti prije lumbalne punkcije, ili je istu teško učiniti, stručni postupnik nalaže da se najprije primijene antibiotici, kako se liječenje ne bi odlagalo,<a href="#cite_note-IDSA-3">[3]</a> osobito ako odlaganje može trajati dulje od 30 minuta.<a href="#cite_note-EFNS-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-BIS-29">[29]</a> CT ili MRI se često izvode u kasnijem stadiju, u svrhu procjene komplikacija meningitisa.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet-1">[1]</a> U teškim oblicima meningitisa, može biti važno praćenje razina <a href="/wiki/Elektrolit" title="Elektrolit">elektrolita</a> u krvi; <a href="/wiki/Hiponatrijemija" title="Hiponatrijemija">hiponatrijemija</a> je, primjerice, česta u bakterijskom meningitisu, zbog kombinacije čimbenika, uključujući i dehidraciju, sindroma neprimjerene hipersekrecije <a href="/wiki/Antidiuretski_hormon" title="Antidiuretski hormon">antidiuretskog hormona</a> (SIADH) ili preagresivne intravenske primjene tekućina.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18254060-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lumbalna_punkcija">Lumbalna punkcija</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Uredi odlomak: Lumbalna punkcija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&action=edit&section=13" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Lumbalna punkcija">uredi kôd</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Neisseria_meningitidis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Neisseria_meningitidis.jpg/250px-Neisseria_meningitidis.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Neisseria_meningitidis.jpg/375px-Neisseria_meningitidis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Neisseria_meningitidis.jpg/500px-Neisseria_meningitidis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bojenje_po_Gramu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bojenje po Gramu">Bojenje po Gramu</a> meningokoka iz kulture pokazuje Gram negativne (ružičaste) bakterije, često u parovima</figcaption></figure> Lumbalna punkcija se izvodi postavljanjem bolesnika u bočni položaj, primjenom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lokalni_anestetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lokalni anestetik (stranica ne postoji)">lokalnog anestetika</a> i uvođenjem igle u subduralni prostor (prostor između dure koje okružuje kralježničnu moždinu), kako bi se uzeo uzorak cerebrospinalne tekućine (CST). Nakon toga se pomoću <a href="/wiki/Manometar" title="Manometar">manometra</a> izmjeri “tlak na otvoru”. Tlak normalno iznosi između 6 i 18 cm stupca vode (cmH2O);,<a href="#cite_note-Straus-28">[28]</a> u bakterijskom meninigitisu tlak je obično povišen.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-EFNS-27">[27]</a> U kriptokoknom meningitisu intrakranijalni je tlak znakovito povišen.<a href="#cite_note-Perfect2010-31">[31]</a> Izgled uzorka CST može odmah ukazati na prirodu infekcije; zamućena CST ukazuje na povišenu razinu bjelančevina, leukocita i eritrocita i/ili bakterija, a time i na bakterijski meningitis.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA-3">[3]</a> U uzorku CST se određuje količina i vrsta <a href="/wiki/Leukociti" title="Leukociti">leukocita</a>, broj <a href="/wiki/Eritrociti" title="Eritrociti">eritrocita</a> i sadržaj <a href="/wiki/Bjelan%C4%8Devine" title="Bjelančevine">bjelančevina</a> i <a href="/wiki/Glukoza" title="Glukoza">glukoze</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bojenje_po_Gramu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bojenje po Gramu">Bojenje po Gramu</a> uzorka može dokazati prisustvo bakterija u bakterijskom meningitisu, ali nedokazivanje bakterija ne isključuje da se radi o bakterijskom meningitisu, jer se one vide u samo 60 % slučajeva; ovaj se postotak smanjuje za dodatnih 20 % u slučajevima primjene antibiotika prije izvođenja lumbalne punkcije. Bojenje po Gramu je manje pouzdano i kod određenih infekcija, poput <a href="/wiki/Listerioza" title="Listerioza">listerioze</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrobiolo%C5%A1ka_kultura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikrobiološka kultura (stranica ne postoji)">Mikrobiološka kultura</a> uzorka je osjetljivija metoda (njome se uzročnik utvrđuje u 70–85 % slučajeva) ali je za dobivanje rezultata potrebno do 48 sati.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA-3">[3]</a> Prevladavajuća vrsta leukocita (vidi tablicu) ukazuje na to je li meningitis bakterijski (obično prevladavaju neutrofili) ili virusni (obično prevladavaju limfociti),<a href="#cite_note-IDSA-3">[3]</a> premda na početku bolesti to nije uvijek pouzdani pokazatelj. U rjeđim slučajevima prevladavaju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eozinofili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eozinofili (stranica ne postoji)">eozinofili</a>, ukazujući između ostalog, na parazitsku ili gljivičnu etiologiju.<a href="#cite_note-Graeff-23">[23]</a> Koncentracija glukoze u CST normalno je za 40 % veća od one u krvi. U bakterijskom meningitisu, koncentracija je tipično niža; razina glukoze u CST se stoga dijeli s razinom <a href="/wiki/Glukoza" title="Glukoza">glukoze u krvi</a> (omjer glukoze u CST i glukoze u krvi). Omjer ≤0.4 ukazuje na bakterijski meningitis;<a href="#cite_note-Straus-28">[28]</a> u novorođenčadi su razine glukoze u CST normalno veće, te se zbog toga omjer ispod 0,6 (60 %) smatra poremećenim.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA-3">[3]</a> Visoke razine <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laktat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laktat (stranica ne postoji)">laktata</a>, kao i veći broj neutrofila u CST više ukazuju na bakterijski meningitis.<a href="#cite_note-Straus-28">[28]</a> Razine laktata ispod 35 mg/dl, ako bolesnik nije prethodno liječen antibioticima, mogu isključiti bakterijski meningitis.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Za razlikovanje različitih oblika meningitisa mogu se koristiti i razne druge posebne pretrage. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Latex_aglutinacijski_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latex aglutinacijski test (stranica ne postoji)">Latex aglutinacijski test</a> može biti pozitivan u meningitisu uzrokovanom bakterijama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Streptococcus_pneumoniae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Streptococcus pneumoniae (stranica ne postoji)">Streptococcus pneumoniae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_meningitidis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neisseria meningitidis (stranica ne postoji)">Neisseria meningitidis</a>,<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haemophilus_influenzae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haemophilus influenzae (stranica ne postoji)">Haemophilus influenzae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Streptococcus_agalactiae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Streptococcus agalactiae (stranica ne postoji)">streptokoki skupine B</a>; njegova rutinska uporaba se ne potiče, jer rezultati rijetko utječu na promjenu liječenja, ali se može učiniti ako ostale pretrage nisu dijagnostičke. Na sličan način <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limulus_lizatni_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limulus lizatni test (stranica ne postoji)">limulus lizatni test</a> može biti pozitivan u meningitisu uzrokovanom Gram negativnim bakterijama, ali je ograničene primjene, osim ako ostali testovi nisu bili od pomoći.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lan%C4%8Dana_reakcija_polimerazom" title="Lančana reakcija polimerazom">Lančana reakcija polimerazom</a> (PCR) je metoda za amplifikaciju malih količina <a href="/wiki/DNK" class="mw-redirect" title="DNK">DNK</a>, kako bi se njome potvrdila prisutnost bakterijske ili virusne <a href="/wiki/DNK" class="mw-redirect" title="DNK">DNK</a> u cerebrospinalnoj tekućini; pretraga je visoko osjetljiva i specifična jer su za nju potrebni samo tragovi DNK uzročnika. Njome se može potvrditi bakterije u bakterijskom meningitisu, a može pomoći i pri razlikovanju uzročnika u virusnom meningitisu (<a href="/wiki/Enterovirusi" title="Enterovirusi">enterovirusi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herpes_simplex_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herpes simplex virus (stranica ne postoji)">herpes simplex virus tipa 2</a> i <a href="/wiki/Mumps" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumps">mumps</a> u necijepljenih osoba).<a href="#cite_note-LoganMacMahon-10">[10]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serologija (stranica ne postoji)">serološko</a> (dokazivanje protutijela na viruse) može biti korisno u slučaju virusnog meningitisa.<a href="#cite_note-LoganMacMahon-10">[10]</a> Ako se sumnja na <a href="/wiki/Tuberkuloza" title="Tuberkuloza">tuberkulozni</a> meningitis, uzorak se oboji metodom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziehl-Neelsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ziehl-Neelsen (stranica ne postoji)">Ziehl-Neelsen</a>, čija je osjetljivost niska, te potvrđuje uzgojem uzročnika tuberkuloze u kulturi, što traje dugo, tako da se sve više koristi PCR.<a href="#cite_note-Tuberc-14">[14]</a> Dijagnoza kriptokoknog meningitisa se na jeftin način može pokušati potvrditi pomoću bojenja uzorka CST tušem (tintom), ali je metoda potvrđivanja kriptokoknog antigena u krvi ili CST osjetljivija metoda, osobito u bolesnika od <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>-a.<a href="#cite_note-BMB-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sloan2008-34">[34]</a> Dijagnostički i terapijski problem predstavlja "djelomice izliječeni meningitis", u kojem postoje simptomi meningitisa, a nakon liječenja antibioticima (kad se u početku bolesti pretpostavi da se radi o <a href="/wiki/Sinusitis" title="Sinusitis">sinusitisu</a>). U takvom slučaju nalazi u CST mogu nalikovati na virusni meningitis, ali se liječenje antibioticima treba nastaviti sve dok se ne dobije konačni dokaz da je uzročnik virus (pr. PCR-om dokazani enterovirus).<a href="#cite_note-LoganMacMahon-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obdukcija">Obdukcija</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Uredi odlomak: Obdukcija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&action=edit&section=14" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Obdukcija">uredi kôd</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Meningitis_Histopathology.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Meningitis_Histopathology.jpg/250px-Meningitis_Histopathology.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Meningitis_Histopathology.jpg/375px-Meningitis_Histopathology.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Meningitis_Histopathology.jpg/500px-Meningitis_Histopathology.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2999" data-file-height="2249" /></a><figcaption>Patohistološki nalaz kod bakterijskog meningitisa: obdukcijski nalaz osobe s pneumokoknim meningitisom, u uzorku tkiva se nalazi upalni eksudat koji se sastoji od neutrofilnih granulocita (umetnuto veće povećanje) u mekim moždanim ovojnicama.</figcaption></figure> Meningitis se može dijagnosticirati i nakon smrti. Na <a href="/wiki/Obdukcija" title="Obdukcija">obdukciji</a> se obično nalazi opsežna upala meke moždane ovojnice (Pie mater) i paučinaste moždane ovojnice (Arachnoidee). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutrofilni_granulociti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neutrofilni granulociti (stranica ne postoji)">Neutrofilni granulociti</a> koji su dospjeli u cerebrospinalnu tekućinu i na bazu mozga, okružuju i <a href="/wiki/Mo%C5%BEdani_%C5%BEivci" class="mw-redirect" title="Moždani živci">moždane živce</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kralje%C5%BEni%C4%8Dna_mo%C5%BEdina" title="Kralježnična moždina">kralježničku moždinu</a>, koji mogu biti okruženi <a href="/wiki/Gnoj" title="Gnoj">gnojem</a> — kao i krvne žile u moždanim ovojnicama.<a href="#cite_note-OTM1-35">[35]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Streptococcus_pneumoniae_meningitis,_gross_pathology_33_lores.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Streptococcus_pneumoniae_meningitis%2C_gross_pathology_33_lores.jpg/250px-Streptococcus_pneumoniae_meningitis%2C_gross_pathology_33_lores.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Streptococcus_pneumoniae_meningitis%2C_gross_pathology_33_lores.jpg/375px-Streptococcus_pneumoniae_meningitis%2C_gross_pathology_33_lores.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Streptococcus_pneumoniae_meningitis%2C_gross_pathology_33_lores.jpg/500px-Streptococcus_pneumoniae_meningitis%2C_gross_pathology_33_lores.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1819" /></a><figcaption>Obdukcijski nalaz pacijenta umrlog od pneumokoknog meningitisa. Ispod prve moždane ovojnice (dure mater) odmaknute pincetom, vidljive su gnojne nakupine (zelenkasto) i lokalizirana mjesta krvarenja (crveno).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevencija">Prevencija</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Uredi odlomak: Prevencija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&action=edit&section=15" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Prevencija">uredi kôd</a>]</div> Protiv nekih oblika meningitisa, dugoročnu zaštitu pruža <a href="/wiki/Cijepljenje" title="Cijepljenje">cijepljenje</a>, a kratkoročnu <a href="/wiki/Antibiotik" title="Antibiotik">antibiotici</a>. Učinkovite mogu biti i neke promjene svakodnevnog ponašanja. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Način_zaraze">Način zaraze</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Uredi odlomak: Način zaraze" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&action=edit&section=16" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Način zaraze">uredi kôd</a>]</div> Bakterijski i virusni meningitis su zarazne bolesti, međutim niti jedna od njih u onoj mjeri kao <a href="/wiki/Prehlada" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehlada">prehlada</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Gripa" title="Gripa">gripa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CDCtransmission-36">[36]</a> Oba se oblika meningitisa prenose kapljičnim putem, iz dišnog sustava, za vrijeme bliskog dodira poput ljubljenja, kihanja ili kašljanja od strane zarazne osobe, ali ne i samo udisanjem zraka u prostoriji u kojoj se nalazila osoba s meningitisom.<a href="#cite_note-CDCtransmission-36">[36]</a> Virusni meningitis tipično uzrokuju <a href="/wiki/Enterovirusi" title="Enterovirusi">enterovirusi</a>, a najčešće se širi fekalnim putem.<a href="#cite_note-CDCtransmission-36">[36]</a> Opasnost od zaraze se može smanjiti promjenom ponašanja koje dovodi do zaraze. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cijepljenje">Cijepljenje</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Uredi odlomak: Cijepljenje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&action=edit&section=17" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Cijepljenje">uredi kôd</a>]</div> Od <a href="/w/index.php?title=1980-tih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1980-tih (stranica ne postoji)">1980-tih</a> godina, mnoge su zemlje uključile imunizaciju protiv bakterije Haemophilus influenzae tip B u rutinsko cijepljenje tijekom djetinjstva. Ovaj postupak je u tim zemljama praktički eliminirao meningitis uzrokovan ovim uzročnikom u male djece. U zemljama u kojima je on još uvijek učestao, cjepivo je, međutim, preskupo.<a href="#cite_note-SegalPollard-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peltola-38">[38]</a> Na sličan način je i cijepljenje protiv mumpsa dovelo do naglog pada broja slučajeva meningitisa uzrokovanog mumpsom, koji se prije cijepljenja pojavljivao u 15 % svih slučajeva mumpsa.<a href="#cite_note-LoganMacMahon-10">[10]</a> Cjepiva protiv meningokoka postoje protiv serogrupa A, C, W135 i Y.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-39">[39]</a> U zemljama u kojima je uvedeno cijepljenje protiv meningokoka serogrupe C, broj slučajeva uzrokovan ovim uzročnikom je znakovito smanjen.<a href="#cite_note-SegalPollard-37">[37]</a> Danas postoji kvadrivalentno cjepivo koje je kombinacija sva 4 navedena cjepiva. Cijepljenje cjepivom ACW135Y protiv sve četiri serogrupe danas je uvjet dobivanja vize za hodočašće <a href="/wiki/Had%C5%BE" title="Hadž">hadž</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WilderSmith-40">[40]</a> Razvoj cjepiva protiv meningokoka serogrupe B pokazao se kompliciranijim, jer njegove površinske <a href="/wiki/Bjelan%C4%8Devine" title="Bjelančevine">bjelančevine</a> (koje se inače koriste za pripravu cjepiva) izazivaju tek slabi <a href="/wiki/Imunost" class="mw-redirect" title="Imunost">imunosni odgovor</a>, ili križno reagiraju s normalnim bjelančevinama ljudskog tijela.<a href="#cite_note-SegalPollard-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harrison-39">[39]</a> Neke su zemlje (<a href="/wiki/Novi_Zeland" title="Novi Zeland">Novi Zeland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba">Kuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norve%C5%A1ka" title="Norveška">Norveška</a> i <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cile" title="Čile">Čile</a>) ipak razvile cjepiva protiv lokalnih sojeva meningokoka serogrupe B; u nekima su se rezultati pokazali dobrima, te se koriste za cijepljenje lokalnog stanovništva.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-39">[39]</a> Donedavno je u <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Africi</a> pristup prevenciji i nadzoru nad <a href="/wiki/Epidemija" title="Epidemija">epidemijama</a> meningitisa bio zasnovan na ranom otkrivanju bolesti i hitnom masovnom cijepljenju stanovništa u opasnosti od bolesti bivalentnim A/C ili trivalentnim <a href="/wiki/Polisaharidi" title="Polisaharidi">polisaharidnim</a> cjepivima,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> premda je uvođenje cjepiva <a href="/w/index.php?title=MenAfriVac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MenAfriVac (stranica ne postoji)">MenAfriVac</a> (protiv meningokoka serogrupe A) pokazalo učinkovitost u mladih osoba te je opisano kao model za razvoj partnerskog razvoja cjepiva u zemljama s ograničenim sredstvima.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Rutinsko cijepljenje protiv bakterije Streptococcus pneumoniae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konjugirano_pneumokokno_cjepivo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konjugirano pneumokokno cjepivo (stranica ne postoji)">konjugiranim pneumokoknim cjepivom</a> (PCV), koje je djelotvorno protiv sedam učestalih serotipova ovog uzročnika znakovito smanjuje incidenciju pneumokoknog meningitisa.<a href="#cite_note-SegalPollard-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weisfelt-44">[44]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumokokno_polisaharidno_cjepivo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pneumokokno polisaharidno cjepivo (stranica ne postoji)">Pneumokokno polisaharidno cjepivo</a> protiv 23 soja se primjenjuje samo u određenim skupinama ljudi (pr. u onih kod kojih je učinjena <a href="/w/index.php?title=Splenektomija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Splenektomija (stranica ne postoji)">splenektomija</a>, kirurško odstranjenje slezene). Ono ne izaziva znakovit imunosni odgovor u svih primatelja, primjerice u male djece.<a href="#cite_note-Weisfelt-44">[44]</a> Opisano je da cijepljenje cjepivom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacillus_Calmette-Gu%C3%A9rin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (stranica ne postoji)">Bacillus Calmette-Guérin</a> znakovito smanjuje stopu tuberkuloznog meningitisa, no zbog sve slabije djelotvornosti u odrasloj dobi, traži se učinkovitije cjepivo.<a href="#cite_note-SegalPollard-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antibiotici">Antibiotici</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Uredi odlomak: Antibiotici" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&action=edit&section=18" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Antibiotici">uredi kôd</a>]</div> Drugi način prevencije, osobito meningokoknog meningitisa, je kratkoročna profilaksa antibioticima. U slučajevima meningokoknog meningitisa, profilaktička primjena antibiotika (kao što je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rifampicin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rifampicin (stranica ne postoji)">rifampicin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciprofloksacin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciprofloksacin (stranica ne postoji)">ciprofloksacin</a> ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceftriakson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceftriakson (stranica ne postoji)">ceftriakson</a>) u osoba koje su u bliskom dodiru s oboljelim može smanjiti opasnost od zaraze, ali ne pruža zaštitu od infekcije u budućnosti.<a href="#cite_note-EFNS-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zal2011-45">[45]</a> Primijećeno je da se nakon primjene razvija otpornost uzročnika na rifampicin, što je dovelo do preporučivanja drugih lijekova.<a href="#cite_note-Zal2011-45">[45]</a> Premda se antibiotici često primjenjuju u pokušaju sprječavanja meningitisa u osoba s prijelomom baze lubanje ne postoji dovoljno dokaza o tome je li taj postupak koristan ili štetan.<a href="#cite_note-CochSk2011-46">[46]</a> Potonja tvrdnja se odnosi i na bolesnike kod kojih postoji istjecanje CST, i na one bez istjecanja.<a href="#cite_note-CochSk2011-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liječenje">Liječenje</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Uredi odlomak: Liječenje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&action=edit&section=19" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Liječenje">uredi kôd</a>]</div> Meningitis je potencijalno opasan po život i u neliječnim slučajevima praćen visokom smrtnošću;<a href="#cite_note-IDSA-3">[3]</a> odgađanje liječenja povezivano je s lošijim ishodom bolesti.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM-4">[4]</a> Zbog toga, liječenje antibioticima širokog spektra ne bi trebalo odgađati za vrijeme provođenja pretraga za potvrdu dijagnoze.<a href="#cite_note-BIS-29">[29]</a> Ako se u primarnoj zdravstvenoj zaštiti posumnja na meningokoknu bolest, postupnici preporučuju primjenu <a href="/wiki/Benzilpenicilin" title="Benzilpenicilin">benzilpenicilina</a> prije upućivanja u bolnicu.<a href="#cite_note-SIGN-7">[7]</a>Ako postoje znakovi <a href="/wiki/Hipotenzija" title="Hipotenzija">hipotenzije</a> (niskog krvnog tlaka) ili <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ok" class="mw-disambig" title="Šok">šoka</a>, treba primijeniti <a href="/wiki/Infuzijska_pumpa" title="Infuzijska pumpa">infuziju</a> tekućina.<a href="#cite_note-BIS-29">[29]</a> Budući da meningitis može dovesti do niza ranih i teških komplikacija, da bi se one prepoznale, preporučuje se redoviti nadzor bolesnika<a href="#cite_note-BIS-29">[29]</a> i, ako se ukaže potreba, zaprimanje bolesnika u jedinicu intenzivne skrbi.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM-4">[4]</a> Ako postoji poremećaj svijesti, ili ako postoje znakovi <a href="/wiki/Zatajenje_disanja" title="Zatajenje disanja">zatajenja disanja</a>, može se ukazati potreba za <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehani%C4%8Dka_ventilacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehanička ventilacija (stranica ne postoji)">mehaničkom ventilacijom</a>. Ako postoje znakovi povišenja intrakranijalnog tlaka, potreban je nadzor nad njime, što će omogućiti optimizaciju moždanog perfuzijskog tlaka, kao i primjena lijekova (pr. <a href="/wiki/Manitol" class="mw-redirect" title="Manitol">manitola</a>).<a href="#cite_note-NEJM-4">[4]</a> Konvulzije se liječe <a href="/wiki/Antikonvulzivi" title="Antikonvulzivi">antikonvulzivima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM-4">[4]</a> Zbog razvoja hidrocefalusa (zaprječenja protoka CST) može biti potrebno uvođenje privremene ili dugotrajne drenaže (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebralni_shunt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerebralni shunt (stranica ne postoji)">cerebralnog shunta</a>).<a href="#cite_note-NEJM-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bakterijski_meningitis_2">Bakterijski meningitis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Uredi odlomak: Bakterijski meningitis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&action=edit&section=20" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Bakterijski meningitis">uredi kôd</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antibiotici_2">Antibiotici</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Uredi odlomak: Antibiotici" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&action=edit&section=21" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Antibiotici">uredi kôd</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Ceftriaxone_structure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ceftriaxone_structure.png/250px-Ceftriaxone_structure.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ceftriaxone_structure.png/375px-Ceftriaxone_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ceftriaxone_structure.png/500px-Ceftriaxone_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>Strukturna formula ceftriaksona, jednog od cefalosporinskih antibiotika treće generacije koji se preporučuju za početno liječenje bakterijskog meningitisa.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Empirijsko_lije%C4%8Denje_antibioticima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Empirijsko liječenje antibioticima (stranica ne postoji)">Empirijsko liječenje antibioticima</a> (liječenje lat. ex iuvantibus, bez postavljene konačne dijagnoze) treba započeti odmah, čak i prije dobivanja rezultata lumbalne punkcije i pretrage CST. Izbor početnog lijeka ponajviše ovisi o vrsti bakterija koje uzrokuju meningitis na određenom mjestu i u određenog stanovništva. Primjerice, u <a href="/wiki/Velika_Britanija" class="mw-redirect" title="Velika Britanija">Velikoj Britaniji</a> se empirijsko liječenje sastoji od <a href="/wiki/Cefalosporin" title="Cefalosporin">cefalosporina</a> treće generacije kao što je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cefotaksim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cefotaksim (stranica ne postoji)">cefotaksim</a> ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceftriakson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceftriakson (stranica ne postoji)">ceftriakson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EFNS-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-BIS-29">[29]</a> U <a href="/wiki/SAD" class="mw-redirect" title="SAD">SAD</a>-u, gdje je otpornost streptokoka na cefalosporine u porastu, početnom liječenju se preporučuje dodati <a href="/wiki/Vankomicin" title="Vankomicin">vankomicin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-NEJM-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-EFNS-27">[27]</a> Čini se da je samo <a href="/wiki/Kloramfenikol" title="Kloramfenikol">kloramfenikol</a> ili u kombinaciji s <a href="/wiki/Ampicilin" title="Ampicilin">ampicilinom</a> jednako učinkovit.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Empirijsko se liječenje može izabrati na osnovi dobi bolesnika, bez obzira na to da li infekciji prethodi ozljeda glave, da li je bolesnik prethodno podvrgnut <a href="/wiki/Neurokirurgija" title="Neurokirurgija">neurokirurškom zahvatu</a> te da li postoji moždani shunt.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA-3">[3]</a> U male djece i bolesnika u dobi iznad 50 godina života, kao i kod imunokompromitiranih, zbog bakterije <a href="/w/index.php?title=Listeria_monocytogenes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Listeria monocytogenes (stranica ne postoji)">Listeria monocytogenes</a> preporučuje se dodatna primjena <a href="/wiki/Ampicilin" title="Ampicilin">ampicilina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-EFNS-27">[27]</a> Kada postane poznat ishod bojenja po Gramu, te je poznata šira skupina bakterijskih uzročnika, moguće je promijeniti liječenje onim antibioticima na koje će ta skupina uzročnika vjerojatno biti osjetljiva.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA-3">[3]</a> Na ishod pretrage CST mikrobiološkim uzgojem u kulturi u pravilu treba čekati dulje vrijeme (24–48 sata). Kad se rezultati dobiju, empirijsko se liječenje može promijeniti u specifično za određenog uzročnika, s obzirom na njegovu osjetljivost na antibiotike.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA-3">[3]</a> Kako bi antibiotik bio učinkovit u liječenju meningitisa, mora biti ne samo aktivan u uništavanju uzročnika, već treba doprijeti do moždanih ovojnica u odgovarajućoj količini. Neki antibiotici ne prolaze kroz krvno-moždanu barijeru na odgovarajući način, zbog čega nisu korisni u liječenju meningitisa. Većina antibiotika koji se koriste kod meningitisa nije testirana neposredno na bolesnicima od meningitisa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klini%C4%8Dko_istra%C5%BEivanje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kliničko istraživanje (stranica ne postoji)">kliničkim istraživanima</a>. Trenutna saznanja potječu iz laboratorijskih istraživanja na <a href="/wiki/Zec" title="Zec">zečevima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA-3">[3]</a> Kod tuberkuloznog meningitisa potrebno je dugotrajno liječenje antibioticima. Premda se tuberkuloza pluća tipično liječi šest mjeseci, liječenje tuberkuloznog meningitisa tipično traje godinu dana ili dulje.<a href="#cite_note-Tuberc-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Steroidi">Steroidi</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Uredi odlomak: Steroidi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&action=edit&section=22" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Steroidi">uredi kôd</a>]</div> Adjuvantno liječenje <a href="/wiki/Kortikosteroidi" title="Kortikosteroidi">kortikosteroidima</a> (obično <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deksametazon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deksametazon (stranica ne postoji)">deksametazonom</a>) pokazalo se korisnim pri poboljšanju <a href="/wiki/Gluho%C4%87a" title="Gluhoća">gubitka sluha</a>,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> i kratkoročnog neurološkog ishoda<a href="#cite_note-CochDex2010-49">[49]</a> u adolescenata i odraslih bolesnika u visoko razvijenim zemljama s niskom učestalošću <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>-a.<a href="#cite_note-Assiri2009-50">[50]</a> Neki istraživači su utvrdili smanjenje smrtnosti<a href="#cite_note-Assiri2009-50">[50]</a> no drugi to nisu potvrdili.<a href="#cite_note-CochDex2010-49">[49]</a> Također se čini da je ovo liječenje korisno kod tuberkuloznog meningitisa, barem u HIV negativnih bolesnika.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Stručne smjernice stoga preporučuju početak liječenja deksametazonom ili sličnim kortikosteroidom neposredno prije primjene prve doze antibiotika, tijekom četiri dana.<a href="#cite_note-EFNS-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-BIS-29">[29]</a> Budući da je najbolji učinak ograničen na bolesnike s pneumokoknim menigitisom, neke smjernice preporučuju prekid primjene deksametazona ako se utvrdi da je meningitis izazvan drugim uzročnikom.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-EFNS-27">[27]</a> Način djelovanja steroida je najvjerojatnije smanjivanjem prejake upalne reakcije.<a href="#cite_note-deGans2002-52">[52]</a> U djece, adjuvantna primjena kortikosteroida ima drugačiju namjenu nego u odraslih. Premda su povoljni učinci kortikosteroida dokazani u odraslih, kao i u djece u razvijenim zemljama, dokazi ne potkrepljuju njihovu primjenu u djece u <a href="/wiki/Zemlje_u_razvoju" title="Zemlje u razvoju">zemljama u razvoju</a>, a razlog ove razlike nije poznat.<a href="#cite_note-CochDex2010-49">[49]</a> Čak i u <a href="/wiki/Razvijene_zemlje" title="Razvijene zemlje">razvijenim zemljama</a> se povoljni učinak kortikosteroida opaža samo kad ih se primijeni prije prve doze antibiotika, a najveći je u slučajevima Haemophilus influenzae meningitisa,<a href="#cite_note-IDSA-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid9302246-53">[53]</a> čija se incidencija izrazito smanjila nakon uvođenja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hib_cjepivo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hib cjepivo (stranica ne postoji)">Hib cjepiva</a>. Stoga se kortikosteroidi preporučuju u slučajevima pedijatrijskog meningitisa ako je uzročnik H. influenzae, i to samo ako se primijene prije prve doze antibiotika. Drugi načini primjene su sporni.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virusni_meningitis">Virusni meningitis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Uredi odlomak: Virusni meningitis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&action=edit&section=23" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Virusni meningitis">uredi kôd</a>]</div> Virusni meningitis se tipično liječi potporno, jer većina virusa koji uzrokuju meningitis ne odgovara na specifično liječenje. Virusni meningitis ima dobroćudniji tijek od bakterijskoga. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herpes_simplex_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herpes simplex virus (stranica ne postoji)">Herpes simplex virus</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Varicella_zoster_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Varicella zoster virus (stranica ne postoji)">varicella zoster virus</a> mogu odgovoriti na liječenje protuvirusnim lijekovima kao što je <a href="/wiki/Aciklovir" title="Aciklovir">aciklovir</a>, ali ne postoje klinička istraživanja o učinkovitosti tog liječenja.<a href="#cite_note-LoganMacMahon-10">[10]</a> Blagi slučajevi virusnog meningitisa se mogu liječiti kod kuće, konzervativnim mjerama poput uzimanja tekućine, mirovanja u krevetu i primjene analgetika.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gljivični_meningitis">Gljivični meningitis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Uredi odlomak: Gljivični meningitis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&action=edit&section=24" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Gljivični meningitis">uredi kôd</a>]</div> Gljivični meningitis, poput kriptokoknog, se liječi dugo i to visokim dozama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimikotik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antimikotik (stranica ne postoji)">antimikotika</a>, kao što su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amfotericin_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amfotericin B (stranica ne postoji)">amfotericin B</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flucitozin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flucitozin (stranica ne postoji)">flucitozin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BMB-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Gljivični meningitis je često praćen povišenim intrakranijalnim tlakom, te se za smanjenje tlaka preporučuju česte (najbolje svakodnevne) lumbalne punkcije,<a href="#cite_note-BMB-33">[33]</a> ili trajna lumbalna drenaža.<a href="#cite_note-Perfect2010-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognoza">Prognoza</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Uredi odlomak: Prognoza" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&action=edit&section=25" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Prognoza">uredi kôd</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Meningitis_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Meningitis_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/220px-Meningitis_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Meningitis_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/330px-Meningitis_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Meningitis_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/440px-Meningitis_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Dobno standardizirana onesposobljenost za meningitis na 100.000 stanovnika, 2004.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></figcaption></figure> Neliječeni bakterijski meningitis skoro je uvijek smrtonosan. Za razliku od njega, virusni meningitis se najčešće povlači spontano, te rijetko uzrokuje smrtni ishod. Uz liječenje, <a href="/wiki/Mortalitet" title="Mortalitet">mortalitet</a> (opasnost od smrtnog ishoda) kod bakterijskog meningitisa ovisi o dobi bolesnika i o uzroku. Čak 20–30 % novorođenčadi može umrijeti zbog bakterijskog meningitisa. U starije djece, opasnost je puno manja, a smrtnost iznosi oko 2 %, da bi se u odraslih povećala na 19-37 %.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-NEJM-4">[4]</a>Osim dobi, opasnost od smrtnog ishoda ovisi o raznim čimbenicima, poput uzročnika, i vremenskog razdoblja koje je potrebno da uzročnik nestane iz cerebrospinalne tekućine,<a href="#cite_note-Lancet-1">[1]</a> općoj izraženosti bolesti, poremećaju svijesti ili nenormalno niskom broju leukocita u CST.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM-4">[4]</a> Meningitis uzrokovan s H. influenzae i meningokokima ima bolju prognozu od onih uzrokovanih streptokokima skupine B, koliformnim bakterijama i sa S. pneumoniae.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet-1">[1]</a> I u odraslih je meningokokni meningitis praćen nižom smrtnošću (3-7 %) od onoga uzrokovanoga pneumokokom.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM-4">[4]</a> U djece postoji opasnost od nekoliko posljedica koje nastaju zbog oštećenja živčanog sustava, uključujući <a href="/wiki/Gluho%C4%87a" title="Gluhoća">senzorineuralno oštećenje sluha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epilepsija" title="Epilepsija">epilepsiju</a>, poteškoće u učenju i promjene u ponašanju, kao i smanjenu inteligenciju.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet-1">[1]</a> Posljedice nastaju u oko 15 % djece.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet-1">[1]</a> Neki oblici oštećenja sluha mogu biti reverzibilni.<a href="#cite_note-pmid9068303-57">[57]</a> Bez posljedica bolest prolazi u 66 % odraslih. U njih su najčešće posljedice <a href="/wiki/Gluho%C4%87a" title="Gluhoća">gluhoća</a> (u 14 %) i kognitivno oštećenje (u 10 %).<a href="#cite_note-NEJM-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiologija">Epidemiologija</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Uredi odlomak: Epidemiologija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&action=edit&section=26" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Epidemiologija">uredi kôd</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Meningitis-Epidemics-World-Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Meningitis-Epidemics-World-Map.png/220px-Meningitis-Epidemics-World-Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Meningitis-Epidemics-World-Map.png/330px-Meningitis-Epidemics-World-Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Meningitis-Epidemics-World-Map.png/440px-Meningitis-Epidemics-World-Map.png 2x" data-file-width="2753" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Demografija meningokoknog meningitisa.</figcaption></figure> Premda je meningitis u mnogim zemljama bolest koja se prijavljuje, točna <a href="/w/index.php?title=Incidencija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incidencija (stranica ne postoji)">incidencija</a> nije poznata.<a href="#cite_note-LoganMacMahon-10">[10]</a> Godišnje se bakterijski meningitis u <a href="/wiki/Zapadni_svijet" title="Zapadni svijet">zapadnim zemljama</a> pojavljuje u oko 3 na 100 000 stanovnika. Istraživanja stanovništva su pokazala da je virusni meningitis učestaliji, s 10,9 oboljelih na 100 000 stanovnika, te da se češće pojavljuje ljeti. U <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazilu</a> je bakterijski meningitis učestaliji i od njega godišnje obolijeva 45,8 osoba na 100 000 stanovnika.<a href="#cite_note-Attia-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Subsaharska_Afrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsaharska Afrika">Subsaharska Afrika</a> je više od jednog stoljeća zahvaćena velikim epidemijama meningokoknog meningitisa,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> tako da se naziva "meningitičnim pojasom". Do <a href="/wiki/Epidemija" title="Epidemija">epidemija</a> tipično dolazi u sušnom razdoblju (od prosinca do lipnja), a val epidemije može trajati i dvije do tri godine s povlačenjem u kišnim razdobljima.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> U ovom području koje je loše pokriveno <a href="/wiki/Zdravstvena_za%C5%A1tita" title="Zdravstvena zaštita">zdravstvenom zaštitom</a> se nalazi 100–800 oboljelih na 100 000 stanovnika.<a href="#cite_note-WHO1998-60">[60]</a> Bolest je pretežito uzrokovana meningokokima.<a href="#cite_note-Attia-6">[6]</a> Najveća ikad u povijesti zabilježena epidemija je zahvatila ovo područje <a href="/wiki/1996." title="1996.">1996.</a> – <a href="/wiki/1997." title="1997.">1997.</a>, uzrokujući više od 250 000 slučajeva sa smrtnim ishodom u 25 000 oboljelih.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Epidemije meningokoknog meningitisa se pojavljuju u područjima gdje ljudi po prvi puta žive u bliskom kontaktu, kao što su vojne nastambe tijekom mobilizacije, školske ustanove<a href="#cite_note-Lancet-1">[1]</a> i godišnje <a href="/wiki/Had%C5%BE" title="Hadž">Hadž</a> hodočašće.<a href="#cite_note-WilderSmith-40">[40]</a> Premda epidemijski ciklusi u Africi nisu razjašnjeni, nekoliko se čimbenika povezuje s razvojem meningitisa u meningitičnom pojasu. To su zdravstveno stanje stanovništva (imunosna podložnost stanovništva), demografski čimbenici (putovanja i raseljavanja velikog broja ljudi), socijalno ekonomski čimbenici (prenapučenost i loši uvjeti stanovanja), klima (suše i pješčane oluje) te istovremene infekcije (akutne infekcije dišnog sustava).<a href="#cite_note-WHO1998-60">[60]</a> I u lokalnoj raspodjeli uzročnika bakterijskog meningitisa postoje znakovite razlike. Primjerice, dok Neisseria meningitidis serogrupe B i C uzrokuje većinu bolesti u <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europi</a>, serogrupa A se nalazi u <a href="/wiki/Azija" title="Azija">Aziji</a> i trajno prevladava u <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Africi</a>, gdje uzrokuje većinu velikih epidemija u meningitičnom pojasu i odgovorna je za oko 80 do 85 % dokazanih slučajeva meningokoknog meningitisa.<a href="#cite_note-WHO1998-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Povijest">Povijest</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Uredi odlomak: Povijest" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&action=edit&section=27" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Povijest">uredi kôd</a>]</div> Neki smatraju da je već <a href="/wiki/Hipokrat" title="Hipokrat">Hipokrat</a> shvatio da meningitis postoji,<a href="#cite_note-Attia-6">[6]</a> a čini se kako je meningizam bio poznat liječnicima iz razdoblja prije <a href="/wiki/Renesansa" title="Renesansa">renesanse</a>, kao što je bio <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Walker-62">[62]</a> Opis tuberkuloznog meningitisa, u to doba nazvanog “nateknućem mozga”, često se pripisuje liječniku iz <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgha</a> imenom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Whytt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Whytt (stranica ne postoji)">Sir Robert Whytt</a>, u postumno objavljenom opisu iz <a href="/wiki/1768." title="1768.">1768.</a>, premda se povezanost tuberkuloze s njezinm uzročnikom shvatila tek u sljedećem stoljeću.<a href="#cite_note-Walker-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Čini se kako je epidemijski meningitis relativno nova pojava.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-64">[64]</a> Prva zabilježena velika epidemija zbila se u <a href="/wiki/Geneva" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva">Genevi</a>, <a href="/wiki/1805." title="1805.">1805.</a><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Ubrzo potom, opisano je još nekoliko epidemija u Europi i Sjedinjenim Državama, a prvi opis epidemije u Africi potječe iz <a href="/wiki/1840." title="1840.">1840.</a> Afričke su epidemije postale učestalije u <a href="/wiki/20._stolje%C4%87e" title="20. stoljeće">20. stoljeću</a>, s prvim velikim valom u <a href="/wiki/Nigerija" title="Nigerija">Nigeriji</a> i <a href="/wiki/Gana" title="Gana">Gani</a>, <a href="/wiki/1905." title="1905.">1905.</a> – <a href="/wiki/1908." title="1908.">1908.</a><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-64">[64]</a> Da meningitisu podleži bakterijska infekcija prvi je opisao austrijski bakteriolog <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Weichselbaum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Weichselbaum (stranica ne postoji)">Anton Weichselbaum</a>, koji je <a href="/wiki/1887." title="1887.">1887.</a> opisao meningokok.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> U ranim opisima, smrtnost od meningitisa bila je vrlo visoka (veća od 90 %). Godine <a href="/wiki/1906." title="1906.">1906.</a>, proizveden je konjski <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiserum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antiserum (stranica ne postoji)">antiserum</a>, koji je dodatno razvio američki znanstvenik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Flexner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Flexner (stranica ne postoji)">Simon Flexner</a>, i koji je znakovito smanjio smrtnost od meningokokne bolesti.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swartz-68">[68]</a> Kao prvi učinkoviti lijek protiv meningitisa opisan je <a href="/wiki/1944." title="1944.">1944.</a> godine <a href="/wiki/Penicilin" title="Penicilin">penicilin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Uvođenje cijepljenja protiv <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haemophilus_influenzae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haemophilus influenzae (stranica ne postoji)"> Haemophilusa</a> krajem <a href="/wiki/20._stolje%C4%87e" title="20. stoljeće">20. stoljeća</a> dovelo je do znakovitog pada broja slučajeva meningitisa povezanoga s ovim uzročnikom,<a href="#cite_note-Peltola-38">[38]</a> a <a href="/wiki/2002." title="2002.">2002.</a> su se pojavili dokazi da liječenje steroidima može poboljšati prognozu bakterijskog meningitisa.<a href="#cite_note-deGans2002-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-CochDex2010-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swartz-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatura">Literatura</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Uredi odlomak: Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&action=edit&section=28" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Literatura">uredi kôd</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6541845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lancet-1">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet_1-5">f</a> <a 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The New England Journal of Medicine. svezak 354 (broj 1): str. 44.–53. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMra052116">10.1056/NEJMra052116</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16394301">16394301</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Community-acquired+bacterial+meningitis+in+adults&rft.volume=svezak+354&rft.issue=broj+1&rft.pages=str.+44.-53.&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMra052116&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16394301&rft.au=van+de+Beek+D%2C+de+Gans+J%2C+Tunkel+AR%2C+Wijdicks+EF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-vdBeek2004-5">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-vdBeek2004_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vdBeek2004_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFvan_de_Beek_D,_de_Gans_J,_Spanjaard_L,_Weisfelt_M,_Reitsma_JB,_Vermeulen_M2004" class="citation journal cs1">van de Beek D, de Gans J, Spanjaard L, Weisfelt M, Reitsma JB, Vermeulen M. Rujan 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa040845">Clinical features and prognostic factors in adults with bacterial meningitis</a> (PDF). The New England Journal of Medicine. svezak 351 (broj 18): str. 1849.–1859. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa040845">10.1056/NEJMoa040845</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15509818">15509818</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Clinical+features+and+prognostic+factors+in+adults+with+bacterial+meningitis&rft.volume=svezak+351&rft.issue=broj+18&rft.pages=str.+1849.-1859.&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMoa040845&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15509818&rft.au=van+de+Beek+D%2C+de+Gans+J%2C+Spanjaard+L%2C+Weisfelt+M%2C+Reitsma+JB%2C+Vermeulen+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nejm.org%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1056%2FNEJMoa040845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Attia-6">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Attia_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Attia_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Attia_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Attia_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Attia_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Attia_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Attia_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Attia_6-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Attia_6-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Attia_6-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Attia_6-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFAttia_J,_Hatala_R,_Cook_DJ,_Wong_JG1999" class="citation journal cs1">Attia J, Hatala R, Cook DJ, Wong JG. Srpanj 1999. The rational clinical examination. Does this adult patient have acute meningitis?. Journal of the American Medical Association. svezak 282 (broj 2): str. 175.–181. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.282.2.175">10.1001/jama.282.2.175</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10411200">10411200</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=The+rational+clinical+examination.+Does+this+adult+patient+have+acute+meningitis%3F&rft.volume=svezak+282&rft.issue=broj+2&rft.pages=str.+175.-181.&rft.date=1999-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.282.2.175&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10411200&rft.au=Attia+J%2C+Hatala+R%2C+Cook+DJ%2C+Wong+JG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-SIGN-7">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-SIGN_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIGN_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIGN_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFTheilen_U,_Wilson_L,_Wilson_G,_Beattie_JO,_Qureshi_S,_Simpson_D2008" class="citation journal cs1">Theilen U, Wilson L, Wilson G, Beattie JO, Qureshi S, Simpson D. Lipanj 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2427067">Management of invasive meningococcal disease in children and young people: Summary of SIGN guidelines</a>. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). svezak 336 (broj 7657): str. 1367.–1370. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.a129">10.1136/bmj.a129</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2427067">2427067</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18556318">18556318</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ+%28Clinical+research+ed.%29&rft.atitle=Management+of+invasive+meningococcal+disease+in+children+and+young+people%3A+Summary+of+SIGN+guidelines&rft.volume=svezak+336&rft.issue=broj+7657&rft.pages=str.+1367.-1370.&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2427067%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18556318&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.a129&rft.au=Theilen+U%2C+Wilson+L%2C+Wilson+G%2C+Beattie+JO%2C+Qureshi+S%2C+Simpson+D&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2427067&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507034426/http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign102.pdf">Management of invasive meningococcal disease in children and young people</a> (PDF). Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Edinburgh. Svibanj 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-1-905813-31-5" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-1-905813-31-5"><bdi>978-1-905813-31-5</bdi></a>. Inačica <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign102.pdf">izvorne stranice</a> (PDF) arhivirana 7. svibnja 2016. Pristupljeno 16. ožujka 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Management+of+invasive+meningococcal+disease+in+children+and+young+people&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Scottish+Intercollegiate+Guidelines+Network+%28SIGN%29&rft.date=2008-05&rft.isbn=978-1-905813-31-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sign.ac.uk%2Fpdf%2Fsign102.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas_2002-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_2002_9-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_KE,_Hasbun_R,_Jekel_J,_Quagliarello_VJ2002" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas KE, Hasbun R, Jekel J, Quagliarello VJ. Srpanj 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/1/46.full.pdf">The diagnostic accuracy of Kernig's sign, Brudzinski neck sign, and nuchal rigidity in adults with suspected meningitis</a> (PDF). Clinical Infectious Diseases. svezak 35 (broj 1): str. 46.–52. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F340979">10.1086/340979</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12060874">12060874</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=The+diagnostic+accuracy+of+Kernig%27s+sign%2C+Brudzinski+neck+sign%2C+and+nuchal+rigidity+in+adults+with+suspected+meningitis&rft.volume=svezak+35&rft.issue=broj+1&rft.pages=str.+46.-52.&rft.date=2002-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F340979&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12060874&rft.au=Thomas+KE%2C+Hasbun+R%2C+Jekel+J%2C+Quagliarello+VJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcid.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F35%2F1%2F46.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-LoganMacMahon-10">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-LoganMacMahon_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoganMacMahon_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoganMacMahon_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoganMacMahon_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoganMacMahon_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoganMacMahon_10-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoganMacMahon_10-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoganMacMahon_10-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFLogan_SA.,_MacMahon_E2008" class="citation journal cs1">Logan SA., MacMahon E. Siječanj 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2174764">Viral meningitis</a>. BMJ. Clinical research izdanje. 336 (7634): 36.–40. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.39409.673657.AE">10.1136/bmj.39409.673657.AE</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2174764">2174764</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18174598">18174598</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Viral+meningitis&rft.volume=336&rft.issue=7634&rft.pages=36.-40.&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2174764%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18174598&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.39409.673657.AE&rft.au=Logan+SA.%2C+MacMahon+E&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2174764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9696186-11"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9696186_11-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFVaron_J,_Chen_K,_Sternbach_GL1998" class="citation journal cs1">Varon J, Chen K, Sternbach GL. 1998. Rupert Waterhouse and Carl Friderichsen: adrenal apoplexy. J Emerg Med. svezak 16 (broj 4): str. 643.–647. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0736-4679%2898%2900061-4">10.1016/S0736-4679(98)00061-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9696186">9696186</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Emerg+Med&rft.atitle=Rupert+Waterhouse+and+Carl+Friderichsen%3A+adrenal+apoplexy&rft.volume=svezak+16&rft.issue=broj+4&rft.pages=str.+643.-647.&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0736-4679%2898%2900061-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9696186&rft.au=Varon+J%2C+Chen+K%2C+Sternbach+GL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Hsu-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Hsu_12-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFHsu_HEShutt_KAMoore_MRBeall2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hsu HE; Shutt KA; Moore MR; Beall, Bernard W.; Bennett, Nancy M.; Craig, Allen S.; Farley, Monica M.; Jorgensen, James H.; Lexau, Catherine A. 2009. Effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal meningitis. N Engl J Med. 360 (3): 244–256. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa0800836">10.1056/NEJMoa0800836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19144940">19144940</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=N+Engl+J+Med&rft.atitle=Effect+of+pneumococcal+conjugate+vaccine+on+pneumococcal+meningitis&rft.volume=360&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=244-256&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMoa0800836&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19144940&rft.au=Hsu+HE&rft.au=Shutt+KA&rft.au=Moore+MR&rft.au=Beall%2C+Bernard+W.&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Nancy+M.&rft.au=Craig%2C+Allen+S.&rft.au=Farley%2C+Monica+M.&rft.au=Jorgensen%2C+James+H.&rft.au=Lexau%2C+Catherine+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFWei_BP,_Robins-Browne_RM,_Shepherd_RK,_Clark_GM,_O'Leary_SJ2008" class="citation journal cs1">Wei BP, Robins-Browne RM, Shepherd RK, Clark GM, O'Leary SJ. Siječanj 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/46/1/e1.full.pdf">Can we prevent cochlear implant recipients from developing pneumococcal meningitis?</a> (PDF). Clin. Infect. Dis. 46 (1): e1–7. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F524083">10.1086/524083</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18171202">18171202</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clin.+Infect.+Dis.&rft.atitle=Can+we+prevent+cochlear+implant+recipients+from+developing+pneumococcal+meningitis%3F&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e1-7&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F524083&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18171202&rft.au=Wei+BP%2C+Robins-Browne+RM%2C+Shepherd+RK%2C+Clark+GM%2C+O%27Leary+SJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcid.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F46%2F1%2Fe1.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuberc-14">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Tuberc_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuberc_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuberc_14-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFThwaites_G,_Chau_TT,_Mai_NT,_Drobniewski_F,_McAdam_K,_Farrar_J2000" class="citation journal cs1">Thwaites G, Chau TT, Mai NT, Drobniewski F, McAdam K, Farrar J. Ožujak 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/68/3/289.full.pdf">Tuberculous meningitis</a> (PDF). Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 68 (3): 289–99. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjnnp.68.3.289">10.1136/jnnp.68.3.289</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1736815">1736815</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10675209">10675209</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neurology%2C+Neurosurgery%2C+and+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Tuberculous+meningitis&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=289-99&rft.date=2000-03&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1736815%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10675209&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjnnp.68.3.289&rft.au=Thwaites+G%2C+Chau+TT%2C+Mai+NT%2C+Drobniewski+F%2C+McAdam+K%2C+Farrar+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjnnp.bmj.com%2Fcontent%2F68%2F3%2F289.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Tebruegge-15">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Tebruegge_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tebruegge_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tebruegge_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tebruegge_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tebruegge_15-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFTebruegge_M,_Curtis_N2008" class="citation journal cs1">Tebruegge M, Curtis N. Srpanj 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493086">Epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of recurrent bacterial meningitis</a>. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 21 (3): 519–37. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FCMR.00009-08">10.1128/CMR.00009-08</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493086">2493086</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18625686">18625686</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Microbiology+Reviews&rft.atitle=Epidemiology%2C+etiology%2C+pathogenesis%2C+and+diagnosis+of+recurrent+bacterial+meningitis&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=519-37&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2493086%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18625686&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FCMR.00009-08&rft.au=Tebruegge+M%2C+Curtis+N&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2493086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFRaman_Sharma_R2010" class="citation journal cs1">Raman Sharma R. 2010. Fungal infections of the nervous system: current perspective and controversies in management. International journal of surgery (London, England). 8 (8): 591–601. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijsu.2010.07.293">10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.07.293</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20673817">20673817</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+journal+of+surgery+%28London%2C+England%29&rft.atitle=Fungal+infections+of+the+nervous+system%3A+current+perspective+and+controversies+in+management&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=591-601&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijsu.2010.07.293&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20673817&rft.au=Raman+Sharma+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sirven2008-17">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Sirven2008_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sirven2008_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sirven2008_17-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFSirven_JI.,_Malamut_BL2008" class="citation book cs1">Sirven JI., Malamut BL. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=c1tL8C9ryMQC&pg=PA439">Clinical neurology of the older adult</a>. 2. izdanje. Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia. str. 439. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/9780781769471" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/9780781769471"><bdi>9780781769471</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+neurology+of+the+older+adult&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=439&rft.edition=2.&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer+Health%2FLippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780781769471&rft.au=Sirven+JI.%2C+Malamut+BL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc1tL8C9ryMQC%26pg%3DPA439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFHonda_H,_Warren_DK2009" class="citation journal cs1">Honda H, Warren DK. Rujan 2009. Central nervous system infections: meningitis and brain abscess. Infectious disease clinics of North America. 23 (3): 609–23. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.idc.2009.04.009">10.1016/j.idc.2009.04.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19665086">19665086</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infectious+disease+clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Central+nervous+system+infections%3A+meningitis+and+brain+abscess&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=609-23&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.idc.2009.04.009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19665086&rft.au=Honda+H%2C+Warren+DK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NECC-19"><a href="#cite_ref-NECC_19-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFKauffman_CA,_Pappas_PG,_Patterson_TF2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kauffman CA, Pappas PG, Patterson TF. 19. listopada 2012. Fungal infections associated with contaminated methyprednisolone injections—preliminary report. New England Journal of Medicine. Online first. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMra1212617">10.1056/NEJMra1212617</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Fungal+infections+associated+with+contaminated+methyprednisolone+injections%E2%80%94preliminary+report&rft.volume=Online+first&rft.date=2012-10-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMra1212617&rft.au=Kauffman+CA%2C+Pappas+PG%2C+Patterson+TF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFKauffman_CA,_Pappas_PG,_Sobel_JD,_Dismukes_WE" class="citation book cs1">Kauffman CA, Pappas PG, Sobel JD, Dismukes WE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=8IySvRT52KkC&pg=PA77">Essentials of clinical mycology</a>. 2. izdanje. Springer. New York. str. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/9781441966391" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/9781441966391"><bdi>9781441966391</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+clinical+mycology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=77&rft.edition=2.&rft.pub=Springer&rft.isbn=9781441966391&rft.au=Kauffman+CA%2C+Pappas+PG%2C+Sobel+JD%2C+Dismukes+WE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8IySvRT52KkC%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFKauffman_CA,_Pappas_PG,_Sobel_JD,_Dismukes_WE" class="citation book cs1">Kauffman CA, Pappas PG, Sobel JD, Dismukes WE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=8IySvRT52KkC&pg=PA31">Essentials of clinical mycology</a>. 2. izdanje. Springer. New York. str. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/9781441966391" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/9781441966391"><bdi>9781441966391</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+clinical+mycology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=31&rft.edition=2.&rft.pub=Springer&rft.isbn=9781441966391&rft.au=Kauffman+CA%2C+Pappas+PG%2C+Sobel+JD%2C+Dismukes+WE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8IySvRT52KkC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFParkParkWannemuehlerMarston2009" class="citation journal cs1">Park, Benjamin J; Park, BJ; Wannemuehler, KA; Marston, BJ; Govender, N; Pappas, PG; Chiller, TM. 1. veljače 2009. Estimation of the current global burden of cryptococcal meningitis among persons living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS. 23 (4): 525–530. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FQAD.0b013e328322ffac">10.1097/QAD.0b013e328322ffac</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19182676">19182676</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AIDS&rft.atitle=Estimation+of+the+current+global+burden+of+cryptococcal+meningitis+among+persons+living+with+HIV%2FAIDS&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=525-530&rft.date=2009-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FQAD.0b013e328322ffac&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19182676&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+J&rft.au=Park%2C+BJ&rft.au=Wannemuehler%2C+KA&rft.au=Marston%2C+BJ&rft.au=Govender%2C+N&rft.au=Pappas%2C+PG&rft.au=Chiller%2C+TM.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: datum i godina (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_datum_i_godina" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: datum i godina">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Graeff-23">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Graeff_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graeff_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFGraeff-Teixeira_C,_da_Silva_AC,_Yoshimura_K2009" class="citation journal cs1">Graeff-Teixeira C, da Silva AC, Yoshimura K. Travanj 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203154157/http://cmr.asm.org/content/22/2/322.full.pdf">Update on eosinophilic meningoencephalitis and its clinical relevance</a> (PDF). Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 22 (2): 322–48. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FCMR.00044-08">10.1128/CMR.00044-08</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2668237">2668237</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19366917">19366917</a>. Inačica <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cmr.asm.org/content/22/2/322.full.pdf">izvorne stranice</a> (PDF) arhivirana 3. veljače 2014. Pristupljeno 16. ožujka 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Microbiology+Reviews&rft.atitle=Update+on+eosinophilic+meningoencephalitis+and+its+clinical+relevance&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=322-48&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2668237%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19366917&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FCMR.00044-08&rft.au=Graeff-Teixeira+C%2C+da+Silva+AC%2C+Yoshimura+K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcmr.asm.org%2Fcontent%2F22%2F2%2F322.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Chamberlain-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Chamberlain_24-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFGleissner_B,_Chamberlain_MC2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gleissner B, Chamberlain MC. Svibanj 2006. Neoplastic meningitis. Lancet Neurol. 5 (5): 443–52. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1474-4422%2806%2970443-4">10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70443-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16632315">16632315</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet+Neurol&rft.atitle=Neoplastic+meningitis&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=443-52&rft.date=2006-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1474-4422%2806%2970443-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16632315&rft.au=Gleissner+B%2C+Chamberlain+MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArchInternMed-25"><a href="#cite_ref-ArchInternMed_25-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFMoris_G,_Garcia-Monco_JC1999" class="citation journal cs1">Moris G, Garcia-Monco JC. Lipanj 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/159/11/1185.pdf">The Challenge of Drug-Induced Aseptic Meningitis</a> (PDF). Archives of Internal Medicine. 159 (11): 1185–94. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchinte.159.11.1185">10.1001/archinte.159.11.1185</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10371226">10371226</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Challenge+of+Drug-Induced+Aseptic+Meningitis&rft.volume=159&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1185-94&rft.date=1999-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchinte.159.11.1185&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10371226&rft.au=Moris+G%2C+Garcia-Monco+JC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchinte.ama-assn.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F159%2F11%2F1185.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFProvanKrentz2005" class="citation book cs1">Provan, Drew; Krentz, Andrew. 2005. Oxford Handbook of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. Oxford University Press. Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-19-856663-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-19-856663-8"><bdi>0-19-856663-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Handbook+of+Clinical+and+Laboratory+Investigation&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-856663-8&rft.aulast=Provan&rft.aufirst=Drew&rft.au=Krentz%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EFNS-27">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-EFNS_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EFNS_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EFNS_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EFNS_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EFNS_27-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EFNS_27-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EFNS_27-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EFNS_27-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EFNS_27-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EFNS_27-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri_AMartinez–Martin_PMartin_PMAndrew_Seaton2008" class="citation journal cs1">Chaudhuri A; Martinez–Martin P; Martin PM; Andrew Seaton, R.; Portegies, P.; Bojar, M.; Steiner, I.; Efns Task, Force. Srpanj 2008. EFNS guideline on the management of community-acquired bacterial meningitis: report of an EFNS Task Force on acute bacterial meningitis in older children and adults. European Journal of Neurolology. svezak 15 (broj 7): str. 649.–659. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-1331.2008.02193.x">10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02193.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18582342">18582342</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Neurolology&rft.atitle=EFNS+guideline+on+the+management+of+community-acquired+bacterial+meningitis%3A+report+of+an+EFNS+Task+Force+on+acute+bacterial+meningitis+in+older+children+and+adults&rft.volume=svezak+15&rft.issue=broj+7&rft.pages=str.+649.-659.&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-1331.2008.02193.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18582342&rft.au=Chaudhuri+A&rft.au=Martinez%E2%80%93Martin+P&rft.au=Martin+PM&rft.au=Andrew+Seaton%2C+R.&rft.au=Portegies%2C+P.&rft.au=Bojar%2C+M.&rft.au=Steiner%2C+I.&rft.au=Efns+Task%2C+Force&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Straus-28">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Straus_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Straus_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Straus_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Straus_28-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFStraus_SE,_Thorpe_KE,_Holroyd-Leduc_J2006" class="citation journal cs1">Straus SE, Thorpe KE, Holroyd-Leduc J. Rujan 2006. How do I perform a lumbar puncture and analyze the results to diagnose bacterial meningitis?. Journal of the American Medical Association. svezak 296 (broj 16): str. 2012.–2022. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.296.16.2012">10.1001/jama.296.16.2012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17062865">17062865</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=How+do+I+perform+a+lumbar+puncture+and+analyze+the+results+to+diagnose+bacterial+meningitis%3F&rft.volume=svezak+296&rft.issue=broj+16&rft.pages=str.+2012.-2022.&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.296.16.2012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17062865&rft.au=Straus+SE%2C+Thorpe+KE%2C+Holroyd-Leduc+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-BIS-29">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-BIS_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BIS_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BIS_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BIS_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BIS_29-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BIS_29-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BIS_29-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFHeyderman_RS,_Lambert_HP,_O'Sullivan_I,_Stuart_JM,_Taylor_BL,_Wall_RA2003" class="citation journal cs1">Heyderman RS, Lambert HP, O'Sullivan I, Stuart JM, Taylor BL, Wall RA. Veljača 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725103638/http://www.britishinfection.org/drupal/sites/default/files/meningitisJI2003.pdf">Early management of suspected bacterial meningitis and meningococcal septicaemia in adults</a> (PDF). The Journal of infection. svezak 46 (broj 2): str. 75.–77. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fjinf.2002.1110">10.1053/jinf.2002.1110</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12634067">12634067</a>. Inačica <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishinfection.org/drupal/sites/default/files/meningitisJI2003.pdf">izvorne stranice</a> (PDF) arhivirana 25. srpnja 2011. Pristupljeno 16. ožujka 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+infection&rft.atitle=Early+management+of+suspected+bacterial+meningitis+and+meningococcal+septicaemia+in+adults&rft.volume=svezak+46&rft.issue=broj+2&rft.pages=str.+75.-77.&rft.date=2003-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1053%2Fjinf.2002.1110&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12634067&rft.au=Heyderman+RS%2C+Lambert+HP%2C+O%27Sullivan+I%2C+Stuart+JM%2C+Taylor+BL%2C+Wall+RA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishinfection.org%2Fdrupal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FmeningitisJI2003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) – formal guideline at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Infection_Society_&_UK_Meningitis_Research_Trust2004" class="citation web cs1">British Infection Society & UK Meningitis Research Trust. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019120524/http://www.meningitis.org/assets/x/51738">Early management of suspected meningitis and meningococcal septicaemia in immunocompetent adults</a>. British Infection Society Guidelines. Inačica <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meningitis.org/assets/x/51738">izvorne stranice</a> arhivirana 19. listopada 2013. Pristupljeno 19. listopada 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+management+of+suspected+meningitis+and+meningococcal+septicaemia+in+immunocompetent+adults&rft.pub=British+Infection+Society+Guidelines&rft.date=2004&rft.au=British+Infection+Society+%26+UK+Meningitis+Research+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meningitis.org%2Fassets%2Fx%2F51738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18254060-30"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18254060_30-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFMaconochie_I,_Baumer_H,_Stewart_ME2008" class="citation journal cs1">Maconochie I, Baumer H, Stewart ME. 2008. MacOnochie, Ian K (ur.). Fluid therapy for acute bacterial meningitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (broj 1): CD004786. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD004786.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD004786.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18254060">18254060</a>. CD004786</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Fluid+therapy+for+acute+bacterial+meningitis&rft.issue=broj+1&rft.pages=CD004786&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD004786.pub3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18254060&rft.au=Maconochie+I%2C+Baumer+H%2C+Stewart+ME&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Perfect2010-31">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Perfect2010_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perfect2010_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFPerfect_JR,_Dismukes_WE,_Dromer_F2010" class="citation journal cs1">Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F; i dr. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/3/291.long">Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the infectious diseases society of america</a>. Clinical Infectious Diseases. svezak 50 (broj 3): str. 291.–322. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F649858">10.1086/649858</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20047480">20047480</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Clinical+practice+guidelines+for+the+management+of+cryptococcal+disease%3A+2010+update+by+the+infectious+diseases+society+of+america&rft.volume=svezak+50&rft.issue=broj+3&rft.pages=str.+291.-322.&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F649858&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20047480&rft.au=Perfect+JR%2C+Dismukes+WE%2C+Dromer+F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcid.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F50%2F3%2F291.long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> Eksplicitna upotreba et al. u: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke#explicit_et_al" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške">pomoć</a>)CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFSakushimaHayashinoKawaguchiJackson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sakushima, K; Hayashino, Y; Kawaguchi, T; Jackson, JL; Fukuhara, S. Travanj 2011. Diagnostic accuracy of cerebrospinal fluid lactate for differentiating bacterial meningitis from aseptic meningitis: a meta-analysis. The Journal of infection. svezak 62 (broj 4): str. 255.–562. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jinf.2011.02.010">10.1016/j.jinf.2011.02.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21382412">21382412</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+infection&rft.atitle=Diagnostic+accuracy+of+cerebrospinal+fluid+lactate+for+differentiating+bacterial+meningitis+from+aseptic+meningitis%3A+a+meta-analysis.&rft.volume=svezak+62&rft.issue=broj+4&rft.pages=str.+255.-562.&rft.date=2011-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jinf.2011.02.010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21382412&rft.aulast=Sakushima&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Hayashino%2C+Y&rft.au=Kawaguchi%2C+T&rft.au=Jackson%2C+JL&rft.au=Fukuhara%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BMB-33">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-BMB_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BMB_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BMB_33-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFBicanic_T,_Harrison_TS2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bicanic T, Harrison TS. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/content/72/1/99.full.pdf">Cryptococcal meningitis</a> (PDF). British Medical Bulletin. svezak 72 (broj 1): str. 99.–118. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbmb%2Fldh043">10.1093/bmb/ldh043</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15838017">15838017</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Cryptococcal+meningitis&rft.volume=svezak+72&rft.issue=broj+1&rft.pages=str.+99.-118.&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbmb%2Fldh043&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15838017&rft.au=Bicanic+T%2C+Harrison+TS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbmb.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F72%2F1%2F99.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sloan2008-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Sloan2008_34-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFSloan_D,_Dlamini_S,_Paul_N,_Dedicoat_M2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sloan D, Dlamini S, Paul N, Dedicoat M. 2008. Sloan, Derek (ur.). Treatment of acute cryptococcal meningitis in HIV infected adults, with an emphasis on resource-limited settings. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (broj 4): CD005647. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD005647.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD005647.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18843697">18843697</a>. CD005647</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+acute+cryptococcal+meningitis+in+HIV+infected+adults%2C+with+an+emphasis+on+resource-limited+settings&rft.issue=broj+4&rft.pages=CD005647&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD005647.pub2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18843697&rft.au=Sloan+D%2C+Dlamini+S%2C+Paul+N%2C+Dedicoat+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-OTM1-35"><a href="#cite_ref-OTM1_35-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFWarrell_DA,_Farrar_JJ,_Crook_DWM2003" class="citation book cs1">Warrell DA, Farrar JJ, Crook DWM. 2003. 24.14.1 Bacterial meningitis. Oxford Textbook of Medicine. 3. 4. izdanje. Oxford University Press. str. 1115.–1129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-19-852787-X" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-19-852787-X"><bdi>0-19-852787-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=24.14.1+Bacterial+meningitis&rft.btitle=Oxford+Textbook+of+Medicine&rft.pages=1115.-1129.&rft.edition=4.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-852787-X&rft.au=Warrell+DA%2C+Farrar+JJ%2C+Crook+DWM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-CDCtransmission-36">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-CDCtransmission_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDCtransmission_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDCtransmission_36-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/about/transmission.html">CDC – Meningitis: Transmission</a>. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 6. kolovoza 2009. Pristupljeno 18. lipnja 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CDC+%E2%80%93+Meningitis%3A+Transmission&rft.pub=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention+%28CDC%29&rft.date=2009-08-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fmeningitis%2Fabout%2Ftransmission.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SegalPollard-37">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-SegalPollard_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SegalPollard_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SegalPollard_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SegalPollard_37-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SegalPollard_37-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFSegal_S,_Pollard_AJ2004" class="citation journal cs1">Segal S, Pollard AJ. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/content/72/1/65.full.pdf">Vaccines against bacterial meningitis</a> (PDF). British Medical Bulletin. svezak 72 (broj 1): str. 65.–81. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbmb%2Fldh041">10.1093/bmb/ldh041</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15802609">15802609</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Vaccines+against+bacterial+meningitis&rft.volume=svezak+72&rft.issue=broj+1&rft.pages=str.+65.-81.&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbmb%2Fldh041&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15802609&rft.au=Segal+S%2C+Pollard+AJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbmb.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F72%2F1%2F65.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peltola-38">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Peltola_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peltola_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFPeltola2000" class="citation journal cs1">Peltola, H. Travanj 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140708011906/http://cmr.asm.org/content/13/2/302.full.pdf">Worldwide Haemophilus influenzae type b disease at the beginning of the 21st century: global analysis of the disease burden 25 years after the use of the polysaccharide vaccine and a decade after the advent of conjugates</a> (PDF). Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 13 (2): 302–317. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FCMR.13.2.302-317.2000">10.1128/CMR.13.2.302-317.2000</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC100154">100154</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10756001">10756001</a>. Inačica <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cmr.asm.org/content/13/2/302.full.pdf">izvorne stranice</a> (PDF) arhivirana 8. srpnja 2014. Pristupljeno 16. ožujka 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Microbiology+Reviews&rft.atitle=Worldwide+Haemophilus+influenzae+type+b+disease+at+the+beginning+of+the+21st+century%3A+global+analysis+of+the+disease+burden+25+years+after+the+use+of+the+polysaccharide+vaccine+and+a+decade+after+the+advent+of+conjugates&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=302-317&rft.date=2000-04&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC100154%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10756001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FCMR.13.2.302-317.2000&rft.aulast=Peltola&rft.aufirst=H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcmr.asm.org%2Fcontent%2F13%2F2%2F302.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrison-39">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_39-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison_LH2006" class="citation journal cs1">Harrison LH. Siječanj 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140708012827/http://cmr.asm.org/content/19/1/142.full.pdf">Prospects for vaccine prevention of meningococcal infection</a> (PDF). Clinical Microbiology Reviews. svezak 19 (broj 1): str. 142.–164. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FCMR.19.1.142-164.2006">10.1128/CMR.19.1.142-164.2006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1360272">1360272</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16418528">16418528</a>. Inačica <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cmr.asm.org/content/19/1/142.full.pdf">izvorne stranice</a> (PDF) arhivirana 8. srpnja 2014. Pristupljeno 16. ožujka 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Microbiology+Reviews&rft.atitle=Prospects+for+vaccine+prevention+of+meningococcal+infection&rft.volume=svezak+19&rft.issue=broj+1&rft.pages=str.+142.-164.&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1360272%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16418528&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FCMR.19.1.142-164.2006&rft.au=Harrison+LH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcmr.asm.org%2Fcontent%2F19%2F1%2F142.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WilderSmith-40">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-WilderSmith_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WilderSmith_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFWilder-Smith_A2007" class="citation journal cs1">Wilder-Smith A. Rujan 2007. Meningococcal vaccine in travelers. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. svezak 20 (broj 5): str. 454.–460. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FQCO.0b013e3282a64700">10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282a64700</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17762777">17762777</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Meningococcal+vaccine+in+travelers&rft.volume=svezak+20&rft.issue=broj+5&rft.pages=str.+454.-460.&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FQCO.0b013e3282a64700&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17762777&rft.au=Wilder-Smith+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFWHO2000" class="citation journal cs1">WHO. Rujan 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/docstore/wer/pdf/2000/wer7538.pdf">Detecting meningococcal meningitis epidemics in highly-endemic African countries</a> (PDF). Weekly Epidemiological Record. svezak 75 (broj 38): str. 306.–309. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11045076">11045076</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weekly+Epidemiological+Record&rft.atitle=Detecting+meningococcal+meningitis+epidemics+in+highly-endemic+African+countries&rft.volume=svezak+75&rft.issue=broj+38&rft.pages=str.+306.-309.&rft.date=2000-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11045076&rft.au=WHO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fdocstore%2Fwer%2Fpdf%2F2000%2Fwer7538.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFBishaiChampionSteeleThompson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bishai, DM; Champion, C; Steele, ME; Thompson, L. Lipanj 2011. Product development partnerships hit their stride: lessons from developing a meningitis vaccine for Africa. Health affairs (Project Hope). svezak 30. (broj 6): str. 1058.–1064. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1377%2Fhlthaff.2011.0295">10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0295</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21653957">21653957</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+affairs+%28Project+Hope%29&rft.atitle=Product+development+partnerships+hit+their+stride%3A+lessons+from+developing+a+meningitis+vaccine+for+Africa.&rft.volume=svezak+30.&rft.issue=broj+6&rft.pages=str.+1058.-1064.&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1377%2Fhlthaff.2011.0295&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21653957&rft.aulast=Bishai&rft.aufirst=DM&rft.au=Champion%2C+C&rft.au=Steele%2C+ME&rft.au=Thompson%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFMarc_LaForceRavenscroftDjingareyViviani2009" class="citation journal cs1">Marc LaForce, F; Ravenscroft, N; Djingarey, M; Viviani, S. 24. lipnja 2009. Epidemic meningitis due to Group A Neisseria meningitidis in the African meningitis belt: a persistent problem with an imminent solution. Vaccine. svezak 27 dodatak 2: str. B13.-B19. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.vaccine.2009.04.062">10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.04.062</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19477559">19477559</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vaccine&rft.atitle=Epidemic+meningitis+due+to+Group+A+Neisseria+meningitidis+in+the+African+meningitis+belt%3A+a+persistent+problem+with+an+imminent+solution.&rft.volume=svezak+27+dodatak+2&rft.pages=str.+B13.-B19.&rft.date=2009-06-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.vaccine.2009.04.062&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19477559&rft.aulast=Marc+LaForce&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Ravenscroft%2C+N&rft.au=Djingarey%2C+M&rft.au=Viviani%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weisfelt-44">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Weisfelt_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weisfelt_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFWeisfelt_M,_de_Gans_J,_van_der_Poll_T,_van_de_Beek_D2006" class="citation journal cs1">Weisfelt M, de Gans J, van der Poll T, van de Beek D. Travanj 2006. Pneumococcal meningitis in adults: new approaches to management and prevention. Lancet Neurol. svezak 5 (broj 4): str. 332.–342. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1474-4422%2806%2970409-4">10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70409-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16545750">16545750</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet+Neurol&rft.atitle=Pneumococcal+meningitis+in+adults%3A+new+approaches+to+management+and+prevention&rft.volume=svezak+5&rft.issue=broj+4&rft.pages=str.+332.-342.&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1474-4422%2806%2970409-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16545750&rft.au=Weisfelt+M%2C+de+Gans+J%2C+van+der+Poll+T%2C+van+de+Beek+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Zal2011-45">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Zal2011_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zal2011_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFZalmanovici_TrestioreanuFraserGafter-GviliPaul2011" class="citation journal cs1">Zalmanovici Trestioreanu, A; Fraser, A; Gafter-Gvili, A; Paul, M; Leibovici, L. 10. kolovoza 2011. Antibiotics for preventing meningococcal infections. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (broj 8): str. CD004785. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD004785.pub4">10.1002/14651858.CD004785.pub4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21833949">21833949</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+database+of+systematic+reviews+%28Online%29&rft.atitle=Antibiotics+for+preventing+meningococcal+infections.&rft.issue=broj+8&rft.pages=str.+CD004785&rft.date=2011-08-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD004785.pub4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21833949&rft.aulast=Zalmanovici+Trestioreanu&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Fraser%2C+A&rft.au=Gafter-Gvili%2C+A&rft.au=Paul%2C+M&rft.au=Leibovici%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CochSk2011-46">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-CochSk2011_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CochSk2011_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFRatilalCostaSampaioPappamikail2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ratilal, BO; Costa, J; Sampaio, C; Pappamikail, L. 10. kolovoza 2011. Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing meningitis in patients with basilar skull fractures. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (broj 8): str. CD004884. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD004884.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD004884.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21833952">21833952</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+database+of+systematic+reviews+%28Online%29&rft.atitle=Antibiotic+prophylaxis+for+preventing+meningitis+in+patients+with+basilar+skull+fractures.&rft.issue=broj+8&rft.pages=str.+CD004884&rft.date=2011-08-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD004884.pub3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21833952&rft.aulast=Ratilal&rft.aufirst=BO&rft.au=Costa%2C+J&rft.au=Sampaio%2C+C&rft.au=Pappamikail%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFPrasadKumarGuptaSinghal2007" class="citation journal cs1">Prasad, K; Kumar, A; Gupta, PK; Singhal, T. 17. rujna 2007. Third generation cephalosporins versus conventional antibiotics for treating acute bacterial meningitis. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (4): str. CD001832. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD001832.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD001832.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17943757">17943757</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+database+of+systematic+reviews+%28Online%29&rft.atitle=Third+generation+cephalosporins+versus+conventional+antibiotics+for+treating+acute+bacterial+meningitis.&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=str.+CD001832&rft.date=2007-09-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD001832.pub3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17943757&rft.aulast=Prasad&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Kumar%2C+A&rft.au=Gupta%2C+PK&rft.au=Singhal%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFvan_de_Beek_D2010" class="citation journal cs1">van de Beek D. Ožujak 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2835871">Adjunctive dexamethasone in bacterial meningitis: a meta-analysis of individual patient data</a>. Lancet Neurol. svezak 9 (broj 3): str. 254.–263. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1474-4422%2810%2970023-5">10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70023-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2835871">2835871</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20138011">20138011</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet+Neurol&rft.atitle=Adjunctive+dexamethasone+in+bacterial+meningitis%3A+a+meta-analysis+of+individual+patient+data&rft.volume=svezak+9&rft.issue=broj+3&rft.pages=str.+254.-263.&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2835871%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20138011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1474-4422%2810%2970023-5&rft.au=van+de+Beek+D&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2835871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CochDex2010-49">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-CochDex2010_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CochDex2010_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CochDex2010_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CochDex2010_49-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFBrouwer_MC,_McIntyre_P,_de_Gans_J,_Prasad_K,_van_de_Beek_D2010" class="citation journal cs1">Brouwer MC, McIntyre P, de Gans J, Prasad K, van de Beek D. 2010. Van De Beek, Diederik (ur.). Corticosteroids for acute bacterial meningitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (broj 9): str. CD004405. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD004405.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD004405.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20824838">20824838</a>. CD004405</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Corticosteroids+for+acute+bacterial+meningitis&rft.issue=broj+9&rft.pages=str.+CD004405&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD004405.pub3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20824838&rft.au=Brouwer+MC%2C+McIntyre+P%2C+de+Gans+J%2C+Prasad+K%2C+van+de+Beek+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Assiri2009-50">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Assiri2009_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Assiri2009_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFAssiri_AM,_Alasmari_FA,_Zimmerman_VA,_Baddour_LM,_Erwin_PJ,_Tleyjeh_IM2009" class="citation journal cs1">Assiri AM, Alasmari FA, Zimmerman VA, Baddour LM, Erwin PJ, Tleyjeh IM. Svibanj 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2676122">Corticosteroid administration and outcome of adolescents and adults with acute bacterial meningitis: a meta-analysis</a>. Mayo Clin. Proc. svezak 84 (broj 5): str. 403.–409. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4065%2F84.5.403">10.4065/84.5.403</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2676122">2676122</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19411436">19411436</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mayo+Clin.+Proc.&rft.atitle=Corticosteroid+administration+and+outcome+of+adolescents+and+adults+with+acute+bacterial+meningitis%3A+a+meta-analysis&rft.volume=svezak+84&rft.issue=broj+5&rft.pages=str.+403.-409.&rft.date=2009-05&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2676122%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19411436&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4065%2F84.5.403&rft.au=Assiri+AM%2C+Alasmari+FA%2C+Zimmerman+VA%2C+Baddour+LM%2C+Erwin+PJ%2C+Tleyjeh+IM&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2676122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFPrasadSingh2008" class="citation journal cs1">Prasad, K; Singh, MB. 23. siječnja 2008. Corticosteroids for managing tuberculous meningitis. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (1): str. CD002244. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD002244.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD002244.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18254003">18254003</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+database+of+systematic+reviews+%28Online%29&rft.atitle=Corticosteroids+for+managing+tuberculous+meningitis.&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=str.+CD002244&rft.date=2008-01-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD002244.pub3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18254003&rft.aulast=Prasad&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Singh%2C+MB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-deGans2002-52">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-deGans2002_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-deGans2002_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFde_Gans_J,_van_de_Beek_D2002" class="citation journal cs1">de Gans J, van de Beek D. Studeni 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa021334">Dexamethasone in adults with bacterial meningitis</a> (PDF). The New England Journal of Medicine. svezak 347 (broj 20): str. 1549–1556. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa021334">10.1056/NEJMoa021334</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12432041">12432041</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Dexamethasone+in+adults+with+bacterial+meningitis&rft.volume=svezak+347&rft.issue=broj+20&rft.pages=str.+1549-1556.&rft.date=2002-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMoa021334&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12432041&rft.au=de+Gans+J%2C+van+de+Beek+D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nejm.org%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1056%2FNEJMoa021334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9302246-53"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9302246_53-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntyre_PBBerkey_CSKing_SMSchaad1997" class="citation journal cs1">McIntyre PB; Berkey CS; King SM; Schaad, U. B.; Kilpi, T.; Kanra, G. Y.; Perez, C. M. O. Rujan 1997. Dexamethasone as adjunctive therapy in bacterial meningitis. A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials since 1988. Journal of the American Medical Association. svezak 278 (broj 11): str. 925.–931. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.1997.03550110063038">10.1001/jama.1997.03550110063038</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9302246">9302246</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=Dexamethasone+as+adjunctive+therapy+in+bacterial+meningitis.+A+meta-analysis+of+randomized+clinical+trials+since+1988&rft.volume=svezak+278&rft.issue=broj+11&rft.pages=str.+925.-931.&rft.date=1997-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.1997.03550110063038&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9302246&rft.au=McIntyre+PB&rft.au=Berkey+CS&rft.au=King+SM&rft.au=Schaad%2C+U.+B.&rft.au=Kilpi%2C+T.&rft.au=Kanra%2C+G.+Y.&rft.au=Perez%2C+C.+M.+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212119/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/encephalitis_meningitis/detail_encephalitis_meningitis.htm">Meningitis and Encephalitis Fact Sheet</a>. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). 11. prosinca 2007. Inačica <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/encephalitis_meningitis/detail_encephalitis_meningitis.htm">izvorne stranice</a> arhivirana 4. siječnja 2014. Pristupljeno 27. travnja 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meningitis+and+Encephalitis+Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Neurological+Disorders+and+Stroke+%28NINDS%29&rft.date=2007-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ninds.nih.gov%2Fdisorders%2Fencephalitis_meningitis%2Fdetail_encephalitis_meningitis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFGottfredsson_M,_Perfect_JR2000" class="citation journal cs1">Gottfredsson M, Perfect JR. 2000. Fungal meningitis. Seminars in Neurology. svezak 20 (broj 3): str. 307.–322. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2000-9394">10.1055/s-2000-9394</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11051295">11051295</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seminars+in+Neurology&rft.atitle=Fungal+meningitis&rft.volume=svezak+20&rft.issue=broj+3&rft.pages=str.+307.-322.&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1055%2Fs-2000-9394&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11051295&rft.au=Gottfredsson+M%2C+Perfect+JR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/statistics/bodgbddeathdalyestimates.xls">Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2002</a> (xls). World Health Organization (WHO). 2002</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mortality+and+Burden+of+Disease+Estimates+for+WHO+Member+States+in+2002&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization+%28WHO%29&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fentity%2Fhealthinfo%2Fstatistics%2Fbodgbddeathdalyestimates.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9068303-57"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9068303_57-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson_MP,_Reid_A,_Tarlow_MJ,_Rudd_PT1997" class="citation journal cs1">Richardson MP, Reid A, Tarlow MJ, Rudd PT. Veljača 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adc.bmj.com/content/76/2/134.full.pdf">Hearing loss during bacterial meningitis</a> (PDF). Archives of Disease in Childhood. svezak 76 (broj 2): str. 134.–138. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fadc.76.2.134">10.1136/adc.76.2.134</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1717058">1717058</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9068303">9068303</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Disease+in+Childhood&rft.atitle=Hearing+loss+during+bacterial+meningitis&rft.volume=svezak+76&rft.issue=broj+2&rft.pages=str.+134.-138.&rft.date=1997-02&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1717058%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9068303&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fadc.76.2.134&rft.au=Richardson+MP%2C+Reid+A%2C+Tarlow+MJ%2C+Rudd+PT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadc.bmj.com%2Fcontent%2F76%2F2%2F134.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFLapeyssonnie_L1963" class="citation journal cs1">Lapeyssonnie L. 1963. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2554630">Cerebrospinal meningitis in Africa</a>. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. svezak 28: dodatak:1.–114. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2554630">2554630</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14259333">14259333</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Cerebrospinal+meningitis+in+Africa&rft.volume=svezak+28&rft.pages=dodatak%3A1.-114.&rft.date=1963&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2554630%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14259333&rft.au=Lapeyssonnie+L&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2554630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood_B1999" class="citation journal cs1">Greenwood B. 1999. Manson Lecture. Meningococcal meningitis in Africa. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. svezak 93 (broj 4): str. 341.–353. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0035-9203%2899%2990106-2">10.1016/S0035-9203(99)90106-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10674069">10674069</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trans.+R.+Soc.+Trop.+Med.+Hyg.&rft.atitle=Manson+Lecture.+Meningococcal+meningitis+in+Africa&rft.volume=svezak+93&rft.issue=broj+4&rft.pages=str.+341.-353.&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0035-9203%2899%2990106-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10674069&rft.au=Greenwood+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO1998-60">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO1998_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO1998_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO1998_60-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization1998" class="citation book cs1">World Health Organization. 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/meningitis/whoemcbac983.pdf">Control of epidemic meningococcal disease, practical guidelines, 2. izdanje, WHO/EMC/BA/98</a> (PDF). svezak 3. str. str. 1.–83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Control+of+epidemic+meningococcal+disease%2C+practical+guidelines%2C+2.+izdanje%2C+WHO%2FEMC%2FBA%2F98&rft.pages=str.+1.-83.&rft.date=1998&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fcsr%2Fresources%2Fpublications%2Fmeningitis%2Fwhoemcbac983.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFWHO2003" class="citation journal cs1">WHO. 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/wer/2003/en/wer7833.pdf">Detecting meningococcal meningitis epidemics in highly-endemic African countries</a> (PDF). Weekly Epidemiological Record. svezak 78 (broj 33): str. 294.–296. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14509123">14509123</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weekly+Epidemiological+Record&rft.atitle=Detecting+meningococcal+meningitis+epidemics+in+highly-endemic+African+countries&rft.volume=svezak+78&rft.issue=broj+33&rft.pages=str.+294.-296.&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14509123&rft.au=WHO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fwer%2F2003%2Fen%2Fwer7833.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker-62">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Walker_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Earl_Walker,_Edward_R._Laws,_George_B._Udvarhelyi1998" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Earl Walker, Edward R. Laws, George B. Udvarhelyi. 1998. Infections and inflammatory involvement of the CNS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=UaSaRzw8gYEC&pg=PP1">The Genesis of Neuroscience</a>. Thieme. str. str. 219.–221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/1-879284-62-6" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/1-879284-62-6"><bdi>1-879284-62-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Infections+and+inflammatory+involvement+of+the+CNS&rft.btitle=The+Genesis+of+Neuroscience&rft.pages=str.+219.-221.&rft.pub=Thieme&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-879284-62-6&rft.au=Arthur+Earl+Walker%2C+Edward+R.+Laws%2C+George+B.+Udvarhelyi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DUaSaRzw8gYEC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFWhytt_R1768" class="citation book cs1">Whytt R. 1768. Observations on the Dropsy in the Brain. izdavač: J. Balfour. Edinburgh. </cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Observations+on+the+Dropsy+in+the+Brain&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=izdava%C4%8D%3A+J.+Balfour&rft.date=1768&rft.au=Whytt+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood-64">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_64-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood_B2006" class="citation journal cs1">Greenwood B. Lipanj 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01639.x/pdf">100 years of epidemic meningitis in West Africa – has anything changed?</a> (PDF). Tropical Medicine & International health: TM & IH. svezak 11 (broj 6): str. 773.–780. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3156.2006.01639.x">10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01639.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16771997">16771997</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tropical+Medicine+%26+International+health%3A+TM+%26+IH&rft.atitle=100+years+of+epidemic+meningitis+in+West+Africa+%E2%80%93+has+anything+changed%3F&rft.volume=svezak+11&rft.issue=broj+6&rft.pages=str.+773.-780.&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-3156.2006.01639.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16771997&rft.au=Greenwood+B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-3156.2006.01639.x%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFVieusseux_G1806" class="citation journal cs1">Vieusseux G. 1806. Mémoire sur le Maladie qui a regne à Génève au printemps de 1805. Journal de Médecine, de Chirurgie et de Pharmacologie (Bruxelles) (francuski). svezak 11: str. 50.–53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+de+M%C3%A9decine%2C+de+Chirurgie+et+de+Pharmacologie+%28Bruxelles%29&rft.atitle=M%C3%A9moire+sur+le+Maladie+qui+a+regne+%C3%A0+G%C3%A9n%C3%A8ve+au+printemps+de+1805&rft.volume=svezak+11&rft.pages=str.+50.-53.&rft.date=1806&rft.au=Vieusseux+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFWeichselbaum_A1887" class="citation journal cs1">Weichselbaum A. 1887. Ueber die Aetiologie der akuten Meningitis cerebro-spinalis. Fortschrift der Medizin (njemački). svezak 5: str. 573.–583.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fortschrift+der+Medizin&rft.atitle=Ueber+die+Aetiologie+der+akuten+Meningitis+cerebro-spinalis&rft.volume=svezak+5&rft.pages=str.+573.-583.&rft.date=1887&rft.au=Weichselbaum+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFFlexner_S1913" class="citation journal cs1">Flexner S. 1913. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jem.rupress.org/content/17/5/553.full.pdf">The results of the serum treatment in thirteen hundred cases of epidemic meningitis</a> (PDF). J Exp Med. svezak 17 (broj 5): str. 553.–576. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1084%2Fjem.17.5.553">10.1084/jem.17.5.553</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2125091">2125091</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19867668">19867668</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Exp+Med&rft.atitle=The+results+of+the+serum+treatment+in+thirteen+hundred+cases+of+epidemic+meningitis&rft.volume=svezak+17&rft.issue=broj+5&rft.pages=str.+553.-576.&rft.date=1913&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2125091%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19867668&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1084%2Fjem.17.5.553&rft.au=Flexner+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjem.rupress.org%2Fcontent%2F17%2F5%2F553.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swartz-68">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Swartz_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swartz_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFSwartz_MN2004" class="citation journal cs1">Swartz MN. Rujan 2004. Bacterial meningitis—a view of the past 90 years. The New England Journal of Medicine. svezak 351 (broj 18): svezak 1826.–1828. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMp048246">10.1056/NEJMp048246</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15509815">15509815</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Bacterial+meningitis%E2%80%94a+view+of+the+past+90+years&rft.volume=svezak+351&rft.issue=broj+18&rft.pages=svezak+1826.-1828.&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMp048246&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15509815&rft.au=Swartz+MN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg_DH,_Arling_PA1944" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenberg DH, Arling PA. 1944. Penicillin in the treatment of meningitis. Journal of the American Medical Association. svezak 125 (broj 15): str. 1011.–1017. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.1944.02850330009002">10.1001/jama.1944.02850330009002</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=Penicillin+in+the+treatment+of+meningitis&rft.volume=svezak+125&rft.issue=broj+15&rft.pages=str.+1011.-1017.&rft.date=1944&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.1944.02850330009002&rft.au=Rosenberg+DH%2C+Arling+PA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> reproduced in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg_DH,_Arling_PA1984" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenberg DH, Arling PA. Travanj 1984. Penicillin in the treatment of meningitis. Journal of the American Medical Association. svezak 251 (broj 14): str. 1870.–1876. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.251.14.1870">10.1001/jama.251.14.1870</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6366279">6366279</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=Penicillin+in+the+treatment+of+meningitis&rft.volume=svezak+251&rft.issue=broj+14&rft.pages=str.+1870.-1876.&rft.date=1984-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.251.14.1870&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6366279&rft.au=Rosenberg+DH%2C+Arling+PA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AMeningitis" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjske_poveznice">Vanjske poveznice</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Uredi odlomak: Vanjske poveznice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningitis&action=edit&section=29" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vanjske poveznice">uredi kôd</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Neurological_Disorders/Meningitis">Meningitis</a> na Curlie.org (nekoć: Open Directory Project; <a href="/wiki/DMOZ" class="mw-redirect" title="DMOZ">dmoz</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/index.html">Meningitis</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (stranica ne postoji)">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC)</li></ul> <div id="spoiler" style="border-top: 2px solid #DDDDDD; border-bottom: 2px solid #DDDDDD; background-color:white; padding:1px 0px 2px 3px; margin: 10px 0px 10px 0px; font-size:90%; text-align:left; padding-left:3px;"><table style="margin: 0 auto;"><tbody><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Esculaap4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Esculaap4.svg/24px-Esculaap4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Esculaap4.svg/36px-Esculaap4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Esculaap4.svg/48px-Esculaap4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="300" /></a>    </td><td>Molimo pročitajte <a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Wikipedija_ne_daje_medicinske_savjete" title="Wikipedija:Wikipedija ne daje medicinske savjete">upozorenje o korištenju medicinskih informacija</a>. 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