Explorer – Dictionnaire biographique du Canada

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="js cssanimations">   <head>  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="1410A94B8EF57EB5E09DF8429A48077F" /> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, user-scalable=no" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://platform-api.sharethis.com/js/sharethis.js#property=65b0432b92c73d001906c92a&product=inline-share-buttons" async="async"></script>  <meta property="og:title" content="Explorer – Dictionnaire biographique du Canada" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:type-check" content="website" /> <meta property="og:url" content="http://www.biographi.ca/fr/explorer.php" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Dictionnaire biographique du Canada" /> <meta property="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta property="twitter:site" content="@dbc_dcb" /> <meta property="twitter:creator" content="@dbc_dcb" /> <meta property="twitter:title" content="Explorer – Dictionnaire biographique du Canada" /> <meta name="removed-author" content="DCB/DBC Staff, John Beadle Graphic Designer" />   <title>Explorer – Dictionnaire biographique du Canada</title>   <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@3.4.1/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-HSMxcRTRxnN+Bdg0JdbxYKrThecOKuH5zCYotlSAcp1+c8xmyTe9GYg1l9a69psu" crossorigin="anonymous">   <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.5.1/css/all.css"> <script src="https://kit.fontawesome.com/a5049f3fd8.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>     <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/OwlCarousel2/2.3.4/assets/owl.carousel.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/OwlCarousel2/2.3.4/assets/owl.theme.default.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lightgallery/1.6.12/css/lightgallery.min.css" integrity="sha512-UMUaaaRK/i2ihAzNyraiLZzT8feWBDY+lLnBnhA3+MEfQn4jaNJMGBad6nyklImf7d0Id6n/Jb0ynr7RCpyNPQ==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lightgallery/1.6.12/css/lg-transitions.min.css" integrity="sha512-TLkzsbRon8DBy6TwaafTGapb+90/t0ZsGes1jMyHKaImbAUSTaedyS8HbDQOZt3H+j1s4BFKUlWXcPBEJNtPgw==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/share-this/1.3.1/share-this.min.css" integrity="sha512-D2vagE/4+QTyP2FukMZNoZxcO1Uqcd0SsnqczdOm+zu35XDsFDIroYXxDD0WrYbyPFKD1vUmhxaCC3kR8WBNZA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" />    <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/css/plugin-shared.css?time=1729526930">   <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/css/shared-base.css?time=1729526930">  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/css/base.css?time=1729526930">   <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/css/browse.css?time=1729526930">  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/css/mod_boot_0_0_css_browse.css?id=1732502583" />    <style> .owl-dot { display: none; } </style> <style type="text/css">.fb_hidden{position:absolute;top:-10000px;z-index:10001}.fb_reposition{overflow:hidden;position:relative}.fb_invisible{display:none}.fb_reset{background:none;border:0;border-spacing:0;color:#000;cursor:auto;direction:ltr;font-family:"lucida grande", tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;font-size:11px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:1;margin:0;overflow:visible;padding:0;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0;text-shadow:none;text-transform:none;visibility:visible;white-space:normal;word-spacing:normal}.fb_reset>div{overflow:hidden}@keyframes fb_transform{from{opacity:0;transform:scale(.95)}to{opacity:1;transform:scale(1)}}.fb_animate{animation:fb_transform .3s forwards} .fb_dialog{background:rgba(82, 82, 82, .7);position:absolute;top:-10000px;z-index:10001}.fb_dialog_advanced{border-radius:8px;padding:10px}.fb_dialog_content{background:#fff;color:#373737}.fb_dialog_close_icon{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yq/r/IE9JII6Z1Ys.png) no-repeat scroll 0 0 transparent;cursor:pointer;display:block;height:15px;position:absolute;right:18px;top:17px;width:15px}.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_close_icon{left:5px;right:auto;top:5px}.fb_dialog_padding{background-color:transparent;position:absolute;width:1px;z-index:-1}.fb_dialog_close_icon:hover{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yq/r/IE9JII6Z1Ys.png) no-repeat scroll 0 -15px transparent}.fb_dialog_close_icon:active{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yq/r/IE9JII6Z1Ys.png) no-repeat scroll 0 -30px transparent}.fb_dialog_iframe{line-height:0}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_title{background:#6d84b4;border:1px solid #365899;color:#fff;font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;margin:0}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_title>span{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yd/r/Cou7n-nqK52.gif) no-repeat 5px 50%;float:left;padding:5px 0 7px 26px}body.fb_hidden{height:100%;left:0;margin:0;overflow:visible;position:absolute;top:-10000px;transform:none;width:100%}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/ya/r/3rhSv5V8j3o.gif) white no-repeat 50% 50%;min-height:100%;min-width:100%;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;top:0;z-index:10001}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading.centered{background:none;height:auto;min-height:initial;min-width:initial;width:auto}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading.centered #fb_dialog_loader_spinner{width:100%}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading.centered .fb_dialog_content{background:none}.loading.centered #fb_dialog_loader_close{clear:both;color:#fff;display:block;font-size:18px;padding-top:20px}#fb-root #fb_dialog_ipad_overlay{background:rgba(0, 0, 0, .4);bottom:0;left:0;min-height:100%;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:100%;z-index:10000}#fb-root #fb_dialog_ipad_overlay.hidden{display:none}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading iframe{visibility:hidden}.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_iframe{position:sticky;top:0}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header{background:linear-gradient(from(#738aba), to(#2c4987));border-bottom:1px solid;border-color:#043b87;box-shadow:white 0 1px 1px -1px inset;color:#fff;font:bold 14px Helvetica, sans-serif;text-overflow:ellipsis;text-shadow:rgba(0, 30, 84, .296875) 0 -1px 0;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header table{height:43px;width:100%}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header td.header_left{font-size:12px;padding-left:5px;vertical-align:middle;width:60px}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header td.header_right{font-size:12px;padding-right:5px;vertical-align:middle;width:60px}.fb_dialog_content .touchable_button{background:linear-gradient(from(#4267B2), to(#2a4887));background-clip:padding-box;border:1px solid #29487d;border-radius:3px;display:inline-block;line-height:18px;margin-top:3px;max-width:85px;padding:4px 12px;position:relative}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header .touchable_button input{background:none;border:none;color:#fff;font:bold 12px Helvetica, sans-serif;margin:2px -12px;padding:2px 6px 3px 6px;text-shadow:rgba(0, 30, 84, .296875) 0 -1px 0}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header .header_center{color:#fff;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;line-height:18px;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_content{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/y9/r/jKEcVPZFk-2.gif) no-repeat 50% 50%;border:1px solid #4a4a4a;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;height:150px}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_footer{background:#f5f6f7;border:1px solid #4a4a4a;border-top-color:#ccc;height:40px}#fb_dialog_loader_close{float:left}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_close_button{text-shadow:rgba(0, 30, 84, .296875) 0 -1px 0}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_close_icon{visibility:hidden}#fb_dialog_loader_spinner{animation:rotateSpinner 1.2s linear infinite;background-color:transparent;background-image:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yD/r/t-wz8gw1xG1.png);background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;height:24px;width:24px}@keyframes rotateSpinner{0%{transform:rotate(0deg)}100%{transform:rotate(360deg)}} .fb_iframe_widget{display:inline-block;position:relative}.fb_iframe_widget span{display:inline-block;position:relative;text-align:justify}.fb_iframe_widget iframe{position:absolute}.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop,.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop span,.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop iframe{max-width:100%}.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop iframe{min-width:220px;position:relative}.fb_iframe_widget_lift{z-index:1}.fb_iframe_widget_fluid{display:inline}.fb_iframe_widget_fluid span{width:100%}</style><style type="text/css">.st-1 { font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;; direction: ltr; display: block; opacity: 1; text-align: center; z-index: 94034; } .st-1.st-animated { -moz-transition: o 0.2s ease-in, p 0.2s ease-in, a 0.2s ease-in, c 0.2s ease-in, i 0.2s ease-in, t 0.2s ease-in, y 0.2s ease-in; -ms-transition: o 0.2s ease-in, p 0.2s ease-in, a 0.2s ease-in, c 0.2s ease-in, i 0.2s ease-in, t 0.2s ease-in, y 0.2s ease-in; -o-transition: o 0.2s ease-in, p 0.2s ease-in, a 0.2s ease-in, c 0.2s ease-in, i 0.2s ease-in, t 0.2s ease-in, y 0.2s ease-in; -webkit-transition: o 0.2s ease-in, p 0.2s ease-in, a 0.2s ease-in, c 0.2s ease-in, i 0.2s ease-in, t 0.2s ease-in, y 0.2s ease-in; transition: o 0.2s ease-in, p 0.2s ease-in, a 0.2s ease-in, c 0.2s ease-in, i 0.2s ease-in, t 0.2s ease-in, y 0.2s ease-in; } .st-1.st-hidden { opacity: 0; } .st-1.st-hide { display: none; } .st-1 .st-btn { -moz-box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; -moz-transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in, top 0.2s ease-in; -ms-transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in, top 0.2s ease-in; -o-transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in, top 0.2s ease-in; -webkit-transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in, top 0.2s ease-in; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in, top 0.2s ease-in; -moz-border-radius: 0px; -webkit-border-radius: 0px; border-radius: 0px; border: none; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; height: 32px; line-height: 32px; margin-right: 8px; padding: 0 10px; position: relative; text-align: center; top: 0; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap; } .st-1 .st-btn:last-child { margin-right: 0; } .st-1 .st-btn > svg { height: 16px; width: 16px; position: relative; top: 8px; vertical-align: top; } .st-1 .st-btn > img { display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 16px; position: relative; top: 8px; vertical-align: top; } .st-1 .st-btn > span { -moz-transition: all 0.2s ease-in; -ms-transition: all 0.2s ease-in; -o-transition: all 0.2s ease-in; -webkit-transition: all 0.2s ease-in; transition: all 0.2s ease-in; color: #fff; display: inline-block; font-weight: 500; letter-spacing: 0.5px; min-width: 60px; opacity: 1; padding: 0 6px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; } .st-1.st-has-labels .st-btn { min-width: 120px; } .st-1.st-has-labels .st-btn.st-remove-label { min-width: 50px; } .st-1.st-has-labels .st-btn.st-remove-label > span { display: none; } .st-1.st-has-labels .st-btn.st-hide-label > span { display: none; } .st-1 .st-total { color: #555; display: inline-block; font-weight: 500; line-height: 12px; margin-right: 0; max-width: 80px; padding: 4px 8px; text-align: center; } .st-1 .st-total.st-hidden { display: none; } .st-1 .st-total > span { font-size: 16px; line-height: 17px; display: block; padding: 0; } .st-1 .st-total > span.st-shares { font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; } .st-1.st-justified { display: flex; text-align: center; } .st-1.st-justified .st-btn { -moz-flex: 1; -ms-flex: 1; -webkit-flex: 1; flex: 1; } .st-1 .st-btn:hover { opacity: .8; top: -4px; } .st-1 .st-btn[data-network='facebook'] { background-color: #4267B2; } .st-1 .st-btn[data-network='facebook'] svg { fill: #fff; } .st-1 .st-btn[data-network='facebook'] > span { color: #fff; } .st-1 .st-btn[data-network='twitter'] { background-color: #55acee; } .st-1 .st-btn[data-network='twitter'] svg { fill: #fff; } .st-1 .st-btn[data-network='twitter'] > span { color: #fff; } </style> </head> <body>  <div id="bootstrap-wrapper" class="dcb-container container-fluid wrapper">  <nav id="nav_main" class="navbar navbar-default navbar-dcb navbar-fixed-top"> <div class="container-fluid">  <div class="navbar-mobile" id="dcb-mobile-1"> <div class="dropdown show-outline" id="dcb-hamburger-mobile"> <button id="dlabel" type="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><i class="fas fa-bars fa-lg"></i></button> </div> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="dcb-collapse-1"> <ul class="nav navbar-nav">  <div class="dropdown show-outline" id="hamburger"> <button id="eLabel" type="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <i class="fas fa-bars fa-lg"></i> </button> </div> <div class="input-group" id="mobile-search"> <input id="search-2" type="text" class="dcb-search form-control" placeholder="Recherche" data-brx-ls="template_search"></input> <span class="input-group-btn"> <button data-target="#search-2" class="dcb-search btn btn-default" type="button" data-brx-ls="template_go_mobile">Chercher</button> </span> </div>  <li class=""><a target="_blank" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/browse.php" title="English Version">English</a></li> <li class=""><a href="/fr/" title="Accueil">Accueil</a></li> <li class=""><a href="/fr/fil_de_nouvelles.html" title="Nouvelles">Nouvelles</a></li> <li class=""><a href="/fr/a_notre_sujet.php" title="À notre sujet">À notre sujet</a></li> <li class=""><a href="/fr/contactez_nous_general.php" title="Contactez-nous">Contactez-nous</a></li> <li class=""><a href="/fr/contactez_nous_infolettre.php" title="Infolettre">Infolettre</a></li> <li class=""><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ulaval.ca/fondation/faire-un-don/fonds.html?fonds=280&recherche=dictionnaire%2Bbiographi" title="Faire un don">Faire un don</a></li>   </ul> <ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right">  <li><a class="fa-brands fa-square-x-twitter fa-lg" aria-hidden="true" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/dbc_dcb" title="Suivez-nous sur Twitter" data-brx-ls="template_follow_twitter"></a></li> <li><a class="fab fa-facebook fa-lg" aria-hidden="true" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/dictionnairebiographiqueducanada" title="Suivez-nous sur Facebook" data-brx-ls="template_follow_facebook"></a></li>  </ul> </div> </div> </nav>   <div id="row-top-section" class="container-fluid"> <div class="row" id="row-breadcrumbs"> <div id="breadcrumbs" class="col-sm-12" data-brx-ls="template_breadcrumbs">Chemin de navigation</div> </div>  <div class="row reader-mode" id="row-logo"> <div class="col-sm-7" id="col-logo"> <a href="/fr/" data-brx-ls="template_home" title="Dictionnaire biographique du Canada"><img class="responsive" alt="Dictionnaire biographique du Canada" src="/img/dcb_fr.svg" data-brx-ls="template_home"></a> </div> <div class="col-sm-5" id="col-search"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row" id="search"> <input type="text" id="simple-search" class="dcb-search simple-input" placeholder="Recherche" data-brx-ls="template_search"></input> <span data-target="#simple-search" class="dcb-search btn-lg glyphicon glyphicon-chevron-right" id="search_go"></span> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="float-right" id="tools">  <nav class="navbar navbar-tools navbar navbar-default"> <ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar"> <li><a href="/fr/explorer.php" title="Explorer le contenu par catégories" data-brx-ls="template_navtools_browse"><span class="btn-sm glyphicon glyphicon-th-list"></span> <span data-brx-ls="template_navtools_browse_span">Explorer</span></a></li> <li><a href="/fr/recherche.php" title="Utiliser des fonctions avancées telles que les opérateurs booléens et les limiteurs de champs" data-brx-ls="template_navtools_search"><span class="btn-sm glyphicon glyphicon-search"></span> <span data-brx-ls="template_navtools_search_span">Recherche avancée</span></a></li> <li><a href="javascript:void(1);" onclick="return startReaderMode();" title="En mode lecture, vous ne voyez que la barre de navigation et le bas de page. Pour revenir au mode par défaut, cliquez sur Sortir du mode lecture, en haut à gauche." data-brx-ls="template_navtools_reader"><span class="btn-sm glyphicon glyphicon-book"></span> <span data-brx-ls="template_navtools_reader_span">Mode lecture</span></a></li> <li><a href="javascript:void(1);" onclick="return printDocument();" title="Version imprimable" data-brx-ls="template_navtools_print"> <span class="btn-sm glyphicon glyphicon-print"></span> <span data-brx-ls="template_navtools_print_span">Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </nav>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>   <div style="display:none;" id="announcements" class="row alert-warning col-sm-12 announcements" data-brx-dyn="ajax:content:/fr/ajax/announcements.php"> </div> <div id="content-container" class="container-fluid"> <div class="row mobile-logo"> <div class="col-md-12">  <a href="/fr/"><img src="/img/dcb_fr_sm.svg" alt="mobile"></a> </div> <div class="col-md-12 .bio-jump">   </div>  </div> <div class="row">  <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4 col-lg-3 col-xl-2 content-left reader-mode" id="sidebar"> <div id="sidebar-inner"> <nav class="dcb-generic-sidebar"> <ul class="dcb-pills nav-pills nav-stacked"> <div class="row sidebar-dropdown-extra"> <input type="text" id="nav-search" class="dcb-search simple-input" placeholder="Recherche" data-brx-ls="template_sidebar_search"></input> <span data-target="#nav-search" class="dcb-search btn-lg glyphicon glyphicon-chevron-right" id="nav-search_go"></span> </div> <div class="row sidebar-french-home sidebar-dropdown-extra">   <div class="btn-group btn-group-justified" role="group" aria-label="..."> <div class="btn-group" role="group"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/browse.php" title="English Version"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">English</button></a> </div> <div class="btn-group" role="group"> <a href="/fr/" title="Accueil"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Accueil</button></a> </div> </div> <div class="btn-group btn-group-justified" role="group" aria-label="..."> <div class="btn-group" role="group"> <a href="/fr/fil_de_nouvelles.html" title="Nouvelles"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Nouvelles</button></a> </div> <div class="btn-group" role="group"> <a href="/fr/a_notre_sujet.php" title="À notre sujet"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">À notre sujet</button></a> </div> </div> <div class="btn-group btn-group-justified" role="group" aria-label="..."> <div class="btn-group" role="group"> <a href="/fr/contactez_nous_general.php" title="Contactez-nous"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Contactez-nous</button></a> </div> <div class="btn-group" role="group"> <a href="/fr/contactez_nous_infolettre.php" title="Infolettre"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Infolettre</button></a> </div> </div> <div class="btn-group btn-group-justified" role="group" aria-label="..."> <div class="btn-group" role="group"> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ulaval.ca/fondation/faire-un-don/fonds.html?fonds=280&recherche=dictionnaire%2Bbiographi" title="Faire un don"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Faire un don</button></a> </div> </div>   </div>    <nav style="display:none;" class="dcb-generic-sidebar col-theme-grey"> <ul class="dcb-pills nav-pills nav-stacked"> <li role="presentation">  <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#bio-outline-sidenav" class="accordion-toggle collapsed" aria-expanded="true" title="Sommaire">Sommaire</a> <div id="bio-outline-sidenav" class="collapse in" aria-expanded="true">     </div> </li> </ul> </nav>   <section style="display:none;">   </section>     <nav style="display:none;" class="dcb-generic-sidebar col-theme-grey"> <ul class="dcb-pills nav-pills nav-stacked">  <li style="display:none;" role="presentation">  <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#bio-special-sidenav" class="accordion-toggle" aria-expanded="false" title=""></a> <div id="bio-special-sidenav" class="collapse" aria-expanded="false" style="height: 0px;">     </div> </li>  <li style="display:none;" role="presentation">  <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#bio-related-topics-sidenav" class="accordion-toggle" aria-expanded="false" title=""></a> <div id="bio-related-topics-sidenav" class="collapse" aria-expanded="false">     </div> </li>  <li style="display:none;" role="presentation">  <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#bio-related-bios-sidenav" class="accordion-toggle" aria-expanded="false" title=""></a> <div id="bio-related-bios-sidenav" class="collapse" aria-expanded="false" style="height: 0px;">     </div> </li> </ul> </nav>    <nav style="display:none;" id="content-doc-history-1" class="dcb-generic-sidebar col-theme-grey"> <ul class="dcb-pills nav-pills nav-stacked"> <li role="presentation">  <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#doc-history-1" class="accordion-toggle collapsed" aria-expanded="true" title=""></a> <div id="doc-history-1" class="collapse in" aria-expanded="true">     </div> </li> </ul> </nav>    <nav style="display:none;" id="content-doc-history-2" class="dcb-generic-sidebar col-theme-grey"> <ul class="dcb-pills nav-pills nav-stacked">  <li style="display:none;" id="content-doc-history-2-identifiers" role="presentation">  <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#doc-history-2-identifiers" class="accordion-toggle" aria-expanded="false" title=""></a> <div id="doc-history-2-identifiers" class="collapse" aria-expanded="false">     </div> </li>  <li style="display:none;" id="content-doc-history-2-birth" role="presentation">  <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#doc-history-2-birth" class="accordion-toggle" aria-expanded="false" title=""></a> <div id="doc-history-2-birth" class="collapse" aria-expanded="false">     </div> </li>  <li style="display:none;" id="content-doc-history-2-activity" role="presentation">  <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#doc-history-2-activity" class="accordion-toggle" aria-expanded="false" title=""></a> <div id="doc-history-2-activity" class="collapse" aria-expanded="false">     </div> </li> </ul> </nav>    <div class="row" style="display:none;" id="sidebar-social-1"> <div class="col-md-12 share-this"> <div class="sharethis-inline-share-buttons st-center st-lang-fr st-has-labels st-inline-share-buttons st-animated st-1"> <div class="st-btn st-first" data-network="facebook" style="display: inline-block;"> <img alt="facebook sharing button" src="/img/facebook.svg"> <span class="st-label" data-brx-ls="template_share_facebook">Partager</span> </div> <div class="st-btn st-last" data-network="twitter" style="display: inline-block;"> <img alt="twitter sharing button" src="/img/twitter.svg"> <span class="st-label" data-brx-ls="template_share_twitter">Tweeter</span> </div> </div> </div> </div>    <nav style="" id="sidebar-main-menu" class="dcb-generic-sidebar dcb-generic-sidebar col-theme-red"> <ul class="dcb-pills nav-pills nav-stacked"> <li role="presentation"><a href="/fr/nouvelles_biographies.html" title="Nouvelles biographies" data-brx-ls="template_sidebar_new_bios">Nouvelles biographies</a></li> <li role="presentation"><a href="/fr/biographies_mises_a_jour.html" title="Biographies modifiées" data-brx-ls="template_sidebar_updated_bios">Biographies modifiées</a></li> <li role="presentation"> <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#panelBioOfTheDay" class="accordion-toggle collapsed" aria-expanded="true" title="Lisez l'histoire d'un personnage né ou mort ce jour" data-brx-ls="template_sidebar_botd">Biographie du jour</a> <div id="panelBioOfTheDay" class="collapse in" aria-expanded="true"> <div class="dcb-image-panel dcb-panel panel"> <div class="panel-body"> <div class="botd-dynamic feed-item-sidebar" data-brx-dyn="ajax:content:/fr/ajax/botd.php">  </div> <div class="see-all"> <strong><a href="/fr/bio_du_jour.html" class="see-all" title="Voir les biographies du jour précédentes" data-brx-ls="template_sidebar_botd_all">Voir les précédentes</a></strong> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li role="presentation">  <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#panelSpecialProjects" class="accordion-toggle collapsed" aria-expanded="true" title="Thèmes importants de l’histoire canadienne et modules éducatifs, préparés et présentés par des collaborateurs et des rédacteurs du DBC/DCB">Thèmes, essais et ressources</a> <div id="panelSpecialProjects" class="collapse in" aria-expanded="true">  <ul class="list-group">  <li class="list-group-item"><a href="/fr/theme_confederation.html" title="La Confédération">La Confédération</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="/fr/theme_1re_guerre_mondiale.html" title="La Première Guerre mondiale">La Première Guerre mondiale</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="/fr/theme_femmes.html" title="Les femmes dans le DBC/DCB">Les femmes dans le DBC/DCB</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="/fr/theme_sportifs.html" title="Sports et sportifs">Sports et sportifs</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="/fr/theme_acadiens_s_xix.html" title="Les Acadiens">Les Acadiens</a></li>  <div class="dcb-image-panel dcb-panel panel"> <div class="panel-body"> <div class="see-all"> <a href="/fr/gallery_special_projects.html" class="see-all" title="Voir la liste des Thèmes, essais et ressources" data-brx-ls="template_sidebar_themes_all">Voir la liste complète</a> </div> </div> </div> </ul>  </div> </li> </ul> </nav>    <div class="row" style="" id="sidebar-social-2"> <div class="col-md-12 share-this"> <div class="sharethis-inline-share-buttons st-center st-lang-fr st-has-labels st-inline-share-buttons st-animated st-1"> <div class="st-btn st-first" data-network="facebook" style="display: inline-block;"> <img alt="facebook sharing button" src="/img/facebook.svg"> <span class="st-label" data-brx-ls="template_share_facebook">Partager</span> </div> <div class="st-btn st-last" data-network="twitter" style="display: inline-block;"> <img alt="twitter sharing button" src="/img/twitter.svg"> <span class="st-label" data-brx-ls="template_share_twitter">Tweeter</span> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </ul> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-lg-9 col-xl-10 content-area" id="content-area">   <div id="browse-nav"><p><a href="http://www.biographi.ca/fr/explorer.php?type=naissance" onclick="return true;" title="Explorer par région de naissance">Explorer par région de naissance</a></p><p><a href="http://www.biographi.ca/fr/explorer.php?type=carriere" onclick="return true;" title="Explorer par région d’activités">Explorer par région d’activités</a></p><p><a href="http://www.biographi.ca/fr/explorer.php?type=caracteristiques" onclick="return true;" title="Explorer par activités et autres caractéristiques">Explorer par activités et autres caractéristiques</a></p><p><a href="http://www.biographi.ca/fr/explorer.php?type=alpha" onclick="return true;" title="Explorer par nom de personnage A-Z">Explorer par nom de personnage A-Z</a></p><p><a href="http://www.biographi.ca/fr/explorer.php?type=sujet" onclick="return true;" title="FR:UNDEF:public_browse_topic_help">Explorer par sujet</a></p></div>   <section style="display:none;" id="summary" class="summary bio">    </section>  <section style="display:none;" id="first" class="bio">  <div style="display:none;" class="pull-left inset-area" id="bio-primary-image">  <div id="bio-main-image" class="image-container left w600">  <a class="open-gallery" href="javascript:void()"><img class="img-responsive" src="" alt="" title=""></a>   </div> </div>    </section>  <section style="display:none;" id="second" class="biblio">        </section>    <div style="display:none;" class="container-fluid reader-mode" id="bottom-content"> <div class="row"> </div>   <div style="display:none;" id="content-image-gallery" class="row"> <div id="image-gallery" class="col-xs-12 col-theme-white"> <h2 data-brx-ls="template_bio_image_gallery">Collection d’images</h2>  <div class="container-fluid">       <div class="demo-gallery"> <ul id="captions" class="list-unstyled row">    </ul> </div> </div>  </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div id="citations" class="column-section col-theme-white col-xs-12">   </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div>  <a id="button" data-brx-ls="template_return_to_top" title="Retourner au haut de la page"></a> </div>  <footer> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-8 ut_laval">  <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ulaval.ca/"> <img class="img-responsive" src="/img/laval.svg"> </a>  <a target="_blank" href="https://www.utoronto.ca/"> <img class="img-responsive" src="/img/uoft3.svg"> </a> </div>  <div class="col-md-4 cmh"> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.museedelhistoire.ca/"><img class="img-responsive" src="/img/cmh-logo-fr.svg"></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-6 cmh-text-left"> Nous reconnaissons l'aide financière du Musée canadien de l'histoire à travers les œuvres du programme de référence en ligne financés par le gouvernement du Canada. </div> <div class="col-md-6 cmh-text-right"> We acknowledge the financial support of the Canadian Museum of History through the Online Works of Reference Program funded by the Government of Canada. </div> </div> </div>  <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="row">  <div class="row chc-full"> <div class="col-md-12"> <a href="https://www.canada.ca/home.html"><img class="img-responsive" src="/img/govCan.svg"></a> </div> <div class="col-md-12"> <p>Nous reconnaissons l’appui du gouvernement du Canada.</p> <hr class="chc-full"> <p>We acknowledge the support of the Government of Canada.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> <article id="involved"> <div class="col-md-12"> <p><span>© 2003-2024 Université Laval/University of Toronto </span></p> <p><a href="/fr/contact_us_corrections.php" title="Suggérer des corrections ou des ajouts">Suggérer des corrections ou des ajouts</a></p> <p><a href="/fr/notices.html" title="Conditions d’utilisation et Collecte et utilisation des renseignements personnels">Avis importants</a></p> <p><a href="/fr/links.php" title="Sites qui pourraient vous intéresser">Liens</a></p> </div> </article> </div> </footer>   <div id="login-holder" class="dcb-dialog"> </div> <div id="forgot-holder" class="dcb-dialog"> </div> <div id="forgot-user-holder" class="dcb-dialog"> </div> <div id="register-holder" class="dcb-dialog"> </div> <div id="contact-holder" class="dcb-dialog"> </div> <div id="choose-language" class="dcb-dialog"> </div> <div id="change-holder" class="dcb-dialog"> </div>  <div style="display:none;" class="msgbox" id="msgbox"> <div class="text"> </div> <div class="twobuttons" id="msgbox_buttons"> <a class="okay" href="javascript:void(0)">OK</a> <a class="cancel" href="javascript:void(0)">Cancel</a> </div> <div class="onebutton" id="msgbox_buttons_one"> <a class="okay" href="javascript:void(0)">OK</a> </div> </div>  <div id="reader-mode-exit"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary reader-mode-exit" data-brx-ls="template_reader" title="Sortir du mode lecture">Sortir du mode lecture</button> </div>    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.12.4/jquery.min.js" integrity="sha512-jGsMH83oKe9asCpkOVkBnUrDDTp8wl+adkB2D+//JtlxO4SrLoJdhbOysIFQJloQFD+C4Fl1rMsQZF76JjV0eQ==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.12.1/jquery-ui.min.js" integrity="sha512-uto9mlQzrs59VwILcLiRYeLKPPbS/bT71da/OEBYEwcdNUk8jYIy+D176RYoop1Da+f9mvkYrmj5MCLZWEtQuA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery-easing/1.3/jquery.easing.min.js" integrity="sha512-ahmSZKApTDNd3gVuqL5TQ3MBTj8tL5p2tYV05Xxzcfu6/ecvt1A0j6tfudSGBVuteSoTRMqMljbfdU0g2eDNUA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@3.4.1/dist/js/bootstrap.min.js" integrity="sha384-aJ21OjlMXNL5UyIl/XNwTMqvzeRMZH2w8c5cRVpzpU8Y5bApTppSuUkhZXN0VxHd" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>    <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/js_strings.js?time=1729526930"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/modernizr-3.6.js?time=1729526930"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/shared-base.js?time=1729526930"></script>    <script type="text/javascript"> var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https://ssl." : "http://www."); document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='" + gaJsHost + "google-analytics.com/ga.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E")); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> try { var pageTracker = _gat._getTracker("UA-25429501-1"); pageTracker._trackPageview(); } catch (err) { } </script>  <script async="None" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-HJG3WCKTF7"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-HJG3WCKTF7'); </script> <script charset="utf-8" src="/js/button.js"></script>  <script charset="utf-8" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/OwlCarousel2/2.3.4/owl.carousel.min.js"></script>  <style type="text/css">.fb_hidden{position:absolute;top:-10000px;z-index:10001}.fb_reposition{overflow:hidden;position:relative}.fb_invisible{display:none}.fb_reset{background:none;border:0;border-spacing:0;color:#000;cursor:auto;direction:ltr;font-family:"lucida grande", tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;font-size:11px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:1;margin:0;overflow:visible;padding:0;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0;text-shadow:none;text-transform:none;visibility:visible;white-space:normal;word-spacing:normal}.fb_reset>div{overflow:hidden}@keyframes fb_transform{from{opacity:0;transform:scale(.95)}to{opacity:1;transform:scale(1)}}.fb_animate{animation:fb_transform .3s forwards} .fb_dialog{background:rgba(82, 82, 82, .7);position:absolute;top:-10000px;z-index:10001}.fb_dialog_advanced{border-radius:8px;padding:10px}.fb_dialog_content{background:#fff;color:#373737}.fb_dialog_close_icon{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yq/r/IE9JII6Z1Ys.png) no-repeat scroll 0 0 transparent;cursor:pointer;display:block;height:15px;position:absolute;right:18px;top:17px;width:15px}.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_close_icon{left:5px;right:auto;top:5px}.fb_dialog_padding{background-color:transparent;position:absolute;width:1px;z-index:-1}.fb_dialog_close_icon:hover{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yq/r/IE9JII6Z1Ys.png) no-repeat scroll 0 -15px transparent}.fb_dialog_close_icon:active{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yq/r/IE9JII6Z1Ys.png) no-repeat scroll 0 -30px transparent}.fb_dialog_iframe{line-height:0}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_title{background:#6d84b4;border:1px solid #365899;color:#fff;font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;margin:0}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_title>span{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yd/r/Cou7n-nqK52.gif) no-repeat 5px 50%;float:left;padding:5px 0 7px 26px}body.fb_hidden{height:100%;left:0;margin:0;overflow:visible;position:absolute;top:-10000px;transform:none;width:100%}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/ya/r/3rhSv5V8j3o.gif) white no-repeat 50% 50%;min-height:100%;min-width:100%;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;top:0;z-index:10001}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading.centered{background:none;height:auto;min-height:initial;min-width:initial;width:auto}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading.centered #fb_dialog_loader_spinner{width:100%}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading.centered .fb_dialog_content{background:none}.loading.centered #fb_dialog_loader_close{clear:both;color:#fff;display:block;font-size:18px;padding-top:20px}#fb-root #fb_dialog_ipad_overlay{background:rgba(0, 0, 0, .4);bottom:0;left:0;min-height:100%;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:100%;z-index:10000}#fb-root #fb_dialog_ipad_overlay.hidden{display:none}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading iframe{visibility:hidden}.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_iframe{position:sticky;top:0}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header{background:linear-gradient(from(#738aba), to(#2c4987));border-bottom:1px solid;border-color:#1d3c78;box-shadow:white 0 1px 1px -1px inset;color:#fff;font:bold 14px Helvetica, sans-serif;text-overflow:ellipsis;text-shadow:rgba(0, 30, 84, .296875) 0 -1px 0;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header table{height:43px;width:100%}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header td.header_left{font-size:12px;padding-left:5px;vertical-align:middle;width:60px}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header td.header_right{font-size:12px;padding-right:5px;vertical-align:middle;width:60px}.fb_dialog_content .touchable_button{background:linear-gradient(from(#4267B2), to(#2a4887));background-clip:padding-box;border:1px solid #29487d;border-radius:3px;display:inline-block;line-height:18px;margin-top:3px;max-width:85px;padding:4px 12px;position:relative}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header .touchable_button input{background:none;border:none;color:#fff;font:bold 12px Helvetica, sans-serif;margin:2px -12px;padding:2px 6px 3px 6px;text-shadow:rgba(0, 30, 84, .296875) 0 -1px 0}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header .header_center{color:#fff;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;line-height:18px;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_content{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/y9/r/jKEcVPZFk-2.gif) no-repeat 50% 50%;border:1px solid #4a4a4a;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;height:150px}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_footer{background:#f5f6f7;border:1px solid #4a4a4a;border-top-color:#ccc;height:40px}#fb_dialog_loader_close{float:left}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_close_button{text-shadow:rgba(0, 30, 84, .296875) 0 -1px 0}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_close_icon{visibility:hidden}#fb_dialog_loader_spinner{animation:rotateSpinner 1.2s linear infinite;background-color:transparent;background-image:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yD/r/t-wz8gw1xG1.png);background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;height:24px;width:24px}@keyframes rotateSpinner{0%{transform:rotate(0deg)}100%{transform:rotate(360deg)}} .fb_iframe_widget{display:inline-block;position:relative}.fb_iframe_widget span{display:inline-block;position:relative;text-align:justify}.fb_iframe_widget iframe{position:absolute}.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop,.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop span,.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop iframe{max-width:100%}.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop iframe{min-width:220px;position:relative}.fb_iframe_widget_lift{z-index:1}.fb_iframe_widget_fluid{display:inline}.fb_iframe_widget_fluid span{width:100%}</style>  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/share-this/1.3.1/share-this.js" integrity="sha512-YQH3AWzoNd5UBgAzelMJ0L74JzsE1RfD7zrTDfveB5Xm5j9PBCU+Q2tD4RavX2iVVAt4iJ/gi1mSRCbX/X55pw==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/share-this/1.3.1/sharers/email.min.js" integrity="sha512-4+h27jVJhdlqWwk0hvKQX2Ow5TYcyRWaYwj5hhDem63JbmslVJHqJu29zQN/ZRM/Dbg4qi9nbbx6wRwmf/S2Yw==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/share-this/1.3.1/sharers/facebook.min.js" integrity="sha512-Wh1ZDYa/KLkn2iK8a0D4FoZSqXbw1bRFCPjVs490MpcMFs1zHtMQMpqBVAqheGpRFLcGEMy/jnFmFx+6rbGJzw==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/share-this/1.3.1/sharers/twitter.min.js" integrity="sha512-p0d6Rkeb1XLqCBlKVz7aF+UQNu4tGmAxT5NjJPYasGU8KmXvL8iEd8j/cvuJbqYK3HnVJqmf4ulWZvLx+2a4Fw==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>    <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/browse.js?time=1729526930"></script>  <script type="text/javascript"> var m_languageId = '2'; var m_title = "Explorer"; var m_url_pch = 'http://www.pch.gc.ca/fra/1266037002102/1265993639778'; var m_url_ut = 'http://www.utoronto.ca/'; var m_url_ul = 'http://www2.ulaval.ca/accueil.html'; var m_loggedIn = ''; // BasePublicHelper variables var m_pageId = 'public_browse_choose'; var m_pageIdIsUnique = ''; $(document).ready(function() { // here:getJavascriptOnReady renderBreadcrumbs(); }); </script>  <script> var affixSettings = { offset: { top: 100, bottom: function() { return (this.bottom = $('.footer').outerHeight(true)) } } }; $('#myAffix').affix(affixSettings); </script>  <script src="/js/prettify.js"></script>  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/picturefill/2.3.1/picturefill.min.js" integrity="sha512-O5Diz2AkqKWK7Lw4t8BnHF/47CLMPiGH9nT4A6U6+tZHCAq+jj3dA/Ngkc1LK3HmrThtjIemw5MtMrHwsV8tTg==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>  <script src="/js/transition.js"></script>  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lightgallery/1.6.12/js/lightgallery-all.js" integrity="sha512-ib6swbZG+2gcZ5gtx5NIi4enGrvMry+1bAJRXG2KlWr+3rPkB8sPUmzBuKZBPegm8pD1IiRsXbQ1XWd+5HSLbA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lg-fullscreen/1.2.1/lg-fullscreen.min.js" integrity="sha512-GvMYZx1AUxtd+OYSc33H9DYX9qeT/OY90+O8kJ65cLXvSelNSgeytaxDV8bY58TeoZxz1HiqgAfpchczH7S8qA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lg-autoplay/1.0.4/lg-autoplay.min.js" integrity="sha512-MzBa78b0IGK8BBiW2gMkSkruc9ppE9bQVBMqiFf1fcMNQ2mDuNJejZh/aWGDvhtPDpChaevAAI8WRCeHBlYqRw==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>       <div id="reader-mode-exit"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary reader-mode-exit">Sortir du mode lecture</button></div>  </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Explorer – Dictionnaire biographique du Canada