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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Application examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Application_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_volume_of_solutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_volume_of_solutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Specific volume of solutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_volume_of_solutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Table_of_common_specific_volumes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_of_common_specific_volumes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Table of common specific volumes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_of_common_specific_volumes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AC%D9%85_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="حجم نوعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حجم نوعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezifisches_Volumen" title="Spezifisches Volumen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spezifisches Volumen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriruumala" title="Eriruumala – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eriruumala" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumen_espec%C3%ADfico" title="Volumen específico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Volumen específico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AC%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B5_(%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9)" title="حجم مخصوص (ترمودینامیک) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حجم مخصوص (ترمودینامیک)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_massique" title="Volume massique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Volume massique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B6%80%ED%94%BC" title="비부피 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비부피" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specifi%C4%8Dni_obujam" title="Specifični obujam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Specifični obujam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_spesifik" title="Volume spesifik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Volume spesifik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fajlagos_t%C3%A9rfogat" title="Fajlagos térfogat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fajlagos térfogat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soortelijk_volume" title="Soortelijk volume – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Soortelijk volume" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%AE%B9%E7%A9%8D" title="比容積 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="比容積" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obj%C4%99to%C5%9B%C4%87_w%C5%82a%C5%9Bciwa" title="Objętość właściwa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Objętość właściwa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_espec%C3%ADfico" title="Volume específico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Volume específico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volum_masic" title="Volum masic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Volum masic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%91%D0%BC" title="Удельный объём – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Удельный объём" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="විශිෂ්ට පරිමාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විශිෂ්ට පරිමාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0pecifick%C3%BD_objem" title="Špecifický objem – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Špecifický objem" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specifi%C4%8Dna_prostornina" title="Specifična prostornina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Specifična prostornina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specifi%C4%8Dni_volumen" title="Specifični volumen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Specifični volumen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ominaistilavuus" title="Ominaistilavuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ominaistilavuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specifik_volym" title="Specifik volym – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Specifik volym" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0" title="ปริมาตรจำเพาะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปริมาตรจำเพาะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zhacim" title="Özhacim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Özhacim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%27%D1%94%D0%BC" title="Питомий об'єм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Питомий об'єм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%83_t%C3%ADch_ri%C3%AAng" title="Thể tích riêng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thể tích riêng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Volume occupied per unit mass</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a>, the <b>specific volume</b> of a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">substance</a> (symbol: <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">ν</span>, <a href="/wiki/Nu_(letter)" title="Nu (letter)">nu</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/Quotient" title="Quotient">quotient</a> of the substance's <a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">volume</a> (<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">V</span>) to its <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> (<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">m</span>): </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu ={\frac {V}{m}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ν</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>V</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu ={\frac {V}{m}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0598b16aaee5758009dbd879866f079b1623b9ca" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:7.207ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu ={\frac {V}{m}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>It is a <a href="/wiki/Mass-specific_quantity" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass-specific quantity">mass-specific</a> <a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsic property">intrinsic property</a> of the substance. It is the <a href="/wiki/Multiplicative_inverse" title="Multiplicative inverse">reciprocal</a> of <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">ρ</span> (<a href="/wiki/Rho_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rho (letter)">rho</a>) and it is also related to the <a href="/wiki/Molar_volume" title="Molar volume">molar volume</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">molar mass</a>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu =\rho ^{-1}={\frac {\tilde {V}}{M}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ν</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>ρ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">~</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mi>M</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu =\rho ^{-1}={\frac {\tilde {V}}{M}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c8a0ad584ced4d52cd0893674f73b42613d4fdb1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:14.242ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu =\rho ^{-1}={\frac {\tilde {V}}{M}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">standard unit</a> of specific volume is cubic meters per <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a> (m<sup>3</sup>/kg), but other units include ft<sup>3</sup>/lb, ft<sup>3</sup>/slug, or mL/g.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Specific volume for an <a href="/wiki/Ideal_gas" title="Ideal gas">ideal gas</a> is related to the <a href="/wiki/Molar_gas_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Molar gas constant">molar gas constant</a> (<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">R</span>) and the gas's <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> (<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">T</span>), <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> (<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">P</span>), and <a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">molar mass</a> (<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">M</span>): </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu ={\frac {RT}{PM}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ν</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>P</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu ={\frac {RT}{PM}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8f2fd311e17b65689d702535ac146eb42b8335d4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:9.354ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu ={\frac {RT}{PM}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>It's based on the <a href="/wiki/Ideal_gas_law" title="Ideal gas law">ideal gas law</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle PV={nRT}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle PV={nRT}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9af3adac0ebf444e7bb02d952ad86f603957f535" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.426ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle PV={nRT}}"></span>, and the <a href="/wiki/Amount_of_substance" title="Amount of substance">amount of substance</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle n=m/M}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>M</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle n=m/M}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/189b0342b4e1f5cbde2433f966cbe067af732910" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.138ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle n=m/M}"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specific_volume&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Specific volume is commonly applied to: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molar_volume" title="Molar volume">Molar volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_(thermodynamics)" title="Volume (thermodynamics)">Volume (thermodynamics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_molar_volume" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial molar volume">Partial molar volume</a></li></ul> <p>Imagine a variable-volume, airtight chamber containing a certain number of atoms of oxygen gas. Consider the following four examples: </p> <ul><li>If the chamber is made smaller without allowing gas in or out, the density increases and the specific volume decreases.</li> <li>If the chamber expands without letting gas in or out, the density decreases and the specific volume increases.</li> <li>If the size of the chamber remains constant and new atoms of gas are injected, the density increases and the specific volume decreases.</li> <li>If the size of the chamber remains constant and some atoms are removed, the density decreases and the specific volume increases.</li></ul> <p>Specific volume is a property of materials, defined as the number of cubic meters occupied by one kilogram of a particular substance. The standard unit is the meter cubed per kilogram (m<sup>3</sup>/kg or m<sup>3</sup>·kg<sup>−1</sup>). </p><p>Sometimes specific volume is expressed in terms of the number of cubic centimeters occupied by one gram of a substance. In this case, the unit is the centimeter cubed per gram (cm<sup>3</sup>/g or cm<sup>3</sup>·g<sup>−1</sup>). To convert m<sup>3</sup>/kg to cm<sup>3</sup>/g, multiply by 1000; conversely, multiply by 0.001. </p><p>Specific volume is inversely proportional to density. If the density of a substance doubles, its specific volume, as expressed in the same base units, is cut in half. If the density drops to 1/10 its former value, the specific volume, as expressed in the same base units, increases by a factor of 10. </p><p>The density of gases changes with even slight variations in temperature, while densities of liquid and solids, which are generally thought of as incompressible, will change very little. Specific volume is the inverse of the density of a substance; therefore, careful consideration must be taken account when dealing with situations that involve gases. Small changes in temperature will have a noticeable effect on specific volumes. </p><p>The average density of human blood is 1060 kg/m<sup>3</sup>. The specific volume that correlates to that density is 0.00094 m<sup>3</sup>/kg. Notice that the average specific volume of blood is almost identical to that of water: 0.00100 m<sup>3</sup>/kg.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application_examples">Application examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specific_volume&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Application examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If one sets out to determine the specific volume of an ideal gas, such as super heated steam, using the equation <span class="nowrap"><i>ν</i> = <i>RT</i>/<i>P</i></span>, where pressure is 2500 lbf/in<sup>2</sup>, <i>R</i> is 0.596, temperature is <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003108888888888888♠"></span>1960 <a href="/wiki/Rankine_scale" title="Rankine scale">°R</a></span>. In that case, the specific volume would equal 0.4672 in<sup>3</sup>/lb. However, if the temperature is changed to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002644444444444444♠"></span>1160 °R</span>, the specific volume of the super heated steam would have changed to 0.2765 in<sup>3</sup>/lb, which is a 59% overall change. </p><p>Knowing the specific volumes of two or more substances allows one to find useful information for certain applications. For a substance X with a specific volume of 0.657 cm<sup>3</sup>/g and a substance Y with a specific volume 0.374 cm<sup>3</sup>/g, the density of each substance can be found by taking the inverse of the specific volume; therefore, substance X has a density of 1.522 g/cm<sup>3</sup> and substance Y has a density of 2.673 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. With this information, the specific gravities of each substance relative to one another can be found. The specific gravity of substance X with respect to Y is 0.569, while the specific gravity of Y with respect to X is 1.756. Therefore, substance X will not sink if placed on Y.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specific_volume_of_solutions">Specific volume of solutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specific_volume&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Specific volume of solutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The specific volume of a non-ideal solution is the sum of the <a href="/wiki/Partial_specific_volume" title="Partial specific volume">partial specific volumes</a> of the components: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu ={\frac {1}{\rho }}={\frac {\tilde {V}}{M}}=\sum _{i}w_{i}\cdot {\bar {\nu _{i}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ν</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>ρ</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">~</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mi>M</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <munder> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </munder> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu ={\frac {1}{\rho }}={\frac {\tilde {V}}{M}}=\sum _{i}w_{i}\cdot {\bar {\nu _{i}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b0b5ce0e7c90ce51f548b7f59a72dcedb2199d78" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:25.677ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu ={\frac {1}{\rho }}={\frac {\tilde {V}}{M}}=\sum _{i}w_{i}\cdot {\bar {\nu _{i}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>M is the molar mass of the mixture. This can be used instead of volume, as this is <a href="/wiki/Intensive_and_extensive_properties" title="Intensive and extensive properties">intensive property</a> tied to the system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Table_of_common_specific_volumes">Table of common specific volumes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specific_volume&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Table of common specific volumes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The table below displays densities and specific volumes for various common substances that may be useful. The values were recorded at standard temperature and pressure, which is defined as air at 0 °C (273.15 K, 32 °F) and 1 atm (101.325 kN/m<sup>2</sup>, 101.325 kPa, 14.7 psia, 0 psig, 30 in Hg, 760 torr).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Substance name</th> <th>Density</th> <th>Specific volume<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (September 2023)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Specific_volume#Dubious" title="Talk:Specific volume">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>(kg/m<sup>3</sup>)</th> <th>(m<sup>3</sup>/kg) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Air</td> <td>1.225</td> <td>0.816 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ice</td> <td>916.7</td> <td>0.00109 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Water (liquid)</td> <td>1000</td> <td>0.00100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Salt Water</td> <td>1030</td> <td>0.00097 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mercury</td> <td>13546</td> <td>0.00007 </td></tr> <tr> <td>R-22*</td> <td>3.66</td> <td>0.273 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ammonia</td> <td>0.769</td> <td>1.30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Carbon dioxide</td> <td>1.977</td> <td>0.506 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chlorine</td> <td>2.994</td> <td>0.334 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hydrogen</td> <td>0.0899</td> <td>11.12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Methane</td> <td>0.717</td> <td>1.39 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nitrogen</td> <td>1.25</td> <td>0.799 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Steam*</td> <td>0.804</td> <td>1.24 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>* values not taken at standard temperature and pressure </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specific_volume&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMoran2010" class="citation book cs1">Moran, Michael (7 December 2010). <i>Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-49590-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-49590-2"><bdi>978-0-470-49590-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Engineering+Thermodynamics&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2010-12-07&rft.isbn=978-0-470-49590-2&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecific+volume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverthorn2010" class="citation book cs1">Silverthorn, Dee (2010). <i>Human Physiology</i>. Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-55980-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-55980-7"><bdi>978-0-321-55980-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Physiology&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-321-55980-7&rft.aulast=Silverthorn&rft.aufirst=Dee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecific+volume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2007" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Jearl (6 April 2007). <i>Fundamentals of Physics</i>. Halliday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-04472-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-04472-8"><bdi>978-0-470-04472-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Physics&rft.pub=Halliday&rft.date=2007-04-06&rft.isbn=978-0-470-04472-8&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Jearl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecific+volume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/gas-density-d_158.html">"Engineering Tool Box"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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