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and geomorphology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_geomorphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Regional </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Local </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_outline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_outline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 General outline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_outline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lakes_and_rivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lakes_and_rivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Lakes and rivers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lakes_and_rivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surrounding_terrain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrounding_terrain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Surrounding terrain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrounding_terrain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elevation_and_size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elevation_and_size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Elevation and size </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elevation_and_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ice_cap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ice_cap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Ice cap </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ice_cap-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ice cap subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ice_cap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Glaciers_and_periglacial_phenomena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glaciers_and_periglacial_phenomena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Glaciers and periglacial phenomena </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glaciers_and_periglacial_phenomena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recent_area_and_retreat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_area_and_retreat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Recent area and retreat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_area_and_retreat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glacial_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glacial_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Glacial history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glacial_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Last_glacial_maximum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_glacial_maximum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Last glacial maximum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_glacial_maximum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_glacial_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_glacial_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Other glacial periods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_glacial_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importance_as_a_source_of_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance_as_a_source_of_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Importance as a source of water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Importance_as_a_source_of_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regional_setting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_setting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Regional setting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_setting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Basement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faults_and_lineaments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faults_and_lineaments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Faults and lineaments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faults_and_lineaments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Composition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eruption_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eruption_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Eruption history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Eruption_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Eruption history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Eruption_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Holocene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holocene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Holocene </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holocene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_day_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_day_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Present day status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_day_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazards_and_monitoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazards_and_monitoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Hazards and monitoring </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hazards_and_monitoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Climate </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Climate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Climate subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Precipitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precipitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Precipitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precipitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Temperature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegetation,_fauna_and_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetation,_fauna_and_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Vegetation, fauna and agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetation,_fauna_and_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology_and_religious_importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology_and_religious_importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Archaeology and religious importance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archaeology_and_religious_importance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Archaeology and religious importance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Archaeology_and_religious_importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inca_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inca_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Inca times </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inca_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maucallacta_and_Acchaymarca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maucallacta_and_Acchaymarca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Maucallacta and Acchaymarca </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maucallacta_and_Acchaymarca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythology,_religion_and_legends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology,_religion_and_legends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Mythology, religion and legends </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythology,_religion_and_legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climbing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climbing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Climbing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climbing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Coropuna</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" > 27 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="كوروبونا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوروبونا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Карапуна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карапуна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Коропуна – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Коропуна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coropuna" title="Coropuna – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Coropuna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevado_Coropuna" title="Nevado Coropuna – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Nevado Coropuna" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coropuna" title="Coropuna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Coropuna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coropuna" title="Coropuna – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Coropuna" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coropuna" title="Coropuna – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Coropuna" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koropuna" title="Koropuna – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Koropuna" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="کروپونا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کروپونا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevado_Coropuna" title="Nevado Coropuna – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nevado Coropuna" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coropuna" title="Coropuna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Coropuna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koropuna" title="Koropuna – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Koropuna" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Коропуна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Коропуна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="جبل كوروپونا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جبل كوروپونا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coropuna" title="Coropuna – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Coropuna" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coropuna" title="Coropuna – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Coropuna" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coropuna" title="Coropuna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Coropuna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevado_Coropuna" title="Nevado Coropuna – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nevado Coropuna" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurupuna" title="Qurupuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qurupuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Коропуна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коропуна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coropuna" title="Coropuna – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Coropuna" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coropuna" title="Coropuna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Coropuna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coropuna" title="Coropuna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Coropuna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coropuna" title="Coropuna – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Coropuna" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Коропуна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Коропуна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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.geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Coropuna&params=15_33_S_72_39_W_type:mountain_region:PE-ARE_scale:100000">15°33′S 72°39′W / 15.550°S 72.650°W / -15.550; -72.650</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Volcano in Peru</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Coropuna</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname">Nevado Coropuna</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coropuna_Volcano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A snow-covered mountain with two hump-like summits rising above an unvegetated landscape with a lake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coropuna_Volcano.jpg/272px-Coropuna_Volcano.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coropuna_Volcano.jpg/408px-Coropuna_Volcano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coropuna_Volcano.jpg/544px-Coropuna_Volcano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Highest point</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,377 m (20,922 ft)<a href="#cite_note-GVP-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Coropuna&params=15_33_S_72_39_W_type:mountain_region:PE-ARE_scale:100000">15°33′S 72°39′W / 15.550°S 72.650°W / -15.550; -72.650</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampos20152-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Naming</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">Etymology</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Name_and_etymology">Etymology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Qhuru Puna (<a href="/wiki/Quechua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua language">Quechua</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">English translation</th><td class="infobox-data">"Golden mountain", "cold, snowy" or "cut off at the top"</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:272px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:272px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:272px"><a href="/wiki/File:Peru_physical_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A topographic map of Peru within South America"><img alt="A topographic map of Peru within South America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Peru_physical_map.svg/272px-Peru_physical_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="272" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Peru_physical_map.svg/408px-Peru_physical_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Peru_physical_map.svg/544px-Peru_physical_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="1037" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:81.035%;left:64.242%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><img alt="A topographic map of Peru within South America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/16px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/24px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/32px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="240" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:9px"><div>Coropuna</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">Parent range</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Occidental_(Peru)" title="Cordillera Occidental (Peru)">Cordillera Occidental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peruvian</a> <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geological_time_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological time scale">Rock ages</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Pliocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Pliocene">Early Pliocene</a> – <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a></li><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5 Ma – 1 ka</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_types" title="List of mountain types">Mountain type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">Stratovolcano</a> complex</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_types" title="List of rock types">Rock type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Geology">Geology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_Volcanic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Volcanic Zone">Central Volcanic Zone</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">Last eruption</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,100 <a href="/wiki/Margin_of_error" title="Margin of error">±</a> 100 or 700 ± 200 years ago</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Climbing</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/First_ascent" title="First ascent">First ascent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Climbing">possibly prehistoric</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Coropuna is a <a href="/wiki/Volcano#Dormant" title="Volcano">dormant</a> <a href="/wiki/Complex_volcano" title="Complex volcano">compound volcano</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> mountains of southeast-central <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. The upper reaches of Coropuna consist of several <a href="/wiki/Snow_field" title="Snow field">perennially snowbound</a> conical summits, lending it the name Nevado Coropuna in Spanish. The complex extends over an area of 240 square kilometres (93 sq mi) and its highest summit reaches an altitude of 6,377 metres (20,922 ft) above sea level. This makes the Coropuna complex the <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Peru" title="List of mountains in Peru">third-highest of Peru</a>. Its thick <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap" title="Ice cap">ice cap</a> is the most extensive in Earth's <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical zone</a>, with several <a href="/wiki/Glacier_morphology#Outlet_glaciers" title="Glacier morphology">outlet glaciers</a> stretching out to lower altitudes. Below an elevation of 5,000 metres (16,000 ft), there are various vegetation belts which include trees, <a href="/wiki/Peat_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Peat bog">peat bogs</a>, grasses and also <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">agricultural</a> areas and <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pastures</a>. The Coropuna complex consists of several <a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">stratovolcanoes</a>. These are composed chiefly of <a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">ignimbrites</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> flows on a <a href="/wiki/Basement_(geology)" title="Basement (geology)">basement</a> formed by <a href="/wiki/Middle_Miocene" title="Middle Miocene">Middle Miocene</a> ignimbrites and lava flows. The Coropuna complex has been active for at least five million years, with the bulk of the current cone having been formed during the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[b]</a> Coropuna has had two or three <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Eruption">eruptions</a> 2,100 ± 200 and either 1,100 ± 100 or 700 ± 200 years ago which generated lava flows, plus an additional eruption which may have taken place some 6,000 years ago. Current activity occurs exclusively in the form of <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot springs</a>. Coropuna is located 150 kilometres (93 mi) northwest of the city of <a href="/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa">Arequipa</a>. People have lived on the slopes of Coropuna for millennia. The mountain was regarded as sacred by the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a>, and several archaeological sites have been discovered there, including the Inca sites of <a href="/wiki/Mawk%27allaqta,_Castilla" title="Mawk'allaqta, Castilla">Maucallacta</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acchaymarca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acchaymarca (page does not exist)">Acchaymarca</a>. The mountain was considered one of the most important Inca <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Inca_Empire" title="Religion in the Inca Empire">religious sites</a> in their realm; <a href="/wiki/Capacocha" title="Capacocha">human sacrifices</a> were performed on its slopes, Coropuna forms part of many local legends and the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_worship" title="Mountain worship">mountain is worshiped</a> to the present day. The ice cap of Coropuna, which during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> (LGM) had expanded to over 500 km2 (190 sq mi), has been in <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">retreat since at least 1850</a>. Estimates published in 2018 imply that the ice cap will persist until about 2120. The retreat of the Coropuna glaciers threatens the water supply of tens of thousands of people relying upon its <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watershed</a>, and interaction between volcanic activity and glacial effects has generated <a href="/wiki/Mudflow" title="Mudflow">mudflows</a> that could be hazardous to surrounding populations. Because of this, the Peruvian geological agency, <a href="/wiki/INGEMMET" title="INGEMMET">INGEMMET</a>, monitors Coropuna and has published a hazard map for the volcano. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_etymology">Name and etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name and etymology">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a>, puna means "plateau", and coro is a common component of toponyms such as with <a href="/wiki/Coro_Coro,_Bolivia" title="Coro Coro, Bolivia">Coro Coro, Bolivia</a>, though its etymology is unclear.<a href="#cite_note-Holmer1960-7">[5]</a> The name may mean Qoripuna, "Puna of Gold",<a href="#cite_note-Trawick2003-8">[6]</a> "golden mountain",<a href="#cite_note-MINCETUR2019-9">[7]</a> "cold, snowy" or "cut off at the top".<a href="#cite_note-Wilson2009-10">[8]</a> The name is also spelled Qhuru Puna.<a href="#cite_note-Besom2010-11">[9]</a> The mountain is also called Nevado Coropuna; "Nevado" is the Spanish word for "snowy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallRademakerTodd2011305-12">[10]</a> There is another volcano in the <a href="/wiki/Andagua_volcanic_field" title="Andagua volcanic field">Andahua volcanic field</a> which has the same name, but is completely separate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuberPanajewGałaś201566-13">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_geomorphology">Geography and geomorphology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography and geomorphology">edit</a>]</div> Coropuna lies in the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> of Peru,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallRademakerTodd2011306-14">[12]</a> on the border between the <a href="/wiki/Castilla_Province" title="Castilla Province">Castilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Condesuyos_Province" title="Condesuyos Province">Condesuyos Provinces</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinqueMarinoEnderlinEdwards2018176-15">[13]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arequipa_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Arequipa Department">Arequipa Department</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinqueMarinoEnderlinEdwards2018176-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200816-16">[14]</a> Towns around the volcano belong to the <a href="/wiki/Chuquibamba_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuquibamba District">Chuquibamba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machaguay_District" title="Machaguay District">Machaguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pampacolca_District" title="Pampacolca District">Pampacolca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viraco_District" title="Viraco District">Viraco Districts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez20013-17">[15]</a> The volcano can be reached on paved roads through the town of Andahua, either from <a href="/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa">Arequipa</a> or through <a href="/wiki/Aplao" class="mw-redirect" title="Aplao">Aplao</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Highway" title="Pan-American Highway">Pan-American Highway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez20014-18">[16]</a> Roads also pass along the northern and western sides of the volcano.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200110-19">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional">Regional</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Regional">edit</a>]</div> The Andes stretch along the western coast of South America from <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a> northwards to <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, forming the longest mountain chain in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuberPanajewGałaś201561-20">[18]</a> More regionally, the volcano is in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordillera_Ampato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cordillera Ampato (page does not exist)">Cordillera Ampato</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Ampato" class="extiw" title="es:Cordillera Ampato">es</a>], a mountain range which lies at an average of 100 kilometres (62 mi) from the Pacific coastline,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchottererDelachauxLedruAngelis200928-21">[19]</a> and contains nearly one hundred glaciers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERacoviteanuManleyArnaudWilliams2007111-22">[20]</a> Coropuna is in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Volcanic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Volcanic Zone">Central Volcanic Zone</a> of the Andes,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallRademakerTodd2011306-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaFrancis1990287-23">[21]</a> which contains 44 stratovolcanoes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuberPanajewGałaś201563-24">[22]</a> – including many of the world's highest<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaFrancis1990287-23">[21]</a> – and several glaciated volcanoes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyThouretSchimmelpfennigMariño20193-25">[23]</a> Besides Coropuna, some of the latter are <a href="/wiki/Sara_Sara" title="Sara Sara">Sara Sara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solimana_(volcano)" title="Solimana (volcano)">Solimana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mismi" title="Mismi">Mismi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ampato" title="Ampato">Ampato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hualca_Hualca" title="Hualca Hualca">Hualca Hualca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabancaya" title="Sabancaya">Sabancaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chachani" title="Chachani">Chachani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misti" title="Misti">Misti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ubinas" title="Ubinas">Ubinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huaynaputina" title="Huaynaputina">Huaynaputina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tutupaca" title="Tutupaca">Tutupaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yucamane" title="Yucamane">Yucamane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Casiri_(Tacna)" title="Casiri (Tacna)">Casiri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuberPanajewGałaś201562-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeibelFrangipane-GyselHunziker1978247-27">[25]</a> Also found nearby are <a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a>-age <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">calderas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuberPanajewGałaś201562-26">[24]</a> Sixteen volcanoes in Peru are active or potentially active.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVelaCáceresCalderónChijcheapaza20164-28">[26]</a> There is no habitation on Coropuna above 5,200 metres (17,100 ft),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez20017-29">[27]</a> but numerous villages dot the lower slopes.<a href="#cite_note-31">[c]</a> <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a> are the most common economic activities;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200161-32">[29]</a> there are <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> <a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Peru" title="Mineral industry of Peru">mines</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENúñez_JuárezSteinmüller199852-33">[30]</a> The city of Arequipa lies 150 km (93 mi) to the southeast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallRademakerTodd2011306-14">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local">Local</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Local">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_outline">General outline</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: General outline">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CoropunaSouthViewUSGS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An elongated snow-covered ridge rises from a dark landscape with valleys." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/CoropunaSouthViewUSGS.jpg/220px-CoropunaSouthViewUSGS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/CoropunaSouthViewUSGS.jpg/330px-CoropunaSouthViewUSGS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/CoropunaSouthViewUSGS.jpg/440px-CoropunaSouthViewUSGS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Coropuna seen from the south in 1988</figcaption></figure> Seen from above, Coropuna has a pear-shaped outline<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeibelFrangipane-GyselHunziker1978246-34">[31]</a> and is a 20 km (12 mi) east–west ridge<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200816-16">[14]</a> that features four summits that are separated by broad <a href="/wiki/Saddle_(landform)" title="Saddle (landform)">saddles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallRademakerTodd2011306-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallSchaeferWinckler2011b38-35">[32]</a> In addition, there is another summit north of the east–west trend.<a href="#cite_note-GVP-1">[1]</a> A 5,558 m (18,235 ft) high subsidiary peak named Cerro Cuncaicha lies east of Coropuna;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalenqueNiño_de_GuzmánChoqueÁlvarez2018105-36">[33]</a> it is a stratovolcano.<a href="#cite_note-Mapa2017-37">[34]</a> Coropuna covers a surface area of 240 square kilometres (93 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200135-38">[35]</a> and its various main summits rise about three kilometres (1.9 mi) above the surrounding plateau.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyThouretSchimmelpfennigMariño20193-25">[23]</a> The volcano is formed from alternating layers of <a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">ignimbrite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeibelFrangipane-GyselHunziker1978246-34">[31]</a> and consists of coalesced stratovolcanoes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÚbeda_Palenque2013124-39">[36]</a> and seven separate <a href="/wiki/Lava_dome#Lava_coulées" title="Lava dome">coulees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200817-40">[37]</a> Ice cover makes discerning its structure difficult,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaFrancis1990292-41">[38]</a> but about<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaFrancis1990292-41">[38]</a> six separate peaks<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200135-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullard1962444-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-IGdP2018-43">[40]</a> as well as six not readily recognisable <a href="/wiki/Summit_crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Summit crater">summit craters</a> have been counted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200818-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeibelFrangipane-GyselHunziker1978246-34">[31]</a> Additional <a href="/wiki/Lava_dome" title="Lava dome">lava domes</a> form a southeastward trending line on the southwestern side of the volcano<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200818-30">[28]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dikes</a> crop out close to Lake <a href="/wiki/Pallarcocha" title="Pallarcocha">Pallarcocha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200818-30">[28]</a> Coropuna overlies the margin of a buried caldera.<a href="#cite_note-Yates2013-44">[41]</a> The higher elevations of Coropuna consist of an ice cap and glaciated terrain<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200135-38">[35]</a> but old lava flows with gentle slopes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERacoviteanuManleyArnaudWilliams2007112-45">[42]</a> and blocky lava crop out from underneath the ice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuberPanajewGałaś201563-24">[22]</a> Regions of <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrothermal">hydrothermally</a> altered rocks, lava flows, <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">pyroclastic flows</a> and areas covered by <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a> occur all around the mountain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200818-30">[28]</a> Glacial activity has eroded these volcanic rocks, carving valleys into them or removing them altogether.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalenqueNiño_de_GuzmánChoqueÁlvarez2018104-46">[43]</a> This process created <a href="/wiki/U-shaped_valley" title="U-shaped valley">U-shaped valleys</a> such as Buenavista, Cospanja and Tuilaqui on the southern flank, and glacial valleys such as Chaque, Mapa Mayo, Río Blanco, Torcom and Ullulo on the northern slopes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200112-47">[44]</a> Glacial valleys of Coropuna are up to 300 m (980 ft) deep and seven km (4.3 mi) long.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200819-48">[45]</a> There are several collapse <a href="/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">scarps</a> on the mountain, especially around its central sector.<a href="#cite_note-Mapa2017-37">[34]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Sector_collapse" title="Sector collapse">sector collapse</a> took place on the southwestern flank and formed a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_landslide" title="Volcanic landslide">landslide</a> deposit as well as a horseshoe-shaped valley that was later filled by glaciers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200819-48">[45]</a> Also on the southern side, mud-water flow deposits have been found in the Capiza River valley and appear to relate to Coropuna;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcía_ZúñigaMariño_SalazarValdivia_Humerez2018117-49">[46]</a> at least eight such debris flows have been identified.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcía_ZúñigaMariño_SalazarValdivia_Humerez2018120-50">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar">Lahars</a> (mudflows) have reached the <a href="/wiki/Colca_River" title="Colca River">Colca River</a> valley.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcía_ZúñigaMariño_SalazarValdivia_Humerez2018118-51">[48]</a> Lahars are dangerous phenomena owing to their high speed and density, causing large scale destruction and fatalities,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcía_ZúñigaMariño_SalazarValdivia_Humerez2018117-49">[46]</a> and can be generated both by volcanic and meteorological processes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiveraDel_Carpio_CalienesTaveraCruz_Igme202118-52">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lakes_and_rivers">Lakes and rivers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lakes and rivers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COROPUNA_LAKE_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A barren, rock-strewn terrain with two ice-covered mountains in the background; to the left lies a blue lake and to the right a scarp." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/COROPUNA_LAKE_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-COROPUNA_LAKE_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/COROPUNA_LAKE_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-COROPUNA_LAKE_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/COROPUNA_LAKE_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-COROPUNA_LAKE_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Coropuna seen from Lake Pallacocha</figcaption></figure> Lakes lie on the flanks of the volcano.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyThouretSchimmelpfennigMariño20195-53">[50]</a> These include <a href="/wiki/Lake_Pallarcocha" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Pallarcocha">Lake Pallarcocha</a> on the southwestern flank on formerly glaciated terrain,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÚbedaPalaciosVázquez-Selem20123–4-54">[51]</a> Laguna Pucaylla on Coropuna's northeastern side and Laguna Caracara on the southeastern side. A number of streams and rivers originate on the mountain. Clockwise around Coropuna, these include Quebrada Chauqui-Huayco, Rio Amayani on the northern side, Quebrada Chinchina/Infernillo, Quebrada Jollpa, Quebrada Caspanja with the lake Laguna Caracara, Quebrada Buena Vista, Quebrada Tuallqui, Rio Testane on the southern flank, Rio de Huayllaura on the southwestern flank, Quebrada del Apacheta,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200110-19">[17]</a> Quebrada Sigue Chico<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleySchaeferWincklerHall20092515-55">[52]</a> and Quebrada Sepulturayoc on the western flank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200110-19">[17]</a> The Rio Blanco and Rio Amayani eventually form the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rio_Arma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rio Arma (page does not exist)">Rio Arma</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200121-56">[53]</a> while the Rio Capiza discharges water from Coropuna to the Colca River.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldas_Vidal199310-57">[54]</a> During the winter <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampos20152-2">[2]</a> most of these rivers do not carry substantial discharge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeibelFrangipane-GyselHunziker1978245-58">[55]</a> The volcano is situated on a <a href="/wiki/Drainage_divide" title="Drainage divide">drainage divide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverioJaquet20125878-59">[56]</a> To the west, the Rio Arma is a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Oco%C3%B1a_River" title="Ocoña River">Ocoña River</a>, while to the east, the Colca River is part of the <a href="/wiki/Majes_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Majes River">Majes River</a> watershed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalenqueNiño_de_GuzmánChoqueÁlvarez2018104-46">[43]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Endorheic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endorheic">endorheic</a> area that receives meltwater from the volcano also exists northeast from Coropuna, on Pampa Pucaylla<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalenqueNiño_de_GuzmánChoqueÁlvarez2018108-60">[57]</a> where the lake of the same name lies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200110-19">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surrounding_terrain">Surrounding terrain</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Surrounding terrain">edit</a>]</div> Coropuna rises two km (1.2 mi) above the surrounding terrain<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampos20152-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallSchaeferWinckler2011b38-35">[32]</a> from a base elevation of 4,500 m (14,800 ft),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200816-16">[14]</a> and about 3.5 km (2.2 mi) on the southern side where the Rio Llacllaja has incised the underlying <a href="/wiki/Basement_(geology)" title="Basement (geology)">basement</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampos20152-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallSchaeferWinckler2011b38-35">[32]</a> almost to the foot of the volcano, forming sharp, amphitheatre-like valleys.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeibelFrangipane-GyselHunziker1978245-58">[55]</a> In general, many deep valleys cut into the flanks of the volcano<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVelaCáceresCalderónChijcheapaza20169-61">[58]</a> and give the mountain an "impressive topographic relief".<a href="#cite_note-GVP-1">[1]</a> The region is characterised by high plateaus separated by deep <a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">canyons</a>, including some of the world's deepest gorges<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleySchaeferWincklerHall20092515-55">[52]</a> that reach depths of 600–3,000 m (2,000–9,800 ft).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretGunnellJichaPaquette20172-62">[59]</a> Apart from river erosion, giant landslides have affected the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a> below Coropuna,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGómezMacíasArceSánchez-Nuñez20121025-63">[60]</a> such as the Chuquibamba landslide, which took place over the last 120,000 years in the form of multiple collapse events within a <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">fault</a>-controlled basin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretGunnellJichaPaquette201714-64">[61]</a> Geomorphologically, Coropuna lies at the edge of the Altiplano high plateau on the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Occidental_(Peru)" title="Cordillera Occidental (Peru)">Western Cordillera</a> mountain range;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuentzMeraLedruThouret20071764-65">[62]</a> in the Central Andes this mountain chain is split into two ranges – the western and the eastern Cordillera – separated by the Altiplano.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullard1962443-66">[63]</a> The Pucuncho Basin<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallRademakerTodd2011305-12">[10]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Firura" title="Firura">Firura</a> volcano lie north of Coropuna, while Solimana volcano is northwest from Coropuna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallRademakerTodd2011306-14">[12]</a> Sara Sara is another volcano in the area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200135-38">[35]</a> A large lava dome lies northwest of Coropuna<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200110-19">[17]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Puma_Ranra_(Castilla-Condesuyos)" title="Puma Ranra (Castilla-Condesuyos)">Cerro Pumaranra</a>, a 5,089 m (16,696 ft)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalenqueNiño_de_GuzmánChoqueÁlvarez2018105-36">[33]</a> eroded volcano, is to the northeast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200818-30">[28]</a> 19 km (12 mi) west-southwest from Coropuna lies the 4,855 m (15,928 ft) high <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antapuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antapuna (page does not exist)">Antapuna</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDornbusch2002116-67">[64]</a> while the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andahua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andahua (page does not exist)">Andahua</a> "<a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_Volcanoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley of the Volcanoes">Valley of the Volcanoes</a>" is 20 km (12 mi) east-northeast of Coropuna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaFrancis1990298-68">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elevation_and_size">Elevation and size</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Elevation and size">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coropuna_Este_(30293366316).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A gentle, ice-covered ridge with hump-like summits" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Coropuna_Este_%2830293366316%29.jpg/220px-Coropuna_Este_%2830293366316%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Coropuna_Este_%2830293366316%29.jpg/330px-Coropuna_Este_%2830293366316%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Coropuna_Este_%2830293366316%29.jpg/440px-Coropuna_Este_%2830293366316%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>Coropuna Este</figcaption></figure> Coropuna is the largest<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenturelliFragipaneWeibelAntiga1978214-69">[66]</a> and highest volcano in Peru, the highest peak of the Cordillera Ampato<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampos20152-2">[2]</a> and the third-highest mountain in Peru.<a href="#cite_note-Trawick2003-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-MINCETUR2019-9">[7]</a> The highest point of Coropuna is the northwestern dome<a href="#cite_note-GVP-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200135-38">[35]</a> named Coropuna Casulla,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez20013-17">[15]</a> with 6,377 metres (20,922 ft) elevation.<a href="#cite_note-GVP-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-MdA2019-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-IGdP2018-43">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">Mountaineering</a> sources also cite an elevation of 6,425 m (21,079 ft) for the El Toro summit,<a href="#cite_note-Biggar2015-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-AAC1990-72">[69]</a> which would make Coropuna the 22nd highest mountain in the Andes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuberPanajewGałaś201563-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[d]</a> Estimates on the height of Coropuna have changed over time. In the 19th century, it was one of the candidates for "highest mountain in Peru", with the Mapa del Perú (Map of Peru) of <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Raimondi" title="Antonio Raimondi">Antonio Raimondi</a> giving an estimated height of 6,949 m (22,799 ft); other candidates were peaks in the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Blanca" title="Cordillera Blanca">Cordillera Blanca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWise200497-77">[73]</a> In 1910 it was believed that the volcano was over 7,000 m (23,000 ft) high and thus the highest mountain in South America, ahead of <a href="/wiki/Aconcagua" title="Aconcagua">Aconcagua</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bingham2010-78">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bandelier1910-79">[75]</a> although a North American expedition during the preceding year had determined that Coropuna was not the highest, as they only found an elevation of 6,615 m (21,703 ft), and <a href="/wiki/Huascaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Huascaran">Huascaran</a> is higher than this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWise200498-80">[76]</a> Varying snow elevations might also lead to varying height estimates.<a href="#cite_note-Biggar2015-71">[68]</a> Coropuna has several summits (up to ten overall according to one count)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeibelFrangipane-GyselHunziker1978246-34">[31]</a> which exceed 6,000 m (20,000 ft) elevation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverioJaquet20125878-59">[56]</a> plus a 5,623 m (18,448 ft) northern summit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez20013-17">[15]</a> Those with individual names are the northwestern Coropuna Casulla at 6,377 m (20,922 ft),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200135-38">[35]</a> El Toro,<a href="#cite_note-Biggar2015-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-AAC1990-72">[69]</a> the western Nevado Pallacocha at 6,171 m (20,246 ft), the central Coropuna Central II at 6,161 m (20,213 ft),<a href="#cite_note-Hernandez2013-81">[77]</a> Escalera at 6,171 m (20,246 ft) in the western sector of the volcano, Paiche at 6,330 m (20,770 ft) in the central sector,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorres_AguilarDel_Carpio_CalienesRivera202016-82">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mapa2017-37">[34]</a> and Coropuna Este<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallRademakerTodd2011308-83">[79]</a> and Yana Ranra at 6,305 m (20,686 ft) in the eastern sector.<a href="#cite_note-Mapa2017-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorres_AguilarDel_Carpio_CalienesRivera202016-82">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ice_cap">Ice cap</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ice cap">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nevado_Coropuna,_Peru.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A roughly pear-shaped ice area, from which valleys emanate, lies within a multicolored landscape, as seen from a satellite image." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Nevado_Coropuna%2C_Peru.JPG/220px-Nevado_Coropuna%2C_Peru.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Nevado_Coropuna%2C_Peru.JPG/330px-Nevado_Coropuna%2C_Peru.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Nevado_Coropuna%2C_Peru.JPG/440px-Nevado_Coropuna%2C_Peru.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2850" /></a><figcaption>Coropuna's ice cap seen from space in 2010</figcaption></figure> Coropuna features the largest <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap" title="Ice cap">ice cap</a> of the tropics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcía_ZúñigaMariño_SalazarValdivia_Humerez2018117-49">[46]</a> As of 2014 it was 8.5 km (5.3 mi) wide and eleven km (6.8 mi) long.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinqueMarinoEnderlinEdwards2018179-84">[80]</a> It is larger than the <a href="/wiki/Quelccaya_Ice_Cap" title="Quelccaya Ice Cap">Quelccaya Ice Cap</a> 250 km (160 mi) farther northeast, which was considered to be the largest,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinqueMarinoEnderlinEdwards2018179-84">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalenqueNiño_de_GuzmánChoqueÁlvarez2018101-85">[81]</a> but has since shrunk to a size less than Coropuna's.<a href="#cite_note-NOAA2018-86">[82]</a> A subsidiary peak named Cerro Cuncaicha, east of Coropuna, has a small ice cap as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallRademakerTodd2011307-87">[83]</a> In general, Peruvian glaciers form the bulk of the world's tropical glaciers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverioJaquet20125876-88">[84]</a> The ice cap consists of three ice domes and many glaciers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinqueMarinoEnderlinEdwards2018179-84">[80]</a> Perennial <a href="/wiki/Snow_field" title="Snow field">snow fields</a> are present on Coropuna, sometimes making it hard to measure the true extent of glaciation or glacier retreat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallSchaeferWinckler2011b38-35">[32]</a> On average, the ice cap of Coropuna is about 80.8 m (265 ft) thick,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverioHeroldPeduzzi2010320-89">[85]</a> with maximum thicknesses exceeding 180 m (590 ft).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverioHeroldPeduzzi2010321-90">[86]</a> In 2003–2004 the ice cap had a volume of about 3.69 cubic kilometres (0.89 cu mi) <a href="/wiki/Snow_water_equivalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow water equivalent">snow water equivalents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverio201849-91">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">Ice cores</a> have been taken from the Coropuna ice cap<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeideFritzBrinsonThompson20173-92">[88]</a> and from a summit crater;<a href="#cite_note-Lin2018-93">[89]</a> one of these ice cores covers a timespan beginning from 20,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelSkrzypekChumanŠefrna201463-94">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Penitente_(snow_formation)" title="Penitente (snow formation)">Penitentes</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchottererDelachauxLedruAngelis200928-21">[19]</a> reaching heights of two m (6 ft 7 in)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuberPanajewGałaś201567-95">[91]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serac" title="Serac">seracs</a> (blocks of ice in glaciers delimited by cracks) occur on the glaciers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200818-30">[28]</a> while debris cover is rare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinqueMarinoEnderlinEdwards2018178-96">[92]</a> Mudflows (lahars) originated from the ice cap<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampos20152-2">[2]</a> and left deposits at the bottom of valleys.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVelaCáceresCalderónChijcheapaza20169-61">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glaciers_and_periglacial_phenomena">Glaciers and periglacial phenomena</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Glaciers and periglacial phenomena">edit</a>]</div> A number of glaciers flow down from the ice cap,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200818-30">[28]</a> their number variously estimated to be 15,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallSchaeferWinckler2011b38-35">[32]</a> 17<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverio201845-97">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverioJaquet20125878-59">[56]</a> and 23.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinqueMarinoEnderlinEdwards2018179-84">[80]</a> Some glaciers have been named; on the southwestern flank two glaciers are known as Azufrioc 1 and 2, three Rio Blanco 1 through 3 and six Tuialqui 1 through 6.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampos20157-98">[94]</a> Eighteen separate accumulation areas have been found as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200824-99">[95]</a> There are no substantive valley glaciers presently on Coropuna<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaFrancis1990292-41">[38]</a> and some glaciers, especially in the eastern side, emanate from <a href="/wiki/Cirque" title="Cirque">cirques</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200818-30">[28]</a> The ongoing downward movement of the ice on Coropuna produces <a href="/wiki/Icequake" class="mw-redirect" title="Icequake">icequakes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IGdP2018-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorres_AguilarDel_Carpio_CalienesRivera202032-100">[96]</a> Glaciers descend to elevations of about 5,100 to 5,300 m (16,700 to 17,400 ft) on the southern flank, and to about 5,500 to 5,800 m (18,000 to 19,000 ft) on the northern flank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallRademakerTodd2011306-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200817-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinqueMarinoEnderlinEdwards2018179-84">[80]</a> This is higher than the <a href="/wiki/Freezing_level" title="Freezing level">freezing level</a>, owing to the dry climate;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampos20152-2">[2]</a> the freezing level at Coropuna lies at about 4,900 m (16,100 ft) elevation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallSchaeferWinckler2011b38-35">[32]</a> In 2001, the ice limits were located at elevations of 5,300 m (17,400 ft) on the southern and at 5,600 m (18,400 ft) on the northern flank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez20019-101">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">Moraines</a> are mostly found on Coropuna's northern and southern side<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200110-19">[17]</a> and reach lengths of three to eight km (1.9 to 5.0 mi), with longer moraines on the northern flank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200112-47">[44]</a> In general, moraines on Coropuna are steep and have prominent crests as they are little eroded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallRademakerTodd2011307-87">[83]</a> Grey-coloured, fresh moraines up to 500 m (1,600 ft) from the ice cap may reflect the position of the glaciers before the onset of <a href="/wiki/Glacier_retreat" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacier retreat">glacier retreat</a> which has left small mounds that often contain ice between these moraines and the ice cap<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallRademakerTodd2011307-87">[83]</a> and small, discontinuous moraines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallRademakerTodd2011310-102">[98]</a> Apart from normal glaciers, 78 <a href="/wiki/Rock_glacier" title="Rock glacier">rock glaciers</a> have been counted on Coropuna, but only 11 of them are considered to be active.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200828-103">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">Permafrost</a> occurs at elevations exceeding 5,100 metres (16,700 ft) on the southern and 5,750 metres (18,860 ft) on the northern flank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoshikawaÚbedaMasíasPari2020608-104">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cryoturbation" title="Cryoturbation">Cryoturbation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalánLinares_Perea201215-105">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gelifluction" title="Gelifluction">gelifluction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patterned_ground" title="Patterned ground">patterned grounds</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeibelFrangipane-GyselHunziker1978246-34">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Solifluction" title="Solifluction">solifluction</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalánLinares_Perea201248-106">[102]</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Periglacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Periglacial">periglacial</a> landforms are noticeable<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeibelFrangipane-GyselHunziker1978246-34">[31]</a> at over 4,500 m (14,800 ft) elevation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeibelFrangipane-GyselHunziker1978246-34">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recent_area_and_retreat">Recent area and retreat</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Recent area and retreat">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coropuna_ice_cap_extent_1950-2015.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="While individual trend series of the extent of Coropuna's ice cap often heavily diverge from each other, a strong declining tendency is noticeable." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3b/Coropuna_ice_cap_extent_1950-2015.svg/300px-Coropuna_ice_cap_extent_1950-2015.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3b/Coropuna_ice_cap_extent_1950-2015.svg/450px-Coropuna_ice_cap_extent_1950-2015.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3b/Coropuna_ice_cap_extent_1950-2015.svg/600px-Coropuna_ice_cap_extent_1950-2015.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Extent of the ice cap over the years, from various sources:<a href="#cite_note-109">[e]</a></figcaption></figure> Measuring the surface area of Coropuna's ice cap is difficult as seasonal snow can be mistaken for ice,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinqueMarinoEnderlinEdwards2018180-110">[105]</a> and different studies come to various conclusions about the retreat rate, due to the use of different time periods and methodological practices. However, all studies conclude that the net retreat trend is obvious and that the ice cap is diminishing.<a href="#cite_note-Veettil2017-111">[106]</a> Retreat rates shortly before 2009 reached 13 per cent in only 21 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampos201512-112">[107]</a> Between 1980 and 2014 the ice cap shrank at a rate of 0.409 km2/a (0.158 sq mi/a)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinqueMarinoEnderlinEdwards2018179-84">[80]</a> with a 2015 estimate amounting to 0.5 km2/a (0.19 sq mi/a),<a href="#cite_note-Kochtitzky2015-113">[108]</a> and a brief slowdown observed during the late 1990s and early 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinqueMarinoEnderlinEdwards2018181-114">[109]</a> Total shrinkage has been estimated to amount to 26 per cent between 1962 and 2000, and by 18 per cent between 1955 and 2007.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampos20152-2">[2]</a> Retreat is faster on the northern side of the mountain.<a href="#cite_note-Pellitero2022-115">[110]</a> The Coropuna ice cap retreat follows the pattern recorded elsewhere in Peru such as in the Cordillera Blanca, <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Vilcanota" title="Cordillera Vilcanota">Cordillera Vilcanota</a> and the mountains Ampato, Quelccaya and Sabancaya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200831-116">[111]</a> All of this retreat is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez20019-101">[97]</a> and tends to increase during <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a> years owing to a drier climate. The glaciers lose mass through both <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melting" title="Melting">melting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallSchaeferWinckler2011b38-35">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ablation" title="Ablation">Ablation</a> occurs year-round and is <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_cycle" title="Diurnal cycle">diurnal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoshikawaÚbedaMasíasPari2020600-117">[112]</a> This meltwater rarely forms streams, though some do exist. The Quebrada Ullulo on the northern side is the largest such meltwater stream.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallSchaeferWinckler2011b38-35">[32]</a> Recently deglaciated terrain is covered by rock debris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedina_AllccaGomez_VelásquezSantos_RomeroMoreno_Herrera202162-118">[113]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coropuna_glacier_areas.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Glacier trends and extrapolation"><img alt="The ice area has been steadily decreasing since 1950 and may completely disappear in the future." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Coropuna_glacier_areas.png/205px-Coropuna_glacier_areas.png" decoding="async" width="137" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Coropuna_glacier_areas.png/308px-Coropuna_glacier_areas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Coropuna_glacier_areas.png/410px-Coropuna_glacier_areas.png 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="782" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Glacier trends and extrapolation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 133.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 131.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coropuna_ice_profile.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ice profile"><img alt="Radar display of a transect through the ice cap" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coropuna_ice_profile.png/197px-Coropuna_ice_profile.png" decoding="async" width="132" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coropuna_ice_profile.png/296px-Coropuna_ice_profile.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coropuna_ice_profile.png/394px-Coropuna_ice_profile.png 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="813" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ice profile</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 218px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ice_loss_Coropuna-2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ice thickness"><img alt="The thickest ice lies in the western portion, while marginal ice is thinner." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ice_loss_Coropuna-2.png/327px-Ice_loss_Coropuna-2.png" decoding="async" width="218" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ice_loss_Coropuna-2.png/490px-Ice_loss_Coropuna-2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ice_loss_Coropuna-2.png/654px-Ice_loss_Coropuna-2.png 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="846" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ice thickness</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 131.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 129.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Radar_profile_and_glacier_evolution_Coropuna.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ice schematics"><img alt="A number of transects across the ice cap have been made, with the ice cap retreating at its margins." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Radar_profile_and_glacier_evolution_Coropuna.png/194px-Radar_profile_and_glacier_evolution_Coropuna.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Radar_profile_and_glacier_evolution_Coropuna.png/291px-Radar_profile_and_glacier_evolution_Coropuna.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Radar_profile_and_glacier_evolution_Coropuna.png/388px-Radar_profile_and_glacier_evolution_Coropuna.png 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="810" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ice schematics</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glacial_history">Glacial history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Glacial history">edit</a>]</div> Before the first human settlement of the area,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandweissÁlvarezReidLeach2014468-119">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandweissÁlvarezReidLeach2014466–467-120">[115]</a> the ice cap on Coropuna was much larger than today, with its surface exceeding 500 km2 (190 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalenqueNiño_de_GuzmánChoqueÁlvarez2018102-121">[116]</a> and its glaciers descending to much lower elevations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleySchaeferWincklerHall20092515-55">[52]</a> Additionally, glaciers also expanded from the mountains Pumaranra, Pucaylla and Cuncaicha to the east of Coropuna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalenqueNiño_de_GuzmánChoqueÁlvarez2018107-122">[117]</a> They covered the Pampa Pucaylla northeast from Coropuna and descended the Jellojello valley and other valleys to the east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÚbedaPalaciosVázquez-Selem20123-123">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Glacial_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial valley">Glacial valleys</a> radiate from Coropuna,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaFrancis1990292-41">[38]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glaciofluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciofluvial">glaciofluvial</a> landforms are associated with moraines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallSchaeferWinckler2011b38-35">[32]</a> Regional climate oscillations are recorded in the ice masses of Coropuna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÚbeda_Palenque201324-124">[119]</a> The glacial history of the volcano has been reconstructed with <a href="/wiki/Tephrochronology" title="Tephrochronology">tephrochronology</a> (using dated <a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">tephra</a> layers such as those from the 1600 Huaynaputina eruption), <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200817-40">[37]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surface_exposure_dating" title="Surface exposure dating">surface exposure dating</a> using <a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">helium-3</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallSchaeferWinckler2011b38-35">[32]</a> Three separate moraine generations<a href="#cite_note-Mapa2017-37">[34]</a> and about five separate glacial stages have been recorded on the volcano.<a href="#cite_note-GSA2007-125">[120]</a> Glacial advances on Coropuna appear to be synchronous to advances of the ice sheets in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200830-126">[121]</a> Glaciers developed on other mountains in the region as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDornbusch2002123-127">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Last_glacial_maximum">Last glacial maximum</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Last glacial maximum">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> (LGM) 25,000–20,000 years ago,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallRademakerTodd2011308-83">[79]</a> valley glaciers on Coropuna were considerably longer than today.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200817-40">[37]</a> The longest glacier, at 12 km (7.5 mi), was in the Quebrada Ullulo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallRademakerTodd2011308-83">[79]</a> The glaciers had a cover of boulders and <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a> and formed tall moraines, and both lateral and terminal moraines where <a href="/wiki/Outlet_glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Outlet glacier">outlet glaciers</a> ended. At the crest, these moraines were as much as 100 m (330 ft) high, eight km (5.0 mi) long, and five–ten m (16–33 ft) wide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallRademakerTodd2011307–308-128">[123]</a> On the northern flank, moraine systems have been observed in the Santiago, Ullulo,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallSchaeferWinckler2011b39-129">[124]</a> Keaña, Queñua Ranra, Cuncaicha, Pommulca and Huajra Huire valleys,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalenqueNiño_de_GuzmánChoqueÁlvarez2018108-60">[57]</a> while the southeastern flank was covered by glaciers in the Yanaorco, Viques, Cospanja, Buena Vista Este, Buena Vista Oeste and Huasi valleys.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÚbedaPalaciosVázquez-Selem20123-123">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Riegel_(glacial)" title="Riegel (glacial)">Rock bars</a> occur in some glacial valleys on the southern and southwestern side of the volcano.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200818-30">[28]</a> There are large cirques around Cerro Cuncaicha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200817-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallRademakerTodd2011307-87">[83]</a> The LGM ice cap had an area of at least 365 km2 (141 sq mi), with glaciers descending to 3,780–4,540 m (12,400–14,900 ft) elevation. Glacier ends were lower on the northern<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallRademakerTodd2011308-83">[79]</a> and western sides, probably due to airflow-mediated variations in sublimation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallRademakerTodd2011312-130">[125]</a> The growth of the ice cap has been explained by a decrease of the <a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_line_altitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Equilibrium line altitude">equilibrium line altitude</a> of about 750 m (2,460 ft). Assuming constant precipitation, temperatures may have decreased by 4.5–5.5 °C (8.1–9.9 °F).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeine2019264-131">[126]</a> The glaciers began to retreat between 12,000 and 11,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalenqueNiño_de_GuzmánChoqueÁlvarez2018118-132">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_glacial_periods">Other glacial periods</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other glacial periods">edit</a>]</div> Ice has been present on Coropuna for at least 80,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-ÚbedaPalacio2012-133">[128]</a> At least two pre-LGM advances spread beyond the area that was covered with ice during the LGM,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallSchaeferWinckler2011b38-35">[32]</a> with an expansion occurring in particular in the eastern sector of the volcano.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeine2019269-134">[129]</a> Moraines older than <a href="/wiki/Marine_isotope_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine isotope stage">marine isotope stage</a> 2 are widespread.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeine2019262-135">[130]</a> Those close to the village of Viraco may date back 40,000–45,000 years and thus be part of an earlier glaciation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200822-136">[131]</a> and old dates of 47,000–31,000 and 61,000–37,000 years ago in the Huayllaura and Sigue Chico valleys could reflect even larger glacier expansions during marine isotope stage 3 or 4.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalenqueNiño_de_GuzmánChoqueÁlvarez2018113-137">[132]</a> Glaciers retreated after the end of the last glacial maximum 20,000–18,000 years ago and then re-expanded.<a href="#cite_note-GSA2007-125">[120]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Late_Glacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Glacial">Late Glacial</a>, a group of moraines formed between the position of the LGM moraines and the position of the recent moraines,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallRademakerTodd2011307-87">[83]</a> with one lateglacial advance dated to either 13,400–10,000 or 13,900–11,900 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeine2019263-138">[133]</a> Full glacial conditions lasted until 10,000–9,000 years ago;<a href="#cite_note-ÚbedaPalacio2012-133">[128]</a> minor advances took place about 13,000–9,000 years ago, and again some 6,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÚbedaPalaciosVázquez-Selem20125-139">[134]</a> The late glacial advances coincide with similar glacier expansions worldwide<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleySchaeferWincklerHall20092520-140">[135]</a> and some of them may correlate with the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a> cold period or the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Cold_Reversal" title="Antarctic Cold Reversal">Antarctic Cold Reversal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallSchaeferWinckler2011b42-141">[136]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a>, glaciers on Coropuna did not expand much, although some rock glaciers might have formed during that time. The glaciers descended to 4,900 m (16,100 ft) elevation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200830-126">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Importance_as_a_source_of_water">Importance as a source of water</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Importance as a source of water">edit</a>]</div> Glaciers in Peru are important sources of water for local communities and for <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> generation, especially during the dry season; their shrinkage is thus of concern.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinqueMarinoEnderlinEdwards2018175-142">[137]</a> A 2003 study by Bryan G. Mark and Geoffrey O. Seltzer estimated that about 30 per cent of the dry season runoff in the Cordillera Blanca comes from glaciers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinqueMarinoEnderlinEdwards2018183-143">[138]</a> Meltwater from the glaciers on Coropuna sustains the <a href="/wiki/Baseflow" title="Baseflow">baseflow</a> of the rivers<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverio201844-144">[139]</a> during dry periods;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverio201845-97">[93]</a> Coropuna is an important source of water for the valleys of the surrounding areas and for the desert-like <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piedmont (geography)">piedmont</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200831-116">[111]</a> with an estimated 38,000 people depending directly or indirectly on water originating from it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverioHeroldPeduzzi2010314-75">[72]</a> This water supply is threatened by the retreat of the glaciers<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200831-116">[111]</a> and would require costly mitigation measures to compensate for its reduction. The Peruvian government is making preparations for Coropuna ceasing to be a contributor to the local water supply by 2025; a 2018 study and re-evaluation of past data concluded that the ice cap should persist until about 2120, and recommends that greater <a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a> monitoring of Coropuna's glaciers is needed to aid future planning and mitigation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinqueMarinoEnderlinEdwards2018182-145">[140]</a> Glacial meltwater has a low content of regulated metals<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECcanccapa-CartagenaParedesVeraChavez-Gonzales202111-146">[141]</a> while springs sometimes have very high concentrations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECcanccapa-CartagenaParedesVeraChavez-Gonzales202110-147">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Geology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_setting">Regional setting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Regional setting">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_American_plates.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="South America has been a stable continent since the Paleozoic, but the whole Pacific coast is geologically very active." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/South_American_plates.png/220px-South_American_plates.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/South_American_plates.png/330px-South_American_plates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/South_American_plates.png/440px-South_American_plates.png 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="2261" /></a><figcaption>The larger <a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates" title="List of tectonic plates">tectonic plates</a> around South America</figcaption></figure> Off the coast of Peru, the <a href="/wiki/Nazca_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazca Plate">Nazca Plate</a> <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subducts</a> beneath the <a href="/wiki/South_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="South American Plate">South American Plate</a> at a rate of five–seven centimetres per year (2.0–2.8 in/year)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorres_AguilarDel_Carpio_CalienesRivera202012-148">[143]</a> or nine centimetres per year (3.5 in/year).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200159-149">[144]</a> This subduction process, along with the subduction of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Plate">Antarctic Plate</a> also underneath the South American Plate, is responsible for the volcanism in the Andes and the uplift of the mountain chain.<a href="#cite_note-Stern2004-150">[145]</a> In the Cordillera Occidental (Western Cordillera) uplift commenced about 50 million years ago in the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>, paused until 25 million years ago in the <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a>, and increased substantially after about 10 million years ago in the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretGunnellJichaPaquette20173-151">[146]</a> Andean uplift in the area of Coropuna is ongoing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeibelFrangipane-GyselHunziker1978246-34">[31]</a> Coropuna is part of the <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">volcanic arc</a> of southern Peru<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcía_ZúñigaMariño_SalazarValdivia_Humerez2018117-49">[46]</a> and is considered to be a member of the Barroso volcanic arc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez20019-101">[97]</a> There are over six hundred volcanoes in southern Peru,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenturelliFragipaneWeibelAntiga1978213-152">[147]</a> and the entire Cordillera Occidental from southern Peru to northern Chile is covered with volcanic rocks, although present-day volcanic activity is scarce.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeibelFrangipane-GyselHunziker1978245-58">[55]</a> Many of the older volcanoes are deeply eroded by glaciation, while younger volcanoes often still resemble cones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullard1962443-66">[63]</a> Volcanic activity in the Andes occurred during three eras. The first was between 195 and 190 million years ago in the Early <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>, and generated the <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Peru#Mesozoic_(251-66_million_years_ago)" title="Geology of Peru">Chocolate Formation</a>. The second between 78 and 50 million years ago (Late <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> to Early Eocene) generated the Toquepala Formation and the Andean <a href="/wiki/Batholith" title="Batholith">batholiths</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretGunnellJichaPaquette20173-151">[146]</a> Volcanic activity in southern Peru commenced about 13 million years ago in the Miocene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200157-153">[148]</a> One volcanic unit – after being folded and eroded – was covered by a second lava and <a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">tuff</a> unit, which in turn was followed by the emplacement of large volcanoes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullard1962443-66">[63]</a> Ignimbrites and stratovolcano activity, at times subdivided into a "rhyolitic" and an "andesitic" formation, alternated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeibelFrangipane-GyselHunziker1978245-58">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basement">Basement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Basement">edit</a>]</div> Coropuna is constructed atop of 14 million year old ignimbrites<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenturelliFragipaneWeibelAntiga1978214-69">[66]</a> and lava flows of Neogene age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200816-16">[14]</a> Individual ignimbrites crop out mainly in valleys; on the highlands they are buried beneath more recent volcanic products.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeibelFrangipane-GyselHunziker1978246-34">[31]</a> The volcanic basement includes the Miocene to <a href="/wiki/Plio-Pleistocene" title="Plio-Pleistocene">Plio-Pleistocene</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacaza_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tacaza Formation (page does not exist)">Tacaza</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huaylillas_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huaylillas Formation (page does not exist)">Huaylillas</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sencca_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sencca Formation (page does not exist)">Sencca</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barroso_Formation,_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barroso Formation, Peru (page does not exist)">Barroso Formations</a>; the latter formation includes Coropuna itself. Below these formations lie the sedimentary Murco and Socosani formations and the Yura Group, which are <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> of Jurassic-Cretaceous age with intruded <a href="/wiki/Pluton" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluton">plutons</a> of the same age; finally there is a Basal Complex of <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200137-154">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faults_and_lineaments">Faults and lineaments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Faults and lineaments">edit</a>]</div> The basement is cut by faults and <a href="/wiki/Lineament" title="Lineament">lineaments</a> such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viraco-San_Antonio_Fault&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viraco-San Antonio Fault (page does not exist)">Viraco-San Antonio Fault</a> that crosses the edifice,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedina_AllccaGomez_VelásquezSantos_RomeroMoreno_Herrera2021133-155">[150]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pampacolca_Fault&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pampacolca Fault (page does not exist)">Pampacolca Fault</a> on the southern side of the volcano and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pumaranra_lineament&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pumaranra lineament (page does not exist)">Pumaranra</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerro_Casulla_lineament&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerro Casulla lineament (page does not exist)">Cerro Casulla lineaments</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200157-153">[148]</a> which trend southeast–northwest and northeast–southwest, respectively. One east–west lineament may have influenced the recent volcanism;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200158-156">[151]</a> the alignment of Coropuna with Sara Sara, Solimana and <a href="/wiki/El_Misti" class="mw-redirect" title="El Misti">El Misti</a> may indicate a tectonic control on the volcano in general.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldas_Vidal199335-157">[152]</a> On the southern flank, Holocene <a href="/wiki/Normal_fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal fault">normal faults</a> have offset lava flows and streams.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaFrancis1990292-41">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition">Composition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Composition">edit</a>]</div> The rocks released by Coropuna are dark brown to black and <a href="/wiki/Porphyritic" title="Porphyritic">porphyritic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeibelFrangipane-GyselHunziker1978248-158">[153]</a> They consist of <a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">andesite</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampos20152-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">dacite</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalenqueNiño_de_GuzmánChoqueÁlvarez2018104-46">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhyodacite" title="Rhyodacite">rhyodacite</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeibelFrangipane-GyselHunziker1978251-159">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">rhyolite</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenturelliFragipaneWeibelAntiga1978215-160">[155]</a> trachy-<a href="/wiki/Basaltic_andesite" title="Basaltic andesite">basaltic andesite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trachyandesite" title="Trachyandesite">trachyandesite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trachydacite" class="mw-redirect" title="Trachydacite">trachydacite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200188-161">[156]</a> The more recent lava flows have been dacitic<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200149-162">[157]</a> or trachydacitic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez20013-17">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phenocryst" title="Phenocryst">Phenocryst</a> phases include <a href="/wiki/Amphibole" title="Amphibole">amphibole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biotite" title="Biotite">biotite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Titanomagnetite" title="Titanomagnetite">titanomagnetite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenturelliFragipaneWeibelAntiga1978214-69">[66]</a> Aside from the volcanic rocks, deposits of <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">travertine</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot springs</a> are found on the southern flank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200126-163">[158]</a> The volcanic rocks define a <a href="/wiki/Calc-alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Calc-alkaline">calc-alkaline</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenturelliFragipaneWeibelAntiga1978215-160">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>-rich suite which resembles that of<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200188-161">[156]</a> Chilean<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeibelFrangipane-GyselHunziker1978250-164">[159]</a> and Peruvian volcanoes such as Tutupaca.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200188-161">[156]</a> They contain large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200188-161">[156]</a> Complicated processes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenturelliFragipaneWeibelAntiga1978225-165">[160]</a> of crystallisation and interaction with Earth's <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> appear to have produced the magma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenturelliFragipaneWeibelAntiga1978226-166">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eruption_history">Eruption history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Eruption history">edit</a>]</div> The beginning of Coropuna's growth has variously been placed over 5 million years ago,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETosdalFarrarClark1981168-167">[162]</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200143-168">[163]</a> or late Miocene, but most of its structure developed during the Quaternary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallRademakerTodd2011306-14">[12]</a> Volcanic activity has been subdivided into two stages: <a href="/wiki/Explosive_eruption" title="Explosive eruption">explosive eruptions</a> during the now mostly eroded Coropuna I stage produced volcanic ash, pyroclastic flows and <a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">pumice</a> but also lava flows, while Coropuna II above 6,000 m (20,000 ft) elevation erupted lava flows from the now snow-covered vents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalenqueNiño_de_GuzmánChoqueÁlvarez2018108-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200144-169">[164]</a> The existence of a Coropuna III sequence has been proposed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200149-162">[157]</a> The most recent eruption products have been described as the "Andahua Group".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200187-170">[165]</a> About 5.3 million years ago, the Sunjillpa volcano was active southwest from Coropuna,<a href="#cite_note-Mapa2017-37">[34]</a> while Cunciacha east of Coropuna is of lower Pleistocene<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorres_AguilarDel_Carpio_CalienesRivera202016-82">[78]</a> and Pumaranra of Pliocene to Quaternary age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalenqueNiño_de_GuzmánChoqueÁlvarez2018108-60">[57]</a> A major ignimbrite eruption took place about 2 million years ago at Coropuna; its deposits have been identified west of the volcano<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETosdalFarrarClark1981169-171">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalenqueNiño_de_GuzmánChoqueÁlvarez2018104-46">[43]</a> and it led to the destruction of the edifice, which later re-formed on the remains of the old volcano.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeibelFrangipane-GyselHunziker1978245-58">[55]</a> The occurrence of explosive eruptions during a mostly effusive activity has been found at Chachani and Sara Sara as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeibelFrangipane-GyselHunziker1978245-58">[55]</a> In addition, the Upper Sencca Ignimbrite, the Lower Sencca Ignimbrite<a href="#cite_note-Çubukçu2012-172">[167]</a> and the Chuquibamba (Huaylillas<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECubukcuPaquetteJichaThouret201611-173">[168]</a>) Ignimbrite<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECubukcuPaquetteJichaThouret201617-174">[169]</a> may have originated here as well;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECubukcuPaquetteJichaThouret201621-175">[170]</a> the latter was produced by a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_Explosivity_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic Explosivity Index">volcanic explosivity index</a> 7 class "super-eruption"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECubukcuPaquetteJichaThouret201619-176">[171]</a> between 14.3 and 13.2 million years ago in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Miocene" title="Middle Miocene">Middle Miocene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECubukcuPaquetteJichaThouret201620-177">[172]</a> The Upper Sencca Ignimbrites are a 2.09–1.76 million years old<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECubukcuPaquetteJichaThouret201617-174">[169]</a> composite ignimbrite<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECubukcuPaquetteJichaThouret201615-178">[173]</a> which form a 10–30 m (33–98 ft) thick apron around Coropuna and other regional volcanoes; Coropuna appears to have formed on top of one of the Upper Sencca Ignimbrite vents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECubukcuPaquetteJichaThouret201617-174">[169]</a> After a hiatus,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200155-179">[174]</a> volcanic activity continued into the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalenqueNiño_de_GuzmánChoqueÁlvarez2018104-46">[43]</a> Several lava flows on the western and central sides of Coropuna have been dated, yielding ages ranging from 410,000 ± 9,000 to 62,600 ± 4,300 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Mapa2017-37">[34]</a> During the last glacial maximum, Coropuna was inactive<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvigneMariñoMoscol20023-74">[71]</a> and moraines buried its lava flows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyThouretSchimmelpfennigMariño20193-25">[23]</a> However, one<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvigneMariñoMoscol20023-74">[71]</a> or two tephra layers on a moraine close to the village of Viraco on the southern side have been dated to be about 41,000 and 30,000 – 31,000 years old. These ages correspond to <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiocarbon">radiocarbon</a> ages of 37,370 ± 1,160 and 27,200 ± 300 years. These tephras may have originated in <a href="/wiki/Fissure_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Fissure eruption">fissure eruptions</a> associated with the three recent lava flows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200822-136">[131]</a> In postglacial times <a href="/wiki/Lava_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava bomb">lava bombs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lapilli" title="Lapilli">lapilli</a> and volcanic ash were deposited on previously glaciated terrain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalenqueNiño_de_GuzmánChoqueÁlvarez2018108-60">[57]</a> Pumice deposits may have formed during the Holocene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVelaCáceresCalderónChijcheapaza20169-61">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holocene">Holocene</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Holocene">edit</a>]</div> No eruptions of Coropuna during historical<a href="#cite_note-DeggChester2005-180">[175]</a> or modern times are known,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinqueMarinoEnderlinEdwards2018175-142">[137]</a> and the volcano was considered to be long-extinct.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullard1962444-42">[39]</a> However, young-looking<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaFrancis1990292-41">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lava#ʻAʻā" title="Lava">ʻaʻā lava</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200115-181">[176]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lava#Block_lava_flows" title="Lava">block lava</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyThouretSchimmelpfennigMariño20193-25">[23]</a> flows erupted during the Holocene and in part overlie late-glacial moraines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallRademakerTodd2011306-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200149-162">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200115-181">[176]</a> Their vents are now hidden beneath glacier ice,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuberPanajewGałaś201563-24">[22]</a> and the flows have been affected by later glacial advances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyThouretSchimmelpfennigMariño20198-9-182">[177]</a> These lava flows are found on the west–northwest, south–southeast and northeast side of the mountain:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallRademakerTodd2011307-87">[83]</a> <ul><li>A northwesterly lava flow – Coropuna's longest<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200149-162">[157]</a> at 8.5 km (5.3 mi) – occupies the Cerro Sepulturayoc valley.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÚbedaPalaciosVázquez-Selem20123-123">[118]</a> It has been dated to about 6,000 years ago,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÚbedaPalaciosVázquez-Selem20123-123">[118]</a> but research published in 2019 has suggested it may have erupted somewhat earlier, during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Glacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Glacial">Late Glacial</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyThouretSchimmelpfennigMariño201912-183">[178]</a></li> <li>A southeasterly flow lies in the Cospanja valley and is either 1,100 ± 100<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÚbedaPalaciosVázquez-Selem20124-184">[179]</a> or 700 ± 200 years old,<a href="#cite_note-Mapa2017-37">[34]</a> the latter age being derived from <a href="/wiki/Cosmogenic_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmogenic dating">cosmogenic isotope dating</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcía_ZúñigaMariño_SalazarValdivia_Humerez2018117-49">[46]</a> It was probably formed during a single eruption and is four kilometres (2.5 mi) long.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyThouretSchimmelpfennigMariño20196-185">[180]</a></li> <li>A dark, young-looking lava<a href="#cite_note-GVPP-186">[181]</a> flow runs northeasterly<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalenqueNiño_de_GuzmánChoqueÁlvarez2018105-36">[33]</a> in the Queñua Ranra valley<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalenqueNiño_de_GuzmánChoqueÁlvarez2018108-60">[57]</a> and is five kilometres (3.1 mi) long.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyThouretSchimmelpfennigMariño20198-187">[182]</a> The eruption took place about 2,100 ± 200 years ago<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalenqueNiño_de_GuzmánChoqueÁlvarez2018109-188">[183]</a> according to cosmogenic isotope dating.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcía_ZúñigaMariño_SalazarValdivia_Humerez2018117-49">[46]</a> Its deposition was preceded by the eruption of lava bombs that cover the valley and by the production of a lahar that advanced 14 km (8.7 mi) from its source. Whether a secondary lava flow in the same valley occurred at the same time or later is not clear, as that flow has not yet been dated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalenqueNiño_de_GuzmánChoqueÁlvarez2018109-188">[183]</a></li></ul> The ages of the flows indicate an eastward shift in activity.<a href="#cite_note-ÚbedaPalacio2012-133">[128]</a> The southeasterly and northeasterly flows may have been erupted within 500 years from the same fissure,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyThouretSchimmelpfennigMariño201912-183">[178]</a> while the eruption of the northwesterly flow might be a consequence of the retreat of the ice cap.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyThouretSchimmelpfennigMariño20192,_13-189">[184]</a> These lava flows are the most recent manifestation of volcanic activity<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez20013-17">[15]</a> and they imply that Coropuna is still active;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinqueMarinoEnderlinEdwards2018175-142">[137]</a> it is thus considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Dormant_volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormant volcano">dormant volcano</a>, rather than an extinct one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvigneMariñoMoscol20022-190">[185]</a> There is no evidence of Holocene tephras in <a href="/wiki/Peat_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Peat bog">peat bog</a> <a href="/wiki/Drill_core" class="mw-redirect" title="Drill core">drill cores</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvigneMariñoMoscol20023-74">[71]</a> and volcanism at Coropuna since the last ice age has been primarily <a href="/wiki/Effusive_eruption" title="Effusive eruption">effusive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyThouretSchimmelpfennigMariño201912-183">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_day_status">Present day status</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Present day status">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steam_vents_on_Coropuna_Este_(30293366136).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Steam_vents_on_Coropuna_Este_%2830293366136%29.jpg/220px-Steam_vents_on_Coropuna_Este_%2830293366136%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Steam_vents_on_Coropuna_Este_%2830293366136%29.jpg/330px-Steam_vents_on_Coropuna_Este_%2830293366136%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Steam_vents_on_Coropuna_Este_%2830293366136%29.jpg/440px-Steam_vents_on_Coropuna_Este_%2830293366136%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Steam rising on Coropuna Este</figcaption></figure> The volcano is still hydrothermally active.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez20013-17">[15]</a> Six hot springs are found on Coropuna, mostly on the southeastern foot,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEINGEMMET201512-191">[186]</a> such as at Acopallpa, Antaura/Antauro, Viques, Ccollpa/Collpa, Buena Vista and Aguas Calientes and, on its northern flank, at Huamaní Loma. Their water temperatures range between 18 and 51 °C (64 and 124 °F).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorres_AguilarDel_Carpio_CalienesRivera202019-192">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200125-193">[188]</a> With the exception of the last two, which are situated in glacial terrain, these hot springs rise within valleys via rock fractures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200126-163">[158]</a> Geochemical analyses of the water from these springs published in 2015 show no major variations in composition, implying a stable volcanic system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEINGEMMET201518-194">[189]</a> Whether <a href="/wiki/Solfataric" class="mw-redirect" title="Solfataric">solfataric</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fumarolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fumarolic">fumarolic</a> activity occurs at Coropuna is unclear,<a href="#cite_note-GVP-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorres_AguilarDel_Carpio_CalienesRivera20206-195">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200125-193">[188]</a> and the thick glaciation indicates that the summit craters have no thermal activity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaFrancis1990292-41">[38]</a> A lahar took place on the southeastern flank on 22 December 2016, causing damage to water infrastructure<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiveraDel_Carpio_CalienesTaveraCruz_Igme202116-196">[191]</a> and pastures below the volcano.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiveraDel_Carpio_CalienesTaveraCruz_Igme202160-197">[192]</a> Some of the hot springs on Coropuna are used for bathing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200126-163">[158]</a> The volcano had been considered a potential site for <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal power</a> production,<a href="#cite_note-DiazHuaina1988-198">[193]</a> but research published in 1998 concluded that the available energy of the Coropuna area was insufficient.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENúñez_JuárezSteinmüller199842-199">[194]</a> The first volcano activity report published in 2018 noted ongoing <a href="/wiki/Seismic" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic">seismic</a> activity involving <a href="/wiki/Volcano_tectonic_earthquake" title="Volcano tectonic earthquake">volcano-tectonic earthquakes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IGdP2018-43">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seismic_swarm" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic swarm">Seismic swarms</a> were observed at Coropuna after the <a href="/wiki/2001_southern_Peru_earthquake" title="2001 southern Peru earthquake">2001 southern Peru earthquake</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELohmanPritchardHoltkamp2011139-200">[195]</a> and were possibly triggered by that earthquake.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELohmanPritchardHoltkamp2011144-201">[196]</a> Observations of deformation of the volcanic edifice have shown that <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_instability" title="Gravitational instability">gravitational instability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> water absorption result in movements of part of the volcano but, as a whole, Coropuna shows no evidence of volcanic deformation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEINGEMMET201527–28-202">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hazards_and_monitoring">Hazards and monitoring</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Hazards and monitoring">edit</a>]</div> The Peruvian <a href="/wiki/INGEMMET" title="INGEMMET">Instituto Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico</a> (INGEMMET) monitors Coropuna for activity. It uses data such as the composition of hot spring waters<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEINGEMMET201511-203">[198]</a> and the shape of the volcano as estimated by <a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">satellite images</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEINGEMMET201525-204">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">geodesy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEINGEMMET201527-205">[200]</a> as well as information from five seismic stations.<a href="#cite_note-MdA2019-70">[67]</a> Seismic monitoring of the volcano began in 2008-2010 and was supplemented with geophysical monitoring in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorres_AguilarDel_Carpio_CalienesRivera20207-206">[201]</a> A volcanic hazard map<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200175-207">[202]</a> and scenarios of lahar generation have been published,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiveraDel_Carpio_CalienesTaveraCruz_Igme202118-52">[49]</a> the Peruvian government publishes regular status reports.<a href="#cite_note-MdA2019b-208">[203]</a> The Peruvian Geophysical Institute considers Coropuna a "high risk" volcano;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorres_AguilarDel_Carpio_CalienesRivera20209-209">[204]</a> about 90,000 people live in risk areas,<a href="#cite_note-MdA2019-70">[67]</a> and the sites most in danger are towns in the steep southern valleys.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200188-161">[156]</a> Together with El Misti, Sabancaya and Ubinas, Coropuna is considered to be one of Peru's most dangerous volcanoes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVelaCáceresCalderónChijcheapaza201628-210">[205]</a> The presence of a large ice cap,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiveraDel_Carpio_CalienesTaveraCruz_Igme20213-211">[206]</a> and therefore the risk of <a href="/wiki/Incandescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescent">incandescent</a> volcanic rocks melting that ice, creates a hazard of lahars, or mudflows, such as those that in 1985 killed over 23,000 people at <a href="/wiki/Nevado_del_Ruiz" title="Nevado del Ruiz">Nevado del Ruiz</a> volcano in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200161-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinqueMarinoEnderlinEdwards2018175-142">[137]</a> The risk to life is further increased by Coropuna's steep slopes and by the concentration of people in nearby valleys.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÚbedaPalaciosVázquez-Selem20121-212">[207]</a> The terrain around the volcano has one of the greatest topographic reliefs in the world and a number of towns lie on the floor of the Majes valley, right down to the Pacific Ocean where the district capital <a href="/wiki/Caman%C3%A1" title="Camaná">Camaná</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaFrancis1990292-41">[38]</a> with 20,000 inhabitants is situated.<a href="#cite_note-DeggChester2005-180">[175]</a> Although there is no evidence of past mudflows of such size, lahars could reach as far as the coast,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200169-213">[208]</a> affecting a number of towns<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVelaCáceresCalderónChijcheapaza2016Anexo_No.4-214">[209]</a> and infrastructure such as roads, <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antennas</a> and small hydropower plants<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200161-32">[29]</a> in the provinces Condesuyos, Castilla and Camaná.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorres_AguilarDel_Carpio_CalienesRivera20206-195">[190]</a> According to the 2007 census, 110,481 people lived in the provinces that span Coropuna and lie downstream of it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinqueMarinoEnderlinEdwards2018175-142">[137]</a> Lava flows are also a potential danger at Coropuna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200188-161">[156]</a> Other hazards with lesser probabilities are <a href="/wiki/Lateral_eruption" title="Lateral eruption">directed volcanic blasts</a>, lava dome collapses,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200188-161">[156]</a> fast-moving massive pyroclastic flows<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200173-215">[210]</a> and flows of pumice and volcanic ash,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200188-161">[156]</a> lava bombs<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200170-216">[211]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shock_wave" title="Shock wave">shock waves</a> from volcanic explosions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez200176-217">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precipitation">Precipitation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Precipitation">edit</a>]</div> Coropuna lies between the semi-humid Altiplano and the <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> western slope of the Andes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuentzThouretLedruForget2011236-218">[213]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Peru" title="Climate of Peru">climate</a> is <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-arid">semi-arid</a>, with precipitation at 6,080 m (19,950 ft) elevation reaching 390 millimetres per year (15 in/year).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallRademakerTodd2011306-14">[12]</a> Other reported precipitation values range between 700 mm/a (28 in/year)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeideFritzBrinsonThompson20172-219">[214]</a> and 1,000 mm/a (39 in/year).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleySchaeferWincklerHall20092515-55">[52]</a> Lower down the mountain, at altitudes between at 3,000 and 4,000 m (9,800 and 13,100 ft), annual precipitation levels increase to between 226 and 560 mm/a (8.9 and 22.0 in/year) (semi-humid). Even further down, at altitudes around 2,000–3,000 m (6,600–9,800 ft), they decrease again to 98–227 mm/a (3.9–8.9 in/year) (desert).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez20017-29">[27]</a> Cold water brought from <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> along the Pacific Ocean by the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt Current</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalenqueNiño_de_GuzmánChoqueÁlvarez201899-220">[215]</a> the presence of a stable <a href="/wiki/Anticyclone" title="Anticyclone">anticyclone</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÚbeda_Palenque201325-221">[216]</a> and of a <a href="/wiki/Temperature_inversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperature inversion">temperature inversion</a> over the Pacific, and the Andean <a href="/wiki/Rainshadow" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainshadow">rainshadow</a> are all responsible for this dryness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallRademakerTodd2011306-14">[12]</a> Most precipitation falls as <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a> or snow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez20017-29">[27]</a> This happens mostly during the summer<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallRademakerTodd2011306-14">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet season</a>, between December and March,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleySchaeferWincklerHall20092515-55">[52]</a> when the <a href="/wiki/ITCZ" class="mw-redirect" title="ITCZ">ITCZ</a> moves south<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalenqueNiño_de_GuzmánChoqueÁlvarez201898-222">[217]</a> and a summer <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> is active over South America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalenqueNiño_de_GuzmánChoqueÁlvarez201899-220">[215]</a> Most precipitation is brought by easterly winds coming from the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, whereas the westerly winds that dominate during the dry season do not carry much moisture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampos20152-2">[2]</a> Thus, humidity generally decreases in a westward direction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÚbeda_Palenque201325-221">[216]</a> The amount of precipitation is modulated by the <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o_Southern_Oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño Southern Oscillation">El Niño Southern Oscillation</a>. During phases of El Niño, the weather is drier, snow cover smaller and glacier retreat increases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200831-116">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kochtitzky2016-223">[218]</a> Over longer timespans, precipitation in the region increases whenever <a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">iceberg</a> discharge and cooling occur in the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic">North Atlantic</a>. This was the case during the <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_event" title="Heinrich event">Heinrich events</a> and the Younger Dryas when lakes formed on the Bolivian Altiplano: The <a href="/wiki/Sajsi" title="Sajsi">Sajsi</a> formed about 25,000–19,000 years ago, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tauca" title="Lake Tauca">Tauca</a> about 18,000–14,000 and Coipasa 13,000–11,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalenqueNiño_de_GuzmánChoqueÁlvarez201899-220">[215]</a> Cold periods in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> such as the Antarctic Cold Reversal between 14,500 and 12,900 years ago may have pushed the <a href="/wiki/Polar_front" title="Polar front">polar front</a> north and increased precipitation as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÚbeda_Palenque201325-221">[216]</a> That increased precipitation may have delayed the retreat of Coropuna's glaciers after the end of the last glacial maximum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÚbeda_Palenque201327-224">[219]</a> Coropuna experienced moist conditions during the early Holocene, whereas the late Holocene beginning 5,200 years ago was drier there,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuentzLedruThouret2011b1224-225">[220]</a> with a pronounced dry period lasting from 5,200 to 3,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Escobar-Torrez2018-226">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperature">Temperature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Temperature">edit</a>]</div> Temperatures decrease with altitude gain, and at lower elevations around 2,000–3,000 m (6,600–9,800 ft) they average 12–17 °C (54–63 °F). Between 3,000 and 4,000 m (9,800 and 13,100 ft) they average 7.8 °C (46.0 °F) and at 4,000–5,200 m (13,100–17,100 ft) elevation they average 0–6 °C (32–43 °F). At altitudes above 5,200 m (17,100 ft) they remain below freezing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez20017-29">[27]</a> Temperatures fluctuate more over daily timescales than over seasonal ones when measured close to the glaciers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverioJaquet20125878-59">[56]</a> Southerly cold waves can sometimes reach Coropuna, leaving traces in ice cores in the form of southern <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchottererDelachauxLedruAngelis200932–33-227">[222]</a> During the Little Ice Age, at 5,000–5,200 m (16,400–17,100 ft) elevation temperatures decreased to −5 to −7 °C (23 to 19 °F).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200830-126">[121]</a> Warm fluctuations between about 2,200 and 900 years ago, plus a cold fluctuation between around 970 to 1010 <a href="/wiki/AD" class="mw-redirect" title="AD">AD</a>, are also recorded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelSkrzypekChumanŠefrna201473-228">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vegetation,_fauna_and_agriculture">Vegetation, fauna and agriculture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Vegetation, fauna and agriculture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yareta_Peru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cushion-shaped plants grow in a wide rock-strewn valley." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Yareta_Peru.jpg/220px-Yareta_Peru.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Yareta_Peru.jpg/330px-Yareta_Peru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Yareta_Peru.jpg/440px-Yareta_Peru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Yareta on Coropuna</figcaption></figure> Most of the region is covered by <a href="/wiki/Puna_grassland" title="Puna grassland">puna grassland</a>, with the exception of isolated <a href="/wiki/Polylepis" title="Polylepis">Polylepis</a> woods to the southwest of the volcano, plus other different vegetation types to the west and southeast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuentzMeraLedruThouret20071765-229">[224]</a> Peat bogs are present on the southern and southwestern sides of Coropuna, and some of these have been drilled to obtain <a href="/wiki/Sediment_core" class="mw-redirect" title="Sediment core">sediment cores</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200818-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200817-40">[37]</a> There are several private <a href="/wiki/Conservation_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation area">conservation areas</a> around the volcano.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedina_AllccaGomez_VelásquezSantos_RomeroMoreno_Herrera202131-230">[225]</a> Elsewhere, agriculture is widespread around Coropuna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200818-30">[28]</a> Insects such as beetles and <a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">hymenopterans</a>, birds such as the <a href="/wiki/Andean_condor" title="Andean condor">Andean condor</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuberPanajewGałaś201567-95">[91]</a> fish, and mammals such as the <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llama</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuentzThouretLedruForget2011242-231">[226]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a" title="Vicuña">vicuña</a> <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Peru" title="Wildlife of Peru">occur in the region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuberPanajewGałaś201567-95">[91]</a> Several new species of <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterfly</a> have been discovered there.<a href="#cite_note-Larico2018-232">[227]</a> The mountain has several distinct vegetation belts: <ul><li>Between 800 and 2,500 m (2,600 and 8,200 ft) lies <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> vegetation with <a href="/wiki/Ambrosia" title="Ambrosia">Ambrosia</a> <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cacti" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacti">cacti</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a> permits the cultivation of garlic, olive, onion, potato, rice, sugar cane and wheat. <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pastures</a> are also present.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuentzThouretLedruForget2011241–242-233">[228]</a></li> <li>The steppe vegetation is also present between 2,500 and 3,500 m (8,200 and 11,500 ft) in the "pre-Puna", but it is denser here<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuentzThouretLedruForget2011242-231">[226]</a> and includes shrubs of the family <a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a>, such as Ambrosia, <a href="/wiki/Diplostephium" title="Diplostephium">Diplostephium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senecio" title="Senecio">Senecio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuentzLedruThouret2011b1216-73">[70]</a> Crops grown here include <a href="/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa">alfalfa</a>, but there is also some <a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">dairy farming</a> and the planting of <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> trees as a wood supply for the local population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuentzThouretLedruForget2011242-231">[226]</a></li> <li>Between 3,000 and 4,000 m (9,800 and 13,100 ft) lies a so-called "supra-tropical facies" on soils overlying lava flows. It includes shrubs and <a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">thorny</a> vegetation in very wet and very dry areas, respectively. Agriculture is practised here, including the growing of <a href="/wiki/Kiwicha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiwicha">kiwicha</a>, maize, <a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">quinoa</a> and vegetables on <a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_soils" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic soils">anthropogenic soils</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuentzMeraLedruThouret20071767–1768-234">[229]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terrace_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrace (agriculture)">terraced</a> fields.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuentzThouretLedruForget2011242-231">[226]</a> Dominant natural plants between 3,500 and 4,000 m (11,500 and 13,100 ft) include herbaceous plants of the families <a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a>, as well as shrubs of the Asteraceae.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuentzLedruThouret2011b1216-73">[70]</a></li> <li>Between 4,000 and 4,800 m (13,100 and 15,700 ft) vegetation is found in <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marshes</a> and peat bogs where sufficient water is available, in the form of relic Polylepis woodlands as well as herbaceous puna vegetation<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuentzMeraLedruThouret20071768–1769-235">[230]</a> which is particularly prolific during the wet season. These areas are used for pasture of <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpacas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llamas</a>, and for <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a> in wetlands and Polylepis woods; hamlets are found close to wetlands and forests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuentzThouretLedruForget2011242-231">[226]</a> Plant genera found here include <a href="/wiki/Baccharis" title="Baccharis">Baccharis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calamagrostis" title="Calamagrostis">Calamagrostis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuquiraga" title="Chuquiraga">Chuquiraga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Festuca" title="Festuca">Festuca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parastrephia" title="Parastrephia">Parastrephia</a>, Senecio and <a href="/wiki/Stipa" title="Stipa">Stipa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuentzLedruThouret2011b1216-73">[70]</a></li> <li>Above 4,800 m (15,700 ft) lies the so-called "Puna brava", with herbs and deep-rooted plants that have all adapted to withstand permafrost conditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuentzMeraLedruThouret20071769-236">[231]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">cushion plant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yareta" title="Yareta">yareta</a>, which is used as a fuel source, is the dominant plant in this belt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuentzThouretLedruForget2011243-237">[232]</a> Other plants from the <a href="/wiki/Apiaceae" title="Apiaceae">Apiaceae</a> and Asteraceae also occur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeideFritzBrinsonThompson20173-92">[88]</a> Vegetation, including <a href="/wiki/Jarava_ichu" title="Jarava ichu">ichu grass</a> and yareta, exist up to about five km (3.1 mi) elevation; higher elevations are unvegetated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallRademakerTodd2011307-87">[83]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology_and_religious_importance">Archaeology and religious importance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Archaeology and religious importance">edit</a>]</div> Numerous archaeological sites lie on Coropuna, especially at the southern and northern bases of the volcano and on its western slope.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200818-30">[28]</a> Among these are funerary towers known as <a href="/wiki/Chullpa" title="Chullpa">chullpas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Duchesne2005-238">[233]</a> Some of these western sites are on the ice cap.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200818-30">[28]</a> Proposals have been made to make the area of Coropuna including these archaeological sites into a <a href="/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">protected area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Goicochea2009-239">[234]</a> The coastal regions of Peru were first occupied 11,000 and 9,000 years <a href="/wiki/Before_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Christ">BC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuentzThouretLedruForget2011243-237">[232]</a> Evidence of the presence of <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> near Coropuna first appear in the archaeological record in the caves of Cavalca and Pintasayoc, respectively north and south of the volcano. In the latter cave, <a href="/wiki/Rock_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock painting">rock paintings</a> interpreted as dating to 7,000 – 3,000 years BC have been found.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuentzThouretLedruForget2011246-240">[235]</a> The first human activity at Coropuna in the Cuncaicha cave north of the volcano began 12,300 – 11,100 years ago,<a href="#cite_note-MeinekatMiller-241">[236]</a> shortly after the final retreat of glaciers from the mountain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandweissÁlvarezReidLeach2014469-242">[237]</a> The region around the volcano was settled over the last 4,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuentzThouretLedruForget2011236-218">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inca_times">Inca times</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Inca times">edit</a>]</div> A larger number of archaeological sites go back to the 2nd Intermediate Period<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuentzThouretLedruForget2011246–248-243">[238]</a> and during the <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a> era. The Inca expanded preexisting irrigation and terrace systems which are in part still existing today.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuentzThouretLedruForget2011248-244">[239]</a> These include the highest irrigation system in the world,<a href="#cite_note-Chávez2001-245">[240]</a> which was possibly constructed on Coropuna to allow the cultivation of bitter potatoes.<a href="#cite_note-Orellana2017-246">[241]</a> Inca sites are often found at higher elevations than the sites left by preceding civilisations; the highest one is located at 5,700 m (18,700 ft) elevation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuentzThouretLedruForget2011249-247">[242]</a> and there is evidence of Inca presence to 6,200 m (20,300 ft) elevation.<a href="#cite_note-Chávez2001-245">[240]</a> In addition, an important branch of the <a href="/wiki/Inca_road_system" title="Inca road system">Inca road system</a> passes by the western foot of Coropuna.<a href="#cite_note-Chávez2001-245">[240]</a> The region was densely populated; the close location of the mountains and favourable climatic conditions facilitated its settlement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBacaMolakSobczykWęgleński20143-248">[243]</a> As noted by <a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spanish</a> chroniclers<a href="#cite_note-Woloszyn2010-249">[244]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Cieza_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Pedro Cieza de León">Pedro Cieza de León</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrtonHagen2015105-250">[245]</a> Coropuna played an important role in Inca religion, and an important temple was situated there,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiółkowski2008131-251">[246]</a> possibly at <a href="/wiki/Mawk%27allaqta,_Castilla" title="Mawk'allaqta, Castilla">Maucallacta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiółkowski2008145-252">[247]</a> Pedro Cieza de León considered Coropuna to be the fifth most important holy site of the Inca empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrtonHagen2015105-250">[245]</a> One archaeological site on the volcano may have been a stopover for religious ceremonies to its summit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiółkowski2008138-253">[248]</a> <a href="/wiki/Capacocha" title="Capacocha">Capacocha</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifice</a>, were offered to the mountain;<a href="#cite_note-Woloszyn2010-249">[244]</a> reportedly, in 1965, a <a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">mummy</a> was found there.<a href="#cite_note-Schobinger1999-254">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maucallacta_and_Acchaymarca">Maucallacta and Acchaymarca</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Maucallacta and Acchaymarca">edit</a>]</div> Among the archaeological sites at Coropuna is the important Inca site of Maucallacta, on the southwestern flank of the mountain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobczyk2012215-255">[250]</a> Some of the structures there were built to evoke the appearance of the mountain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobczyk2012219-256">[251]</a> A royal residence, an <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">oracle</a> and a political unit were associated with Maucallacta,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiółkowski2008131–132-257">[252]</a> and the oracle of Coropuna would have answered the rulers' queries all year round.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrtonHagen2015211-258">[253]</a> The Maucallacta site was probably the most important one at Coropuna; the western summit today known as "La Niña" was apparently also significant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiółkowski2008154-259">[254]</a> Another important site associated with Coropuna is Acchaymarca, to the west of the mountain,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBacaMolakSobczykWęgleński20142-260">[255]</a> where about 280 Inca stone structures have been found.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBacaMolakSobczykWęgleński20143-248">[243]</a> It is likely that many pilgrims came there for ceremonies honouring the <a href="/wiki/Apu_(god)" title="Apu (god)">apus</a> of Coropuna and Solimana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBacaMolakSobczykWęgleński20148-261">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythology,_religion_and_legends">Mythology, religion and legends</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Mythology, religion and legends">edit</a>]</div> In the Inca Empire, Coropuna was a <a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">sacred mountain</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobczyk2012215-255">[250]</a> especially for the people of <a href="/wiki/Cotahuasi" title="Cotahuasi">Cotahuasi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MINCETUR2019-9">[7]</a> It was regarded as the apu of the southern region,<a href="#cite_note-Chávez2001-245">[240]</a> and the second-most important in the <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a> of the Andes.<a href="#cite_note-Trawick2003-8">[6]</a> The mountain was considered to be an abode of the dead<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFourtané200116-262">[257]</a> – a large village where holy people received the souls of the departed, who lived there in the afterlife,<a href="#cite_note-Trawick2003-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFourtané200117-263">[258]</a> and that could be accessed through caves.<a href="#cite_note-Luna2021-264">[259]</a> On the way on to the mountain, the souls are judged for their treatment of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic animal">domestic animals</a> and kitchen utensils. In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huaquira_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huaquira District (page does not exist)">Huaquira District</a> mythology, the exhalations of the souls yield underground lakes, which return water to the living.<a href="#cite_note-FitzsimmonsShimada2015-265">[260]</a> In different mythologies Coropuna is instead the starting point for the deceased on a journey to <a href="/wiki/Surimana" title="Surimana">Surimana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFourtané200117-263">[258]</a> Coropuna and Solimana are often paired.<a href="#cite_note-Sharon2021-266">[261]</a> Sometimes Coropuna is seen as a male entity while Solimana volcano is seen as a female one.<a href="#cite_note-Golte2004-267">[262]</a> Local people continue to observe these ancient mortuary rites today.<a href="#cite_note-Trawick2003-8">[6]</a> An enduring <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscan</a> influence from a colonial-era <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a> friary, the "pious among today's Peruvian peasantry" revere a "Flying" <a href="/wiki/St_Francis_of_Assisi" class="mw-redirect" title="St Francis of Assisi">St Francis of Assisi</a>, who is believed to await the souls of the dead on top of Coropuna.<a href="#cite_note-Lara2013-268">[263]</a> Other poorly recorded legends are associated with Coropuna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiółkowski2008143-269">[264]</a> One story narrates how a brother tried to deceive Coropuna and other mountains, and was turned into a deer.<a href="#cite_note-Campos2018-270">[265]</a> Another legend tells of a conflict between Coropuna and other local mountains against an interloping Inca.<a href="#cite_note-Menaker2019-271">[266]</a> A third story states that a troupe was transporting precious metals for Coropuna and Solimana when the animal leading it was shot by a hunter; the mountains then castrated the hunter.<a href="#cite_note-Gose1986-272">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climbing">Climbing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Climbing">edit</a>]</div> The archaeological findings made on Coropuna indicate that the Inca may have reached the summit.<a href="#cite_note-Echevarria1980-273">[268]</a> <a href="/wiki/Annie_Peck" class="mw-redirect" title="Annie Peck">Annie Peck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Bingham_III" title="Hiram Bingham III">Hiram Bingham III</a> each reached a summit of Coropuna in 1911; Peck raised a banner saying "Votes for Women" on the summit she had ascended, which was slightly lower than the one reached by Bingham<a href="#cite_note-Smith2004-274">[269]</a> a little later.<a href="#cite_note-Ricker1981-275">[270]</a> This banner action was part of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> campaigns that were taking place at that time, and meant to illustrate that women were just as capable as men of physical deeds.<a href="#cite_note-Schultz2010-276">[271]</a> Bingham's ascent determined that Coropuna was not the highest summit of South America.<a href="#cite_note-Ricker1981-275">[270]</a> Since then, other summits of the mountain have been ascended as well.<a href="#cite_note-Hernandez2013-81">[77]</a> The rugged area offers mountaineering opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-MINCETUR2019-9">[7]</a> Coropuna is normally ascended from Laguna Pallarcocha, from where a route along the western rib and glacier slopes leads up to a fore-summit and then to the main summit. Along this way, a high camp can be set up at 5,600–5,800 m (18,400–19,000 ft) elevation. An ascent of Coropuna would normally be a three-day trip, and on the <a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#International_French_adjectival_system_(IFAS)" title="Grade (climbing)">French adjectival climbing scale</a> the route is graded as Facile (F). Pallarcocha itself can be reached from a road that begins in the town of Chuquibamba.<a href="#cite_note-Biggar2015-71">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Ash</a> flows<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmannBucksch20141513-3">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> The age of man, including <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmannBucksch20142296-5">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Villages on the lower slopes of Corpuna include: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ocororuro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ocororuro (page does not exist)">Ocororuro</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arma_(Peru)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arma (Peru) (page does not exist)">Arma</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maucallacta_(town)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maucallacta (town) (page does not exist)">Maucallacta</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Purhua_Purhua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Purhua Purhua (page does not exist)">Purhua Purhua</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaupipuna_(town)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaupipuna (town) (page does not exist)">Chaupipuna</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Utchu-Amayani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Utchu-Amayani (page does not exist)">Utchu-Amayani</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torilla_(Peruvian_town)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torilla (Peruvian town) (page does not exist)">Torilla</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patilla_(town)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patilla (town) (page does not exist)">Patilla</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pallca_(town)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pallca (town) (page does not exist)">Pallca</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alco_Llacta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alco Llacta (page does not exist)">Alco Llacta</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viques_(town)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viques (town) (page does not exist)">Viques</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Campanayo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Campanayo (page does not exist)">Campanayo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pecoy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pecoy (page does not exist)">Pecoy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tagre (page does not exist)">Tagre</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pillcull&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pillcull (page does not exist)">Pillcull</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chupacca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chupacca (page does not exist)">Chupacca</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chipcama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chipcama (page does not exist)">Chipcama</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabra_Grande&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabra Grande (page does not exist)">Cabra Grande</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pampacolca_(town)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pampacolca (town) (page does not exist)">Pampacolca</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huncor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huncor (page does not exist)">Huncor</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huanjo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huanjo (page does not exist)">Huanjo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Maria_(town_in_Peru)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santa Maria (town in Peru) (page does not exist)">Santa Maria</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toma_de_Hayllaura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toma de Hayllaura (page does not exist)">Toma de Hayllaura</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huayllaura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huayllaura (page does not exist)">Huayllaura</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200818-30">[28]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Other estimates of its height are 6,380 m (20,930 ft);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuentzLedruThouret2011b1216-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvigneMariñoMoscol20023-74">[71]</a> 6,426 m (21,083 ft)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallSchaeferWinckler2011b38-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeibelFrangipane-GyselHunziker1978245-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampos20152-2">[2]</a> on the western summit;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeibelFrangipane-GyselHunziker1978245-58">[55]</a> 6,446 m (21,148 ft);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverioHeroldPeduzzi2010314-75">[72]</a> and 6,450 m (21,160 ft).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyHallRademakerTodd2011305-12">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> As cited in Forget et al (2008),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForgetThouretKuentzFontugne200817-40">[37]</a> Palenque et al (2018),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalenqueNiño_de_GuzmánChoqueÁlvarez2018101-85">[81]</a> Marinque et al (2018),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinqueMarinoEnderlinEdwards2018178-96">[92]</a> Silverio (2018),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverio201845-97">[93]</a> Silverio, Herold & Peduzzi (2010),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverioHeroldPeduzzi2010318-107">[103]</a> and Silverio & Jaquet (2012).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverioJaquet20125882-108">[104]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GVP-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GVP_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GVP_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GVP_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GVP_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GVP_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GVP_1-5">f</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=354003">"Coropuna"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program" title="Global Volcanism Program">Global Volcanism Program</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. Retrieved 2 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Volcanism+Program&rft.atitle=Coropuna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvolcano.si.edu%2Fvolcano.cfm%3Fvn%3D354003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoropuna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampos20152-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampos20152_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampos20152_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampos20152_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampos20152_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampos20152_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampos20152_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampos20152_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampos20152_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampos20152_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampos20152_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampos20152_2-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampos2015">Campos 2015</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmannBucksch20141513-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmannBucksch20141513_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerrmannBucksch2014">Herrmann & Bucksch 2014</a>, p. 1513. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmannBucksch20142296-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmannBucksch20142296_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerrmannBucksch2014">Herrmann & Bucksch 2014</a>, p. 2296. </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmer1960-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Holmer1960_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmer1960" class="citation journal cs1">Holmer, Nils M. 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Stanford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/struggleforwater00traw/page/n38">22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804731386" title="Special:BookSources/9780804731386"><bdi>9780804731386</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+for+Water+in+Peru%3A+Comedy+and+Tragedy+in+the+Andean+Commons&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780804731386&rft.aulast=Trawick&rft.aufirst=Paul+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstruggleforwater00traw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoropuna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MINCETUR2019-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MINCETUR2019_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MINCETUR2019_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MINCETUR2019_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MINCETUR2019_9-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180930232050/http://ficha.sigmincetur.mincetur.gob.pe/index.aspx?cod_Ficha=2845">"Nevado Coropuna"</a>. Recursos Turísticos (in Spanish). Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ficha.sigmincetur.mincetur.gob.pe/index.aspx?cod_Ficha=2845">the original</a> on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Recursos+Tur%C3%ADsticos&rft.atitle=Nevado+Coropuna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fficha.sigmincetur.mincetur.gob.pe%2Findex.aspx%3Fcod_Ficha%3D2845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoropuna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson2009-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson2009_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2009" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Jason (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andesculturalhis0000wils">The Andes</a>. 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Retrieved 12 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centro+Vulcanol%C3%B3gico+Nacional&rft.atitle=Volcanes+monitoreados&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.igp.gob.pe%2Fservicios%2Fcentro-vulcanologico-nacional%2Fvolcanes-monitoreados%2Fcoropuna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoropuna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biggar2015-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biggar2015_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biggar2015_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biggar2015_71-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biggar2015_71-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiggar2015" class="citation book cs1">Biggar, John (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9qDtCgAAQBAJ&q=coropuna">Cordiellera Occidental: The Andes, a Guide For Climbers</a>. 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Retrieved 12 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cordiellera+Occidental%3A+The+Andes%2C+a+Guide+For+Climbers&rft.pub=Andes&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780993438752&rft.aulast=Biggar&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9qDtCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcoropuna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoropuna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAC1990-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AAC1990_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAC1990_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Alpine_Club1990" class="citation book cs1">American Alpine Club (1990). The American alpine journal. 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Retrieved 2 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geoarchaeology&rft.atitle=A+site+formation+model+for+Cuncaicha+rock+shelter%3A+Depositional+and+postdepositional+processes+at+the+high-altitude+keysite+in+the+Peruvian+Andes&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11250%2F2977135&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244146814%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1520-6548&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fgea.21889&rft.aulast=Meinekat&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Ann&rft.au=Miller%2C+Christopher+E.&rft.au=Rademaker%2C+Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1002%2Fgea.21889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoropuna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandweissÁlvarezReidLeach2014469-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandweissÁlvarezReidLeach2014469_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSandweissÁlvarezReidLeach2014">Sandweiss et al. 2014</a>, p. 469. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuentzThouretLedruForget2011246–248-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuentzThouretLedruForget2011246–248_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuentzThouretLedruForget2011">Kuentz et al. 2011</a>, pp. 246–248. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuentzThouretLedruForget2011248-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuentzThouretLedruForget2011248_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuentzThouretLedruForget2011">Kuentz et al. 2011</a>, p. 248. </li> <li id="cite_note-Chávez2001-245">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chávez2001_245-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chávez2001_245-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chávez2001_245-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chávez2001_245-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChávezAntonio2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chávez, Chávez; Antonio, José (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0717-73562001000200014">"Investigaciones Arqueológicas de Alta Montaña en el Sur del Perú"</a> [High altitude archeological investigations in South Perú]. <a href="/wiki/Chungara_(journal)" title="Chungara (journal)">Chungará (Arica)</a> (in Spanish). 33 (2): 283–288. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0717-73562001000200014">10.4067/S0717-73562001000200014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0717-7356">0717-7356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chungar%C3%A1+%28Arica%29&rft.atitle=Investigaciones+Arqueol%C3%B3gicas+de+Alta+Monta%C3%B1a+en+el+Sur+del+Per%C3%BA&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=283-288&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4067%2FS0717-73562001000200014&rft.issn=0717-7356&rft.aulast=Ch%C3%A1vez&rft.aufirst=Ch%C3%A1vez&rft.au=Antonio%2C+Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4067%252FS0717-73562001000200014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoropuna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orellana2017-246"><a href="#cite_ref-Orellana2017_246-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrellanaVeraQuinoPenea2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Orellana, José Alfredo Vicente; Vera, Carlos Trujillo; Quino, Juan Montoya; Penea, Eliana Linares; Cruz, José Campos de la; Mera, Antonio Galan de (28 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistas.upagu.edu.pe/index.php/PE/article/view/429">"Vegetación y actividad humana en los Andes y Amazonía del Perú: Una perspectiva bioclimática"</a> [Vegetation and human activity in the Andes and in the Peruvian Amazon: A bioclimatic perspective]. Revista Perspectiva (in Spanish). 17 (3): 306. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1996-5389">1996-5389</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324203044/http://revistas.upagu.edu.pe/index.php/PE/article/view/429">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Perspectiva&rft.atitle=Vegetaci%C3%B3n+y+actividad+humana+en+los+Andes+y+Amazon%C3%ADa+del+Per%C3%BA%3A+Una+perspectiva+bioclim%C3%A1tica&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=306&rft.date=2017-02-28&rft.issn=1996-5389&rft.aulast=Orellana&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Alfredo+Vicente&rft.au=Vera%2C+Carlos+Trujillo&rft.au=Quino%2C+Juan+Montoya&rft.au=Penea%2C+Eliana+Linares&rft.au=Cruz%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Campos+de+la&rft.au=Mera%2C+Antonio+Galan+de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frevistas.upagu.edu.pe%2Findex.php%2FPE%2Farticle%2Fview%2F429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoropuna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuentzThouretLedruForget2011249-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuentzThouretLedruForget2011249_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuentzThouretLedruForget2011">Kuentz et al. 2011</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBacaMolakSobczykWęgleński20143-248">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBacaMolakSobczykWęgleński20143_248-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBacaMolakSobczykWęgleński20143_248-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBacaMolakSobczykWęgleński2014">Baca et al. 2014</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-Woloszyn2010-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woloszyn2010_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woloszyn2010_249-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoloszynSobczykPresbítero_RodríguezBuda2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Woloszyn, Janusz Z.; Sobczyk, Maciej; Presbítero Rodríguez, Gonzalo; Buda, Pawel (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redalyc.org/html/3713/371336245003/">"Espacios ceremoniales del sitio inca de Maucallacta (Departamento de Arequipa, Perú)"</a> [Ceremonial spaces of the Inca site Maucallacta (Arequipa Department, Perú)]. <a href="/wiki/Di%C3%A1logo_Andino" title="Diálogo Andino">Diálogo Andino – Revista de Historia, Geografía y Cultura Andina</a> (in Spanish) (35). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324203043/https://www.redalyc.org/html/3713/371336245003/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2019. 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Retrieved 2 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arqueolog%C3%ADa+y+Sociedad&rft.atitle=Los+vegetales+de+los+ancestros%3A+Las+ofrendas+rituales+bot%C3%A1nicas+de+la+cultura+Chancay+en+Cerro+Colorado%2C+valle+de+Huaura&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=165&rft.date=2021-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238793720%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0254-8062&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15381%2Farqueolsoc.2021n33.e20268&rft.aulast=Luna&rft.aufirst=Pieter+Van+Dalen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevistasinvestigacion.unmsm.edu.pe%2Findex.php%2FArqueo%2Farticle%2Fview%2F20268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoropuna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FitzsimmonsShimada2015-265"><a href="#cite_ref-FitzsimmonsShimada2015_265-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzsimmonsShimada2015" class="citation book cs1">Fitzsimmons, James L.; Shimada, Izumi (2015). 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Tucson: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona_Press" title="University of Arizona Press">University of Arizona Press</a>. pp. 315–316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816531745" title="Special:BookSources/9780816531745"><bdi>9780816531745</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/906131040">906131040</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Project_MUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MUSE">Project MUSE</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sadness+of+Jars%3A+Separation+and+Rectification+in+Andean+Understandings+of+Death&rft.btitle=Living+with+the+Dead+in+the+Andes&rft.place=Tucson&rft.pages=315-316&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F906131040&rft.isbn=9780816531745&rft.aulast=Fitzsimmons&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft.au=Shimada%2C+Izumi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F208%2Fedited_volume%2Fbook%2F41527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoropuna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharon2021-266"><a href="#cite_ref-Sharon2021_266-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharon2021" class="citation journal cs1">Sharon, Douglas (5 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/era/article/view/2623">"Andean Mesas and Cosmologies"</a>. Ethnobotany Research and Applications. 21: 32. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1547-3465">1547-3465</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202130210/https://ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/era/article/view/2623">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnobotany+Research+and+Applications&rft.atitle=Andean+Mesas+and+Cosmologies&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=32&rft.date=2021-02-05&rft.issn=1547-3465&rft.aulast=Sharon&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethnobotanyjournal.org%2Findex.php%2Fera%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoropuna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golte2004-267"><a href="#cite_ref-Golte2004_267-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolteSánchez2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Golte, Jürgen; Sánchez, Rodolfo (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15381%2Fis.v8i13.6914">"Sawasiray - Pitusiray, la antiguedad del concepto y santuario en los Andes"</a> [Sawasiray - Pitusiray, the antiquity of the concept and sanctuary in the Andes]. Investigaciones Sociales (in Spanish). 8 (13): 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15381%2Fis.v8i13.6914">10.15381/is.v8i13.6914</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1818-4758">1818-4758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Investigaciones+Sociales&rft.atitle=Sawasiray+-+Pitusiray%2C+la+antiguedad+del+concepto+y+santuario+en+los+Andes&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15381%2Fis.v8i13.6914&rft.issn=1818-4758&rft.aulast=Golte&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=S%C3%A1nchez%2C+Rodolfo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15381%252Fis.v8i13.6914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoropuna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lara2013-268"><a href="#cite_ref-Lara2013_268-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLara2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lara, Jaime (2013). "Francis Alive and Aloft: Franciscan Apocalypticism in the Colonial Andes". The Americas. 70 (2): 162–163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftam.2013.0096">10.1353/tam.2013.0096</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-1615">0003-1615</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145350611">145350611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Americas&rft.atitle=Francis+Alive+and+Aloft%3A+Franciscan+Apocalypticism+in+the+Colonial+Andes&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=162-163&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145350611%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-1615&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Ftam.2013.0096&rft.aulast=Lara&rft.aufirst=Jaime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoropuna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiółkowski2008143-269"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiółkowski2008143_269-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZiółkowski2008">Ziółkowski 2008</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-Campos2018-270"><a href="#cite_ref-Campos2018_270-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampos2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Campos, Nestor Godofredo Taipe (3 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistaselectronicas.ujaen.es/index.php/rae/article/view/3550">"La solidaridad de los Wamanis y las Lagunas con los pobres: El origen del venado en los mitos Quechuas"</a> [The solidarity of the Wamanis and the Lagunas with the poor: The origin of hunting in the Quechua myths]. Antropología Experimental (in Spanish) (18): 284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17561%2Frae.v0i18.3550">10.17561/rae.v0i18.3550</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1578-4282">1578-4282</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324204547/https://revistaselectronicas.ujaen.es/index.php/rae/article/view/3550">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antropolog%C3%ADa+Experimental&rft.atitle=La+solidaridad+de+los+Wamanis+y+las+Lagunas+con+los+pobres%3A+El+origen+del+venado+en+los+mitos+Quechuas&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=284&rft.date=2018-09-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17561%2Frae.v0i18.3550&rft.issn=1578-4282&rft.aulast=Campos&rft.aufirst=Nestor+Godofredo+Taipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevistaselectronicas.ujaen.es%2Findex.php%2Frae%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoropuna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Menaker2019-271"><a href="#cite_ref-Menaker2019_271-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenaker2019" class="citation journal cs1">Menaker, Alexander (3 January 2019). "Becoming "Rebels" and "Idolaters" in the Valley of Volcanoes, Southern Peru". International Journal of Historical Archaeology. 23 (4): 915–946. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10761-018-0482-1">10.1007/s10761-018-0482-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-7748">1573-7748</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149641708">149641708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Historical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Becoming+%22Rebels%22+and+%22Idolaters%22+in+the+Valley+of+Volcanoes%2C+Southern+Peru&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=915-946&rft.date=2019-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149641708%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1573-7748&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10761-018-0482-1&rft.aulast=Menaker&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoropuna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gose1986-272"><a href="#cite_ref-Gose1986_272-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGose1986" class="citation journal cs1">Gose, Peter (1986). "Sacrifice and the Commodity Form in the Andes". Man. 21 (2): 303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2803161">10.2307/2803161</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-1496">0025-1496</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2803161">2803161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Man&rft.atitle=Sacrifice+and+the+Commodity+Form+in+the+Andes&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=303&rft.date=1986&rft.issn=0025-1496&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2803161%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2803161&rft.aulast=Gose&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoropuna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Echevarria1980-273"><a href="#cite_ref-Echevarria1980_273-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEchevarria1980" class="citation web cs1">Echevarria, Evelio (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12198058802/South-America-Peru-Southern-Peru-Misti-and-Other-Peaks-Pre-Columbian-Ascents">"South America, Peru, Southern Peru, Misti and Other Peaks, Pre-Columbian Ascents"</a>. The American Alpine Club. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324203043/http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12198058802/South-America-Peru-Southern-Peru-Misti-and-Other-Peaks-Pre-Columbian-Ascents">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+America%2C+Peru%2C+Southern+Peru%2C+Misti+and+Other+Peaks%2C+Pre-Columbian+Ascents&rft.pub=The+American+Alpine+Club&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Echevarria&rft.aufirst=Evelio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.americanalpineclub.org%2Farticles%2F12198058802%2FSouth-America-Peru-Southern-Peru-Misti-and-Other-Peaks-Pre-Columbian-Ascents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoropuna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith2004-274"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith2004_274-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2004" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Neil (2004). American Empire: Roosevelt's Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization. University of California Press. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520243385" title="Special:BookSources/9780520243385"><bdi>9780520243385</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Empire%3A+Roosevelt%27s+Geographer+and+the+Prelude+to+Globalization&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780520243385&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoropuna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ricker1981-275">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ricker1981_275-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ricker1981_275-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicker1981" class="citation book cs1">Ricker, John F. (1981). Yuraq Janka: A Guide to the Peruvian Andes (2 ed.). The Mountaineers Books. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-930410-05-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-930410-05-X"><bdi>0-930410-05-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yuraq+Janka%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Peruvian+Andes&rft.pages=6&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=The+Mountaineers+Books&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-930410-05-X&rft.aulast=Ricker&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoropuna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schultz2010-276"><a href="#cite_ref-Schultz2010_276-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz2010" class="citation journal cs1">Schultz, Jaime (1 May 2010). "The Physical is Political: Women's Suffrage, Pilgrim Hikes and the Public Sphere". The International Journal of the History of Sport. 27 (7): 1137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09523361003695801">10.1080/09523361003695801</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0952-3367">0952-3367</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154427491">154427491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+the+History+of+Sport&rft.atitle=The+Physical+is+Political%3A+Women%27s+Suffrage%2C+Pilgrim+Hikes+and+the+Public+Sphere&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1137&rft.date=2010-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154427491%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0952-3367&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09523361003695801&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Jaime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoropuna" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorres_AguilarDel_Carpio_CalienesRivera2020" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Torres Aguilar, José Luis; Del Carpio Calienes, José Alberto; Rivera, Marco (April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositorio.igp.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12816/4786">Evaluación y análisis de la actividad sísmica en el complejo volcánico nevado Coropuna (periodos 2001-2002, 2008-2010 y 2018-2019)</a> [Evaluation and analysis of the seismic activity of Nevado Coropuna Volcanic Complex (2001-2002, 2008-2010 und 2018-2019 periods)] (Report) (in Spanish). 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Sistema de Información para la Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324203043/http://sigrid.cenepred.gob.pe/sigridv3/documento/2237">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sigrid.cenepred.gob.pe&rft.atitle=Monitoreo+de+los+volcanes+Coropuna%2C+Ticsani+y+Tutupaca+%28Biblioteca+SIGRID%29&rft.date=2015&rft.au=INGEMMET&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsigrid.cenepred.gob.pe%2Fsigridv3%2Fdocumento%2F2237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoropuna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrmannBucksch2014" class="citation book cs1">Herrmann, Helmut; Bucksch, Herbert (2014). Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik. 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"Environmental changes in the highlands of the western Andean Cordillera, southern Peru, during the Holocene". 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"Phytogeographical data and modern pollen rain of the puna belt in southern Peru (Nevado Coropuna, Western Cordillera)". Journal of Biogeography. 34 (10): 1762–1776. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JBiog..34.1762K">2007JBiog..34.1762K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2699.2007.01728.x">10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01728.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-2699">1365-2699</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84850642">84850642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biogeography&rft.atitle=Phytogeographical+data+and+modern+pollen+rain+of+the+puna+belt+in+southern+Peru+%28Nevado+Coropuna%2C+Western+Cordillera%29&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1762-1776&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2699.2007.01728.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84850642%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1365-2699&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007JBiog..34.1762K&rft.aulast=Kuentz&rft.aufirst=Ad%C3%A8le&rft.au=Mera%2C+Antonio+Gal%C3%A1n+De&rft.au=Ledru%2C+Marie-Pierre&rft.au=Thouret%2C+Jean-Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoropuna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuentzThouretLedruForget2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kuentz, Adèle; Thouret, Jean-Claude; Ledru, Marie-Pierre; Forget, Marie-Émilie (1 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbifea.1388">"Sociétés andines et changements environnementaux depuis 4 000 ans dans la région du Nevado Coropuna (sud du Pérou)"</a>. Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Études Andines (in French). 40 (2): 235–257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbifea.1388">10.4000/bifea.1388</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0303-7495">0303-7495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27Institut+Fran%C3%A7ais+d%27%C3%89tudes+Andines&rft.atitle=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s+andines+et+changements+environnementaux+depuis+4+000+ans+dans+la+r%C3%A9gion+du+Nevado+Coropuna+%28sud+du+P%C3%A9rou%29&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=235-257&rft.date=2011-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fbifea.1388&rft.issn=0303-7495&rft.aulast=Kuentz&rft.aufirst=Ad%C3%A8le&rft.au=Thouret%2C+Jean-Claude&rft.au=Ledru%2C+Marie-Pierre&rft.au=Forget%2C+Marie-%C3%89milie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Fbifea.1388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoropuna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohmanPritchardHoltkamp2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lohman, R. 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Journal of Glaciology. 64 (244): 175–184. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGlac..64..175K">2018JGlac..64..175K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjog.2018.2">10.1017/jog.2018.2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12544%2F1938">20.500.12544/1938</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1430">0022-1430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Glaciology&rft.atitle=Improved+estimates+of+glacier+change+rates+at+Nevado+Coropuna+Ice+Cap%2C+Peru&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=244&rft.pages=175-184&rft.date=2018-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12544%2F1938&rft.issn=0022-1430&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fjog.2018.2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018JGlac..64..175K&rft.aulast=Marinque&rft.aufirst=Nelida&rft.au=Marino%2C+Jersy&rft.au=Enderlin%2C+Ellyn+M.&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Benjamin+R.&rft.au=Kochtitzky%2C+William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fjog.2018.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoropuna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedina_AllccaGomez_VelásquezSantos_RomeroMoreno_Herrera2021" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Medina Allcca, Lucio; Gomez Velásquez, Hugo Dulio; Santos Romero, Boris Laurend; Moreno Herrera, José Luis; Pari Pinto, Walter (July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositorio.ingemmet.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12544/3167">"Estudio geoambiental en la cuenca del río Ocoña - [Boletín N 2]"</a> [Geoenvironmental study of the Ocoña River watershed - [Bulletin No 2]]. Repositorio Institucional INGEMMET (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202133624/https://repositorio.ingemmet.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12544/3167">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2021. 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Retrieved 24 March 2019 – via <a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+de+la+Sociedad+Geol%C3%B3gica+del+Per%C3%BA&rft.atitle=The+highest+point+in+Per%C3%BA+-+A+short+history+on+the+survey+of+Huascar%C3%A1n&rft.volume=98&rft.pages=97-101&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F299611241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoropuna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoshikawaÚbedaMasíasPari2020" class="citation journal cs1">Yoshikawa, Kenji; Úbeda, Jose; Masías, Pablo; Pari, Walter; Apaza, Fredy; Vasquez, Pool; Ccallata, Beto; Concha, Ronald; Luna, Gonzalo; Iparraguirre, Joshua; Ramos, Isabel; Cruz, Gustavo De la; Cruz, Rolando; Pellitero, Ramón; Bonshoms, Martí (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ppp.2064">"Current thermal state of permafrost in the southern Peruvian Andes and potential impact from El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)"</a>. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes. 31 (4): 598–609. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PPPr...31..598Y">2020PPPr...31..598Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fppp.2064">10.1002/ppp.2064</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1099-1530">1099-1530</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219478782">219478782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Permafrost+and+Periglacial+Processes&rft.atitle=Current+thermal+state+of+permafrost+in+the+southern+Peruvian+Andes+and+potential+impact+from+El+Ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93Southern+Oscillation+%28ENSO%29&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=598-609&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fppp.2064&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219478782%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1099-1530&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PPPr...31..598Y&rft.aulast=Yoshikawa&rft.aufirst=Kenji&rft.au=%C3%9Abeda%2C+Jose&rft.au=Mas%C3%ADas%2C+Pablo&rft.au=Pari%2C+Walter&rft.au=Apaza%2C+Fredy&rft.au=Vasquez%2C+Pool&rft.au=Ccallata%2C+Beto&rft.au=Concha%2C+Ronald&rft.au=Luna%2C+Gonzalo&rft.au=Iparraguirre%2C+Joshua&rft.au=Ramos%2C+Isabel&rft.au=Cruz%2C+Gustavo+De+la&rft.au=Cruz%2C+Rolando&rft.au=Pellitero%2C+Ram%C3%B3n&rft.au=Bonshoms%2C+Mart%C3%AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1002%2Fppp.2064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoropuna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiółkowski2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ziółkowski, Mariusz (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303525248">"Coropuna y Solimana: los oráculos de Condesuyos"</a>. In Curatola, Marco; Ziółkowski, Mariusz (eds.). Adivinación y oráculos en el mundo andino antiguo [Divination and oracles of the ancient Andean world] (in Spanish). Lima: Fondo Editorial PUCP – IFEA. pp. 121–159. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220402125512/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303525248_Coropuna_y_Solimana_los_oraculos_de_Condesuyos">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2019 – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coropuna+y+Solimana%3A+los+or%C3%A1culos+de+Condesuyos&rft.btitle=Adivinaci%C3%B3n+y+or%C3%A1culos+en+el+mundo+andino+antiguo&rft.place=Lima&rft.pages=121-159&rft.pub=Fondo+Editorial+PUCP+%E2%80%93+IFEA&rft.date=2008-01&rft.aulast=Zi%C3%B3%C5%82kowski&rft.aufirst=Mariusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F303525248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoropuna" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_SilvaFrancis1991" class="citation book cs1">De Silva, Shanaka L.; Francis, Peter (1991). Volcanoes of the Central Andes. Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-53706-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-53706-9"><bdi>978-3-540-53706-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volcanoes+of+the+Central+Andes&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-3-540-53706-9&rft.aulast=De+Silva&rft.aufirst=Shanaka+L.&rft.au=Francis%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoropuna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinhard1999" class="citation journal cs1">Reinhard, Johan (1999). "Coropuna: Lost Mountain Temple of the Incas". <a href="/w/index.php?title=South_American_Explorers_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South American Explorers Journal (page does not exist)">South American Explorers Journal</a>. 58 (5): 26–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+American+Explorers+Journal&rft.atitle=Coropuna%3A+Lost+Mountain+Temple+of+the+Incas&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=26-30&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Reinhard&rft.aufirst=Johan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoropuna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinhard2005" class="citation book cs1">Reinhard, Johan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/icemaidenincamum0000rein">The Ice Maiden: Inca Mummies, Mountain Gods, and Sacred Sites in the Andes</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7922-6838-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7922-6838-5"><bdi>0-7922-6838-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ice+Maiden%3A+Inca+Mummies%2C+Mountain+Gods%2C+and+Sacred+Sites+in+the+Andes&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7922-6838-5&rft.aulast=Reinhard&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ficemaidenincamum0000rein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoropuna" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coropuna&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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aria-labelledby="Andean_volcanoes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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volcanoes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Andean_volcanoes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Andean_Volcanic_Belt" title="Andean Volcanic Belt">Andean volcanoes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Volcanic Zone (6° N – 3° S)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paipa-Iza_volcanic_complex" title="Paipa-Iza volcanic complex">Paipa-Iza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeral_(volcano)" title="Romeral (volcano)">Romeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerro_Bravo" title="Cerro Bravo">Cerro Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevado_del_Ruiz" title="Nevado del Ruiz">Nevado del Ruiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevado_del_Tolima" title="Nevado del Tolima">Nevado del Tolima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevado_del_Huila" title="Nevado del Huila">Nevado del Huila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purac%C3%A9" title="Puracé">Puracé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do%C3%B1a_Juana" title="Doña Juana">Doña Juana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeras" title="Galeras">Galeras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azufral" title="Azufral">Azufral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiles_(volcano)" title="Chiles (volcano)">Chiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayambe_(volcano)" title="Cayambe (volcano)">Cayambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reventador" title="Reventador">Reventador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pichincha_(volcano)" title="Pichincha (volcano)">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisana" title="Antisana">Antisana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliso_(volcano)" title="Aliso (volcano)">Aliso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soche" title="Soche">Soche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiniza" title="Illiniza">Illiniza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotopaxi" title="Cotopaxi">Cotopaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilotoa" title="Quilotoa">Quilotoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimborazo" title="Chimborazo">Chimborazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungurahua" title="Tungurahua">Tungurahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licto_volcanic_field" title="Licto volcanic field">Licto volcanic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangay" title="Sangay">Sangay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Volcanic Zone (14°–27° S)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quimsachata_(Canchis)" title="Quimsachata (Canchis)">Quimsachata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auquihuato" title="Auquihuato">Auquihuato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firura" title="Firura">Firura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Sara" title="Sara Sara">Sara Sara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solimana_(volcano)" title="Solimana (volcano)">Solimana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coropuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualca_Hualca" title="Hualca Hualca">Hualca Hualca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabancaya" title="Sabancaya">Sabancaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huambo_volcanic_field" title="Huambo volcanic field">Huambo volcanic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampato" title="Ampato">Ampato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andagua_volcanic_field" title="Andagua volcanic field">Andagua volcanic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chachani" title="Chachani">Chachani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misti" title="Misti">Misti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubinas" title="Ubinas">Ubinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pichu_Pichu" title="Pichu Pichu">Pichu Pichu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaynaputina" title="Huaynaputina">Huaynaputina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticsani" title="Ticsani">Ticsani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutupaca" title="Tutupaca">Tutupaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucamane" title="Yucamane">Yucamane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purupuruni" title="Purupuruni">Purupuruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casiri_(Tacna)" title="Casiri (Tacna)">Casiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacora" title="Tacora">Tacora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taapaca" title="Taapaca">Taapaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinacota_(volcano)" title="Parinacota (volcano)">Parinacota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauca_(volcano)" title="Lauca (volcano)">Lauca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guallatiri" title="Guallatiri">Guallatiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata_Sabaya" title="Tata Sabaya">Tata Sabaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isluga" title="Isluga">Isluga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irruputuncu" title="Irruputuncu">Irruputuncu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olca-Paruma" title="Olca-Paruma">Olca-Paruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aucanquilcha" title="Aucanquilcha">Aucanquilcha‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerro_del_Azufre" title="Cerro del Azufre">Azufre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapaleri" title="Zapaleri">Zapaleri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sairecabur" title="Sairecabur">Sairecabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licancabur" title="Licancabur">Licancabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purico_complex" title="Purico complex">Purico complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Pacana" title="La Pacana">Pacana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aguas_Calientes_(volcano)" title="Aguas Calientes (volcano)">Aguas Calientes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lascar_(volcano)" title="Lascar (volcano)">Lascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiliques" title="Chiliques">Chiliques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aracar" title="Aracar">Aracar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socompa" title="Socompa">Socompa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llullaillaco" title="Llullaillaco">Llullaillaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lastarria" title="Lastarria">Lastarria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazufre" title="Lazufre">Lazufre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord%C3%B3n_del_Azufre" title="Cordón del Azufre">Cordón del Azufre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1n" title="Galán">Galán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peinado" title="Peinado">Peinado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevado_San_Francisco" title="Nevado San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cueros_de_Purulla" title="Cueros de Purulla">Cueros de Purulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incahuasi" title="Incahuasi">Incahuasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojos_del_Salado" title="Ojos del Salado">Ojos del Salado</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Volcanic Zone (33°–46° S)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tupungato" title="Tupungato">Tupungato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupungatito" title="Tupungatito">Tupungatito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maipo_(volcano)" title="Maipo (volcano)">Maipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calabozos" title="Calabozos">Calabozos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descabezado_Grande" title="Descabezado Grande">Descabezado Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerro_Azul_(Chile_volcano)" title="Cerro Azul (Chile volcano)">Cerro Azul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevado_de_Longav%C3%AD" title="Nevado de Longaví">Nevado de Longaví</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevados_de_Chill%C3%A1n" title="Nevados de Chillán">Nevados de Chillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antuco_(volcano)" title="Antuco (volcano)">Antuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copahue" title="Copahue">Copahue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callaqui" title="Callaqui">Callaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonquimay_(volcano)" title="Lonquimay (volcano)">Lonquimay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llaima" title="Llaima">Llaima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sollipulli" title="Sollipulli">Sollipulli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villarrica_(volcano)" title="Villarrica (volcano)">Villarrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quetrupill%C3%A1n" title="Quetrupillán">Quetrupillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lan%C3%ADn" title="Lanín">Lanín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocho-Choshuenco" title="Mocho-Choshuenco">Mocho-Choshuenco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr%C3%A1n-Los_Venados" title="Carrán-Los Venados">Carrán-Los Venados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyehue-Cord%C3%B3n_Caulle" title="Puyehue-Cordón Caulle">Puyehue-Cordón Caulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_(volcano)" title="Casablanca (volcano)">Casablanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorno_(volcano)" title="Osorno (volcano)">Osorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calbuco_(volcano)" title="Calbuco (volcano)">Calbuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornopir%C3%A9n_(volcano)" title="Hornopirén (volcano)">Hornopirén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huequi" title="Huequi">Huequi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michinmahuida" title="Michinmahuida">Michinmahuida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chait%C3%A9n_(volcano)" title="Chaitén (volcano)">Chaitén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corcovado_Volcano" title="Corcovado Volcano">Corcovado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentolat" title="Mentolat">Mentolat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cay_(volcano)" title="Cay (volcano)">Cay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerro_Mac%C3%A1" title="Cerro Macá">Macá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate_Grande" title="Mate Grande">Mate Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hudson" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Hudson">Hudson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austral Volcanic Zone (49°–55° S)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lautaro_(volcano)" title="Lautaro (volcano)">Lautaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viedma_(volcano)" title="Viedma (volcano)">Viedma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aguilera_(volcano)" title="Aguilera (volcano)">Aguilera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclus_(volcano)" title="Reclus (volcano)">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Burney" title="Monte Burney">Burney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fueguino" title="Fueguino">Fueguino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q946035#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q946035#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q946035#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/245776137">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4291425-5">Germany</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=354003">Global Volcanism Program</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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1,\n [\"CITEREFChávezAntonio2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCuberPanajewGałaś2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCubukcuPaquetteJichaThouret2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_SilvaFrancis1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeggChester2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiaz_Huaina1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDornbusch2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuchesne2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEchevarria1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngelSkrzypekChumanŠefrna2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEscobar-TorrezOrtuñoBentalebLedru2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzsimmonsShimada2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForgetThouretKuentzFontugne2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFourtané2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalánLinares_Perea2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcía_ZúñigaMariño_SalazarValdivia_Humerez2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoicochea2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolteSánchez2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGose1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGómezMacíasArceSánchez-Nuñez2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeine2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHernandez2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerrmannBucksch2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmer1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFINGEMMET2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKochtitzkyEdwards2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKochtitzkyEdwardsMarinoManrique2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuentzLedruThouret2011b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuentzMeraLedruThouret2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuentzThouretLedruForget2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLara2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarico2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinKennyPorterDavis2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLohmanPritchardHoltkamp2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuna2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarinqueMarinoEnderlinEdwards2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMariñoCabreraValdiviaAguilar2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedina_AllccaGomez_VelásquezSantos_RomeroMoreno_Herrera2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeinekatMillerRademaker2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenaker2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNúñez_JuárezSteinmüller1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrellanaVeraQuinoPenea2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalenqueNiño_de_GuzmánChoqueÁlvarez2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPellitero2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRacoviteanuManleyArnaudWilliams2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReinhard1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReinhard2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRicker1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiveraDel_Carpio_CalienesTaveraCruz_Igme2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandweissÁlvarezReidLeach2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchobinger1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchottererDelachauxLedruAngelis2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchultz2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharon2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilverio2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilverioHeroldPeduzzi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilverioJaquet2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSobczyk2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStern2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThouretGunnellJichaPaquette2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThouretJuvigneMariñoMoscol2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorres_AguilarDel_Carpio_CalienesRivera2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTosdalFarrarClark1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrawick2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrtonHagen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValenzuela_OrtizNúñez_Juárez2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeettilKamp2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVelaCáceresCalderónChijcheapaza2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVenturelliFragipaneWeibelAntiga1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeibelFrangipane-GyselHunziker1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeideFritzBrinsonThompson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWise2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoloszynSobczykPresbítero_RodríguezBuda2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYatesLuxGibsonKaiser2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoshikawaÚbedaMasíasPari2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiółkowski2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_SilvaFrancis1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÇubukçuGerbeThouretde_la_Rupelle2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÚbedaPalaciosVázquez-Selem2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÚbedaPalaciosVázquez-Selém2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÚbeda_Palenque2013\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Andean volcanoes\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite GVP\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 72,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 12,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 103,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"En dash\"] = 16,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox mountain\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 7,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp;\"] = 37,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 12,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 443,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaced en dash\"] = 9,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","620","25.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","340","14.0"],["?","280","11.6"],["dataWrapper 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Coropuna","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coropuna","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q946035","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q946035","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-04-12T08:36:22Z","dateModified":"2024-07-28T21:49:10Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5c\/Coropuna_Volcano.jpg","headline":"volcano in Peru"}</script> </body> </html>