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.tmbox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmbox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmbox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.tmbox img{max-width:none!important}</style><table class="box-Mais_notas plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Esta página cita fontes, mas não cobrem todo o conteúdo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Esta página <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Livro_de_estilo/Cite_as_fontes" title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo/Cite as fontes">cita fontes</a>, mas que <b><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipédia:V">não cobrem</a> todo o conteúdo</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Ajude a <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Livro_de_estilo/Refer%C3%AAncias_e_notas_de_rodap%C3%A9" title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo/Referências e notas de rodapé">inserir referências</a> (<small><i>Encontre fontes:</i> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/">ABW</a>  •  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br">CAPES</a>  •  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&as_epq=Arquitetura+rupestre">Google</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?hl=pt&tbm=nws&q=Arquitetura+rupestre&oq=Arquitetura+rupestre">N</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_epq=Arquitetura+rupestre">L</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=pt&q=Arquitetura+rupestre">A</a>)</span></small>).</span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">Abril de 2024</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Petra_Jordan_BW_22.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Petra_Jordan_BW_22.JPG/220px-Petra_Jordan_BW_22.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Petra_Jordan_BW_22.JPG/330px-Petra_Jordan_BW_22.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Petra_Jordan_BW_22.JPG/440px-Petra_Jordan_BW_22.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2516" data-file-height="3836" /></a><figcaption><i>Jazneh Firaum</i> ou 'Tesouro do faraó' ao complexo de <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a>, Jordânia</figcaption></figure> <p>Denomina-se <b>arquitetura rupestre</b> (do latim rupes, 'rocha'), as construções escavadas ou esculpidas em covas, <a href="/wiki/Caverna" title="Caverna">grutas</a> ou paredes rochosas, pelas civilizações antigas.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-enc_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ainda que num sentido estrito o termo rupestre esteja ligado às operações em pedra ou rocha, a arquitetura <i>rupestre</i> assemelha-se com aquelas arquiteturas produzidas por <i>substracto</i><sup id="cite_ref-chin_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chin-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> (em contraposição às arquiteturas criadas por <i>adição</i> ou "construídas"), motivo pelo qual não é estranho ver este termo associado às chamadas <i>arquiteturas escavadas</i>, <i>subterrâneas</i> ou <i>troglodíticas</i>. </p><p>As arquiteturas escavadas em rocha surgiram em toda a parte do mundo com usos tão variados como cidades, casas, aljubs, <a href="/wiki/Silo" title="Silo">sitges</a>, templos ou tumbas.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> As primeiras manifestações destas construções remontam à pré-história, e é possível verificar uma produção significativa até a Idade Média.<sup id="cite_ref-enc_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aa_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aa-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A arquitetura rupestre surge naquelas zonas onde abunda a pedra macia, como o caso do <a href="/wiki/Tufo_(geologia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tufo (geologia)">tufo vulcânico</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capad%C3%B3cia" title="Capadócia">Capadócia</a>, Turquia), o <a href="/wiki/Arenito" title="Arenito">Arenito</a> (Petra, Jordânia; ou as cidades <a href="/wiki/Anasazi" title="Anasazi">Anasazi</a> nos <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a>), ou também a <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">pedra</a> <a href="/wiki/Calc%C3%A1rio" title="Calcário">calcária</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Basalto" title="Basalto">basáltica</a><sup id="cite_ref-ha_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ha-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup>. Em terrenos mais degradados também surgiram com frequência arquiteturas escavadas ou enterradas, especialmente em climas muito quentes, na busca de ambientes mais frescos para a morar, e com mais frequência ainda como armazenamento de alimentos.<sup id="cite_ref-cv_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cv-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> Estas últimas arquiteturas, como não foram escavadas em rocha pura, precisam duma subestructura ou algum tipo de paramento ou material separador ou sustentador do terreno, isto é, como estão <i>construídas</i> em vez de esculpidas, não pertencem estritamente ao âmbito rupestre. </p><p>Também se costuma englobar dentro da arquitetura rupestre a chamada <i>arquitetura monolítica</i>, termo usado para designar as obras de arquitetura resultantes do corte de uma única pedra, como de esculturas habitáveis se trata-se. </p><p>Algumas obras rupestres foram qualificadas como <a href="/wiki/Patrim%C3%B3nio_Mundial" title="Património Mundial">Património da Humanidade</a> pela <a href="/wiki/Organiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_das_Na%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Unidas_para_a_Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o,_a_Ci%C3%AAncia_e_a_Cultura" title="Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura">UNESCO</a>: como o <a href="/wiki/Hipogeu_de_Hal_Saflieni" title="Hipogeu de Hal Saflieni">Hal Saflieni</a>, Cerveteri e Tarquínia, <a href="/wiki/Budas_de_Bami%C3%A3" title="Budas de Bamiã">Bamian</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6reme" title="Göreme">Göreme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igrejas_Rupestres_de_Ivanovo" title="Igrejas Rupestres de Ivanovo">Ivànovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosteiro_de_Gelarde" title="Mosteiro de Gelarde">Geghard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grutas_de_Longmen" title="Grutas de Longmen">Longmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grutas_de_Yungang" title="Grutas de Yungang">Yungang</a>, Ajantā, <a href="/wiki/Grutas_de_Ellora" title="Grutas de Ellora">Ellora</a> ou Forte de Samaipata (considerado a maior obra de arquitetura rupestre do mundo). </p> <h2 id="Referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso."><span id="Refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Referências</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lema.rae.es/drae/?val=rupestre">«rupestre»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 1 de novembro de 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AArquitetura+rupestre&rft.btitle=rupestre&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flema.rae.es%2Fdrae%2F%3Fval%3Drupestre&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-enc-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-enc_2-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-enc_2-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://es.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1121550071/Arquitectura_rupestre.html">«Arquitectura rupestre»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 1 de novembro de 2009</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212184642/http://es.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1121550071/Arquitectura_rupestre.html">Cópia arquivada em 12 de fevereiro de 2009</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AArquitetura+rupestre&rft.btitle=Arquitectura+rupestre&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fes.encarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_1121550071%2FArquitectura_rupestre.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chin-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-chin_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinchillademontearagon.com/d_ayuntamiento/organizacion/c_cultura/2008/exposiciontrogloditas/CATALOGOEXPOSICION.pdf">«Patrimoni troglodític del món»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 12 de novembro de 2011</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514052429/http://www.chinchillademontearagon.com/d_ayuntamiento/organizacion/c_cultura/2008/exposiciontrogloditas/CATALOGOEXPOSICION.pdf">Cópia arquivada <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> em 14 de maio de 2019</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AArquitetura+rupestre&rft.btitle=Patrimoni+troglod%C3tic+del+m%C3%B3n&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinchillademontearagon.com%2Fd_ayuntamiento%2Forganizacion%2Fc_cultura%2F2008%2Fexposiciontrogloditas%2FCATALOGOEXPOSICION.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pahiscul.com/arquitecturarupestre.htm">«Arquitectura rupestre»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 1 de novembro de 2009</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110908165245/http://www.pahiscul.com/arquitecturarupestre.htm">Cópia arquivada em 8 de setembro de 2011</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AArquitetura+rupestre&rft.btitle=Arquitectura+rupestre&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pahiscul.com%2Farquitecturarupestre.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aa-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-aa_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fotoaleph.com/Colecciones/TurquiaRupestre/TurquiaRupestre-texto.html#1.ArquitecturaRupestreAnatolia">«L'arquitectura i escultura rupestres en l'antiga Anatòlia»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 1 de novembro de 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AArquitetura+rupestre&rft.btitle=L%27arquitectura+i+escultura+rupestres+en+l%27antiga+Anat%C3%B2lia&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fotoaleph.com%2FColecciones%2FTurquiaRupestre%2FTurquiaRupestre-texto.html%231.ArquitecturaRupestreAnatolia&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ha-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ha_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1527&HistoryID=ab27">«History of Architecture»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 5 de novembro de 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AArquitetura+rupestre&rft.btitle=History+of+Architecture&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyworld.net%2Fwrldhis%2FPlainTextHistories.asp%3Fgroupid%3D1527%26HistoryID%3Dab27&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cv-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cv_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elguanche.net/Benchomo/arquitecturacanariapre2.htm">«Coves d'habitatge a Europa»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 4 de novembro de 2009</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612091747/http://elguanche.net/Benchomo/arquitecturacanariapre2.htm">Cópia arquivada em 12 de junho de 2010</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AArquitetura+rupestre&rft.btitle=Coves+d%27habitatge+a+Europa&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felguanche.net%2FBenchomo%2Farquitecturacanariapre2.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Obtida de "<a dir="ltr" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arquitetura_rupestre&oldid=68848083">https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arquitetura_rupestre&oldid=68848083</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categoria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Arquitetura_rupestre" title="Categoria:Arquitetura rupestre">Arquitetura rupestre</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorias ocultas: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:!Artigos_que_carecem_de_notas_de_rodap%C3%A9_desde_abril_de_2024" title="Categoria:!Artigos que carecem de notas de rodapé desde abril de 2024">!Artigos que carecem de notas de rodapé desde abril de 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:!Artigos_que_carecem_de_notas_de_rodap%C3%A9_sem_indica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_tema" title="Categoria:!Artigos que carecem de notas de rodapé sem indicação de tema">!Artigos que carecem de notas de rodapé sem indicação de tema</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Esta página foi editada pela última vez às 21h15min de 19 de outubro de 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Este texto é disponibilizado nos termos da licença <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.pt">Atribuição-CompartilhaIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-SA 4.0) da Creative Commons</a>; pode estar sujeito a condições adicionais. 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