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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disc_phonograph" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disc_phonograph"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Disc phonograph</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disc_phonograph-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrical_recording" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrical_recording"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Electrical recording</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrical_recording-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetic_tape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetic_tape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Magnetic tape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetic_tape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stereo_and_hi-fi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stereo_and_hi-fi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Stereo and hi-fi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stereo_and_hi-fi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Musical instruments and recording devices that use electrical circuits</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For all types of musical technologies, see <a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a>; For electronic and digital music technology, see <a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Music technology (electronic and digital)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gibson_sg_Custom_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gibson_sg_Custom_1963.jpg/200px-Gibson_sg_Custom_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gibson_sg_Custom_1963.jpg/300px-Gibson_sg_Custom_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gibson_sg_Custom_1963.jpg/400px-Gibson_sg_Custom_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>A 1963 Gibson SG Custom <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a> with its headstock leaning on a small <a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">guitar amplifier</a>, which contains a <a href="/wiki/Power_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Power amplifier">power amplifier</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeaker</a> in a wooden <a href="/wiki/Speaker_enclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker enclosure">cabinet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wurlitzer_model_112_electric_piano_1956.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wurlitzer_model_112_electric_piano_1956.JPG/200px-Wurlitzer_model_112_electric_piano_1956.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wurlitzer_model_112_electric_piano_1956.JPG/300px-Wurlitzer_model_112_electric_piano_1956.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wurlitzer_model_112_electric_piano_1956.JPG/400px-Wurlitzer_model_112_electric_piano_1956.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A Wurlitzer model 112 <a href="/wiki/Electric_piano" title="Electric piano">electric piano</a> plugged into an <a href="/wiki/Instrument_amplifier" title="Instrument amplifier">instrument amplifier</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Electric music technology</b> refers to <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">recording devices</a> that use electrical circuits, which are often combined with mechanical technologies. Examples of electric musical instruments include the electro-mechanical <a href="/wiki/Electric_piano" title="Electric piano">electric piano</a> (invented in 1929), the <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a> (invented in 1931), the electro-mechanical <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a> (developed in 1934) and the <a href="/wiki/Electric_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric bass">electric bass</a> (invented in 1935). All of these electric instruments do not produce a sound that is audible by the performer or audience in a performance setting unless they are connected to <a href="/wiki/Instrument_amplifier" title="Instrument amplifier">instrument amplifiers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Loudspeaker cabinet">loudspeaker cabinets</a>, which made them sound loud enough for performers and the audience to hear. Amplifiers and loudspeakers are separate from the instrument in the case of the electric guitar (which uses a <a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">guitar amplifier</a>), electric bass (which uses a <a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">bass amplifier</a>) and some electric organs (which use a <a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Leslie speaker</a> or similar cabinet) and most electric pianos. Some electric organs and electric pianos include the amplifier and speaker cabinet within the main housing for the instrument. </p><p>Electric sound recording and reproduction are electrical or mechanical techniques and devices for the inscription and re-creation of <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a> waves, such as spoken voice, singing, <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental music">instrumental music</a>, or sound effects. Acoustic analog recording is achieved by a small <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphone</a> diaphragm that can record sound waves on a <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a> (in which a stylus senses grooves on a record) or <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a>. The first practical sound recording and reproduction device was the mechanical <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">phonograph cylinder</a>, invented by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> in 1877 and patented in 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next major technical development was the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Berliner_Gramophone" title="Berliner Gramophone">gramophone disc</a> in 1889. For much of the 20th century, records were the most common way of selling sound recordings. The widespread availability of records and the development of <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">radio broadcasting</a> enabled a much larger proportion of people to listen to songs and pieces performed by the top artists, enabling the development of national and even international musical stars. In the 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">compact cassette</a> became a major consumer audio format. Advances in electronic and mechanical miniaturization led to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> <a href="/wiki/Walkman" title="Walkman">Walkman</a>, a pocket-sized cassette player introduced in 1979, which allowed consumers to listen to their favourite albums outside of their home. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electric_instruments">Electric instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_technology_(electric)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Electric instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_piano">Electric piano</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_technology_(electric)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Electric piano"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhodes_Mk_II_73_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Rhodes_Mk_II_73_cropped.jpg/200px-Rhodes_Mk_II_73_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Rhodes_Mk_II_73_cropped.jpg/300px-Rhodes_Mk_II_73_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Rhodes_Mk_II_73_cropped.jpg/400px-Rhodes_Mk_II_73_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Fender_Rhodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fender Rhodes">Rhodes Mark II Stage 73</a> electric piano. It has to be plugged into an <a href="/wiki/Instrument_amplifier" title="Instrument amplifier">instrument amplifier</a> or <a href="/wiki/Guitar_amp" class="mw-redirect" title="Guitar amp">guitar amp</a> to be heard by the performer and audience.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Electric_piano" title="Electric piano">electric piano</a> is an electric <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instrument</a> which produces sounds when a performer presses the keys of the <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">musical keyboard</a>. Pressing keys causes mechanical hammers to strike metal strings or tines, leading to vibrations which are converted into electrical signals by <a href="/wiki/Pick_up_(music_technology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick up (music technology)">magnetic pickups</a>, which are then connected to an <a href="/wiki/Instrument_amplifier" title="Instrument amplifier">instrument amplifier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeaker</a> to make a sound loud enough for the performer and audience to hear. Unlike a <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizer</a>, the electric piano is not an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">electronic instrument</a>. Instead, it is an electro-mechanical instrument. Some early electric pianos used lengths of wire to produce the tone, like a traditional piano. Smaller electric pianos used short slivers of steel, metal tines or short wires to produce the tone. The earliest electric pianos were invented in the late 1920s; the 1929 <i>Neo-<a href="/wiki/C._Bechstein_Pianofortefabrik" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Bechstein Pianofortefabrik">Bechstein</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Electric_grand_piano" title="Electric grand piano">electric grand piano</a> was among the first. Probably the earliest stringless model was <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Loar" title="Lloyd Loar">Lloyd Loar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vivi-Tone" title="Vivi-Tone">Vivi-Tone</a> Clavier. A few other noteworthy producers of electric pianos include Baldwin Piano and Organ Company and the <a href="/wiki/Wurlitzer" title="Wurlitzer">Wurlitzer</a> company. </p><p>Early electric piano recordings include <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a>'s in 1955 and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Ra" title="Sun Ra">Sun Ra</a>'s <i>India</i> as well as other tracks from the 1956 sessions included on his second album <i>Super Sonic Jazz</i> (aka <i>Super Sonic Sounds</i>). The popularity of the electric piano began to grow in the late 1950s after <a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a>'s 1959 hit record "<a href="/wiki/What%27d_I_Say" title="What'd I Say">What'd I Say</a>", reaching its height during the 1970s, after which they were progressively displaced by more lightweight electronic pianos capable of piano-like sounds without the disadvantages of electric pianos' heavy weight and <a href="/wiki/Moving_parts" title="Moving parts">moving mechanical parts</a>. Another factor driving their development and acceptance was the progressive electrification of popular music and the need for a portable keyboard instrument capable of high-volume amplification. Musicians adopted a number of types of domestic electric pianos for rock and pop use. This encouraged their manufacturers to modify them for stage use and then develop models primarily intended for stage use. </p><p>Digital electronic <a href="/wiki/Stage_piano" title="Stage piano">stage pianos</a> have largely replaced most of the original electro-mechanical instruments in the 2000s, due to the small size, low weight and versatility of digital instruments, which can produce a huge range of tones besides piano tones (e.g., emulations of <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a> sounds, synthesizer sounds, etc.). However, some performers still perform and record with vintage electric pianos. In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Fender_Rhodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fender Rhodes">Fender Rhodes</a> produced a new line of electro-mechanical pianos, known as the Rhodes Mark 7 followed by an offering from <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Vibe" title="Vintage Vibe">Vintage Vibe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_guitar">Electric guitar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_technology_(electric)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Electric guitar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kramer_XKG-20_sm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Kramer_XKG-20_sm.jpg/200px-Kramer_XKG-20_sm.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Kramer_XKG-20_sm.jpg/300px-Kramer_XKG-20_sm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Kramer_XKG-20_sm.jpg/400px-Kramer_XKG-20_sm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Kramer_Guitars" title="Kramer Guitars">Kramer</a> XKG-20 electric guitar circa 1980.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a> that uses a <a href="/wiki/Pickup_(music_technology)" title="Pickup (music technology)">pickup</a> to convert the vibration of its strings into electrical impulses. The most common guitar pickup uses the principle of direct <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">electromagnetic induction</a>. The signal generated by an electric guitar is too weak to drive a <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeaker</a>, so it is <a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">amplified</a> before being sent to a loudspeaker. The output of an electric guitar is an electric signal, and the signal can easily be altered by electronic circuits to add <i>color</i> to the sound. Often the signal is modified using <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">electronic effects</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Reverb" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverb">reverb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">distortion</a>. </p><p>Invented in 1931, the electric guitar became a necessity as <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> guitarists sought to amplify their sound in the <a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">big band</a> format. Early proponents of the electric guitar on record included <a href="/wiki/Les_Paul" title="Les Paul">Les Paul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Johnson_(musician)" title="Lonnie Johnson (musician)">Lonnie Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sister_Rosetta_Tharpe" title="Sister Rosetta Tharpe">Sister Rosetta Tharpe</a>, <a href="/wiki/T-Bone_Walker" title="T-Bone Walker">T-Bone Walker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Christian" title="Charlie Christian">Charlie Christian</a>. During the 1950s and 1960s, the electric guitar became the most important instrument in <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has evolved into an instrument that is capable of a multitude of sounds and styles. It served as a major component in the development of <a href="/wiki/Electric_blues" title="Electric blues">electric blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a>, and many other genres of music. </p><p>Electric guitar design and construction vary greatly in the shape of the body and the configuration of the neck, bridge, and pickups. Guitars have a fixed <a href="/wiki/Bridge_(guitar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridge (guitar)">bridge</a> or a spring-loaded hinged bridge that lets players bend notes or chords up or down in pitch or perform a <a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">vibrato</a>. The sound of a guitar can be modified by <a href="/wiki/Extended_technique" title="Extended technique">new playing techniques</a> such as <a href="/wiki/String_bending" title="String bending">string bending</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapping" title="Tapping">tapping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hammer-on" title="Hammer-on">hammering on</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Audio_feedback" title="Audio feedback">audio feedback</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Slide_(guitar_technique)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slide (guitar technique)">slide</a> guitar playing. There are several types of electric guitar, including the solid-body guitar, various types of hollow-body guitars, the seven-string guitar, which typically adds a low B string below the low E, and the twelve-string electric guitar, which has six pairs of strings. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">Popular music</a> and rock groups often use the electric guitar in two roles: as a <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_guitar" title="Rhythm guitar">rhythm guitar</a>, which provides the <a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">chord</a> sequence or <a href="/wiki/Chord_progression" title="Chord progression">progression</a> and sets the <a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)" title="Beat (music)">beat</a> (as part of a <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">rhythm section</a>), and as a <a href="/wiki/Lead_guitar" title="Lead guitar">lead guitar</a>, which is used to perform <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a> lines, melodic <a href="/wiki/Fill_(music)" title="Fill (music)">instrumental fill passages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guitar_solo" title="Guitar solo">solos</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hammond_organ">Hammond organ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_technology_(electric)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hammond organ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammond_c3_Emilio_Mu%C3%B1oz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Hammond_c3_Emilio_Mu%C3%B1oz.jpg/200px-Hammond_c3_Emilio_Mu%C3%B1oz.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Hammond_c3_Emilio_Mu%C3%B1oz.jpg/300px-Hammond_c3_Emilio_Mu%C3%B1oz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Hammond_c3_Emilio_Mu%C3%B1oz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>A Hammond C-3 electric organ.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_organ#Early_electric_organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic organ">electric organ</a>, invented by <a href="/wiki/Laurens_Hammond" title="Laurens Hammond">Laurens Hammond</a> and John M. Hanert<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and first manufactured in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various models have been produced, most of which use sliding drawbars to create a variety of sounds. Until 1975, Hammond organs generated sound by creating an electric current from rotating a metal <a href="/wiki/Tonewheel" title="Tonewheel">tonewheel</a> near an electromagnetic pickup. Around two million Hammond organs have been manufactured, and it has been described as one of the most successful organs. The organ is commonly used with, and associated with, the <a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Leslie speaker</a>. </p><p>The organ was originally marketed and sold by the Hammond Organ Company to <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a> as a lower-cost alternative to the wind-driven <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organ</a>, or instead of a <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>. It quickly became popular with professional <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> musicians, who found it a cheaper alternative to the <a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">big band</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Smith_(musician)" title="Jimmy Smith (musician)">Jimmy Smith</a>'s use of the Hammond B-3, with its additional harmonic percussion feature, inspired a generation of organ players, and its use became more widespread in the 1960s and 1970s in <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a>, as well as being an important instrument in <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a>. </p><p>The Hammond Organ Company struggled financially during the 1970s as they abandoned tonewheel organs and switched to manufacturing instruments using <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated circuits">integrated circuits</a>. These instruments were not as popular with musicians as the tonewheels had been, and the company went out of business in 1985. The Hammond name was purchased by the <a href="/wiki/Suzuki_Musical_Instrument_Corporation" title="Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation">Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation</a>, which proceeded to manufacture digital simulations of the most popular tonewheel organs. This culminated in the production of the <i>New B-3</i> in 2002, which provided an accurate recreation of the original B-3 organ using modern digital technology. </p><p>Hammond-Suzuki continues to manufacture a variety of organs for both professional players and churches. Other companies, such as <a href="/wiki/Korg" title="Korg">Korg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roland_Corporation" title="Roland Corporation">Roland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clavia" title="Clavia">Clavia</a>, have also achieved success in providing <a href="/wiki/Clonewheel_organ" title="Clonewheel organ">emulations</a> of the original tonewheel organs. The sound of a tonewheel Hammond can also be emulated using modern software such as <a href="/wiki/Native_Instruments" title="Native Instruments">Native Instruments</a> B4. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_bass">Electric bass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_technology_(electric)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Electric bass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elbas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Elbas.jpg/170px-Elbas.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Elbas.jpg/255px-Elbas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Elbas.jpg/340px-Elbas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption>Two electric basses and a <a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">bass amplifier</a>. This amplification setup is a <i>bass stack</i> approach, in which an amplifier (in this case a Hartke 5000) is plugged into separate speaker cabinets.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Electric_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric bass">electric bass</a> (or bass guitar) is a <a href="/wiki/Stringed_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Stringed instrument">stringed instrument</a> played primarily with the fingers or thumb, by plucking, <a href="/wiki/Slapping_(music)" title="Slapping (music)">slapping</a>, popping, strumming, tapping, thumping, or <a href="/wiki/Guitar_pick" title="Guitar pick">picking</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Plectrum" title="Plectrum">plectrum</a>, often known as a pick. The bass guitar is similar in appearance and construction to an <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a>, but with a longer <a href="/wiki/Neck_(music)" title="Neck (music)">neck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scale_(string_instruments)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scale (string instruments)">scale</a> length, and four to six <a href="/wiki/String_(music)" title="String (music)">strings</a> or <a href="/wiki/Course_(music)" title="Course (music)">courses</a>. The four-string bass, by far the most common, is usually tuned the same as the <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which corresponds to pitches one <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octave</a> lower than the four lowest pitched strings of a guitar (E, A, D, and G).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bass guitar is a <a href="/wiki/Transposing_instrument" title="Transposing instrument">transposing instrument</a>, as it is notated in <a href="/wiki/Clef#Bass_clef" title="Clef">bass clef</a> an octave higher than it sounds (as is the double bass) to avoid excessive <a href="/wiki/Ledger_line" title="Ledger line">ledger lines</a>. Like the electric guitar, the bass guitar is plugged into an <a href="/wiki/Bass_instrument_amplification" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass instrument amplification">amplifier and speaker</a> for live performances. </p><p>Since the 1960s, the bass guitar has largely replaced the <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a> in <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> as the bass instrument in the <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">rhythm section</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While types of <a href="/wiki/Bass_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass line">bass lines</a> vary widely from one style of music to another, the bassist usually fulfills a similar role: anchoring the <a href="/wiki/Chord_progression" title="Chord progression">harmonic framework</a> and establishing the beat. Many styles of music utilise the bass guitar, including <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>. It is often a solo <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">instrument</a> in jazz, <a href="/wiki/Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">jazz fusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_music_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin music (genre)">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a> and other rock and metal styles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electric_sound_recording_and_reproduction">Electric sound recording and reproduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_technology_(electric)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Electric sound recording and reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording and reproduction</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_sound_recording" title="History of sound recording">History of sound recording</a></div> <p>Electric sound recording and reproduction are electrical or mechanical techniques and devices for the inscription and re-creation of <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a> waves, such as spoken voice, singing, <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental music">instrumental music</a>, or sound effects. Acoustic analog recording is achieved by a small <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphone</a> diaphragm that can detect changes in atmospheric pressure (<a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustic</a> sound waves) and record them as a graphic representation of the sound waves on a medium such as a <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a> (in which a stylus senses grooves on a record). In <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a> recording, the sound waves vibrate the microphone diaphragm and are converted into a varying <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a>, which is then converted to a varying <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> by an <a href="/wiki/Electromagnet" title="Electromagnet">electromagnet</a>, which makes a representation of the sound as magnetized areas on a plastic tape with a magnetic coating on it. Analog sound reproduction is the reverse process, with a bigger <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeaker</a> diaphragm causing changes to atmospheric pressure to form acoustic sound waves. Electrically generated signals may also be recorded directly from devices such as an <a href="/wiki/Pick_up_(music_technology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick up (music technology)">electric guitar pickup</a>, without the use of acoustic sounds or amplifiers in the recording process (other than the need for musicians to hear herself playing during <a href="/wiki/Recording_session" class="mw-redirect" title="Recording session">recording session</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonautograph">Phonautograph</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_technology_(electric)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phonautograph"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phonautograph" title="Phonautograph">Phonautograph</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:1860-Scott-Au-Clair-de-la-Lune-05-09.ogg" title="File:1860-Scott-Au-Clair-de-la-Lune-05-09.ogg">Au Clair de la Lune</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="21" data-mwtitle="1860-Scott-Au-Clair-de-la-Lune-05-09.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/1860-Scott-Au-Clair-de-la-Lune-05-09.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/1860-Scott-Au-Clair-de-la-Lune-05-09.ogg/1860-Scott-Au-Clair-de-la-Lune-05-09.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">This 1860 <a href="/wiki/Phonautogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonautogram">phonautogram</a> by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard-L%C3%A9on_Scott_de_Martinville" title="Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville">Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville</a> is the earliest known recording of a person singing.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The first device that could record actual <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sounds</a> as they passed through the air (but could not play them back—the purpose was only visual study) was the <a href="/wiki/Phonautograph" title="Phonautograph">phonautograph</a>, patented in 1857 by Parisian inventor <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard-L%C3%A9on_Scott_de_Martinville" title="Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville">Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville</a>. The earliest known recordings of the human voice are phonautograph recordings, called <i>phonautograms</i>, made in 1857. They consist of sheets of paper with sound-wave-modulated white lines created by a vibrating stylus that cut through a coating of soot as the paper was passed under it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonograph">Phonograph</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_technology_(electric)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Phonograph"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Phonograph</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phonograph_cylinder">Phonograph cylinder</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_technology_(electric)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Phonograph cylinder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Kham_Hom_-_Sweet_Words.ogg" title="File:Kham Hom - Sweet Words.ogg">"Kham Hom" ("Sweet Words")</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="118" data-mwtitle="Kham_Hom_-_Sweet_Words.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Kham_Hom_-_Sweet_Words.ogg/Kham_Hom_-_Sweet_Words.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Kham_Hom_-_Sweet_Words.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">Phonograph cylinder</a> recording of <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siamese</a> (Thai) musicians visiting Berlin, Germany in 1900.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The first practical sound recording and reproduction device was the mechanical <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">phonograph cylinder</a>, invented by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> in 1877 and patented in 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The invention soon spread across the globe and over the next two decades the commercial recording, distribution and sale of sound recordings became a growing new international industry, with the most popular titles selling millions of units by the early 1900s. The development of mass-production techniques enabled cylinder recordings to become a major new consumer item in industrial countries and the cylinder was the main consumer format from the late 1880s until around 1910. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disc_phonograph">Disc phonograph</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_technology_(electric)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Disc phonograph"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="12" data-mwtitle="Alexander_Graham_Bell's_Voice.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Voice.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Voice.ogg/Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Voice.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Voice.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAlexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Voice.ogg&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAlexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Voice.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAlexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Voice.ogg&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span><figcaption>Recording of Bell's voice on a wax disc in 1885, identified in 2013 <a href="/wiki/Volta_Laboratory_and_Bureau#Bell.27s_voice" title="Volta Laboratory and Bureau">[more details]</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph.jpg/220px-Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph.jpg/330px-Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph.jpg/440px-Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3647" data-file-height="2750" /></a><figcaption>Emile Berliner with disc record gramophone</figcaption></figure> <p>The next major technical development was the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Berliner_Gramophone" title="Berliner Gramophone">gramophone disc</a>, generally credited to <a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a> and commercially introduced in the United States in 1889, though others had demonstrated similar disk apparatus earlier, most notably Alexander Graham Bell in 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-smiths1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smiths1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discs were easier to manufacture, transport and store, and they had the additional benefit of being louder (marginally) than cylinders, which by necessity, were single-sided. Sales of the <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">gramophone record</a> overtook the cylinder ca. 1910, and by the end of World War I the disc had become the dominant commercial recording format. In various permutations, the audio disc format became the primary medium for consumer sound recordings until the end of the 20th century, and the double-sided 78 rpm shellac disc was the standard consumer music format from the early 1910s to the late 1950s. </p><p>The long-playing 33<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> rpm microgroove <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">vinyl</a> record, or <i><a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">LP</a></i>, was developed at Columbia Records and introduced in 1948. The short-playing but convenient 7-inch 45 rpm microgroove vinyl <a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">single</a> was introduced by <a href="/wiki/RCA_Victor" class="mw-redirect" title="RCA Victor">RCA Victor</a> in 1949. In the US and most developed countries, the two new vinyl formats completely replaced 78 rpm shellac discs by the end of the 1950s, but in some corners of the world the <i>78</i> lingered on far into the 1960s. Vinyl was much more expensive than shellac, one of several factors that made its use for 78 rpm records very unusual, but with a long-playing disc the added cost was acceptable and the compact <i>45</i> format required very little material. Vinyl offered improved performance, both in stamping and in playback. If played with a good diamond stylus mounted in a lightweight pickup on a well-adjusted tonearm, it was long-lasting. If protected from dust, scuffs and scratches there was very little noise. Vinyl records were, over-optimistically, advertised as <i>unbreakable</i>. They were not, but they were much less fragile than shellac, which had itself once been touted as <i>unbreakable</i> compared to wax cylinders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrical_recording">Electrical recording</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_technology_(electric)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Electrical recording"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RCA_44_of_CBS_20071104.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/RCA_44_of_CBS_20071104.png/220px-RCA_44_of_CBS_20071104.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/RCA_44_of_CBS_20071104.png 1.5x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>RCA-44, a classic <a href="/wiki/Ribbon_microphone" title="Ribbon microphone">ribbon microphone</a> introduced in 1932. Similar units were widely used for recording and broadcasting in the 1940s and are occasionally still used today.</figcaption></figure> <p>Between the invention of the phonograph in 1877 and the advent of digital media, arguably the most important milestone in the history of sound recording was the introduction of what was then called <i>electrical recording</i>, in which a <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphone</a> was used to convert the sound into an electrical signal that was amplified and used to actuate the recording stylus. This innovation eliminated the <i>horn sound</i> resonances characteristic of the acoustical process, produced clearer and more full-bodied recordings by greatly extending the useful range of audio frequencies, and allowed previously unrecordable distant and feeble sounds to be captured. </p><p>Sound recording began as a purely mechanical process. Except for a few crude telephone-based recording devices with no means of amplification, such as the <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_Poulsen" title="Valdemar Poulsen">Telegraphone</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it remained so until the 1920s, when several recent radio-related developments in <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a> converged to revolutionize the recording process. These included improved microphones and auxiliary devices such as electronic filters, all dependent on electronic <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplification</a> to be of practical use in recording. In 1906, <a href="/wiki/Lee_De_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee De Forest">Lee De Forest</a> invented the <i>Audion</i> <a href="/wiki/Triode" title="Triode">triode</a> vacuum tube, an electronic valve that could amplify weak electrical signals. By 1915, it was in use in long-distance telephone circuits that made conversations between New York and San Francisco practical. Refined versions of this tube were the basis of all electronic sound systems until the commercial introduction of the first <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a>-based audio devices in the 1950s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetic_tape">Magnetic tape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_technology_(electric)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Magnetic tape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tape_recorder" title="Tape recorder">Tape recorder</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnetic-tape-acetate-vs-polyester-backing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Magnetic-tape-acetate-vs-polyester-backing.jpg/220px-Magnetic-tape-acetate-vs-polyester-backing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Magnetic-tape-acetate-vs-polyester-backing.jpg/330px-Magnetic-tape-acetate-vs-polyester-backing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Magnetic-tape-acetate-vs-polyester-backing.jpg/440px-Magnetic-tape-acetate-vs-polyester-backing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3996" data-file-height="1982" /></a><figcaption>Magnetic audio tapes: acetate base (left) and polyester base (right)</figcaption></figure> <p>An important field of invention during this period was the <a href="/wiki/Tape_recorder" title="Tape recorder">tape recorder</a>. <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a> recording uses an amplified electrical audio signal to generate analogous variations of the magnetic field produced by a <a href="/wiki/Tape_head" title="Tape head">tape head</a>, which impresses corresponding variations of magnetization on the moving tape. In playback mode, the signal path is reversed, the tape head acting as a miniature <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">electric generator</a> as the varyingly magnetized tape passes over it.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Magnetic tape brought about sweeping changes in both radio and the recording industry. Sound could be recorded, erased and re-recorded on the same tape many times, sounds could be duplicated from tape to tape with only minor loss of quality, and recordings could now be very precisely edited by physically cutting the tape and rejoining it. Within a few years of the introduction of the first commercial tape recorder—the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ampex_200&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ampex 200 (page does not exist)">Ampex 200</a> model, launched in 1948—American musician-inventor <a href="/wiki/Les_Paul" title="Les Paul">Les Paul</a> had invented the first <a href="/wiki/Multitrack_tape_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Multitrack tape recorder">multitrack tape recorder</a>, ushering in another technical revolution in the recording industry. Tape made possible the first sound recordings totally created by electronic means, opening the way for the bold sonic experiments of the <a href="/wiki/Musique_Concr%C3%A8te" class="mw-redirect" title="Musique Concrète">Musique Concrète</a> school and avant garde composers like <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>, which in turn led to the innovative pop music recordings of artists such as <a href="/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">The Beach Boys</a>. </p><p>The ease and accuracy of tape editing, as compared to the cumbersome disc-to-disc editing procedures previously in some limited use, together with tape's consistently high audio quality finally convinced radio networks to routinely prerecord their entertainment programming, most of which had formerly been broadcast live. Also, for the first time, broadcasters, regulators and other interested parties were able to undertake comprehensive audio logging of each day's radio broadcasts. Innovations like multitracking and <a href="/wiki/Delay_(audio_effect)" title="Delay (audio effect)">tape echo</a> allowed radio programs and advertisements to be produced to a high level of complexity and sophistication. The combined impact with innovations such as the endless loop <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_cartridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast cartridge">broadcast cartridge</a> led to significant changes in the pacing and production style of radio program content and advertising. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stereo_and_hi-fi">Stereo and hi-fi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_technology_(electric)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Stereo and hi-fi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Stereophonic_sound" title="Stereophonic sound">Stereophonic sound</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">High fidelity</a></div> <p>Magnetic tape enabled the development of the first practical commercial sound systems that could record and reproduce high-fidelity <a href="/wiki/Stereophonic_sound" title="Stereophonic sound">stereophonic sound</a>. The experiments with stereo during the 1930s and 1940s were hampered by problems with synchronization. A major breakthrough in practical stereo sound was made by <a href="/wiki/Bell_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Laboratories">Bell Laboratories</a>, who in 1937 demonstrated a practical system of two-channel stereo, using dual optical sound tracks on film. Major movie studios quickly developed three-track and four-track sound systems, and the first stereo sound recording for a commercial film was made by <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a> for the <a href="/wiki/MGM" class="mw-redirect" title="MGM">MGM</a> movie <i><a href="/wiki/Listen,_Darling" title="Listen, Darling">Listen, Darling</a></i> in 1938. </p><p>The first commercially released movie with a stereo soundtrack was Walt Disney's <i><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(1940_film)" title="Fantasia (1940 film)">Fantasia</a></i>, released in 1940. The 1941 release of Fantasia used the <a href="/wiki/Fantasound" title="Fantasound">Fantasound</a> sound system. This system used a separate film for the sound, synchronized with the film carrying the picture. The sound film had four double-width optical soundtracks, three for left, center, and right audio—and a fourth as a <i>control</i> track with three recorded tones that controlled the playback volume of the three audio channels. Because of the complex equipment this system required, Disney exhibited the movie as a roadshow, and only in the United States. Regular releases of the movie used standard mono optical 35 mm stock until 1956, when Disney released the film with a stereo soundtrack that used the <a href="/wiki/Cinemascope" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinemascope">Cinemascope</a> four-track magnetic sound system. </p><p>EMI (UK) was the first company to release commercial stereophonic tapes. They issued their first <i>Stereosonic</i> tape in 1954. Others quickly followed, under the His Master's Voice and Columbia labels. 161 Stereosonic tapes were released, mostly classical music or lyric recordings. RCA imported these tapes into the US. Two-track stereophonic tapes were more successful in America during the second half of the 1950s. They were duplicated at real time (1:1) or at twice the normal speed (2:1) when later 4-track tapes were often duplicated at up to 16 times the normal speed, providing a lower sound quality in many cases. Early American 2-track stereophonic tapes were very expensive. A typical example is the price list of the Sonotape/Westminster reels: $6.95, $11.95 and $17.95 for the 7000, 9000 and 8000 series respectively. Some HMV tapes released in the USA also cost up to $15. Record companies mixed most popular music singles into monophonic sound until the mid-1960s—then commonly released major recordings in both mono and stereo until the early 1970s. Many Sixties pop albums now available only in stereo were originally released only in mono, and record companies produced the stereo versions of these albums by simply separating the two tracks of the master tape. </p><p>Magnetic tape transformed the recording industry. By the early 1950s, most commercial recordings were mastered on tape instead of recorded directly to disc. Tape facilitated a degree of manipulation in the recording process that was impractical with mixes and multiple generations of directly recorded discs. An early example is <a href="/wiki/Les_Paul" title="Les Paul">Les Paul</a>'s 1951 recording of <i><a href="/wiki/How_High_the_Moon" title="How High the Moon">How High the Moon</a></i>, on which Paul played eight overdubbed guitar tracks. In the 1960s <a href="/wiki/Brian_Wilson" title="Brian Wilson">Brian Wilson</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">The Beach Boys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a> (with producer <a href="/wiki/George_Martin" title="George Martin">George Martin</a>) were among the first popular artists to explore the possibilities of <a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">multitrack recording</a> techniques and effects on their landmark albums <i><a href="/wiki/Pet_Sounds" title="Pet Sounds">Pet Sounds</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Freak_Out!" title="Freak Out!">Freak Out!</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band" title="Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band">Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band</a></i>. </p><p>The compact cassette became a major consumer audio format and advances in electronic and mechanical miniaturization led to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> <a href="/wiki/Walkman" title="Walkman">Walkman</a>, a pocket-sized cassette player introduced in 1979. The Walkman was the first personal music player and it gave a major boost to sales of prerecorded cassettes, which became the first widely successful release format that used a re-recordable medium: the vinyl record was a playback-only medium and commercially prerecorded tapes for <a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">reel-to-reel tape decks</a>, which many consumers found difficult to operate, were never more than an uncommon niche market item. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_technology_(electric)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_music_technology" title="Timeline of music technology">Timeline of music technology</a></div> <ul><li>1874 : <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a>'s Musical Telegraph</li> <li>1876 : <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> completed his designs for the <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a></li> <li>1877 : <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a> simultaneously invented the first prototypes of the <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a></li> <li>1888 : <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> introduces the electric motor-driven phonograph</li> <li>1896 : <a href="/wiki/Edwin_S._Votey" title="Edwin S. Votey">Edwin S. Votey</a> completes the first <a href="/wiki/Pianola" class="mw-redirect" title="Pianola">Pianola</a></li> <li>1898 : <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_Poulsen" title="Valdemar Poulsen">Valdemar Poulsen</a> patents the <a href="/wiki/Telegraphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraphone">Telegraphone</a></li> <li>1906 : <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Cahill" title="Thaddeus Cahill">Thaddeus Cahill</a> introduces the <a href="/wiki/Telharmonium" title="Telharmonium">Telharmonium</a> to the public</li> <li>1906 : <a href="/wiki/Lee_De_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee De Forest">Lee De Forest</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Triode" title="Triode">Triode</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a></li> <li>1910 : <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Baranoff-Rossine" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Baranoff-Rossine">Vladimir Baranoff-Rossine</a> constructed the Piano Optophonique</li> <li>1912 : Major Edwin F. Armstrong is issued a patent for a regenerative circuit, making radio reception practical</li> <li>1915 : <a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a> created the Audion Piano</li> <li>1917 : <a href="/wiki/Leon_Theremin" title="Leon Theremin">Leon Theremin</a> invented the prototype of the <a href="/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin">Theremin</a></li> <li>1921 : First commercial AM radio Broadcast made by KDKA, Pittsburgh, PA</li> <li>1926 : Jorge Mager presented his electronic instruments, in the Spharaphon line</li> <li>1927 : Pierre Toulon and Krugg Bass invent the Cellulophone</li> <li>1928 : René Bertrand invents the Dynaphone</li> <li>1928 : <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Pfleumer" title="Fritz Pfleumer">Fritz Pfleumer</a> patents a system for recording on paper coated with a magnetizable, powdered steel layer. A precursor to <a href="/wiki/Compact_Cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Cassette">tape</a>.</li> <li>1929 : <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Obukhov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Obukhov">Nikolay Obukhov</a> commissioned Michel Billaudot and Pierre Duvalie to design the Sonorous Cross</li> <li>1929 : Peter Lertes and Bruno Helberger developed the Hellertion</li> <li>1930 : Robert Hitcock completes the Westinghouse Organ</li> <li>1931 : <a href="/wiki/George_Beauchamp" title="George Beauchamp">George Beauchamp</a>, the general manager of the National Guitar Corporation, developed one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitars</a>.</li> <li>1934 : <a href="/wiki/Laurens_Hammond" title="Laurens Hammond">Laurens Hammond</a> created the first <a href="/wiki/Hammond_Organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammond Organ">Hammond Organ</a></li> <li>1935 : <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a> releases <a href="/wiki/Magna_Organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Magna Organ">Magna Organ</a>, an early <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_reed_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrostatic reed organ">electrostatic reed organ</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1935 : <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tutmarc" title="Paul Tutmarc">Paul Tutmarc</a> invents the <a href="/wiki/Electric_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric bass">electric bass</a> (but the instrument does not attract buyers until <a href="/wiki/Leo_Fender" title="Leo Fender">Leo Fender</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Precision_Bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Precision Bass">Precision Bass</a> in the 1950s</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_technology_(electric)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EBow" title="EBow">EBow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frippertronics" title="Frippertronics">Frippertronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gizmotron" class="mw-redirect" title="Gizmotron">Gizmotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moodswinger" title="Moodswinger">Moodswinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared_guitar" title="Prepared guitar">Prepared guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_loop" title="Tape loop">Tape loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_bridge" title="3rd bridge">Third bridge</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_technology_(electric)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00200521&idkey=NONE">Publication Images</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJon_Regen2012" class="citation web cs1">Jon Regen (21 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103122218/http://www.keyboardmag.com/article/vintage-vibe-electric-pianos/150018">"Vintage Vibe Electric Pianos"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyboard Magazine">Keyboard Magazine</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keyboardmag.com/article/vintage-vibe-electric-pianos/150018">the original</a> on 3 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vintage+Vibe+Electric+Pianos&rft.pub=Keyboard+Magazine&rft.date=2012-11-21&rft.au=Jon+Regen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.keyboardmag.com%2Farticle%2Fvintage-vibe-electric-pianos%2F150018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+technology+%28electric%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHempsteadWorthington2005" class="citation book cs1">Hempstead, Colin; Worthington, William E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0wkIlnNjDWcC&pg=PA793"><i>Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology, Volume 2</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 793. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57958-464-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-57958-464-0"><bdi>1-57958-464-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+20th-Century+Technology%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=793&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-57958-464-0&rft.aulast=Hempstead&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Worthington%2C+William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0wkIlnNjDWcC%26pg%3DPA793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+technology+%28electric%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushKassel2006" class="citation book cs1">Bush, Douglas Earl; Kassel, Richard (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cgDJaeFFUPoC"><i>The Organ: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Routledge Chapman & Hall. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94174-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94174-7"><bdi>978-0-415-94174-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Organ%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Routledge+Chapman+%26+Hall&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-94174-7&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Earl&rft.au=Kassel%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcgDJaeFFUPoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+technology+%28electric%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbin2006" class="citation book cs1">Corbin, Alfred (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-9lt4HL-AlwC"><i>The Third Element: A Brief History of Electronics</i></a>. AuthorHouse. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4678-1338-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4678-1338-9"><bdi>978-1-4678-1338-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Element%3A+A+Brief+History+of+Electronics&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4678-1338-9&rft.aulast=Corbin&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-9lt4HL-AlwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+technology+%28electric%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bass guitar/Double Bass tuning E1=41.20 Hz, A1=55 Hz, D2=73.42 Hz, G2=98 Hz + optional low B0=30.87 Hz</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Standard guitar tuning E2=82.41 Hz, A2=110 Hz, D3=146.8 Hz, G3=196 Hz, B3=246.9 Hz, E4=329.6 Hz</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts, Jim (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1m2kRBQscfoC&pg=PA56">'How The Fender Bass Changed the World' p. 56</a> "The surf/instrumental rock genres of the early 1960s were crucial proving grounds of the still-newfangled electric bass ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00200521&idkey=NONE">Publication Images</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smiths1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smiths1_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsdesk.si.edu/factsheets/early-sound-recording-collection-and-sound-recovery-project">"Early Sound Recording Collection and Sound Recovery Project"</a>. <i>Smithsonian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Early+Sound+Recording+Collection+and+Sound+Recovery+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsdesk.si.edu%2Ffactsheets%2Fearly-sound-recording-collection-and-sound-recovery-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+technology+%28electric%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The earliest known surviving electrical recording was made on a <a href="/wiki/Telegraphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraphone">Telegraphone</a> magnetic recorder at the 1900 Exposition Universelle in Paris. It includes brief comments by Emperor Franz Joseph and the audio quality, ignoring dropouts and some noise of later origin, is that of a contemporary telephone.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon" class="citation web cs1">Gordon, Mumma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/J371600?q=acetate+tape+recording&search=quick&pos=4&_start=1">"Recording"</a>. <i>Oxford Music Online</i>. Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Music+Online&rft.atitle=Recording&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Mumma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2Fgrove%2Fmusic%2FJ371600%3Fq%3Dacetate%2Btape%2Brecording%26search%3Dquick%26pos%3D4%26_start%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+technology+%28electric%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/das/jsp/ja/ContentViewM.jsp?METAID=00078861&TYPE=PRINT_FILE&POS=1"><bdi lang="ja">一時代を画する新楽器完成浜松の青年技師山下氏</bdi></a> [An epoch new musical instrument was developed by a young engineer Mr.Yamashita in Hamamatsu]. <i><a href="/wiki/Hochi_Shimbun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hochi Shimbun">Hochi Shimbun</a></i> (in Japanese). 1935-06-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hochi+Shimbun&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%80%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E3%82%92%E7%94%BB%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E6%96%B0%E6%A5%BD%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90+%E6%B5%9C%E6%9D%BE%E3%81%AE%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E6%8A%80%E5%B8%AB%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%8B%E6%B0%8F&rft.date=1935-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp%2Fdas%2Fjsp%2Fja%2FContentViewM.jsp%3FMETAID%3D00078861%26TYPE%3DPRINT_FILE%26POS%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+technology+%28electric%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.goo.ne.jp/1971913/e/42d486d769c1ce9c2c5a426e00f18b68"><bdi lang="ja">新電氣樂器マグナオルガンの御紹介</bdi></a> [<i>New Electric Musical Instrument – Introduction of Magna Organ</i>] (in Japanese). Hamamatsu: 日本樂器製造株式會社 (<a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a>). October 1935. <q><i>特許第一〇八六六四号, 同　第一一〇〇六八号, 同　第一一一二一六号</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%96%B0%E9%9B%BB%E6%B0%A3%E6%A8%82%E5%99%A8+%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B0%E3%83%8A%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E5%BE%A1%E7%B4%B9%E4%BB%8B&rft.place=Hamamatsu&rft.pub=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%A8%82%E5%99%A8%E8%A3%BD%E9%80%A0%E6%A0%AA%E5%BC%8F%E6%9C%83%E7%A4%BE+%28Yamaha%29&rft.date=1935-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.goo.ne.jp%2F1971913%2Fe%2F42d486d769c1ce9c2c5a426e00f18b68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+technology+%28electric%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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(mechanical)">Mechanical</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electrical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Electronic and digital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio channel">Audio channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaural_recording" title="Binaural recording">Binaural recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a> (DAW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">Equalizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone_preamplifier" title="Microphone preamplifier">Microphone preamplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">Multitrack recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Music production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Music sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outboard_gear" title="Outboard gear">Outboard gear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_audio_formats" title="Timeline of audio formats">Recording media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">Compact cassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_recorder" title="Hard disk recorder">Hard disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">8-track cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">Amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_deck" title="Cassette deck">Cassette deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_analog_and_digital_recording" title="Comparison of analog and digital recording">Comparison of analog and digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Phonograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_piano" title="Player piano">Player piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">Reel-to-reel audio tape recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_recorder" title="Tape recorder">Tape recorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Playback transducers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">Loudspeaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_enclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker enclosure">Speaker enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">Subwoofer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">Digital audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">Digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">Digital signal processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Live music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">Bass amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Foldback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">Guitar amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">Keyboard amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">Reverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic drums">Electronic drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">Electronic musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI_controller" title="MIDI controller">MIDI controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_workstation" title="Music workstation">Music workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">Sound module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin">Theremin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio editor">Digital audio editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GarageBand" title="GarageBand">GarageBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProTools" class="mw-redirect" title="ProTools">ProTools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">Scorewriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_effect_processor" title="Software effect processor">Software effect processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_sampler" class="mw-redirect" title="Software sampler">Software sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_synthesizer" title="Software synthesizer">Software synthesizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_tech" title="Guitar tech">Guitar technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_engineer" title="Mixing engineer">Mixing engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitor_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitor engineer">Monitor engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_tuner" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano tuner">Piano tuner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-recording_mixer" title="Re-recording mixer">Re-recording mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound designer">Sound designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_follower" title="Sound follower">Sound follower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound operator">Sound operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">Sound recording engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_op" title="Tape op">Tape op</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">Audio Engineering Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goji_Electronics" title="Goji Electronics">Goji Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Broadcast_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Broadcast Sound">Institute of Broadcast Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lejaren_Hiller" title="Lejaren Hiller">Lejaren Hiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">IRCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_Electronics_Library" title="Musical Electronics Library">Musical Electronics Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Lighting_and_Sound_Association" title="Professional Lighting and Sound Association">Professional Lighting and Sound Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEIM" title="STEIM">STEIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile">Audiophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">High fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_audio" title="Home audio">Home audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_store" title="Music store">Music store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_audio_store" title="Professional audio store">Professional audio store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Interfaces_for_Musical_Expression" title="New Interfaces for Musical Expression">New Interfaces for Musical Expression</a> (NIME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_audio" title="Vehicle audio">Vehicle audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/16px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/24px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/32px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_topics" title="Template:Music topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_topics" title="Template talk:Music topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_music" title="History of music">History of music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_music" title="Ancient music">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_music_in_the_biblical_period" title="History of music in the biblical period">Biblical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_music" title="Secular music">Secular</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">Art music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klasik" title="Klasik">Afghan classical music—Klasik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_classical_music" title="Andalusi classical music">Andalusi classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Arabic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">Azerbaijani Mugham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81g%C4%ABta" title="Mahāgīta">Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinpeat" title="Pinpeat">Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_traditional_music" title="Chinese traditional music">Chinese traditional music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">Indonesian art music—Gamelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">Japanese court music—Gagaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_court_music" title="Korean court music">Korean court music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao classical music">Lao classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">Mandé art music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_music" title="Ottoman music">Ottoman music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Persian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundiman" title="Kundiman">Philippine art songs—Kundiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pibroch" title="Pibroch">Scottish Ceòl Mór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_dance" title="Kandyan dance">Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piphat" title="Piphat">Thai classical music—Piphat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nhã nhạc">Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_music" title="Vernacular music">Vernacular<br />music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circus_music" title="Circus music">Circus music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Psychedelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arched_Harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Arched Harp">Arched Harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_harp" title="Angular harp">Angular harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_harpsichord" title="History of the harpsichord">History of the harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lute-family_instruments" title="History of lute-family instruments">History of lute-family instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafir" title="Nafir">Nafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_timpani_in_the_18th_and_19th_centuries" title="Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries">Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_trumpet" title="History of the trumpet">History of the trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_violin" title="History of the violin">History of the violin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">Musician</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">Ensembles</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_(rock_and_pop)" title="Band (rock and pop)">Band (rock and pop)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backup_band" title="Backup band">Backup band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-female_band" title="All-female band">All-female band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">Big band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">Concert band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_band" title="Military band">Military band</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead_vocalist" title="Lead vocalist">Lead vocalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backing vocalist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">Theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">Composition</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">Genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">Notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">Improvisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">Lyrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing" title="Singing">Singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_technique" title="Musical technique">Technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Education</a> and study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Music" title="Bachelor of Music">Bachelor of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Music" title="Master of Music">Master of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Musical_Arts" title="Doctor of Musical Arts">Doctor of Musical Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_(music)" title="Method (music)">Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">Music archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history" title="Music history">Music history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" title="Music psychology">Music psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">Music school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composition_school" title="Composition school">Composition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomusicology" title="Biomusicology">Biomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_musicology" title="Cognitive musicology">Cognitive musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_musicology" title="Computational musicology">Computational musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomusicology" title="Ecomusicology">Ecomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_musicology" title="New musicology">New musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organology" title="Organology">Organology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Sociomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Single</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-side_and_B-side" title="A-side and B-side">A-side and B-side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">Extended play</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_album" title="Compilation album">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album#Live" title="Album">Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_album" title="Remix album">Remix</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Record label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music technology (electric)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Music technology (electronic and digital)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording and reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_version" title="Cover version">Cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">Remix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_and_regional_genres_of_music" title="List of cultural and regional genres of music">Cultural and <br />regional genres</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Central_Africa" title="Category:Music of Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Africa" title="Category:Music of East Africa">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Africa" title="Music of North Africa">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Southern_Africa" title="Category:Music of Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_West_Africa" title="Music of West Africa">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Asia" title="Music of Asia">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Central_Asia" title="Music of Central Asia">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Music of East Asia">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Music of South Asia">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Music of Southeast Asia">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Europe" title="Category:Music of Europe">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_music" title="Balkan music">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_folk_music" title="Nordic folk music">Nordic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latin_America" title="Music of Latin America">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Central_America" title="Category:Music of Central America">Central American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_America" title="Category:Music of South America">South American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_North_America" title="Category:Music of North America">North American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres" title="List of Caribbean music genres">Caribbean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Oceania" title="Category:Music of Oceania">Oceanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Melanesia" title="Music of Melanesia">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Micronesia">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Polynesian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sovereign state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Andorra" title="Music of Andorra">Andorra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Angola" title="Music of Angola">Angola</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Argentina" title="Music of Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Austria" title="Music of Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Bahamas" title="Music of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bahrain" title="Music of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belarus" title="Music of Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belgium" title="Music of Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belize" title="Music of Belize">Belize</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Benin" title="Music of Benin">Benin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bhutan" title="Music of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bolivia" title="Music of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Botswana" title="Music of Botswana">Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brunei" title="Music of Brunei">Brunei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria" title="Music of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Music of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burundi" title="Music of Burundi">Burundi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia" title="Music of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cameroon" title="Music of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cape_Verde" title="Music of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Music of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chad" title="Music of Chad">Chad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chile" title="Music of Chile">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia" title="Music of Colombia">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Comoros">Comoros</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia" title="Music of Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Music of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Denmark" title="Music of Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Djibouti" title="Music of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_East_Timor" title="Music of East Timor">East Timor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ecuador" title="Music of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_El_Salvador" title="Music of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Music of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eritrea" title="Music of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Estonia" title="Music of Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eswatini" title="Music of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Fiji" title="Music of Fiji">Fiji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Finland" title="Music of Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gabon" title="Music of Gabon">Gabon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Gambia" title="Music of the Gambia">Gambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ghana" title="Music of Ghana">Ghana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guatemala" title="Music of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea" title="Music of Guinea">Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Music of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guyana" title="Music of Guyana">Guyana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Honduras" title="Music of Honduras">Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iceland" title="Music of Iceland">Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Music of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jordan" title="Music of Jordan">Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kenya" title="Music of Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kiribati" title="Music of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kosovo" title="Music of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kuwait" title="Music of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Music of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Laos" title="Music of Laos">Laos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latvia" title="Music of Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon" title="Music of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lesotho" title="Music of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liberia" title="Music of Liberia">Liberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Libya" title="Music of Libya">Libya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liechtenstein" title="Music of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania" title="Music of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Luxembourg" title="Music of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Madagascar" title="Music of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malawi" title="Music of Malawi">Malawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malaysia" title="Music of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Maldives">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mali" title="Music of Mali">Mali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malta" title="Music of Malta">Malta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Music of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritania" title="Music of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritius" title="Music of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Moldova" title="Music of Moldova">Moldova</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Monaco" title="Music of Monaco">Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mongolia" title="Music of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Morocco" title="Music of Morocco">Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mozambique" title="Music of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Myanmar" title="Music of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Namibia" title="Music of Namibia">Namibia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nauru" title="Music of Nauru">Nauru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nepal" title="Music of Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niger" title="Music of Niger">Niger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria" title="Music of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Korea" title="Music of North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia" title="Music of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Norway" title="Music of Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Oman" title="Music of Oman">Oman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palau" title="Music of Palau">Palau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palestine" title="Music of Palestine">Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Panama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Music of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Paraguay" title="Music of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Peru" title="Music of Peru">Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Qatar" title="Music of Qatar">Qatar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Romania" title="Music of Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rwanda" title="Music of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Samoa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_San_Marino" title="Music of San Marino">San Marino</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Music of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Senegal" title="Music of Senegal">Senegal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Serbia" title="Music of Serbia">Serbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Seychelles" title="Music of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Music of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Singapore" title="Music of Singapore">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovakia" title="Music of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovenia" title="Music of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Music of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somalia" title="Music of Somalia">Somalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Africa" title="Music of South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Korea" title="Music of South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Music of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sudan" title="Music of Sudan">Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Suriname" title="Music of Suriname">Suriname</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sweden" title="Music of Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Syria" title="Music of Syria">Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Music of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Taiwan" title="Music of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tajikistan" title="Music of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tanzania" title="Music of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Togo" title="Music of Togo">Togo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tonga" title="Music of Tonga">Tonga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tunisia" title="Music of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkmenistan" title="Music of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uganda" title="Music of Uganda">Uganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Music of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uruguay" title="Music of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uzbekistan" title="Music of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vanuatu" title="Music of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vatican_City" title="Music of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Venezuela" title="Music of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vietnam" title="Music of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Western_Sahara" title="Music of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Yemen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zambia" title="Music of Zambia">Zambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zimbabwe" title="Music of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_music_articles" title="Index of music articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_music" title="Outline of music">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_musical_events" title="Timeline of musical events">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_albums" title="Lists of albums">Albums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_and_art_music_traditions" title="List of classical and art music traditions">Classical and art music traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_genres" title="List of classical music genres">Classical music genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_and_regional_genres_of_music" title="List of cultural and regional genres of music">Cultural and regional genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_instruments" title="List of musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_jazz_and_popular_music" title="Glossary of jazz and popular music">Jazz and popular music glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_genres_and_styles" title="List of music genres and styles">Music genres and styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_songs" title="Lists of songs">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_music_terminology" title="Glossary of music terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Aesthetics of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">Album era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_music" title="Fictional music">Fictional music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">Music and emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_fashion" title="Music and fashion">Music and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">Music industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_politics" title="Music and politics">Music and politics</a> 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