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<li id="toc-Pre-war_Livonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-war_Livonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pre-war Livonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-war_Livonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aspirations_of_Livonia's_neighbours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspirations_of_Livonia's_neighbours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Aspirations of Livonia's neighbours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aspirations_of_Livonia's_neighbours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1558–1562:_Dissolution_of_the_Livonian_Order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1558–1562:_Dissolution_of_the_Livonian_Order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>1558–1562: Dissolution of the Livonian Order</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1558–1562:_Dissolution_of_the_Livonian_Order-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1558–1562: Dissolution of the Livonian Order subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1558–1562:_Dissolution_of_the_Livonian_Order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian_invasion_of_Livonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_invasion_of_Livonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Russian invasion of Livonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_invasion_of_Livonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Danish_and_Swedish_interventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Danish_and_Swedish_interventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Danish and Swedish interventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Danish_and_Swedish_interventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1562–1570" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1562–1570"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>1562–1570</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1562–1570-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1562–1570 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1562–1570-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian_war_with_Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_war_with_Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Russian war with Lithuania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_war_with_Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_war_with_Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_war_with_Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Russian war with Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_war_with_Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_the_Northern_Seven_Years'_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_the_Northern_Seven_Years'_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Impact of the Northern Seven Years' War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_the_Northern_Seven_Years'_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1570–1577:_Russian_dominance_and_the_Kingdom_of_Livonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1570–1577:_Russian_dominance_and_the_Kingdom_of_Livonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>1570–1577: Russian dominance and the Kingdom of Livonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1570–1577:_Russian_dominance_and_the_Kingdom_of_Livonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1577–1583:_Defeat_of_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1577–1583:_Defeat_of_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>1577–1583: Defeat of Russia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1577–1583:_Defeat_of_Russia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1577–1583: Defeat of Russia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1577–1583:_Defeat_of_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Swedish_and_Polish–Lithuanian_alliance_and_counter-offensives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swedish_and_Polish–Lithuanian_alliance_and_counter-offensives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Swedish and Polish–Lithuanian alliance and counter-offensives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swedish_and_Polish–Lithuanian_alliance_and_counter-offensives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Truces_of_Jam_Zapolski_and_Plussa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Truces_of_Jam_Zapolski_and_Plussa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Truces of Jam Zapolski and Plussa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Truces_of_Jam_Zapolski_and_Plussa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Livonian War</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="حرب ليفونيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب ليفونيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Livona" title="Guerra Livona – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra Livona" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livoniya_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Livoniya müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Livoniya müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="لیوونی ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لیوونی ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D2%BB%D1%83%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Ливония һуғышы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ливония һуғышы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Лівонская вайна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лівонская вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Інфлянцкая вайна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Інфлянцкая вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ливонска война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ливонска война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Liv%C3%B2nia" title="Guerra de Livònia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra de Livònia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonsk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Livonská válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Livonská válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_livlandske_krig" title="Den livlandske krig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den livlandske krig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livl%C3%A4ndischer_Krieg" title="Livländischer Krieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Livländischer Krieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liivi_s%C3%B5da" title="Liivi sõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Liivi sõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Λιβονικός Πόλεμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λιβονικός Πόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_livonia" title="Guerra livonia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra livonia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livoniar_Gerra" title="Livoniar Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Livoniar Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جنگ لیوونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ لیوونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_de_Livonie" title="Guerre de Livonie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre de Livonie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%B3%B4%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="리보니아 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리보니아 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Լիվոնյան պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լիվոնյան պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="लिवोनियन युद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लिवोनियन युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonski_rat" title="Livonski rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Livonski rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milito_di_Livonia" title="Milito di Livonia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Milito di Livonia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Livonia" title="Perang Livonia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Livonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_guerra_del_nord" title="Prima guerra del nord – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prima guerra del nord" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a 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data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonejis_kor%C5%A1" title="Livonejis korš – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Livonejis korš" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonijas_kar%C5%A1" title="Livonijas karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Livonijas karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonijos_karas" title="Livonijos karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Livonijos karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv%C3%B3niai_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Livóniai háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Livóniai háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Livonia" title="Perang Livonia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Livonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijflandse_Oorlog" title="Lijflandse Oorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lijflandse Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A9%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="リヴォニア戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リヴォニア戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livlandskrigen" title="Livlandskrigen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Livlandskrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livon_urushi" title="Livon urushi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Livon urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojny_inflanckie" title="Wojny inflanckie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojny inflanckie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_da_Liv%C3%B4nia" title="Guerra da Livônia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra da Livônia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_Livonian" title="Războiul Livonian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul Livonian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ливонская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ливонская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Livonian War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonska_vojna" title="Livonska vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Livonska vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Ливонски рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ливонски рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonski_rat" title="Livonski rat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Livonski rat" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonian_war&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Livonian war">Livonian war</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">16th-century war in Eastern Europe</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Livonian War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Narva_1558.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A battle is shown raging outside a fortress, with some attackers attempting to use ladders to climb the large wall." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Siege_of_Narva_1558.jpg/300px-Siege_of_Narva_1558.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Siege_of_Narva_1558.jpg/450px-Siege_of_Narva_1558.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Siege_of_Narva_1558.jpg/600px-Siege_of_Narva_1558.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1869" data-file-height="1123" /></a></span><br /><i>Siege of Narva by the Russians in 1558</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Boris_Chorikov" title="Boris Chorikov">Boris Chorikov</a>, 1836</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>22 January 1558 – 10 August 1583<br />(25 years, 6 months, 2 weeks and 5 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia" title="Duchy of Livonia">Livonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingria" title="Ingria">Ingria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Russia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Dano–Norwegian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1523%E2%80%931611)" title="History of Sweden (1523–1611)">Swedish</a> victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> <p>Cession of: </p> <ul><li>Estonia to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1523%E2%80%931611)" title="History of Sweden (1523–1611)">Kingdom of Sweden</a></li> <li>Livonia, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">Courland and Semigallia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Ösel</a> to <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/18px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/27px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/36px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="82" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Livonian Confederation">Livonian Confederation</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/23px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/35px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/45px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</a><br /><small>(before 1569 the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_union" title="Polish–Lithuanian union">Polish–Lithuanian union</a>)</small><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway"><img alt="Denmark–Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1523%E2%80%931611)" title="History of Sweden (1523–1611)">Kingdom of Sweden</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%92.%D0%97..png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%92.%D0%97..png/20px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%92.%D0%97..png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%92.%D0%97..png/30px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%92.%D0%97..png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%92.%D0%97..png/40px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%92.%D0%97..png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Transsylvanian_Banner.svg/23px-Transsylvanian_Banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Transsylvanian_Banner.svg/35px-Transsylvanian_Banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Transsylvanian_Banner.svg/45px-Transsylvanian_Banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a> (after 1577)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiptai1984[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiptai1984[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Qasim_Khanate" title="Qasim Khanate">Qasim Khanate</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Livonia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Livonia.svg/18px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Livonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Livonia.svg/27px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Livonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Livonia.svg/36px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Livonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="717" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Livonia" title="Kingdom of Livonia">Kingdom of Livonia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth"><img alt="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/23px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/35px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/45px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth"><img alt="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/23px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/35px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/45px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">Stephen Báthory</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/20px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/30px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/40px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="82" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Kettler" title="Gotthard Kettler">Gotthard Kettler</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Denmark" title="Frederick II of Denmark">Frederick II</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Eric_XIV_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric XIV of Sweden">Eric XIV</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden" title="John III of Sweden">John III</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan IV</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shahghali" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahghali">Shahghali</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Bekbulatovich" title="Simeon Bekbulatovich">Sain-Bulat</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Livonia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Livonia.svg/18px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Livonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Livonia.svg/27px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Livonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Livonia.svg/36px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Livonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="717" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Magnus,_Duke_of_Holstein" title="Magnus, Duke of Holstein">Magnus of Livonia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Livonian_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Livonian War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Livonian_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Livonian War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Livonian_War3655" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Livonian War</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Russo-Livonian War</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Narva_(1558)" title="Siege of Narva (1558)">1st Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Neishloss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Neishloss (page does not exist)">Neishloss</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Neuhausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Neuhausen (page does not exist)">Neuhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dorpat_(1558)" title="Siege of Dorpat (1558)">Dorpat (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Ringen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Ringen (page does not exist)">Ringen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Zessvengen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Zessvengen (page does not exist)">Zessvengen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Dorpat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Dorpat (page does not exist)">Dorpat (1559)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Erms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Erms (page does not exist)">Erms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ergeme" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ergeme">Ergeme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Fellin_(1560)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Fellin (1560) (page does not exist)">Fellin</a></li></ul> <p><b>Russo-Lithuanian War</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nevel" title="Battle of Nevel">Nevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Polotsk_(1563)" title="Siege of Polotsk (1563)">1st Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ula">Ula</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ozerishche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ozerishche (page does not exist)">Ozerishche</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chashniki_(1567)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Chashniki (1567) (page does not exist)">Chashniki</a></li></ul> <p><b>Swedish stage</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Reval_(1570%E2%80%931571)" title="Siege of Reval (1570–1571)">1st Reval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_invasion_of_Kexholm_(1572)" title="Swedish invasion of Kexholm (1572)">Kexholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lode" title="Battle of Lode">Lode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wesenberg_(1574)" title="Siege of Wesenberg (1574)">Wesenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_P%C3%A4rnu_(1575)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Pärnu (1575) (page does not exist)">Pärnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_attack_into_Finland_(1577)" title="Tatar attack into Finland (1577)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Reval_(1577)" title="Siege of Reval (1577)">2nd Reval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Horn%27s_Ingrian_campaign" title="Henrik Horn's Ingrian campaign">Ingria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Weissenstein_(1577)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Weissenstein (1577) (page does not exist)">Weissenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Wenden_(1577%E2%80%931578)" title="Battles of Wenden (1577–1578)">Wenden</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Livonian_campaign_of_Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory">Báthory's campaign</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Polotsk_(1579)" title="Siege of Polotsk (1579)">2nd Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Sokol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Sokol (page does not exist)">Sokol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Rzhev_(1579)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Rzhev (1579) (page does not exist)">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Narva_(1579)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Narva (1579) (page does not exist)">2nd Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Velikiye_Luki" title="Siege of Velikiye Luki">Velikiye Luki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toropets_(1580)" title="Battle of Toropets (1580)">Toropets</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Shklov_(1580)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Shklov (1580) (page does not exist)">Shklov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogilev_(1581)" title="Battle of Mogilev (1581)">Mogilev</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Zavolochye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Zavolochye (page does not exist)">Zavolochye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Nastasyino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Nastasyino (page does not exist)">Nastasyino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82%27s_raid_on_Moscow" title="Krzysztof Radziwiłł's raid on Moscow">Radziwiłł's raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pskov" title="Siege of Pskov">Pskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Narva_(1581)" title="Siege of Narva (1581)">3rd Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lyalitsy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Lyalitsy (page does not exist)">Lyalitsy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Oreshek_(1582)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Oreshek (1582) (page does not exist)">Oreshek</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polish–Russian_Wars2337" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Polish%E2%80%93Russian_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Polish–Russian Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Polish%E2%80%93Russian_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Polish–Russian Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Polish%E2%80%93Russian_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Polish–Russian Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polish–Russian_Wars2337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_armed_conflicts_involving_Poland_against_Russia" title="List of armed conflicts involving Poland against Russia"><span class="wrap">Polish–Russian Wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Principality of Moscow / Tsardom of Russia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">Muscovite/Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1487%E2%80%931494)" title="Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1487–1494)">1487–1494</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glinski_rebellion" title="Glinski rebellion">1508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1512-1522)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1512-1522)">1512–1522</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1558–1583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1605%E2%80%931618)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)">1605–1618</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_War" title="Smolensk War">1632–1634</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">1654–1667</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Russian Empire</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">1733–1735</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Bar_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Bar Confederation">1768–1772</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_of_1792" title="Polish–Russian War of 1792">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">1794</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">1806–1807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">1830–1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">1863–1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">1914–1918</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Soviet Union</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919">1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish-Soviet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Soviet War">1919–1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">1939</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russo-Swedish_wars1726" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Russo-Swedish_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Russo-Swedish Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Russo-Swedish_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Russo-Swedish Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Russo-Swedish_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Russo-Swedish Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russo-Swedish_wars1726" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Sweden" title="List of wars between Russia and Sweden"><span class="wrap">Russo-Swedish wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tott%27s_Russian_wars#Tott's_first_Russian_war" title="Tott's Russian wars">(1475–1476)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tott%27s_Russian_wars#Tott's_second_Russian_war" title="Tott's Russian wars">(1479–1482)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1495%E2%80%931497)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1495–1497)">(1495–1497)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_conflict_at_Nyslott" class="mw-redirect" title="Border conflict at Nyslott">(1499)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1554%E2%80%931557)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)">(1554–1557)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">(1558–1583)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1590%E2%80%931595)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)">(1590–1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_War" title="Ingrian War">(1610–1617)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samogitian_Uprising_(1656)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samogitian Uprising (1656) (page does not exist)">(1656)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1656%E2%80%931658)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658)">(1656–1658)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">(1700–1721)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)">(1741–1743)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1788%E2%80%931790)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)">(1788–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">(1808–09)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Livonian War</b> (1558–1583) concerned control of <a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">Old Livonia</a> (in the territory of present-day <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> faced a varying coalition of the <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Dano-Norwegian Realm</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sweden_(1523%E2%80%931611)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sweden (1523–1611)">Kingdom of Sweden</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_union" title="Polish–Lithuanian union">Union</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Kingdom of Poland</a>. </p><p>From 1558 to 1578, Russia dominated the region with early military successes at <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Dorpat</a> (Tartu) and <a href="/wiki/Narva" title="Narva">Narva</a>. The Russian dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Livonian Confederation">Livonian Confederation</a> brought Poland–Lithuania into the conflict, and Sweden and Denmark-Norway intervened between 1559 and 1561. <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Estonia">Swedish Estonia</a> was established despite constant invasion from Russia, and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Denmark" title="Frederick II of Denmark">Frederick II of Denmark-Norway</a> bought the old <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_%C3%96sel%E2%80%93Wiek" title="Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek">Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek</a>, which he placed under the control of his brother <a href="/wiki/Magnus_of_Holstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus of Holstein">Magnus of Holstein</a>. Magnus attempted to expand his Livonian holdings to establish the Russian <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Livonia" title="Kingdom of Livonia">Kingdom of Livonia</a>, which nominally existed until his defection in 1576. </p><p>In 1576, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">Stephen Báthory</a> became King of Poland as well as Grand Duke of Lithuania and turned the tide of the war with his successes between 1578 and 1581, including the joint Swedish–Polish–Lithuanian offensive at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wenden_(1578)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Wenden (1578)">Battle of Wenden</a>. That was followed by an extended <a href="/wiki/Livonian_campaign_of_Stefan_Batory" class="mw-redirect" title="Livonian campaign of Stefan Batory">campaign through Russia</a>, culminating in the long and difficult <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pskov" title="Siege of Pskov">Siege of Pskov</a>. Under the 1582 <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Jam_Zapolski" class="mw-redirect" title="Truce of Jam Zapolski">Truce of Jam Zapolski</a>, which ended the war between Russia and Poland–Lithuania, Russia lost all of its former holdings in Livonia and Polotsk to Poland–Lithuania. The following year, Sweden and Russia signed the <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Plussa" class="mw-redirect" title="Truce of Plussa">Truce of Plussa</a>, with Sweden gaining most of <a href="/wiki/Ingria" title="Ingria">Ingria</a> and northern Livonia while retaining the Duchy of Estonia. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonian_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-war_Livonia">Pre-war Livonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonian_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-war Livonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Livonia_in_1534_(English).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Livonia_in_1534_%28English%29.png/300px-Livonia_in_1534_%28English%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Livonia_in_1534_%28English%29.png/450px-Livonia_in_1534_%28English%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Livonia_in_1534_%28English%29.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Old_Livonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Livonia">Old Livonia</a>, before the Livonian War: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:White; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Livonian Order</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:purple; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Bishopric of Courland</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:green; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3388FF; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Bishopric of Dorpat</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:teal; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> City of Riga</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:olive; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Archbishopric of Riga</div></figcaption></figure> <p>By the mid-16th century, economically prosperous <a href="/wiki/Old_Livonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Livonia">Old Livonia</a><sup id="cite_ref-rabe306_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rabe306-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had become a region organised into the decentralised and religiously divided <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Livonian Confederation">Livonian Confederation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dybas193_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dybas193-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its territories consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prince-bishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince-bishopric">prince-bishoprics</a> <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Dorpat" title="Bishopric of Dorpat">of Dorpat</a> (Tartu), <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_%C3%96sel%E2%80%93Wiek" title="Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek">Ösel–Wiek</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Courland" title="Bishopric of Courland">Courland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Riga" title="Archbishopric of Riga">Archbishopric of Riga</a> and the city of <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rabe306_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rabe306-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-buelow73_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buelow73-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with Riga, the cities of <a href="/wiki/Dorpat" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorpat">Dorpat (Tartu)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reval" class="mw-redirect" title="Reval">Reval</a> (Tallinn), along with the knightly estates, enjoyed privileges enabling them to act almost independently.<sup id="cite_ref-buelow73_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buelow73-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only common institutions of the Livonian estates were the regularly held common assemblies known as <i><a href="/wiki/Landtag" title="Landtag">Landtags</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-rabe306_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rabe306-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well as a divided political administration, there were also persistent rivalries between the Archbishop of Riga and the <i>Landmeister</i> of the Order for hegemony.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rabe306_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rabe306-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-buelow73_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buelow73-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A schism had existed within the Order since the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> had spread to Livonia in the 1520s, although the transformation of the country into a <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> region was a gradual process, resisted by part of the Order that to a varying degree remained sympathetic to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As war approached, Livonia had a weak administration subject to internal rivalries, lacked any powerful defences or outside support, and was surrounded by monarchies pursuing expansionist policies. <a href="/wiki/Robert_I._Frost" title="Robert I. Frost">Robert I. Frost</a> notes of the volatile region: "Racked with internal bickering and threatened by the political machinations of its neighbours, Livonia was in no state to resist an attack."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Order's <i>Landmeister</i> and the <i>Gebietigers</i>, as well as the owners of Livonian estates, were all lesser nobles who guarded their privileges and influence by preventing the creation of a higher, more powerful noble class.<sup id="cite_ref-kreem50_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kreem50-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the archbishopric of Riga successfully overcame resistance of the lesser nobles.<sup id="cite_ref-kreem51_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kreem51-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Brandenburg" title="Wilhelm von Brandenburg">Wilhelm von Brandenburg</a> was appointed as Archbishop of Riga and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christoph_von_Mecklenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christoph von Mecklenburg (page does not exist)">Christoph von Mecklenburg</a> as his <a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_archbishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Coadjutor archbishop">Coadjutor</a>, with the help of his brother <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Duke_of_Prussia" title="Albert, Duke of Prussia">Albert (Albrecht) of Brandenburg–Ansbach</a>, the former Prussian <i>Hochmeister</i> who had <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularised</a> the southern <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Order state">Teutonic Order state</a> and in 1525 established himself as <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">duke in Prussia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-koerber26_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koerber26-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilhelm and Christoph were to pursue Albert's interests in Livonia, among which was the establishment of a hereditary Livonian duchy styled after the Prussian model.<sup id="cite_ref-koerber26_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koerber26-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time the Order agitated for its re-establishment ("<i>Rekuperation</i>") in Prussia,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> opposed secularization, and creation of a hereditary duchy.<sup id="cite_ref-kreem51_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kreem51-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aspirations_of_Livonia's_neighbours"><span id="Aspirations_of_Livonia.27s_neighbours"></span>Aspirations of Livonia's neighbours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonian_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aspirations of Livonia's neighbours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the time the Livonian War broke out, the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> had already lost its monopoly on the profitable and prosperous <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While still involved and with increasing sales, it now shared the market with European mercenary fleets, most notably from the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a> and France.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hanseatic vessels were no match for contemporary warships,<sup id="cite_ref-Frost5_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and since the league was unable to maintain a large navy because of a declining share of trade,<sup id="cite_ref-Frost6_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its Livonian members <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reval" class="mw-redirect" title="Reval">Reval</a> (Tallinn), and trading partner <a href="/wiki/Narva" title="Narva">Narva</a> were left without suitable protection.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost4_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Denmark">Danish</a> navy, the most powerful in the Baltic Sea, controlled the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96resund" class="mw-redirect" title="Öresund">entrance to the Baltic Sea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Frost5_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> collected <a href="/wiki/Sound_Dues" title="Sound Dues">requisite tolls</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Frost6_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and held the strategically important Baltic Sea islands of <a href="/wiki/Bornholm" title="Bornholm">Bornholm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost5_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A long bar of Danish territories in the south and lack of sufficient year-round ice-free ports severely limited <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sweden">Sweden</a>'s access to Baltic trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost7_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the country prospered due to exports of timber, iron, and most notably copper, coupled with the advantages of a growing navy<sup id="cite_ref-Frost7_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and proximity to the Livonian ports across the narrow <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bain84_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bain84-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the Livonian War, Sweden had sought expansion into Livonia, but the intervention of the Russian tsar temporarily stalled these efforts through the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1554%E2%80%931557)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)">Russo-Swedish War of 1554–1557</a>, which culminated in the 1557 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Novgorod_(1557)" title="Treaty of Novgorod (1557)">Treaty of Novgorod</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost7_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through its absorption of the principalities of <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a> (1478) and <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a> (1510),<sup id="cite_ref-Frost10_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost10-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> had become Livonia's eastern neighbour and grown stronger after annexing the <a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">khanates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kazan" title="Khanate of Kazan">Kazan</a> (1552) and <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Khanate" title="Astrakhan Khanate">Astrakhan</a> (1556). The conflict between Russia and the Western powers was exacerbated by Russia's isolation from sea trade. The new <a href="/wiki/Ivangorod" title="Ivangorod">Ivangorod</a> port – built in 1550 during the reign of Tsar Ivan IV on the eastern shore of the <a href="/wiki/Narva_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Narva River">Narva River</a> – was considered unsatisfactory on account of its shallow waters.<sup id="cite_ref-Madariaga124_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madariaga124-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter the tsar demanded that the Livonian Confederation pay about 6,000 <a href="/wiki/Mark_(money)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark (money)">marks</a> to keep the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Dorpat" title="Bishopric of Dorpat">Bishopric of Dorpat</a>, based on the claim that every adult male had paid Pskov one mark when it had been an independent state.<sup id="cite_ref-Madariaga124_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madariaga124-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Livonians eventually promised to pay this sum to <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan</a> by 1557, but were sent from Moscow when they failed to do so, ending negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-Madariaga124_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madariaga124-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ivan continued to point out that the existence of the Order required passive Russian support, and was quick to threaten use of military force if necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-Madariaga124_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madariaga124-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He aimed to establish a corridor between the Baltic and the new territories on the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, because if Russia were to engage in open conflict with major western powers, it would need imports of more sophisticated weaponry.<sup id="cite_ref-Madariaga124_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madariaga124-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Polish King and Lithuanian Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a> was wary of Russian expansionist aspirations. Expansion of Russia into Livonia would have meant not only a stronger political rival but also loss of lucrative trade routes.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, Sigismund supported his cousin <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Brandenburg" title="Wilhelm von Brandenburg">Wilhelm von Brandenburg</a>, archbishop of Riga, in his conflicts with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm von Fürstenberg (page does not exist)">Wilhelm von Fürstenberg</a>, the Livonian Order's <i>landmeister</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartmannxiii_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartmannxiii-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sigismund hoped that Livonia, just like the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Duke_of_Prussia" title="Albert, Duke of Prussia">Duke Albert</a>, would become a vassal state of Poland–Lithuania.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With weak support in Livonia,<sup id="cite_ref-Hartmannxiii_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartmannxiii-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> von Brandenburg had to largely rely on external allies. Among his few Livonian supporters was <i>landmarschall</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jasper_von_Munster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jasper von Munster (page does not exist)">Jasper von Munster</a>, with whom he planned an April 1556 attack on his opponents that would involve military aid from both Sigismund and Albert.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartmannxiv_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartmannxiv-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Sigismund hesitated over participation in the action, fearing that it would leave the <a href="/wiki/Kiev_Voivodeship" title="Kiev Voivodeship">Kiev Voivodeship</a> exposed to a pending Russian attack.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartmannxiv_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartmannxiv-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When von Fürstenberg learned of the plan, he led a force into the archbishopric of Riga and in June 1556 captured the main strongholds of <a href="/wiki/Kokenhusen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokenhusen">Kokenhusen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rauna_Castle" title="Rauna Castle">Ronneburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartmannxiv_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartmannxiv-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jasper von Munster fled to Lithuania, but von Brandenburg and Christoph von Mecklenburg were captured and detained at <a href="/wiki/Adsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Adsel">Adsel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turaida_Castle" title="Turaida Castle">Treiden</a>. This resulted in a diplomatic mission to petition for their release being dispatched by the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Pomeranian dukes</a>, the Danish King,<sup id="cite_ref-Hartmannxiv_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartmannxiv-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a>, and the estates of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartmannxv_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartmannxv-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cross-party meeting in <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> to resolve the conflict was scheduled for 1 April 1557, but was cancelled due to quarrels between Sigismund and the Danish envoys.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartmannxv_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartmannxv-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sigismund used the killing of his envoy Lancki by the <i>landmeister's</i> son as an excuse to invade the southern portion of Livonia with an army of around 80,000. He forced the competing parties in Livonia to reconcile at his camp in <a href="/wiki/Pozvol" class="mw-redirect" title="Pozvol">Pozvol</a> in September 1557.<sup id="cite_ref-Bain84_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bain84-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There they signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pozvol" title="Treaty of Pozvol">Treaty of Pozvol</a>, which created a mutual defensive and offensive alliance, with its primary target Russia, and provoked the Livonian War.<sup id="cite_ref-Bain84_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bain84-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1558–1562:_Dissolution_of_the_Livonian_Order"><span id="1558.E2.80.931562:_Dissolution_of_the_Livonian_Order"></span>1558–1562: Dissolution of the Livonian Order</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonian_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1558–1562: Dissolution of the Livonian Order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_invasion_of_Livonia">Russian invasion of Livonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonian_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Russian invasion of Livonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Livonian_war_map_(1558-1560)-es.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three Russian campaigns are visible in 1558, 1559 and 1560, all from east to west. One Polish–Lithuanian campaign in 1561 is shown advancing up the central part of Livonia. Refer to the text for details." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Livonian_war_map_%281558-1560%29-es.svg/300px-Livonian_war_map_%281558-1560%29-es.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Livonian_war_map_%281558-1560%29-es.svg/450px-Livonian_war_map_%281558-1560%29-es.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Livonian_war_map_%281558-1560%29-es.svg/600px-Livonian_war_map_%281558-1560%29-es.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>Map of campaigns in Livonia, 1558–1560</figcaption></figure> <p>Ivan IV regarded the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Livonian Confederation">Livonian Confederation</a>'s approach to the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_union" title="Polish–Lithuanian union">Polish–Lithuanian union</a> for protection under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pozvol" title="Treaty of Pozvol">Treaty of Pozvol</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1554 Livonia and Russia had signed a fifteen-year truce in which Livonia agreed not to enter into an alliance with Poland–Lithuania.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 January 1558, Ivan reacted with the invasion of Livonia. The Russians were seen by local peasants as liberators from the German control of Livonia.<sup id="cite_ref-Oakley26_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakley26-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Livonian fortresses surrendered without resistance while Russian troops took Dorpat (Tartu) in May, Narva in July<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and laid siege to Reval (Tallinn).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reinforced by 1,200 <a href="/wiki/Landsknecht" title="Landsknecht">Landsknechts</a>, 100 gunners, and ammunition from Germany, Livonian forces successfully retook <a href="/wiki/Rakvere" title="Rakvere">Wesenberg</a> (Rakvere) along with a number of other fortresses. Although the Germans raided Russian territory, Dorpat (Tartu), Narva, and many lesser fortresses remained in Russian hands.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost25_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost25-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial Russian advance was led by the <a href="/wiki/Qasim_Khanate" title="Qasim Khanate">Khan of Qasim</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahghali" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahghali">Shahghali</a>, with two other Tatar princes at the head of a force that included Russian <a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">boyars</a>, Tatar, and <a href="/wiki/Landed_Army" title="Landed Army">Pomestnoe</a> cavalry, as well as <a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">Cossacks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens85_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens85-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who at that time were mostly armed foot soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ivan gained further ground in campaigns during the years 1559 and 1560.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost25_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost25-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1559, Russian forces again invaded Livonia.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A six-month truce covering May to November was signed between Russia and Livonia while Russia fought in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-madariaga30_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madariaga30-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prompted by the Russian invasion, Livonia first unsuccessfully sought help from Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a>, then turned to Poland–Lithuania.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Landmeister</i> von Fürstenburg fled to Poland–Lithuania to be replaced by <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Kettler" title="Gotthard Kettler">Gotthard Kettler</a>. In June 1559, the estates of Livonia came under Polish–Lithuanian protection through the first <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vilnius_(1559)" title="Treaty of Vilnius (1559)">Treaty of Vilnius</a>. The Polish <i><a href="/wiki/General_sejm" class="mw-redirect" title="General sejm">sejm</a></i> refused to agree to the treaty, believing it to be a matter affecting only the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bain84_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bain84-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1560, Sigismund sent ambassador Martin Volodkov to the court of Ivan in Moscow in an attempt to stop the Russian cavalry rampaging through rural Livonia.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_atrocities_in_Livonia_ib_XVI_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Printed woodcarving showing archers using hanged naked women as target practice. Beneath them lie the bodies of children, cut open." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Russian_atrocities_in_Livonia_ib_XVI_century.jpg/250px-Russian_atrocities_in_Livonia_ib_XVI_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Russian_atrocities_in_Livonia_ib_XVI_century.jpg/375px-Russian_atrocities_in_Livonia_ib_XVI_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Russian_atrocities_in_Livonia_ib_XVI_century.jpg/500px-Russian_atrocities_in_Livonia_ib_XVI_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3391" data-file-height="2720" /></a><figcaption>Russian atrocities in Livonia. Printed in <i>Zeyttung</i> published in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> in 1561.</figcaption></figure> <p>Russian successes followed similar patterns featuring a multitude of small campaigns, with sieges where musketmen played a key role in destroying wooden defences with effective artillery support.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens85_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens85-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tsar's forces took important fortresses like <a href="/wiki/Fellin" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellin">Fellin</a> (Viljandi), yet lacked the means to gain the major cities of <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, Reval (Tallinn), or <a href="/wiki/Pernau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pernau">Pernau</a> (Pärnu).<sup id="cite_ref-Frost25_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost25-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Livonian knights suffered a disastrous defeat by the Russians at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C4%92r%C4%A3eme" title="Battle of Ērģeme">Battle of Ērģeme</a> in August 1560. Some historians believe the Russian nobility were split over the timing of the invasion of Livonia.<sup id="cite_ref-madariaga30_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madariaga30-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eric_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric XIV">Eric XIV</a>, the new King of Sweden, turned down Kettler's requests for assistance, along with a similar request from Poland. Kettler turned to Sigismund for help.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The weakened <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a> was dissolved by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vilnius_(1561)" title="Treaty of Vilnius (1561)">second Treaty of Vilnius</a> in 1561. Its lands were secularised as the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia" title="Duchy of Livonia">Duchy of Livonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</a> and assigned to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Kettler became the first Duke of Courland, in doing so converting to Lutheranism.<sup id="cite_ref-Bain84_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bain84-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Included in the treaty was the <i><a href="/wiki/Privilegium_Sigismundi_Augusti" title="Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti">Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti</a></i> by which Sigismund guaranteed the Livonian estates privileges including religious freedom with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Indygenat" title="Indygenat">Indygenat</a></i>, and continuation of the traditional German administration.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchtenhagen36_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchtenhagen36-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terms regarding religious freedom forbade any regulation of the Protestant order by religious or secular authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Kahle17_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kahle17-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some members of the Lithuanian nobility opposed the growing Polish–Lithuanian union and offered the Lithuanian crown to Ivan IV.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tsar publicly advertised this option, either because he took the offer seriously, or because he needed time to strengthen his Livonian troops.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost26_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost26-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout 1561, a Russo-Lithuanian truce (with a scheduled expiration date of 1562) was respected by both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost26_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost26-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Danish_and_Swedish_interventions">Danish and Swedish interventions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonian_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Danish and Swedish interventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In return for a loan and a guarantee of Danish protection, Bishop Johann von Münchhausen signed a treaty on 26 September 1559 giving <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Denmark" title="Frederick II of Denmark">Frederick II of Denmark-Norway</a> the right to nominate the bishop of <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_%C3%96sel%E2%80%93Wiek" title="Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek">Ösel–Wiek</a>, an act which amounted to the sale of these territories for 30,000 <a href="/wiki/Thaler" title="Thaler">thalers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frederick II nominated his brother, <a href="/wiki/Magnus_of_Holstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus of Holstein">Duke Magnus of Holstein</a> as bishop, who then took possession in April 1560. Lest Danish efforts create more insecurity for Sweden, Denmark-Norway made another attempt to mediate a peace in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magnus at once pursued his own interests, purchasing the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Courland" title="Bishopric of Courland">Bishopric of Courland</a> without Frederick's consent and trying to expand into <a href="/wiki/Harju_County" title="Harju County">Harrien</a>–<a href="/wiki/Virumaa" title="Virumaa">Wierland</a> (Harju and Virumaa). This brought him into direct conflict with Eric.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost25_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost25-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1561, Swedish forces arrived and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Noble_Corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Noble Corporations">noble corporations</a> of Harrien–Wierland and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4rva_County" title="Järva County">Jerwen</a> (Järva) yielded to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sweden_(1523%E2%80%931611)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sweden (1523–1611)">Sweden</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Estonia">Duchy of Estonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reval (Tallinn), similarly, accepted Swedish rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost25_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost25-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denmark-Norway dominated the Baltic, and Sweden wished to challenge this by gaining territory on the Eastern side of the Baltic.<sup id="cite_ref-elliott14_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elliott14-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doing so would help Sweden control the West's trade with Russia. This helped to precipitate the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Northern Seven Years' War">Northern Seven Years' War</a><sup id="cite_ref-elliott14_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elliott14-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since in 1561, Frederick II had already protested against Swedish presence in Reval (Tallinn), claiming historical rights relating to <a href="/wiki/Danish_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish Estonia">Danish Estonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost26_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost26-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Eric XIV's forces seized Pernau (Pärnu) in June 1562, his diplomats tried to arrange Swedish protection for Riga, which brought him into conflict with Sigismund.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost26_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost26-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sigismund maintained close relations with Eric XIV's brother, <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden" title="John III of Sweden">John, Duke of Finland</a> (later John III), and in October 1562 John married Sigismund's sister, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Jagellon" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine Jagellon">Catherine</a>, thereby preventing her marrying Ivan IV.<sup id="cite_ref-Oakley27_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakley27-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Eric XIV had approved the marriage, he was upset when John lent Sigismund 120,000 <a href="/wiki/Swedish_riksdaler" title="Swedish riksdaler">dalers</a> and received seven Livonian castles as security.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This incident led to John's capture and imprisonment in August 1563 on Eric XIV's behalf, whereupon Sigismund allied with Denmark and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> against Eric XIV in October the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost26_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost26-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1562–1570"><span id="1562.E2.80.931570"></span>1562–1570</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonian_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1562–1570"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The intervention of Denmark-Norway, Sweden, and Poland-Lithuania into Livonia began a period of struggle for control of the Baltic, known contemporaneously as the <i><a href="/wiki/Dominium_maris_baltici" title="Dominium maris baltici">dominium maris baltici</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the initial war years were characterised by intensive fighting, a period of low-intensity warfare began in 1562 and lasted until 1570 when fighting once more intensified.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost77_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost77-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denmark, Sweden, and to some extent Poland–Lithuania were occupied with the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Seven_Years%27_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic Seven Years' War">Nordic Seven Years' War</a> (1563–1570) taking place in the Western Baltic,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Livonia remained strategically important.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost25_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost25-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1562, Denmark and Russia concluded the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mozhaysk" title="Treaty of Mozhaysk">Treaty of Mozhaysk</a>, respecting each other's claims in Livonia and maintaining amicable relations.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1564, Sweden and Russia concluded a seven-years truce.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Ivan IV and Eric XIV showed signs of <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorder</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Ivan IV turning against part of the Tsardom's nobility and people with the <i><a href="/wiki/Oprichina" class="mw-redirect" title="Oprichina">oprichina</a></i> that began in 1565, leaving Russia in a state of political chaos and civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost26_42-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost26-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_war_with_Lithuania">Russian war with Lithuania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonian_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Russian war with Lithuania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannibalism_1571.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Cannibalism_1571.PNG/250px-Cannibalism_1571.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Cannibalism_1571.PNG/375px-Cannibalism_1571.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Cannibalism_1571.PNG/500px-Cannibalism_1571.PNG 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">Cannibalism</a> in Lithuania during the Russian invasion in 1571, German plate</figcaption></figure> <p>When the Russo-Lithuanian truce expired in 1562, Ivan IV rejected Sigismund's offer of an extension.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost26_42-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost26-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tsar had used the period of the truce to build up his forces in Livonia, and he invaded Lithuania.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost26_42-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost26-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His army raided <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Vitebsk</a> and, after a series of border clashes, took <a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a> in 1563.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost26_42-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost26-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lithuanian victories came at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ula">Battle of Ula</a> in 1564<sup id="cite_ref-Frost26_42-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost26-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at <a href="/wiki/Chashniki" title="Chashniki">Czasniki</a> (Chashniki) in 1567, a period of intermittent conflict between the two sides. Ivan continued to gain ground among the towns and villages of central Livonia but was held at the coast by Lithuania.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defeats of Ula and Czasniki, along with the defection of <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kurbsky" title="Andrey Kurbsky">Andrey Kurbsky</a>, led Ivan IV to move his capital to the <a href="/wiki/Alexandrov_Kremlin" title="Alexandrov Kremlin">Alexandrov Kremlin</a> while the perceived opposition against him was repressed by his <i>oprichniki</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost26_42-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost26-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A "grand" party of diplomats left Lithuania for Moscow in May 1566.<sup id="cite_ref-Madariaga195_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madariaga195-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lithuania was prepared to split Livonia with Russia, with a view to a joint offensive to drive Sweden from the area. However, this was seen as a sign of weakness by Russian diplomats, who instead suggested that Russia take the whole of Livonia, including Riga, through the ceding of <a href="/wiki/Courland" title="Courland">Courland</a> in southern Livonia and Polotsk on the Lithuanian–Russian border.<sup id="cite_ref-Madariaga196_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madariaga196-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transfer of Riga, and the surrounding entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Dvina" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Dvina">River Dvina</a>, troubled the Lithuanians, since much of their trade depended on safe passage through it and they had already built fortifications to protect it.<sup id="cite_ref-Madariaga196_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madariaga196-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ivan expanded his demands in July, calling for Ösel in addition to Dorpat (Tartu) and Narva. No agreement was forthcoming and a ten-day break was taken in negotiations, during which time various Russian meetings were held (including the <i><a href="/wiki/Zemsky_sobor" class="mw-redirect" title="Zemsky sobor">zemsky sobor</a></i>, the <i>Assembly of the Land</i>) to discuss the issues at stake.<sup id="cite_ref-Madariaga196_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madariaga196-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the Assembly, the church's representative stressed the need to "keep" Riga (though it had not yet been conquered),<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the Boyars were less keen on an overall peace with Lithuania, noting the danger posed by a joint Polish-Lithuanian state. Talks were then halted and hostilities resumed upon the return of the ambassadors to Lithuania.<sup id="cite_ref-Madariaga196_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madariaga196-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1569, the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin" title="Union of Lublin">Treaty of Lublin</a> unified Poland and Lithuania into the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia" title="Duchy of Livonia">Duchy of Livonia</a>, tied to Lithuania in <a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">real union</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Grodno_(1566)" title="Union of Grodno (1566)">Union of Grodno</a> in 1566, came under Polish–Lithuanian <a href="/wiki/Joint_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint sovereignty">joint sovereignty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dybas109_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dybas109-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1570 a three-year truce was signed with Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Madariaga262_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madariaga262-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sigismund II, the Commonwealth's first King, died in 1572 leaving the Polish throne with no clear successor for the first time since 1382 and thus began the first <a href="/wiki/Free_election_(Polish_throne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free election (Polish throne)">free election</a> in Polish history. Some Lithuanian nobles, in an effort to retain Lithuanian autonomy, proposed a Russian candidate. Ivan, however, demanded the return of <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, an Orthodox coronation, and a hereditary monarchy in parallel to Russia's, with his son, <a href="/wiki/Feodor_I_of_Russia" title="Feodor I of Russia">Feodor</a>, as King.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The electorate rejected these demands and instead chose <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry of Valois</a> (<i>Henryk Walezy</i>), brother of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX of France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_war_with_Sweden">Russian war with Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonian_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Russian war with Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scolding_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Scolding Letters">Scolding Letters</a></div> <p>In 1564, Sweden and Russia agreed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dorpat" title="Treaty of Dorpat">Treaty of Dorpat</a>, whereby Russia recognised Sweden's right to Reval (Tallinn) and other castles, and Sweden accepted Russia's patrimony over the rest of Livonia.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A seven-year truce was signed between Russia and Sweden in 1565.<sup id="cite_ref-Madariaga195_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madariaga195-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eric_XIV_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric XIV of Sweden">Eric XIV of Sweden</a> was overthrown in 1568 after he killed several nobles in the <a href="/wiki/Sture_Murders" class="mw-redirect" title="Sture Murders">Sture Murders</a> (<i>Sturemorden</i>) of 1567, and was replaced by his half-brother <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden" title="John III of Sweden">John III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost27_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost27-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Russia and Sweden had other problems and were keen to avoid an expensive escalation of the war in Livonia.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ivan IV had requested the delivery of John's wife, the Polish-Lithuanian princess <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Jagellonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine Jagellonica">Catherine Jagellonica</a>, to Russia, since he had competed with John to marry into the Lithuanian-Polish royal family. In July 1569 John sent a party to Russia, led by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Juusten" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Juusten">Paul Juusten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_%C3%85bo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Åbo">Bishop of Åbo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Madariaga261_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madariaga261-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which arrived in <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a> in September, following the arrival in Moscow of the ambassadors sent to Sweden in 1567 by Ivan to retrieve Catherine. Ivan refused to meet with the party himself, forcing them to negotiate instead with the Governor of Novgorod.<sup id="cite_ref-Madariaga261_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madariaga261-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tsar requested that Swedish envoys should greet the governor as 'the brother of their king', but Juusten refused to do so. The Governor then ordered an attack on the Swedish party, that their clothes and money be taken, and that they be deprived of food and drink and be paraded naked through the streets.<sup id="cite_ref-Madariaga261_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madariaga261-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rakvere,_hrad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Rakvere%2C_hrad.jpg/220px-Rakvere%2C_hrad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Rakvere%2C_hrad.jpg/330px-Rakvere%2C_hrad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Rakvere%2C_hrad.jpg/440px-Rakvere%2C_hrad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rakvere" title="Rakvere">Rakvere</a> castle ruins, Lääne-Viru County, Estonia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the Swedes were also to be moved to Moscow, this occurred at the same time Ivan and his <i><a href="/wiki/Oprichnik" title="Oprichnik">oprichniki</a></i> were on their way to launch an <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Novgorod" title="Massacre of Novgorod">assault on Novgorod</a> in northern Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Madariaga262_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madariaga262-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an act of vengeance against the perceived treason of the local Orthodox church in Novgorod, Ivan's forces launched an attack on the city, where 2,000–15,000 people were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (June 2024)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On his return to Moscow in May 1570, Ivan refused to meet the Swedish party, and with the signing of a three-year truce in June 1570 with the Commonwealth he no longer feared war with Poland–Lithuania.<sup id="cite_ref-Madariaga262_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madariaga262-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia considered the delivery of Catherine to be a precondition of any deal, and the Swedes agreed to meet in Novgorod to discuss the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-Madariaga262_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madariaga262-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Juusten, at the meeting the Russians demanded the Swedes to abandon their claim to Reval (Tallinn), provide two or three hundred cavalry when required, pay 10,000 thaler in direct compensation, surrender Finnish silver mines near the border with Russia, and allow the Tsar to style himself "Lord of Sweden". The Swedish party left following an ultimatum from Ivan that Sweden should cede its territory in Livonia or there would be war.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Juusten was left behind while John rejected Ivan's demands, and war broke out anew.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_of_the_Northern_Seven_Years'_War"><span id="Impact_of_the_Northern_Seven_Years.27_War"></span>Impact of the Northern Seven Years' War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonian_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Impact of the Northern Seven Years' War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quarrels between Denmark-Norway and Sweden led to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Northern Seven Years' War">Northern Seven Years' War</a> in 1563, which ended in 1570 with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1570)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1570)">Treaty of Stettin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost2937_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost2937-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primarily fought in western and southern <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, the war involved important naval battles fought in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost2937_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost2937-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Danish-held <a href="/wiki/Varberg_Fortress" title="Varberg Fortress">Varberg</a> surrendered to Swedish forces in 1565, 150 Danish mercenaries escaped the subsequent massacre of the garrison by defecting to Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost76_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost76-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among them was <a href="/wiki/Pontus_de_la_Gardie" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontus de la Gardie">Pontus de la Gardie</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Frost76_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost76-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who thereafter became an important Swedish commander in the Livonian War.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Livonia was also affected by the naval campaign of Danish admiral <a href="/wiki/Peder_Munk" title="Peder Munk">Peder Munk</a>, who bombarded Swedish Reval (Tallinn) from sea in July 1569.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Treaty of Stettin made Denmark the supreme and dominating power in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>, yet failed to restore the <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a>. Unfavourable conditions for Sweden led to a series of conflicts that only ended with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> in 1720.<sup id="cite_ref-Nordstrom36_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordstrom36-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sweden agreed to turn over her possessions in Livonia in return for a payment by <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian II</a>. Maximilian failed to pay the promised compensation, however, and thereby lost his influence on Baltic affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Nordstrom36_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordstrom36-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terms of the treaty regarding Livonia were ignored, and thus the Livonian War continued.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Ivan's point of view, the treaty enabled the powers involved to form an alliance against him, now that they were no longer fighting each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Madariaga264_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madariaga264-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1570–1577:_Russian_dominance_and_the_Kingdom_of_Livonia"><span id="1570.E2.80.931577:_Russian_dominance_and_the_Kingdom_of_Livonia"></span>1570–1577: Russian dominance and the Kingdom of Livonia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonian_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1570–1577: Russian dominance and the Kingdom of Livonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krievu_zv%C4%93r%C4%ABbas_Livonij%C4%81_1577._gada_j%C5%ABlij%C4%81_un_august%C4%81.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Krievu_zv%C4%93r%C4%ABbas_Livonij%C4%81_1577._gada_j%C5%ABlij%C4%81_un_august%C4%81.jpg/300px-Krievu_zv%C4%93r%C4%ABbas_Livonij%C4%81_1577._gada_j%C5%ABlij%C4%81_un_august%C4%81.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Krievu_zv%C4%93r%C4%ABbas_Livonij%C4%81_1577._gada_j%C5%ABlij%C4%81_un_august%C4%81.jpg/450px-Krievu_zv%C4%93r%C4%ABbas_Livonij%C4%81_1577._gada_j%C5%ABlij%C4%81_un_august%C4%81.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Krievu_zv%C4%93r%C4%ABbas_Livonij%C4%81_1577._gada_j%C5%ABlij%C4%81_un_august%C4%81.jpg/600px-Krievu_zv%C4%93r%C4%ABbas_Livonij%C4%81_1577._gada_j%C5%ABlij%C4%81_un_august%C4%81.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1179" data-file-height="799" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Russian atrocities in 1577.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LIVONIAE_NOVA_DESCRIPTIO_1573-1578.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/LIVONIAE_NOVA_DESCRIPTIO_1573-1578.jpg/300px-LIVONIAE_NOVA_DESCRIPTIO_1573-1578.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/LIVONIAE_NOVA_DESCRIPTIO_1573-1578.jpg/450px-LIVONIAE_NOVA_DESCRIPTIO_1573-1578.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/LIVONIAE_NOVA_DESCRIPTIO_1573-1578.jpg/600px-LIVONIAE_NOVA_DESCRIPTIO_1573-1578.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1998" data-file-height="1791" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Map of Livonia in 1573.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Livonian_war_map_(1570-1577).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Livonian_war_map_%281570-1577%29.svg/300px-Livonian_war_map_%281570-1577%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Livonian_war_map_%281570-1577%29.svg/450px-Livonian_war_map_%281570-1577%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Livonian_war_map_%281570-1577%29.svg/600px-Livonian_war_map_%281570-1577%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="639" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Map showing areas of Russian and Polish–Lithuanian forces, 1570–1577. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f7d3aa; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> occupied by Russian forces in 1570</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e1d2c0; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> occupied by Russian forces 1572–1577</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffc864; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> occupied by Lithuanian forces</div></div></div></div></div></div> <p>During the early 1570s, King John III of Sweden faced a Russian offensive on his positions in Estonia.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson91_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson91-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reval (Tallinn) withstood a Russian siege in 1570 and 1571,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but several smaller towns were taken by Russian forces. On 23 January a Swedish army of 700 infantry and 600 cavalry under command of <a href="/wiki/Clas_%C3%85kesson_Tott" title="Clas Åkesson Tott">Clas Åkesson Tott</a> (the Elder) clashed with a Russian and Tartar army of 16,000 men under the command of Khan <a href="/wiki/Sain-Bulat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sain-Bulat">Sain-Bulat</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lode" title="Battle of Lode">Battle of Lode</a> by the village of <a href="/wiki/Koluvere,_L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne_County" title="Koluvere, Lääne County">Koluvere</a>. The Russian advance concluded with the sacking of <a href="/wiki/Paide" title="Paide">Weissenstein</a> (Paide) in 1573, where, after its capture, the occupying forces roasted some of the leaders of the Swedish garrison alive, including the commander. This triggered a retaliatory campaign by John centred on Wesenberg,<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson91_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson91-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to which the army departed in November 1573<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Klas Åkesson Tott in overall command and <a href="/wiki/Pontus_de_la_Gardie" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontus de la Gardie">Pontus de la Gardie</a> as field commander.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson91_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson91-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also Russian raids into Finland, including one as far as <a href="/wiki/Helsingfors" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsingfors">Helsingfors</a> (Helsinki) in 1572. A two-year truce on this front was signed in 1575.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts258_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts258-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John's counter-offensive stalled at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wesenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Wesenberg">siege of Wesenberg</a> in 1574, when German and Scottish units of the Swedish army turned against each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson92_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson92-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This failure has also been blamed on the difficulties of fighting in the bitter winter conditions, particularly for the infantry.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war in Livonia was a great financial burden for Sweden, and by the end of 1573, Sweden's German mercenaries were owed 200,000 <i><a href="/wiki/Swedish_riksdaler" title="Swedish riksdaler">daler</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts258_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts258-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John gave them the castles of <a href="/wiki/Hapsal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hapsal">Hapsal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lihula" title="Lihula">Leal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lode_Parish" title="Lode Parish">Lode</a> as security, but when he failed to pay they were sold to Denmark.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts258_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts258-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, efforts by <a href="/wiki/Magnus_of_Holstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus of Holstein">Magnus</a> to besiege Swedish-controlled Reval (Tallinn) were faltering, with support from neither Ivan nor Magnus' brother, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Denmark" title="Frederick II of Denmark">Frederick II of Denmark</a> forthcoming.<sup id="cite_ref-Madariaga264_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madariaga264-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ivan's attention was focused elsewhere, while Frederick's reluctance perhaps stemmed from a new spirit of Swedish–Danish unity that made him unwilling to invade Livonia on behalf of Magnus, whose state was a vassal of Russia. The siege was abandoned in March 1571,<sup id="cite_ref-Madariaga264_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madariaga264-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereupon Swedish action in the Baltic escalated, with the passive backing of Sigismund, John's brother-in-law.<sup id="cite_ref-Madariaga264_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madariaga264-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> devastated Russian territories and burned and looted Moscow during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson91_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson91-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drought and epidemics had fatally affected the Russian economy while <i><a href="/wiki/Oprichnina" title="Oprichnina">oprichnina</a></i> had thoroughly disrupted the government. Following the defeat of Crimean and <a href="/wiki/Nogai_Horde" title="Nogai Horde">Nogai</a> forces in 1572, <i><a href="/wiki/Oprichnina" title="Oprichnina">oprichnina</a></i> was wound down and with it the way Russian armies were formed also changed.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ivan IV had introduced a new strategy whereby he relied on tens of thousands of native troops, Cossacks and Tatars instead of a few thousand skilled troops and mercenaries, as was the practice of his adversaries.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ivan's campaign reached its height in 1576 when another 30,000 Russian soldiers crossed into Livonia in 1577<sup id="cite_ref-Frost27_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost27-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and devastated Danish areas in retaliation for the Danish acquisition of Hapsal, Leal, and Lode. Danish influence in Livonia ceased, as Frederick accepted deals with Sweden and Poland to end nominal Danish involvement.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swedish forces were besieged in Reval (Tallinn) and central Livonia raided as far as <a href="/wiki/Daugavpils" title="Daugavpils">Dünaburg</a> (Daugavpils), formally under Polish–Lithuanian control since the 1561 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vilnius_(1561)" title="Treaty of Vilnius (1561)">Treaty of Vilnius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson92_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson92-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conquered territories submitted to Ivan or his vassal, Magnus,<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson92_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson92-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> declared monarch of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Livonia" title="Kingdom of Livonia">Kingdom of Livonia</a> in 1570.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost27_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost27-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magnus defected from Ivan IV during the same year,<sup id="cite_ref-Oakley37_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakley37-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having started to appropriate castles without consulting the Tsar. When <a href="/wiki/Koknese" title="Koknese">Kokenhusen</a> (Koknese) submitted to Magnus to avoid fighting Ivan IV's army, the Tsar sacked the town and executed its German commanders.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost27_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost27-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Wenden_(1577%E2%80%931578)" title="Battles of Wenden (1577–1578)">then focussed on Wenden</a> (<a href="/wiki/C%C4%93sis" title="Cēsis">Cēsis</a>, Võnnu), "the heart of Livonia", which as the former capital of the Livonian Order was not only of strategic importance, but also symbolic of Livonia itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson92_81-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson92-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1577–1583:_Defeat_of_Russia"><span id="1577.E2.80.931583:_Defeat_of_Russia"></span>1577–1583: Defeat of Russia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonian_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1577–1583: Defeat of Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swedish_and_Polish–Lithuanian_alliance_and_counter-offensives"><span id="Swedish_and_Polish.E2.80.93Lithuanian_alliance_and_counter-offensives"></span>Swedish and Polish–Lithuanian alliance and counter-offensives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonian_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Swedish and Polish–Lithuanian alliance and counter-offensives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Livonian_campaign_of_Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory">Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Po%C5%82acak._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BA_(1579).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coloured illustration. The city, central is being attacked by a group of knights and cannon from the east, and large numbers of foot soldiers from the north. Some citizens appear to be surrendering to the foot soldiers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Po%C5%82acak._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BA_%281579%29.jpg/300px-Po%C5%82acak._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BA_%281579%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Po%C5%82acak._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BA_%281579%29.jpg/450px-Po%C5%82acak._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BA_%281579%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Po%C5%82acak._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BA_%281579%29.jpg/600px-Po%C5%82acak._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BA_%281579%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="760" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The siege of Polotsk, 1579, in a contemporary illustration.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Campaigns_of_Stefan_Batory.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See text and the article The campaigns of Stephen Báthory for further information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Campaigns_of_Stefan_Batory.svg/300px-Campaigns_of_Stefan_Batory.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Campaigns_of_Stefan_Batory.svg/450px-Campaigns_of_Stefan_Batory.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Campaigns_of_Stefan_Batory.svg/600px-Campaigns_of_Stefan_Batory.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="639" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Livonian_campaign_of_Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory">The campaigns of Stephen Báthory</a>, the bold line marks the border by 1600.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In 1576, the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1571%E2%80%931711)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Transylvania (1571–1711)">Transylvanian prince</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">Stephen Báthory</a> became King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania after <a href="/wiki/Royal_elections_in_Poland" title="Royal elections in Poland">a contested election to the joint Polish–Lithuanian throne</a> with the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Maximilian II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone122_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone122-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Báthory's fiancée <a href="/wiki/Anna_Jagiellon" title="Anna Jagiellon">Anna Jagiellon</a> and Maximilian II had been proclaimed elected to the same throne in December 1575, three days apart;<sup id="cite_ref-Stone122_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone122-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maximilan's death in October 1576 prevented the conflict from escalating.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Báthory, ambitious to expel Ivan IV from Livonia, was constrained by the opposition of <a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a> (Gdansk), which resisted Báthory's accession with Danish support.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone123_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone123-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ensuing <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1577)" title="Siege of Danzig (1577)">Danzig War</a> of 1577 ended when Báthory conceded further autonomous rights to the city in return for a payment of 200,000 <a href="/wiki/Polish_zloty#Kingdom_of_Poland_and_Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish zloty">zlotys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone123_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone123-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a further 200,000 zloty payment, he appointed <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Frederick,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Ansbach" title="George Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach">George Frederick</a> as administrator of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Prussia</a> and secured the latter's military support in the planned campaign against Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone123_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone123-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Báthory received only few soldiers from his Polish vassals and was forced to recruit mercenaries, primarily Poles, <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachians</a>. A separate Szekler brigade fought in Livonia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiptai1984[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiptai1984[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Swedish King John III and Stephen Báthory allied against Ivan IV in December 1577, despite problems caused by the death of Sigismund which meant that the issue of the substantial inheritance due to John's wife, Catherine, had not been resolved.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts260_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts260-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poland also claimed the whole of Livonia, without accepting Swedish rule of any part of it.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts260_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts260-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 120,000 <i>daler</i> lent in 1562 had still not been repaid, despite Sigismund's best intentions to settle it.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts260_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts260-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By November, Lithuanian forces moving northward had captured Dünaburg<sup id="cite_ref-Frost28_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost28-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a Polish–Swedish force took the town and castle of Wenden in early 1578.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson94_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson94-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian forces failed to retake the town in February,<sup id="cite_ref-Frost28_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost28-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an attack followed by a Swedish offensive, targeting <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4rnu" title="Pärnu">Pernau</a> (Pärnu), Dorpat, and <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a> among others. In September, Ivan responded by sending in an army of 18,000 men, who recaptured <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B5ltsamaa" title="Põltsamaa">Oberpahlen</a> (Põltsamaa) from Sweden and then marched on Wenden.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost28_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost28-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peterson94_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson94-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon their arrival at Wenden, the Russian army laid siege to the town, but was met by a relief force of around 6,000 German, Polish, and Swedish soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson94_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson94-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Wenden_(1577%E2%80%931578)" title="Battles of Wenden (1577–1578)">Battle of Wenden</a>, Russian casualties were severe with armaments and horses captured, leaving Ivan IV with his first serious defeat in Livonia.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson94_92-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson94-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Báthory accelerated the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Hussars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussars">hussars</a>, a new well-organised cavalry troop that replaced the feudal levy.<sup id="cite_ref-stone126_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stone126-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, he improved an already effective artillery system and recruited <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">cossacks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stone126_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stone126-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Báthory gathered 56,000 troops, 30,000 of them from Lithuania,<sup id="cite_ref-stone126_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stone126-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for his first assault on Russia at Polotsk, as part of a <a href="/wiki/Livonian_campaign_of_Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory">wider campaign</a>. With Ivan's reserves in Pskov and Novgorod to guard against a possible Swedish invasion, the city fell on 30 August 1579.<sup id="cite_ref-stone126_93-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stone126-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Báthory then appointed a close ally and powerful member of his court, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Zamoyski" title="Jan Zamoyski">Jan Zamoyski</a>, to lead a force of 48,000, including 25,000 men from Lithuania, against the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Velikie_Luki" class="mw-redirect" title="Velikie Luki">Velikie Luki</a> which he went on to capture on 5 September 1580.<sup id="cite_ref-stone126_93-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stone126-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without further significant resistance, garrisons such as Sokol, Velizh, and Usvzat fell quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1581, the force <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pskov" title="Siege of Pskov">besieged Pskov</a>, a well-fortified and heavily defended fortress. However, financial support from the Polish parliament was dropping, and Báthory failed to lure Russian forces in Livonia out into open field before the onset of winter.<sup id="cite_ref-stone126_93-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stone126-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not realising that the Polish–Lithuanian advance was on the wane, Ivan signed the <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Jam_Zapolski" class="mw-redirect" title="Truce of Jam Zapolski">Truce of Jam Zapolski</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stone126_93-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stone126-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The failure of the Swedish siege of Narva in 1579 led to <a href="/wiki/Pontus_de_la_Gardie" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontus de la Gardie">Pontus de la Gardie</a>'s appointment as commander-in-chief.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts263_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts263-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The towns of <a href="/wiki/Kexholm" class="mw-redirect" title="Kexholm">Kexholm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Padise_Parish" title="Padise Parish">Padise</a> were taken by Swedish forces in 1580,<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts263_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts263-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then in 1581, concurrent with the fall of <a href="/wiki/Rakvere" title="Rakvere">Wesenberg</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenary</a> army hired by Sweden recaptured the strategic city of Narva.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts263_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts263-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A target of John III's campaigns, since it could be attacked by both land and sea, the campaign made use of Sweden's considerable fleet<sup id="cite_ref-Oakley34_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakley34-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but later arguments over formal control in the long term hampered any alliance with Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-Oakley34_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakley34-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following la Gardie's taking of the city, and in retaliation for previous Russian massacres,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 7,000 Russians were killed according to <a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Russow" title="Balthasar Russow">Russow</a>'s contemporary chronicle.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fall of Narva was followed by those of <a href="/wiki/Ivangorod" title="Ivangorod">Ivangorod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingisepp" title="Kingisepp">Jama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Koporye" title="Koporye">Koporye</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts264_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts264-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving Sweden content with its gains in Livonia.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts264_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts264-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Truces_of_Jam_Zapolski_and_Plussa">Truces of Jam Zapolski and Plussa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonian_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Truces of Jam Zapolski and Plussa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Poland_and_Lithuania_in_1600.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Map_of_Poland_and_Lithuania_in_1600.svg/300px-Map_of_Poland_and_Lithuania_in_1600.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Map_of_Poland_and_Lithuania_in_1600.svg/450px-Map_of_Poland_and_Lithuania_in_1600.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Map_of_Poland_and_Lithuania_in_1600.svg/600px-Map_of_Poland_and_Lithuania_in_1600.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>Division of Livonia by 1600:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffaeae; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Poland–Lithuania</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffaef6; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Vassal duchies of Poland–Lithuania</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b0ffbd; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Russia</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c3ccff; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Kingdom of Sweden</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff7e5c; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Denmark-Norway</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Subsequent negotiations led by <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">papal legate</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Possevino" title="Antonio Possevino">Antonio Possevino</a> resulted in the 1582 <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Jam_Zapolski" class="mw-redirect" title="Truce of Jam Zapolski">Truce of Jam Zapolski</a> between Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts264_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts264-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a humiliation for the Tsar, in part because he requested the truce.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts264_99-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts264-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the agreement Russia would surrender all areas in Livonia it still held and the city of Dorpat (Tartu) to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, while Polotsk would remain under Commonwealth control. Any captured Swedish territory—specifically Narva—could be retained by the Russians and Velike Luki would be returned from Báthory's control to Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts264_99-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts264-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Possevino made a half-hearted attempt to get John III's wishes taken into consideration, but this was vetoed by the Tsar, probably in collusion with Báthory.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts264_99-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts264-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The armistice, which fell short of a full peace arrangement, was to last ten years and was renewed twice, in 1591 and 1601.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Báthory failed in his attempts to pressure Sweden into relinquishing its gains in Livonia, particularly Narva.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts264_99-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts264-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following a decision by John, the war with Russia ended when the Tsar concluded the <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Plussa" class="mw-redirect" title="Truce of Plussa">Truce of Plussa</a> (<i>Plyussa, Pljussa, Plusa</i>) with Sweden on 10 August 1583.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts264_99-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts264-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frost44_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost44-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia relinquished most of Ingria, leaving Narva and Ivangorod as well under Swedish control.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost44_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost44-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally scheduled to last three years, the Russo-Swedish truce was later extended until 1590.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost44_101-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost44-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the negotiations, Sweden made vast demands for Russian territory, including Novgorod. Whilst these conditions were probably only for the purposes of negotiation, they may have reflected Swedish aspirations of territory in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts264_99-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts264-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonian_War&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The post-war <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</a> south of the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCna" class="mw-redirect" title="Düna">Düna</a> (Daugava) river experienced a period of political stability based on the 1561 Treaty of Vilnius, later modified by the 1617 <i>Formula regiminis</i> and <i>Statuta Curlandiæ</i>, which granted indigenous nobles additional rights at the duke's expense.<sup id="cite_ref-Dybas110_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dybas110-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North of the Düna, Báthory reduced the privileges Sigismund had granted the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia" title="Duchy of Livonia">Duchy of Livonia</a>, regarding the regained territories as the spoils of war.<sup id="cite_ref-Dybas109_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dybas109-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riga's privileges had already been reduced by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Drohiczyn" title="Treaty of Drohiczyn">Treaty of Drohiczyn</a> in 1581.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchtenhagen37_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchtenhagen37-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> gradually replaced <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> as the administrative language and the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Voivodeships" class="mw-redirect" title="Voivodeships">voivodeships</a> reduced the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic German">Baltic German</a> administration.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchtenhagen36_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchtenhagen36-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local clergy and the Jesuits in Livonia embraced the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kahle17_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kahle17-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a process assisted by Báthory, who gave the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> revenues and estates confiscated from Protestants as well as initiating a largely unsuccessful recruitment campaign for Catholic colonists.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchtenhagen38_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchtenhagen38-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these measures, the Livonian population did not convert <i>en masse</i>, while the Livonian estates in Poland–Lithuania were alienated.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchtenhagen38_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchtenhagen38-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swedish_Empire_in_the_Baltic_(1560-1721).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Swedish_Empire_in_the_Baltic_%281560-1721%29.png/220px-Swedish_Empire_in_the_Baltic_%281560-1721%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Swedish_Empire_in_the_Baltic_%281560-1721%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="209" /></a><figcaption>Map showing Sweden in the Baltic, 1560 to 1721. Dates are those of occupation, and those in brackets dates of loss.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1590, the Russo-Swedish truce of Plussa expired and fighting resumed<sup id="cite_ref-Frost44_101-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost44-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1590%E2%80%931595)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)">Russo-Swedish War of 1590–5</a> ended with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Teusina" title="Treaty of Teusina">Treaty of Teusina</a> (Tyavzino, Tyavzin), under which Sweden had to cede <a href="/wiki/Ingria" title="Ingria">Ingria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kexholm" class="mw-redirect" title="Kexholm">Kexholm</a> to Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost45_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost45-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Swedish–Polish alliance began to crumble when the Polish King and Grand Duke of Lithuania <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund III</a>, who as son of <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden" title="John III of Sweden">John III of Sweden</a> (died 1592) and Catherine Jagellonica, was the successor to the Swedish throne, met with resistance from a faction led by his uncle, <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles of Södermanland</a> (later Charles IX), who claimed regency in Sweden for himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost45_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost45-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sweden descended into a civil war in 1597, followed by the 1598–1599 <a href="/wiki/War_against_Sigismund" title="War against Sigismund">war against Sigismund</a>, which ended with the deposition of Sigismund by the Swedish <i><a href="/wiki/Riksdag_of_the_Estates" title="Riksdag of the Estates">riksdag</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost45_105-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost45-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local nobles turned to Charles for protection in 1600 when the conflict spread to Livonia, where Sigismund had tried to incorporate <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Estonia">Swedish Estonia</a> into the Duchy of Livonia.<sup id="cite_ref-Steinke120_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinke120-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles then expelled the Polish forces from Estonia<sup id="cite_ref-Steinke120_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinke120-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1600%E2%80%931611)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611)">invaded the Livonian duchy</a>, starting a series of <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1600%E2%80%931629)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1600–1629)">Polish–Swedish wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost46_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost46-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Russia was embroiled in civil war over the vacant Russian throne ("<a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a>") when none of the many claimants had prevailed. This conflict became intertwined with the Livonian campaigns when Swedish and Polish–Lithuanian forces intervened on opposite sides, the latter starting the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1605%E2%80%931618)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)">Polish–Muscovite War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost46_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost46-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles IX's forces were expelled from Livonia<sup id="cite_ref-Frost47_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost47-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after major setbacks at the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kokenhausen" title="Battle of Kokenhausen">Kokenhausen(1601)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kircholm" title="Battle of Kircholm">Kircholm</a> (1605).<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frost47_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost47-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the later <a href="/wiki/Ingrian_War" title="Ingrian War">Ingrian War</a>, Charles' successor <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustavus Adolphus</a> retook Ingria and Kexholm which were formally ceded to Sweden under the 1617 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stolbovo" title="Treaty of Stolbovo">Treaty of Stolbovo</a><sup id="cite_ref-Frost47_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost47-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with the bulk of the Duchy of Livonia. In 1617, when Sweden had recovered from the <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_War" title="Kalmar War">Kalmar War</a> with Denmark, several Livonian towns were captured, but only <a href="/wiki/Pernau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pernau">Pernau</a> (Pärnu) remained under Swedish control after a <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1617%E2%80%931618)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1617–1618)">Polish–Lithuanian counter-offensive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1621%E2%80%931625)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625)">A second campaign</a> then started with the capture of Riga in 1621 and expelled Polish–Lithuanian forces from most of Livonia, where the <a href="/wiki/Dominions_of_Sweden" title="Dominions of Sweden">dominion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Livonia" title="Swedish Livonia">Swedish Livonia</a> was created.<sup id="cite_ref-Steinke120_106-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinke120-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swedish forces then advanced through <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal Prussia</a> and Poland–Lithuania accepted Swedish gains in Livonia in the 1629 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Altmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Altmark">Treaty of Altmark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/%C3%98sel" class="mw-redirect" title="Øsel">Danish province of Øsel</a> was ceded to Sweden under the 1645 <a href="/wiki/Second_Treaty_of_Br%C3%B6msebro_(1645)" title="Second Treaty of Brömsebro (1645)">Treaty of Brömsebro</a>, which ended the <a href="/wiki/Torstenson_War" title="Torstenson War">Torstenson War</a>, one theatre of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was retained after the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Oliva" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Oliva">Peace of Oliva</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Copenhagen_(1660)" title="Treaty of Copenhagen (1660)">Treaty of Copenhagen</a>, both in 1660.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation remained unchanged until 1710 when <a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Estonia_and_Livonia" title="Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia">Estonia and Livonia capitulated to Russia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a>, an action formalised in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nystad" title="Treaty of Nystad">Treaty of Nystad</a> (1721).<sup id="cite_ref-Kahle18_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kahle18-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonian_War&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livonians" title="Livonians">Livonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_wars" title="Russo-Turkish wars">Russo-Turkish wars</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonian_War&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Order was led by a <i><a href="/wiki/Hochmeister" class="mw-redirect" title="Hochmeister">Hochmeister</a></i>, an office that since 1525 had been executed by the <i>Deutschmeister</i> responsible for the bailiwicks in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>; the Order's organisation in Livonia was led by a circle of <i>Gebietigers</i> headed by a <i>Landmeister</i> elected from amongst the membership</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Madariaga2006">De Madariaga 2006</a>, p. 128 says Narva in May and Dorpat in July.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonian_War&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiptai1984[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiptai1984[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiptai1984[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiptai1984">Liptai 1984</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rabe306-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rabe306_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rabe306_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rabe306_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rabe306_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabe1989">Rabe 1989</a>, p. 306</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dybas193-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dybas193_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDybaś2009">Dybaś 2009</a>, p. 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-buelow73-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-buelow73_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buelow73_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buelow73_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBülow2003">Bülow 2003</a>, p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKreem2006">Kreem 2006</a>, pp. 46, 51–53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kreem50-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kreem50_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKreem2006">Kreem 2006</a>, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kreem51-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kreem51_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kreem51_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKreem2006">Kreem 2006</a>, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koerber26-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-koerber26_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koerber26_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKörber1998">Körber 1998</a>, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKreem2006">Kreem 2006</a>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frost3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frost3_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost3_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frost5-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frost5_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost5_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost5_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frost6-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frost6_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost6_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frost4-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frost4_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frost7-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frost7_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost7_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost7_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bain84-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bain84_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bain84_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bain84_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bain84_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bain84_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBain1971">Bain 1971</a>, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frost10-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frost10_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madariaga124-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Madariaga124_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madariaga124_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madariaga124_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madariaga124_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madariaga124_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Madariaga2006">De Madariaga 2006</a>, p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCynarski2007">Cynarski 2007</a>, pp. 203–204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hartmannxiii-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hartmannxiii_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hartmannxiii_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartmann2005">Hartmann 2005</a>, p. XIII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCynarski2007">Cynarski 2007</a>, p. 204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hartmannxiv-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hartmannxiv_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hartmannxiv_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hartmannxiv_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hartmannxiv_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartmann2005">Hartmann 2005</a>, p. XIV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hartmannxv-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hartmannxv_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hartmannxv_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartmann2005">Hartmann 2005</a>, p. XV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Madariaga2006">De Madariaga 2006</a>, p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCynarski2007">Cynarski 2007</a>, p. 205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oakley26-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oakley26_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOakley1993">Oakley 1993</a>, p. 26 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wPXEp45wAeQC&pg=PA26">online</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Madariaga2006">De Madariaga 2006</a>, p. 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frost25-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frost25_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost25_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost25_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost25_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost25_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost25_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevens85-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stevens85_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevens85_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevens2007">Stevens 2007</a>, p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Madariaga2006">De Madariaga 2006</a>, p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-madariaga30-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-madariaga30_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-madariaga30_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Madariaga2006">De Madariaga 2006</a>, p. 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCynarski2007">Cynarski 2007</a>, p. 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBain1971">Bain 1971</a>, p. 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBain2006">Bain 2006</a>, p. 118 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dPQwweeMSvMC&pg=PA118">online</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchtenhagen36-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchtenhagen36_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchtenhagen36_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuchtenhagen2005">Tuchtenhagen 2005</a>, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kahle17-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kahle17_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kahle17_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKahle1984">Kahle 1984</a>, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, pp. 25–26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frost26-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frost26_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost26_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost26_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost26_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost26_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost26_42-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost26_42-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost26_42-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost26_42-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost26_42-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost26_42-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPauker1854">Pauker 1854</a>, p. 289</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBain2006">Bain 2006</a>, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEriksson2007">Eriksson 2007</a>, pp. 45–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elliott14-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-elliott14_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elliott14_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElliott2000">Elliott 2000</a>, p. 14 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zfGrxQBcuXgC&pg=PA14">online</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oakley27-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oakley27_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOakley1993">Oakley 1993</a>, p. 27 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wPXEp45wAeQC&pg=PA27">online</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberts1968">Roberts 1968</a>, p. 209 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x243AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA209">online</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOakley1993">Oakley 1993</a>, p. 24 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wPXEp45wAeQC&pg=PA24">online</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frost77-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frost77_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 30ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHübner1998">Hübner 1998</a>, pp. 317–318</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHübner1998">Hübner 1998</a>, p. 318</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, pp. 26–27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBain1971">Bain 1971</a>, p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madariaga195-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Madariaga195_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madariaga195_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Madariaga2006">De Madariaga 2006</a>, p. 195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madariaga196-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Madariaga196_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madariaga196_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madariaga196_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madariaga196_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Madariaga2006">De Madariaga 2006</a>, p. 196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Madariaga2006">De Madariaga 2006</a>, p. 202 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xdFVn1v3FMUC&pg=PA202">online</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dybas109-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dybas109_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dybas109_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDybaś2006">Dybaś 2006</a>, p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madariaga262-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Madariaga262_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madariaga262_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madariaga262_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madariaga262_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Madariaga2006">De Madariaga 2006</a>, p. 262</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStone2001">Stone 2001</a>, p. 119 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LFgB_l4SdHAC&pg=PA119">online</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBain1971">Bain 1971</a>, pp. 90–91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Madariaga2006">De Madariaga 2006</a>, p. 192 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xdFVn1v3FMUC&pg=PA192">online</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frost27-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frost27_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost27_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost27_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost27_64-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberts1968">Roberts 1968</a>, p. 255 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x243AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA255">online</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madariaga261-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Madariaga261_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madariaga261_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madariaga261_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Madariaga2006">De Madariaga 2006</a>, p. 261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFАпреликова2020" class="citation journal cs1">Апреликова, Наталия Руслановна (16 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17805%2Ftrudy.2020.5.4">"Становление представлений о познавательных потребностях в процессе развития психологической теории"</a>. <i>Научные труды Московского гуманитарного университета</i> (5). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17805%2Ftrudy.2020.5.4">10.17805/trudy.2020.5.4</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2587-8441">2587-8441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%85+%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2020-12-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17805%2Ftrudy.2020.5.4&rft.issn=2587-8441&rft.aulast=%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.17805%252Ftrudy.2020.5.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Madariaga2006">De Madariaga 2006</a>, p. 271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Madariaga2006">De Madariaga 2006</a>, p. 272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frost2937-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frost2937_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost2937_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, pp. 29–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frost76-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frost76_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost76_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, pp. 44, 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nordstrom36-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nordstrom36_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nordstrom36_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNordstrom2000">Nordstrom 2000</a>, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeterson2007">Peterson 2007</a>, p. 90 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CPJWfVPgFawC&pg=PA90">online</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madariaga264-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Madariaga264_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madariaga264_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madariaga264_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madariaga264_76-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Madariaga2006">De Madariaga 2006</a>, p. 264</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterson91-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson91_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson91_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson91_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson91_77-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeterson2007">Peterson 2007</a>, p. 91 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CPJWfVPgFawC&pg=PA91">online</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack1996">Black 1996</a>, p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischerKirkpatrick1907">Fischer & Kirkpatrick 1907</a>, p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts258-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts258_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts258_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts258_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberts1968">Roberts 1968</a>, p. 258 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x243AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA258">online</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterson92-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson92_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson92_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson92_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson92_81-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeterson2007">Peterson 2007</a>, pp. 92–93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Madariaga2006">De Madariaga 2006</a>, pp. 277–278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeterson2007">Peterson 2007</a>, p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberts1968">Roberts 1968</a>, pp. 258–259 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x243AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA258">online</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oakley37-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oakley37_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOakley1993">Oakley 1993</a>, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone122-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stone122_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone122_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStone2001">Stone 2001</a>, p. 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Madariaga2006">De Madariaga 2006</a>, p. 310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone123-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stone123_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone123_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone123_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStone2001">Stone 2001</a>, p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts260-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts260_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts260_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts260_90-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberts1968">Roberts 1968</a>, p. 260 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x243AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA260">online</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frost28-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frost28_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost28_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost28_91-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterson94-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson94_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson94_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson94_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson94_92-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeterson2007">Peterson 2007</a>, p. 94 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CPJWfVPgFawC&pg=PA94">online</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stone126-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stone126_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stone126_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stone126_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stone126_93-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stone126_93-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stone126_93-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stone126_93-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStone2001">Stone 2001</a>, pp. 126–127 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LFgB_l4SdHAC&pg=PA126">online</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSolovyov1791">Solovyov 1791</a>, p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts263-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts263_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts263_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts263_95-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberts1968">Roberts 1968</a>, p. 263 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x243AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA263">online</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oakley34-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oakley34_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oakley34_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOakley1993">Oakley 1993</a>, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSolovyov1791">Solovyov 1791</a>, p. 881</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 80, referring to Russow, B. (1578): <i>Chronica der Provintz Lyfflandt</i>, p. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts264-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts264_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts264_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts264_99-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts264_99-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts264_99-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts264_99-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts264_99-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts264_99-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts264_99-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberts1968">Roberts 1968</a>, p. 264 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x243AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA264">online</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWernham1968">Wernham 1968</a>, p. 393</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frost44-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frost44_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost44_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost44_101-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost44_101-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dybas110-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dybas110_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDybaś2006">Dybaś 2006</a>, p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchtenhagen37-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tuchtenhagen37_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuchtenhagen2005">Tuchtenhagen 2005</a>, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchtenhagen38-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchtenhagen38_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchtenhagen38_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuchtenhagen2005">Tuchtenhagen 2005</a>, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frost45-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frost45_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost45_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost45_105-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steinke120-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steinke120_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steinke120_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steinke120_106-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteinke2009">Steinke 2009</a>, p. 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frost46-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frost46_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost46_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frost47-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frost47_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost47_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost47_108-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, pp. 62, 64ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, pp. 103–104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kahle18-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kahle18_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKahle1984">Kahle 1984</a>, p. 18</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonian_War&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBain2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet_Bain" title="Robert Nisbet Bain">Bain, Robert Nisbet</a> (2006) [1905], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dPQwweeMSvMC"><i>Scandinavia: a Political History of Denmark, Norway and Sweden from 1513 to 1900</i></a>, Boston: Adamant Media Corp., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-543-93899-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-543-93899-9"><bdi>0-543-93899-9</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231001130839/https://books.google.com/books?id=dPQwweeMSvMC">archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scandinavia%3A+a+Political+History+of+Denmark%2C+Norway+and+Sweden+from+1513+to+1900&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Adamant+Media+Corp.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-543-93899-9&rft.aulast=Bain&rft.aufirst=Robert+Nisbet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdPQwweeMSvMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBain1971" class="citation cs2">Bain, Robert Nisbet (1971) [1908], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wK04AAAAIAAJ"><i>Slavonic Europe</i></a>, Cambridge historical, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231001130750/https://books.google.com/books?id=wK04AAAAIAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavonic+Europe&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+historical&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Bain&rft.aufirst=Robert+Nisbet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwK04AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Black, Jeremy</a> (1996), <i>Warfare. Renaissance to revolution, 1492–1792</i>, Cambridge Illustrated Atlases, vol. II, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47033-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-47033-1"><bdi>0-521-47033-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare.+Renaissance+to+revolution%2C+1492%E2%80%931792&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Illustrated+Atlases&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-47033-1&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBülow2003" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bülow, Werner (2003), <i>Als die Bayern Bonn eroberten. Aus der Erlebniswelt einer Generation im Europa des 16. Jahrhunderts</i> (in German), Munich: Herbert Utz Verlag, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8316-0244-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-8316-0244-1"><bdi>3-8316-0244-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Als+die+Bayern+Bonn+eroberten.+Aus+der+Erlebniswelt+einer+Generation+im+Europa+des+16.+Jahrhunderts&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Herbert+Utz+Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-8316-0244-1&rft.aulast=B%C3%BClow&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCynarski2007" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cynarski, Stanisław (2007), <i>Žygimantas Augustas</i> (in Lithuanian), Vilnius: Versus aureus, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9955-699-59-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9955-699-59-0"><bdi>978-9955-699-59-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C5%BDygimantas+Augustas&rft.place=Vilnius&rft.pub=Versus+aureus&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9955-699-59-0&rft.aulast=Cynarski&rft.aufirst=Stanis%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDybaś2006" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dybaś, Bogusław (2006), "Livland und Polen-Litauen nach dem Frieden von Oliva (1660)", in Willoweit, Dietmar; Lemberg, Hans (eds.), <i>Reiche und Territorien in Ostmitteleuropa. Historische Beziehungen und politische Herrschaftslegitimation</i>, Völker, Staaten und Kulturen in Ostmitteleuropa (in German), vol. 2, Munich: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-486-57839-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-486-57839-1"><bdi>3-486-57839-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Livland+und+Polen-Litauen+nach+dem+Frieden+von+Oliva+%281660%29&rft.btitle=Reiche+und+Territorien+in+Ostmitteleuropa.+Historische+Beziehungen+und+politische+Herrschaftslegitimation&rft.place=Munich&rft.series=V%C3%B6lker%2C+Staaten+und+Kulturen+in+Ostmitteleuropa&rft.pub=Oldenbourg+Wissenschaftsverlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=3-486-57839-1&rft.aulast=Dyba%C5%9B&rft.aufirst=Bogus%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDybaś2009" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dybaś, Bogusław (2009), "Zwischen Warschau und Dünaburg. Die adligen Würdenträger in den livländischen Gebieten der Polnisch-Litauischen Republik", in North, Michael (ed.), <i>Kultureller Austausch: Bilanz und Perspektiven der Frühneuzeitforschung</i> (in German), Köln/Weimar: Böhlau, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-412-20333-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-412-20333-7"><bdi>978-3-412-20333-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zwischen+Warschau+und+D%C3%BCnaburg.+Die+adligen+W%C3%BCrdentr%C3%A4ger+in+den+livl%C3%A4ndischen+Gebieten+der+Polnisch-Litauischen+Republik&rft.btitle=Kultureller+Austausch%3A+Bilanz+und+Perspektiven+der+Fr%C3%BChneuzeitforschung&rft.place=K%C3%B6ln%2FWeimar&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-412-20333-7&rft.aulast=Dyba%C5%9B&rft.aufirst=Bogus%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Elliott_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Elliott (historian)">Elliott, John Huxtable</a> (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zfGrxQBcuXgC"><i>Europe divided, 1559–1598</i></a>, Blackwell classic histories of Europe (2nd ed.), Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21780-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21780-0"><bdi>978-0-631-21780-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+divided%2C+1559%E2%80%931598&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.series=Blackwell+classic+histories+of+Europe&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21780-0&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=John+Huxtable&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzfGrxQBcuXgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEriksson2007" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Eriksson, Bo (2007), <i>Lützen 1632</i> (in Swedish), Stockholm: Norstedts Pocket, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7263-790-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7263-790-0"><bdi>978-91-7263-790-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%C3%BCtzen+1632&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Norstedts+Pocket&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-91-7263-790-0&rft.aulast=Eriksson&rft.aufirst=Bo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischerKirkpatrick1907" class="citation cs2">Fischer, Ernst Ludwig; Kirkpatrick, John (1907), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5YULAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA63"><i>The Scots in Sweden; being a contribution towards the history of the Scot abroad</i></a>, Edinburgh: O. Schulze & Co., <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4730173">4730173</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scots+in+Sweden%3B+being+a+contribution+towards+the+history+of+the+Scot+abroad&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=O.+Schulze+%26+Co.&rft.date=1907&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4730173&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Ernst+Ludwig&rft.au=Kirkpatrick%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5YULAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_I._Frost" title="Robert I. Frost">Frost, Robert I.</a> (2000), <i>The Northern Wars: War, State, and Society in Northeastern Europe, 1558–1721</i>, Modern wars in perspective, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-06429-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-06429-5"><bdi>0-582-06429-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Northern+Wars%3A+War%2C+State%2C+and+Society+in+Northeastern+Europe%2C+1558%E2%80%931721&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&rft.series=Modern+wars+in+perspective&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-582-06429-5&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Robert+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmann2005" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hartmann, Stefan (2005), <i>Herzog Albrecht von Preussen und Livland (1551–1557). Regesten aus dem Herzoglichen Briefarchiv und den Ostpreußischen Folianten</i> (in German), Köln/Weimar: Böhlau, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-412-12505-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-412-12505-9"><bdi>3-412-12505-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herzog+Albrecht+von+Preussen+und+Livland+%281551%E2%80%931557%29.+Regesten+aus+dem+Herzoglichen+Briefarchiv+und+den+Ostpreu%C3%9Fischen+Folianten&rft.place=K%C3%B6ln%2FWeimar&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-412-12505-9&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHübner1998" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hübner, Eckhard (1998), "Zwischen alle Fronten: Magnus von Holstein als König von Livland", in Hübner, Eckhard; Klug, Ekkehard; Kusber, Jan (eds.), <i>Zwischen Christianisierung und Europäisierung. Beiträge zur Geschichte Osteuropas in Mittelalter und früher Neuzeit. Festschrift für Peter Nitsche zum 65. Geburtstag</i>, Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte des östlichen Europa (in German), vol. 51, Stuttgart: Steiner, pp. <span class="nowrap">313–</span>334, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-07266-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-07266-7"><bdi>3-515-07266-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zwischen+alle+Fronten%3A+Magnus+von+Holstein+als+K%C3%B6nig+von+Livland&rft.btitle=Zwischen+Christianisierung+und+Europ%C3%A4isierung.+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+Geschichte+Osteuropas+in+Mittelalter+und+fr%C3%BCher+Neuzeit.+Festschrift+f%C3%BCr+Peter+Nitsche+zum+65.+Geburtstag&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.series=Quellen+und+Studien+zur+Geschichte+des+%C3%B6stlichen+Europa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E313-%3C%2Fspan%3E334&rft.pub=Steiner&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=3-515-07266-7&rft.aulast=H%C3%BCbner&rft.aufirst=Eckhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahle1984" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kahle, Wilhelm (1984), "Die Bedeutung der Confessio Augustana für die Kirche im Osten", in Hauptmann, Peter (ed.), <i>Studien zur osteuropäischen Kirchengeschichte und Kirchenkunde</i>, Kirche im Osten (in German), vol. 27, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-525-56382-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-525-56382-5"><bdi>3-525-56382-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+Bedeutung+der+Confessio+Augustana+f%C3%BCr+die+Kirche+im+Osten&rft.btitle=Studien+zur+osteurop%C3%A4ischen+Kirchengeschichte+und+Kirchenkunde&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.series=Kirche+im+Osten&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=3-525-56382-5&rft.aulast=Kahle&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreem2006" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kreem, Juhan (2006), "Der Deutsche Orden und die Reformation in Livland", in Mol, Johannes A.; Militzer, Klaus; Nicholson, Helen J. (eds.), <i>The military orders and the Reformation. Choices, state building, and the weight of tradition</i> (in German), Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6550-913-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-6550-913-5"><bdi>90-6550-913-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Der+Deutsche+Orden+und+die+Reformation+in+Livland&rft.btitle=The+military+orders+and+the+Reformation.+Choices%2C+state+building%2C+and+the+weight+of+tradition&rft.place=Hilversum&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Verloren&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=90-6550-913-5&rft.aulast=Kreem&rft.aufirst=Juhan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKörber1998" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Körber, Esther-Beate (1998), <i>Öffentlichkeiten der frühen Neuzeit. Teilnehmer, Formen, Institutionen und Entscheidungen öffentlicher Kommunikation im Herzogtum Preussen von 1525 bis 1618</i> (in German), Berlin: de Gruyter, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-015600-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-015600-8"><bdi>3-11-015600-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%96ffentlichkeiten+der+fr%C3%BChen+Neuzeit.+Teilnehmer%2C+Formen%2C+Institutionen+und+Entscheidungen+%C3%B6ffentlicher+Kommunikation+im+Herzogtum+Preussen+von+1525+bis+1618&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=3-11-015600-8&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6rber&rft.aufirst=Esther-Beate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptai1984" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Liptai, E. (1984), <i>Magyarország hadtörténete</i> [<i>Military history of Hungary</i>] (in Hungarian), vol. 1, Zrínyi Katonai Kiadó, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-326-320-4" title="Special:BookSources/963-326-320-4"><bdi>963-326-320-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magyarorsz%C3%A1g+hadt%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nete&rft.pub=Zr%C3%ADnyi+Katonai+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=963-326-320-4&rft.aulast=Liptai&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Madariaga2006" class="citation cs2">De Madariaga, Isabel (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xdFVn1v3FMUC"><i>Ivan the Terrible</i></a>, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11973-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11973-2"><bdi>978-0-300-11973-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ivan+the+Terrible&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11973-2&rft.aulast=De+Madariaga&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxdFVn1v3FMUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordstrom2000" class="citation cs2">Nordstrom, Byron J. (2000), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scandinaviasince0000nord"><i>Scandinavia Since 1500</i></a></span>, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2098-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2098-2"><bdi>978-0-8166-2098-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scandinavia+Since+1500&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-2098-2&rft.aulast=Nordstrom&rft.aufirst=Byron+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscandinaviasince0000nord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakley1993" class="citation cs2">Oakley, Steward (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wPXEp45wAeQC"><i>War and peace in the Baltic, 1560–1790</i></a>, War in Context, Abingdon, New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-02472-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-02472-2"><bdi>0-415-02472-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+peace+in+the+Baltic%2C+1560%E2%80%931790&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+New+York&rft.series=War+in+Context&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-415-02472-2&rft.aulast=Oakley&rft.aufirst=Steward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwPXEp45wAeQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPauker1854" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pauker, C. J. U. (1854), "Der Ordens-Voigt, nachher Königl. dänischer Statthalter zu Sonneburg, Heinrich von Ludinghausen gen. Wolffund dessen Ansprüche an Sonneburg und dessen Gebiet", in Bunge, F. G. v.; Pauker, C. J. U. (eds.), <i>Archiv für die Geschichte Liv-, Ehst- und Curlands</i> (in German), vol. 7, Reval: Lindsfors Erben</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Der+Ordens-Voigt%2C+nachher+K%C3%B6nigl.+d%C3%A4nischer+Statthalter+zu+Sonneburg%2C+Heinrich+von+Ludinghausen+gen.+Wolffund+dessen+Anspr%C3%BCche+an+Sonneburg+und+dessen+Gebiet&rft.btitle=Archiv+f%C3%BCr+die+Geschichte+Liv-%2C+Ehst-+und+Curlands&rft.place=Reval&rft.pub=Lindsfors+Erben&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Pauker&rft.aufirst=C.+J.+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2007" class="citation cs2">Peterson, Gary Dean (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CPJWfVPgFawC"><i>Warrior kings of Sweden. The rise of an empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries</i></a>, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2873-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2873-1"><bdi>978-0-7864-2873-1</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230726232215/https://books.google.com/books?id=CPJWfVPgFawC">archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warrior+kings+of+Sweden.+The+rise+of+an+empire+in+the+sixteenth+and+seventeenth+centuries&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2873-1&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Gary+Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCPJWfVPgFawC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabe1989" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rabe, Horst (1989), <i>Reich und Glaubensspaltung. Deutschland 1500–1600</i>, Neue deutsche Geschichte (in German), vol. 4, Munich: C.H.Beck, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-30816-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-30816-3"><bdi>3-406-30816-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reich+und+Glaubensspaltung.+Deutschland+1500%E2%80%931600&rft.place=Munich&rft.series=Neue+deutsche+Geschichte&rft.pub=C.H.Beck&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=3-406-30816-3&rft.aulast=Rabe&rft.aufirst=Horst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1968" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Roberts_(historian)" title="Michael Roberts (historian)">Roberts, Michael</a> (1968), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x243AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Early Vasas: A History of Sweden, 1523–1611</i></a>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-00-129698-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-00-129698-2"><bdi>1-00-129698-2</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230726232337/https://books.google.com/books?id=x243AAAAIAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Vasas%3A+A+History+of+Sweden%2C+1523%E2%80%931611&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=1-00-129698-2&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx243AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolovyov1791" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Solovyov_(historian)" title="Sergey Solovyov (historian)">Solovyov, Sergey</a> (1791), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4MmZEvjDGDsC"><i>History of Russia from the Earliest Times</i></a> (in Russian), vol. VI, New York: MintRight Inc, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-17-002142-9" title="Special:BookSources/5-17-002142-9"><bdi>5-17-002142-9</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230726232217/https://books.google.com/books?id=4MmZEvjDGDsC">archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Russia+from+the+Earliest+Times&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=MintRight+Inc&rft.date=1791&rft.isbn=5-17-002142-9&rft.aulast=Solovyov&rft.aufirst=Sergey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4MmZEvjDGDsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinke2009" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Steinke, Dimitri (2009), <i>Die Zivilrechtsordnungen des Baltikums unter dem Einfluss ausländischer, insbesondere deutscher Rechtsquellen</i>, Osnabrücker Schriften zur Rechtsgeschichte (in German), vol. 16, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89971-573-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89971-573-6"><bdi>978-3-89971-573-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Zivilrechtsordnungen+des+Baltikums+unter+dem+Einfluss+ausl%C3%A4ndischer%2C+insbesondere+deutscher+Rechtsquellen&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.series=Osnabr%C3%BCcker+Schriften+zur+Rechtsgeschichte&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-89971-573-6&rft.aulast=Steinke&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens2007" class="citation cs2">Stevens, Carol Belkin (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s5tPKOehY5kC"><i>Russia's wars of emergence, 1460–1730</i></a>, Modern wars in perspective, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-21891-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-21891-8"><bdi>978-0-582-21891-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000248/https://books.google.com/books?id=s5tPKOehY5kC">archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+wars+of+emergence%2C+1460%E2%80%931730&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&rft.series=Modern+wars+in+perspective&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-582-21891-8&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Carol+Belkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds5tPKOehY5kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2001" class="citation cs2">Stone, Daniel (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LFgB_l4SdHAC"><i>The Polish-Lithuanian state, 1386–1795</i></a>, History of East Central Europe, vol. 4, Seattle: University of Washington Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-98093-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-98093-1"><bdi>0-295-98093-1</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230726232348/https://books.google.com/books?id=LFgB_l4SdHAC">archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish-Lithuanian+state%2C+1386%E2%80%931795&rft.place=Seattle&rft.series=History+of+East+Central+Europe&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-295-98093-1&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLFgB_l4SdHAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuchtenhagen2005" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tuchtenhagen, Ralph (2005), <i>Geschichte der baltischen Länder</i>, Beck'sche Reihe (in German), vol. 2355, Munich: C.H.Beck, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-50855-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-50855-3"><bdi>3-406-50855-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+baltischen+L%C3%A4nder&rft.place=Munich&rft.series=Beck%27sche+Reihe&rft.pub=C.H.Beck&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-406-50855-3&rft.aulast=Tuchtenhagen&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWernham1968" class="citation cs2">Wernham, Richard Bruce (1968), <i>The new Cambridge modern history: The Counter-Reformation and price revolution, 1559–1610</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Archive, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-04543-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-04543-6"><bdi>0-521-04543-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+Cambridge+modern+history%3A+The+Counter-Reformation+and+price+revolution%2C+1559%E2%80%931610&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press+Archive&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-521-04543-6&rft.aulast=Wernham&rft.aufirst=Richard+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="wikisource:ru:ЭСБЕ/Ливония"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_">"Ливония" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary" title="Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary">Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary</a></i> (in Russian). 1906.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.btitle=Brockhaus+and+Efron+Encyclopedic+Dictionary&rft.date=1906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="wikisource:ru:ЭСБЕ/Иоанн IV Васильевич"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_IV_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_">"Иоанн IV Васильевич" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary" title="Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary">Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary</a></i> (in Russian). 1906.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD+IV+%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft.btitle=Brockhaus+and+Efron+Encyclopedic+Dictionary&rft.date=1906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonian_War&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_Poland" title="Bibliography of the history of Poland">Bibliography of the history of Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Russian_history_(1223%E2%80%931613)" title="Bibliography of Russian history (1223–1613)">Bibliography of Russian history (1223–1613)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Ukrainian_history" title="Bibliography of Ukrainian history">Bibliography of Ukrainian history</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaramzin2003" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Mikhailovich_Karamzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin">Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovich</a> (2003) [1826], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w851ixSKr9AC">"III"</a>, <i>Istoriya gosudarstva Rossiyskogo</i> (in Russian), vol. VIII, Moscow: Olma Media Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-224-04058-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-224-04058-2"><bdi>978-5-224-04058-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=III&rft.btitle=Istoriya+gosudarstva+Rossiyskogo&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Olma+Media+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-5-224-04058-2&rft.aulast=Karamzin&rft.aufirst=Nikolai+Mikhailovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw851ixSKr9AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonian_War&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Livonian_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Livonian War">Livonian War</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li>Oscar Halecki, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090504232233/http://victorian.fortunecity.com/wooton/34/halecki/11.htm">The Struggle for the Dominium Maris Baltici</a></li> <li>William Urban, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lituanus.org/1983_3/83_3_02.htm">The Origin of the Livonian War, 1558</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120808094814/http://www.lituanus.org/1983_3/83_3_02.htm">Archived</a> 8 August 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Lituanus, Volume 29, No.3 – Fall 1983)</li> <li>Andres Adamson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tlulib.ee/files/arts/96/andre267b2fbf346f36611be2ffd9aedf3d07.pdf">The Role of Duke Magnus of Holstein in the Baltic Sea Region during the Livonian War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002035441/http://www.tlulib.ee/files/arts/96/andre267b2fbf346f36611be2ffd9aedf3d07.pdf">Archived</a> 2 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2006, dissertation)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Campaigns_and_treaties_of_the_Livonian_War_(1558–1583)1639" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaigns_and_treaties_of_the_Livonian_War" title="Template:Campaigns and treaties of the Livonian War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaigns_and_treaties_of_the_Livonian_War" title="Template talk:Campaigns and treaties of the Livonian War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaigns_and_treaties_of_the_Livonian_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaigns and treaties of the Livonian War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Campaigns_and_treaties_of_the_Livonian_War_(1558–1583)1639" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Campaigns and treaties of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Livonian War</a> (1558–1583)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Narva (1558)">Narva (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dorpat_(1558)" title="Siege of Dorpat (1558)">Dorpat (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Neishloss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Neishloss (page does not exist)">Neishloss</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Neuhausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Neuhausen (page does not exist)">Neuhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Ringen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Ringen (page does not exist)">Ringen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Zessvengen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Zessvengen (page does not exist)">Zessvengen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Dorpat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Dorpat (page does not exist)">Dorpat (1559)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Erms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Erms (page does not exist)">Erms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ergeme" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ergeme">Ergeme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ula">Ula</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Reval_(1571%E2%80%9372)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Reval (1571–72) (page does not exist)">Reval (1571–72)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wesenberg_(1574)" title="Siege of Wesenberg (1574)">Wesenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Reval_(1576%E2%80%9377)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Reval (1576–77) (page does not exist)">Reval (1576–77)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Wenden_(1577%E2%80%9378)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battles of Wenden (1577–78)">Wenden (1577–78)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Narva_(1581)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Narva (1581) (page does not exist)">Narva (1581)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82%27s_raid_to_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Krzysztof Radziwiłł's raid to Moscow">Radziwiłł's raid (1581)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_campaign_of_Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory">Báthory's campaign (1577–1582)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pskov" title="Siege of Pskov">Pskov</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pozvol" title="Treaty of Pozvol">Pozvol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vilnius_(1559)" title="Treaty of Vilnius (1559)">Vilnius (1559)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Novgorod_(1561)" title="Treaty of Novgorod (1561)">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vilnius_(1561)" title="Treaty of Vilnius (1561)">Vilnius (1561)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mozhaysk" title="Treaty of Mozhaysk">Mozhaysk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dorpat" title="Treaty of Dorpat">Dorpat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Grodno_(1566)" title="Union of Grodno (1566)">Grodno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Roskilde_(1568)" title="Treaties of Roskilde (1568)">Roskilde</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1570)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1570)">Stettin</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Drohiczyn" title="Treaty of Drohiczyn">Drohiczyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Jam_Zapolski" class="mw-redirect" title="Truce of Jam Zapolski">Jam Zapolski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Plussa" title="Treaty of Plussa">Narva-Plussa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><sup>1</sup> Treaties primarily concerning the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Northern Seven Years' War">Northern Seven Years' War</a> which contain agreements regarding Livonia</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lithuanian_wars_and_conflicts9943" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lithuanian_wars_and_conflicts" title="Template:Lithuanian wars and conflicts"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lithuanian_wars_and_conflicts" title="Template talk:Lithuanian wars and conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lithuanian_wars_and_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lithuanian wars and conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lithuanian_wars_and_conflicts9943" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Lithuania" title="List of wars involving Lithuania">Lithuanian wars and conflicts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand<br />Duchy of<br />Lithuania</a><br />(to 1795)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania_(1219%E2%80%9395)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuania (1219–95)">13th<br />century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Lithuania" title="Mongol invasions of Lithuania">Mongol invasions of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Crusade" title="Lithuanian Crusade">Lithuanian Crusade</a> (1283–1422)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia_Wars" title="Galicia–Volhynia Wars">Galicia–Volhynia Wars</a> (1340–1392)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1368%E2%80%931372)" title="Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–1372)">Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–1372)</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lithuanian_Civil_Wars21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lithuanian Civil Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Civil_War_(1381%E2%80%931384)" title="Lithuanian Civil War (1381–1384)">1381–1384</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Civil_War_(1389%E2%80%931392)" title="Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392)">1389–1392</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Vikhra_River" title="Battle of the Vikhra River">Vikhra River (1386)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lithuanian_Crusade22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Crusade" title="Lithuanian Crusade">Lithuanian Crusade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samogitian_uprisings" title="Samogitian uprisings">Samogitian anti-Teutonic uprisings (1401–1409)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%E2%80%93Teutonic_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War">Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War</a> (1409–1411) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grunwald" title="Battle of Grunwald">Grunwald (1410)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_War" title="Hunger War">Hunger War</a> (1414)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gollub_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Gollub War">Gollub War</a> (1422)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Civil_War_(1432%E2%80%931438)" title="Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438)">Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ashmyany" title="Battle of Ashmyany">Ašmena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wi%C5%82komierz" title="Battle of Wiłkomierz">Pabaiskas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Teutonic_War_(1431%E2%80%931435)" title="Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435)">Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War</a> (1431–1435)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna" title="Crusade of Varna">Crusade of Varna</a> (1443–1444) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varna" title="Battle of Varna">Varna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Years%27_War_(1454%E2%80%931466)" title="Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)">Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Muscovite–Lithuanian_Wars27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars#First_border_war_(1492–1494)" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">1492–1494</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars#Second_war_(1500–1503)" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">1500–1503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars#Third_war_(1507–1508)" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">1507–1508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glinski_rebellion" title="Glinski rebellion">Glinski rebellion</a> (1508)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars#Fourth_war_(1512–1522)" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">1512–1522</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars#Fifth_or_Starodub_war_(1534–1537)" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">1534–1537</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Livonian War</a> (1558–1583) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_campaign_of_Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory">Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory</a> (1577–1582)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Northern Seven Years' War">Northern Seven Years' War</a> (1563–1570)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession_(1587%E2%80%931588)" title="War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588)">War of the Polish–Lithuanian Succession</a> (1587–1588)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uprisings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosi%C5%84ski_uprising" title="Kosiński uprising">Kosiński (1591–1593)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalyvaiko_Uprising" title="Nalyvaiko Uprising">Nalyvaiko (1594–1596)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Wars_with_Sweden42" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Swedish wars">Wars with Sweden</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_against_Sigismund" title="War against Sigismund">War against Sigismund</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St%C3%A5ngebro" title="Battle of Stångebro">Stångebro (1598)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1600%E2%80%931611)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611)">1600–1611</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kircholm" title="Battle of Kircholm">Kircholm (1605)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1617%E2%80%931618)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1617–1618)">1617–1618</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1621%E2%80%931625)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625)">1621–1625</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1626%E2%80%931629)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629)">1626–1629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_War_of_1655%E2%80%931660" title="Northern War of 1655–1660">Swedish Deluge</a> (1655–1660)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rebellions &<br />uprisings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zebrzydowski_rebellion" title="Zebrzydowski rebellion">Zebrzydowski (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhmaylo_uprising" title="Zhmaylo uprising">Zhmaylo (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedorovych_uprising" title="Fedorovych uprising">Fedorovych (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlyuk_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlyuk uprising"> Pavlyuk (1637)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostryanyn_uprising" title="Ostryanyn uprising">Ostryanyn (1638)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising"> Khmelnytsky (1648–1657)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berestechko" title="Battle of Berestechko">Berestechko</a> (1651)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tsardom of<br />Muscovy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1605%E2%80%931618)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)">1605–1618</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klushino" title="Battle of Klushino">Klushino (1610)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_War" title="Smolensk War">1632–1634</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Smolensk_(1632%E2%80%931633)" title="Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633)">Smolensk (1632–1633)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russian Deluge</a> (1654–1667)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ottomans &<br />Tatars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1620%E2%80%931621)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1620–1621)">1620–1621</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khotyn_(1621)" title="Battle of Khotyn (1621)">Khotyn (1621)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1633%E2%80%931634)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1633–1634)">1633–1634</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Cossack%E2%80%93Tatar_War_(1666%E2%80%931671)" title="Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671)">1666–1671</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1672%E2%80%931676)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676)">1672–1676</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khotyn_(1673)" title="Battle of Khotyn (1673)">Khotyn (1673)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1683%E2%80%931699)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1683–1699)">1683–1699</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Magnate_Wars" title="Moldavian Magnate Wars">Moldavian Magnate Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> (1618–1648) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Humenn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Humenné">Humenné (1619)</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Early5" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Civil_War_(1697%E2%80%931702)" title="Lithuanian Civil War (1697–1702)">Lithuanian Civil War (1697–1702)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> (1700–1721)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish–Lithuanian Succession</a> (1733–1735)</li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">Bar Confederation</a> (1768–1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1792" class="mw-redirect" title="War of 1792">War of 1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a> (1794)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Armed_Forces_(obverse).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Armed_Forces_%28obverse%29.png/50px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Armed_Forces_%28obverse%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Armed_Forces_%28obverse%29.png/75px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Armed_Forces_%28obverse%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Armed_Forces_%28obverse%29.png/100px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Armed_Forces_%28obverse%29.png 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Lithuania<br />partitioned<br />(1795–1918)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> (1803–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a> (1812)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Uprisings9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uprisings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_1831" class="mw-redirect" title="Uprising of 1831">1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_1863" class="mw-redirect" title="Uprising of 1863">1863</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1905" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution of 1905">Revolution of 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Interwar Lithuania">Interwar<br />Lithuania</a><br />(1918–1940)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Lithuanian–Soviet War">Lithuanian–Soviet War</a> (1918–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> (1919–1920)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Revolt" title="Klaipėda Revolt">Klaipėda Revolt</a> (1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania#World_War_II_(1939–1945)" title="History of Lithuania">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">June Uprising in Lithuania</a> (1941)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania#Soviet_period_(1944–1990)" title="History of Lithuania">Soviet<br />occupation</a><br />(1944–1990)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_partisans" title="Lithuanian partisans">Lithuanian partisans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania#Independence_restored_(1990–present)" title="History of Lithuania">Restored<br />Lithuania</a><br />(since 1990)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_OMON_assaults_on_Lithuanian_border_posts" title="Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts">Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> (2003–2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link 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style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polish_wars_and_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polish wars and conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polish_wars_and_conflicts9210" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Poland" title="List of wars involving Poland">Polish wars and conflicts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">General and related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Polish_Army" title="History of the Polish Army">History of the Polish Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Polish_intelligence_services" title="History of Polish intelligence services">History of Polish intelligence services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Poland" title="List of wars involving Poland">List of wars involving Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces" title="Polish Armed Forces">Polish Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warfare_in_Medieval_Poland" title="Warfare in Medieval Poland">Warfare in Medieval Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Wojska_L%C4%85dowe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/POL_Wojska_L%C4%85dowe.svg/50px-POL_Wojska_L%C4%85dowe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/POL_Wojska_L%C4%85dowe.svg/75px-POL_Wojska_L%C4%85dowe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/POL_Wojska_L%C4%85dowe.svg/100px-POL_Wojska_L%C4%85dowe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1061" /></a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Marynarka_Wojenna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/POL_Marynarka_Wojenna.svg/50px-POL_Marynarka_Wojenna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/POL_Marynarka_Wojenna.svg/75px-POL_Marynarka_Wojenna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/POL_Marynarka_Wojenna.svg/100px-POL_Marynarka_Wojenna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Wojska_Lotnicze.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/POL_Wojska_Lotnicze.svg/50px-POL_Wojska_Lotnicze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/POL_Wojska_Lotnicze.svg/75px-POL_Wojska_Lotnicze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/POL_Wojska_Lotnicze.svg/100px-POL_Wojska_Lotnicze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="939" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty" title="History of Poland during the Piast dynasty">Piast Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Veletian_War" title="Polish–Veletian War">Polish–Veletian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cedynia" title="Battle of Cedynia">Battle of Cedynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_War_(1003%E2%80%931018)" title="German–Polish War (1003–1018)">German–Polish War (1003–1018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I%27s_intervention_in_the_Kievan_succession_crisis" title="Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis">Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_War_(1028%E2%80%931031)" title="German–Polish War (1028–1031)">German–Polish War (1028–1031)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miec%C5%82aw%27s_Rebellion" title="Miecław's Rebellion">Miecław's Rebellion</a></li> <li>1072 war against <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_G%C5%82og%C3%B3w" title="Siege of Głogów">Siege of Głogów</a></li> <li>1146 war against Germany</li> <li>1156 war against Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia_Wars" title="Galicia–Volhynia Wars">Galicia–Volhynia Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mongol invasions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="First Mongol invasion of Poland">First Mongol invasion of Poland (1240/41)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Second Mongol invasion of Poland">Second Mongol invasion of Poland (1259/60)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Third Mongol invasion of Poland">Third Mongol invasion of Poland (1287/88)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Legnica" title="Battle of Legnica">Battle of Legnica</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty">Jagiellon Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Teutonic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Teutonic War">Polish–Teutonic wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teutonic_takeover_of_Danzig_(Gda%C5%84sk)" title="Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)">Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Teutonic_War_(1326%E2%80%931332)" title="Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332)">Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_P%C5%82owce" title="Battle of Płowce">Battle of Płowce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%E2%80%93Teutonic_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War">Great War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grunwald" title="Battle of Grunwald">Battle of Grunwald</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_War" title="Hunger War">Hunger War (1414)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gollub_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Gollub War">Gollub War (1422)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Teutonic_War_(1431%E2%80%931435)" title="Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435)">Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Years%27_War_(1454%E2%80%931466)" title="Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)">Thirteen Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Priests_(Poland)" title="War of the Priests (Poland)">War of the Priests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Teutonic_War_(1519%E2%80%931521)" title="Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521)">Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_the_White%27s_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Władysław the White's rebellion">Władysław the White's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Civil_War_(1432%E2%80%931438)" title="Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438)">Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grotniki" title="Battle of Grotniki">Battle of Grotniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna" title="Crusade of Varna">1444 war against the Ottomans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varna" title="Battle of Varna">Battle of Varna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_campaign_(1497%E2%80%931499)" title="Moldavian campaign (1497–1499)">Moldavian campaign (1497–1499)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1512–1522)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orsha" title="Battle of Orsha">Battle of Orsha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1534%E2%80%931537)" title="Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1534–1537)">Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1534–1537)</a></li> <li>Ottoman–Tatar Invasion of Lithuania and Poland</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Swedish wars">Polish–Swedish wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Livonian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_campaign_of_Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory">campaign of Stephen Báthory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Northern Seven Years' War">Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_against_Sigismund" title="War against Sigismund">War against Sigismund</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St%C3%A5ngebro" title="Battle of Stångebro">Battle of Stångebro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1600%E2%80%931629)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1600–1629)">Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1629</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1600%E2%80%931611)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611)">Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1611</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kircholm" title="Battle of Kircholm">Battle of Kircholm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1617%E2%80%931618)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1617–1618)">Polish–Swedish War of 1617–1618</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1621%E2%80%931625)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625)">Polish–Swedish War of 1621–1625</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1626%E2%80%931629)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629)">Polish–Swedish War of 1626–1629</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_War_of_1655%E2%80%931660" title="Northern War of 1655–1660">Northern War of 1655–1660</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">The Deluge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danzig_rebellion" title="Danzig rebellion">Danzig rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lubiesz%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Lubieszów">Battle of Lubieszów</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1577)" title="Siege of Danzig (1577)">Siege of Danzig (1577)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession_(1587%E2%80%931588)" title="War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588)">War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Byczyna" title="Battle of Byczyna">Battle of Byczyna</a></li></ul></li> <li>1589 Tatar Invasion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosi%C5%84ski_uprising" title="Kosiński uprising">Kosiński uprising</a></li> <li>1593 Tatar Invasion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalyvaiko_Uprising" title="Nalyvaiko Uprising">Nalyvaiko Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Magnate_Wars" title="Moldavian Magnate Wars">Moldavian Magnate Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_(1609%E2%80%931618)" title="Polish–Russian War (1609–1618)">Polish–Russian War of 1609–1618</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klushino" title="Battle of Klushino">Battle of Kłuszyn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebrzydowski_rebellion" title="Zebrzydowski rebellion">Zebrzydowski rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Humenn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Humenné">Battle of Humenné</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" title="Polish–Ottoman Wars">Polish–Ottoman wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_campaign_(1497%E2%80%931499)" title="Moldavian campaign (1497–1499)">Moldavian campaign (1497–1499)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1620%E2%80%931621)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1620–1621)">Polish–Ottoman War of 1620–1621</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khotyn_(1621)" title="Battle of Khotyn (1621)">Battle of Chocim (1621)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1633%E2%80%931634)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1633–1634)">Polish–Ottoman War of 1633–1634</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Cossack%E2%80%93Tatar_War_(1666%E2%80%931671)" title="Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671)">Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1672%E2%80%931676)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676)">Polish–Ottoman War of 1672–1676</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khotyn_(1673)" title="Battle of Khotyn (1673)">Battle of Chocim (1673)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1683%E2%80%931699)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1683–1699)">War of the Holy League 1683–1699</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">Battle of Vienna</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1624 Tatar Invasion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhmaylo_uprising" title="Zhmaylo uprising">Zhmaylo uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedorovych_uprising" title="Fedorovych uprising">Fedorovych uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_War" title="Smolensk War">Smolensk War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Smolensk_(1632%E2%80%931633)" title="Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633)">Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlyuk_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlyuk uprising">Pavlyuk uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostryanyn_uprising" title="Ostryanyn uprising">Ostryanyn uprising</a></li> <li>1644 Tatar Invasion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Khmelnytsky Uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berestechko" title="Battle of Berestechko">Battle of Berestechko</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russo–Polish War of 1654–1667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">War of the Bar Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_of_1792" title="Polish–Russian War of 1792">Polish–Russian War of 1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1795%E2%80%931918)" title="History of Poland (1795–1918)">Poland partitioned</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denisko_uprising" title="Denisko uprising">Denisko uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">Prussian campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Polish_War" title="Austro-Polish War">Austro-Polish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1848)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Poland uprising (1848)">Greater Poland uprising (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_World_War_I" title="History of Poland during World War I">fighting in Poland</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_War" title="Polish–Czechoslovak War">Polish–Czechoslovak War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Silesian_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="First Silesian Uprising">First Silesian Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Battle of Warsaw (1920)">Battle of Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_offensive_(1920)" title="Kiev offensive (1920)">Kiev offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Silesian_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Silesian Uprising">Second Silesian Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Silesian_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Silesian Uprising">Third Silesian Uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">World War II in Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li>Polish <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II"> resistance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Poland during World War II">contributions</a> during World War II</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprisings" title="Ghetto uprisings">Ghetto uprisings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok Ghetto uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa Ghetto uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italian Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Operation Tempest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ostra_Brama" title="Operation Ostra Brama">Operation Ostra Brama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów uprising">Lwów uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)" title="History of Poland (1945–1989)">People's Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racib%C3%B3rz_Conflict" title="Racibórz Conflict">Racibórz Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1989%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Poland (1989–present)">Third Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy" title="Operation Uphold Democracy">Operation Uphold Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">Occupation of Iraq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Military aid to Ukraine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Tsarist,_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)230" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_conflicts" title="Template talk:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Tsarist,_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed conflicts involving <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> times)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military history of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Military history of the Russian Empire">Military history of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military history of the Soviet Union">Military history of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Military history of the Russian Federation">Military history of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by opponent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-Finnish_wars" title="Soviet-Finnish wars">Soviet-Finnish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">Russo-Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_armed_conflicts_involving_Poland_against_Russia" title="List of armed conflicts involving Poland against Russia">Russo-Polish Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Sweden" title="List of wars between Russia and Sweden">Russo-Swedish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russo-Turkish wars">Russo-Turkish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wars between Russia and Ukraine">Russo-Ukrainian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Russia" title="List of wars involving Russia">List of wars involving Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of wars involving the Soviet Union">List of wars involving the Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of battles involving the Russian Federation">List of battles involving the Russian Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Bolotnikov" title="Uprising of Bolotnikov">Uprising of Bolotnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razin%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Razin's Rebellion">Razin's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulavin_Rebellion" title="Bulavin Rebellion">Bulavin Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugachev%27s_Rebellion" title="Pugachev's Rebellion">Pugachev's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">Coup attempt (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tsardom of<br />Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1554%E2%80%931557)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)">Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Livonian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1568%E2%80%931570)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)">Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1590%E2%80%931595)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)">Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1605%E2%80%931618)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)">Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_War" title="Ingrian War">Ingrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_War" title="Smolensk War">Smolensk War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1651%E2%80%931653)" title="Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)">Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1676%E2%80%931681)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)">Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1686%E2%80%931700)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)">Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th–19th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1710%E2%80%931711)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)">Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)" title="Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)">Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a> (1733–1738)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Russian%E2%80%93Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)">Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> (1740–1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)">Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">Bar Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1788%E2%80%931790)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)">Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_of_1792" title="Polish–Russian War of 1792">Russo-Polish War (1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_North_America" title="Russian colonization of North America">Russian colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Expedition_of_1796" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Expedition of 1796">Russo-Persian War (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Seventh_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Seventh Coalition">War of the Seventh Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Russian conquest of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Circassian_War" title="Russo-Circassian War">Russo-Circassian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Murid War">Murid War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)">Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia" title="Russian conquest of Central Asia">Russian conquest of Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Bukhara" title="Russian conquest of Bukhara">Russian conquest of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_campaign_of_1873" title="Khivan campaign of 1873">Khivan campaign of 1873</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Russian invasion of Manchuria">Russian invasion of Manchuria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Tabriz" title="Russian occupation of Tabriz">Russian occupation of Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Soviet_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine">1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alash_Autonomy" title="Alash Autonomy">Kazakhstan Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochi_conflict" title="Sochi conflict">Sochi conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimosodat" title="Heimosodat">Heimosodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919">Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Lithuanian–Soviet War">Lithuanian–Soviet War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)">Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Azerbaijan" title="Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan">Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Armenia" title="Red Army invasion of Armenia">Red Army invasion of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_intervention_in_Mongolia" title="Soviet intervention in Mongolia">Red Army intervention in Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Karelian_uprising" title="East Karelian uprising">East Karelian uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Central Asian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urtatagai_conflict_(1925%E2%80%931926)" title="Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)">Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1930)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_uprising_of_1932&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chechen uprising of 1932 (page does not exist)">Chechen uprising of 1932</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_1932_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Восстание в Чечне 1932 года">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet invasion of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)" title="Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)">Xinjiang War (1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" title="Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_Latvia_in_1944" title="Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944">Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army#Soviet_Union" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Guerrilla war in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_incident" title="Vlora incident">Vlora incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_OMON_assaults_on_Lithuanian_border_posts" title="Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts">Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia_war_(1991%E2%80%931992)" title="South Ossetia war (1991–1992)">South Ossetia war (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Intervention in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Libya_campaign" title="Western Libya campaign">Western Libya campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kazakh_unrest" title="2022 Kazakh unrest">Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Winter" title="Russian Winter">Russian Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">Sphere of influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox789" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top 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