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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Normalization_and_discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_isolation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_isolation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Social isolation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_isolation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence_against_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence_against_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Violence against women</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immobility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immobility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Immobility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immobility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marital_rape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marital_rape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Marital rape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marital_rape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_favoritism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_favoritism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Relationship favoritism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_favoritism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Religious views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism" title="Category:Feminism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol_(heavy_pink).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/80px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/120px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/160px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History of feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Germany" title="History of women in Germany">German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> Waves</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Timelines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Other women's rights</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> by country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Austria" title="Women's suffrage in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colombia" title="Women's suffrage in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_India" title="Women's suffrage in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Liechtenstein" title="Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Spanish_Second_Republic_period" title="Women's suffrage in the Spanish Second Republic period">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Francoist_Spain_and_the_democratic_transition" title="Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition">Francoist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Women's suffrage in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Feminist_thought" title="Intersectionality">Intersectional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_feminism" title="Fat feminism">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Lesbian_of_color_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_lesbianism" title="Radical lesbianism">Radical lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism#Lesbian_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian ecofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Jineology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Marxist_feminist_critical_theory" title="Intersectionality">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Materialist_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenofeminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenofeminism">Xenofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multicultural</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana womanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" title="Hip hop feminism">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Black_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratchet_feminism" title="Ratchet feminism">Ratchet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Chicana_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_feminist_theory" title="Multiracial feminist theory">Multiracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfeminism" title="Postfeminism">Postfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofeminism" title="Neofeminism">Neofeminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_feminism" title="Imperial feminism">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_feminism" title="Embedded feminism">Embedded</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Gender-critical</span> or <span class="nowrap">trans-exclusionary</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">Movements and ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4B_movement" title="4B movement">4B movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-pornography_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-pornography feminism">Anti-pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyberfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">HCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networked_feminism" title="Networked feminism">Networked</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism#Stiletto_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Stiletto</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian feminism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_lesbianism" title="Political lesbianism">Political lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technofeminism" title="Technofeminism">Technofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_effects_on_society" title="Feminist effects on society">Effects on society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">In hip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li> <li>International <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health"><span class="wrap">Women's health</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Outlooks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Criticism of marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_BDSM" title="Feminist views on BDSM">Views on BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_pornography" title="Feminist views on pornography">Views on pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry" title="Feminist views on the sex industry">Views on prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics" title="Feminist views on transgender topics">Views on transgender topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Feminist method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_gaze" title="Male gaze">Male gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Areas of study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">FDPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_constructivism" title="Feminist constructivism">Constructivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Sex wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">womanist theology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By continent/country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Senegal" title="Feminism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Australia" title="Feminism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Feminism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_New_Zealand" title="Feminism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Norway" title="Feminism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Poland" title="Feminism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Feminism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Korea" title="Feminism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Sweden" title="Feminism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Taiwan" title="Feminism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Feminism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">History of women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists and categories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_feminism_articles" title="Index of feminism articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminists" title="List of feminists">Feminists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminists_by_nationality" title="Category:Feminists by nationality">by nationality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_literature" title="List of feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_feminist_literature" title="List of American feminist literature">American feminist literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_comic_books" title="List of feminist comic books">Feminist comic books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_anthems" title="List of feminist anthems">Feminist songs</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecofeminist_authors" title="List of ecofeminist authors">Ecofeminist authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_art_critics" title="List of feminist art critics">Feminist art critics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_economists" title="List of feminist economists">Feminist economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_philosophers" title="List of feminist philosophers">Feminist 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href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage organizations">Women's suffrage organizations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_rights_by_country" title="Category:Women's rights by country">Women's rights by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminists_by_nationality" title="Category:Feminists by nationality">Feminists by nationality</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A; border-bottom:1px solid #DF2B6A; font-weight:bold"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/28px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/42px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/56px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminism_sidebar" title="Template:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Criticisms of <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a></b> are arguments against the practical or moral value of the institution of matrimony or particular forms of matrimony. These have included the effects that marriage has on individual liberty, equality between the sexes, the relation between marriage and violence, philosophical questions about how much control can a government have over its population, the amount of control a person has over another, the financial risk when measured against the divorce rate, and questioning of the necessity to have a relationship sanctioned by government or religious authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Criticism of marriage comes from various cultural movements, including branches of feminism, anarchism, Marxism and queer theory. Feminist activists often point to historical, legal and social inequalities of <a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">wedding</a>, family life and <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a> in their criticism of marriage. Sheila Cronan claimed that the freedom for women "cannot be won without the abolition of marriage."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The institution of marriage – wrote <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Marlene Dixon">Marlene Dixon</a> of the Democratic Workers Party – is the chief vehicle for the perpetuation of the oppression of women; it is through the role of wife that the subjugation of women is maintained". Activist <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Dworkin" title="Andrea Dworkin">Andrea Dworkin</a> stated : </p> <dl><dd><i>Marriage as an institution developed from rape as a practice. Rape, originally defined as abduction, became marriage by capture. Marriage meant the taking was to extend in time, to be not only use of but possession of, or ownership.</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p><br /> Early <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">second-wave feminist</a> literature in the West, specifically opposed to marriage include personalities such as <a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Kate Millett</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Politics" title="Sexual Politics">Sexual Politics</a></i>, 1969), <a href="/wiki/Germaine_Greer" title="Germaine Greer">Germaine Greer</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Female_Eunuch" title="The Female Eunuch">The Female Eunuch</a></i>, 1970), <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_French" title="Marilyn French">Marilyn French</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Women%27s_Room" title="The Women's Room">The Women's Room</a></i>, 1977), <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Bernard" title="Jessie Bernard">Jessie Bernard</a> (<i>The Future of Marriage</i>, 1972), and <a href="/wiki/Shulamith_Firestone" title="Shulamith Firestone">Shulamith Firestone</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Dialectic_of_Sex" title="The Dialectic of Sex">The Dialectic of Sex</a>: The Case for Feminist Revolution</i>, 1970).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_marriage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sylvia-Pankhurst_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sylvia-Pankhurst_1.jpg/220px-Sylvia-Pankhurst_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Sylvia-Pankhurst_1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a> (1882 – 1960), British feminist, refused to marry her son's father, creating public scandal.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 380 BC, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> criticised marriage in the <i><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Plato's Republic">Republic</a></i>. He stated that the idea of marriage was a "natural enemy" of the "commonwealth," aiming for its own higher unity.<sup id="cite_ref-Plato_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plato-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial age">industrial age</a> a number of notable women writers including <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Fielding" title="Sarah Fielding">Sarah Fielding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Hays" title="Mary Hays">Mary Hays</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a>, raised complaints that marriage in their own societies could be characterized as little more than a state of "legal prostitution" with underprivileged women signing in to support themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sociologists Naomi Gerstel and Natalia Sarkisian wrote that marriage is also found to be often at odds with community, diminishing ties to relatives, neighbors, and friends.<sup id="cite_ref-Pamela_Haag-316_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pamela_Haag-316-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Dan Moller's "Bachelor's Argument", modern marriage can be compared to the act of "forging professional credentials." Over 40 percent of them fail and therefore should be avoided similar to any high-risk venture.<sup id="cite_ref-Moller-Brake_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moller-Brake-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commentators have often been critical of individual local practices and traditions, leading to historical changes. Examples include the early <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>'s efforts to eliminate <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">concubinage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Probationary_marriage_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Probationary marriage in Scotland">temporary marriage</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a>, and the abolition of laws against inter-faith and inter-race marriages in the western countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Kilbride-21_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kilbride-21-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decision not to marry is a presumed consequence of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a>'s philosophy. His well-documented relationship with <a href="/wiki/Regine_Olsen" title="Regine Olsen">Regine Olsen</a> is a subject of study in <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialism</a>, as he called off their engagement despite mutual love. Kierkegaard seems to have loved Regine but was unable to reconcile the prospect of marriage with his vocation as a writer and his passionate and introspective Christianity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A similar argument is found in <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a>'s journal entry titled "Summary of all the arguments for and against my marriage": </p> <blockquote> <p>I must be alone a great deal. What I accomplished was only the result of being alone.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>As a high-profile couple, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a> always expressed opposition to marriage. Brian Sawyer says "Marriage, understood existentially, proposes to join two free selves into one heading, thus denying the freedom, the complete foundation, of each self."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">legalization of same-sex marriage in the United States</a>, many people banded together to <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycott</a> marriage until all people could legally marry. The argument was that since marriage is not an inclusive institution of society, the members of the boycott refuse to support the institution as it existed.<sup id="cite_ref-Rofes_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rofes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sperry_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sperry-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the West, <a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">cohabitation</a> and births outside marriage are becoming more common. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious">religious</a> commentators are highly critical of this trend. They are also often critical of present-day marriage law and the ease of divorce. <a href="/wiki/John_Witte,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Witte, Jr.">John Witte, Jr.</a>, Professor of Law and director of the Law and Religion Program at Emory University, argues that contemporary liberal attitudes toward marriage produce a family that is "haphazardly bound together in the common pursuit of selfish ends" exactly as prophesied by Nietzsche.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <i><a href="/wiki/From_Sacrament_to_Contract" class="mw-redirect" title="From Sacrament to Contract">From Sacrament to Contract</a></i>, Witte has argued that <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>'s secular and <i>contractarian</i> model of marriage, developed during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, provided the theoretical justification for the present-day transformation of Anglo-American marriage law, promoting unqualified "right to divorce" on plaintiff's demand, one-time division of property, and child custody without regard for marital misconduct.<sup id="cite_ref-Witte-215_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witte-215-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> professor Romano Cessario, in a review of Witte's book published in an ecumenical journal the <i><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></i>, suggested that a solution to the current crisis of marriage in the West, could come from the possible revival of the sacramental marriage among Christians, thus counterbalancing Nietzsche's pessimism (as echoed by Witte).<sup id="cite_ref-Jane_Williams-Hogan_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jane_Williams-Hogan-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_criticisms">Cultural criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_marriage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cultural criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Esposas_de_Matrimonio_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Esposas_de_Matrimonio_1.jpg/220px-Esposas_de_Matrimonio_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Esposas_de_Matrimonio_1.jpg/330px-Esposas_de_Matrimonio_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Esposas_de_Matrimonio_1.jpg/440px-Esposas_de_Matrimonio_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>"<i>Esposas de Matrimonio</i>" ("Wedding Cuffs"), a <a href="/wiki/Wedding_ring" title="Wedding ring">wedding ring</a> sculpture expressing the criticism of marriages' effects on individual liberty. <i>Esposas</i> is a Spanish pun, in which the singular form of the word <i>esposa</i> refers to a spouse, and the plural refers to <a href="/wiki/Handcuffs" title="Handcuffs">handcuffs</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Male_dominance">Male dominance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_marriage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Male dominance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Critics of marriage argue that it is an institution which contributes to the maintaining of traditional gender roles, thus preventing women from achieving social equality, and reinforcing the idea that women exist to serve men, which in turn increases the abuse of women. They argue that marriage reinforces the traditional paradigm of male-female interaction: subordination of the woman to the man in exchange for subsistence. According to <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Jeffreys" title="Sheila Jeffreys">Sheila Jeffreys</a> "the traditional elements of marriage have not completely disappeared in western societies, even in the case of employed, highly educated and well paid professional women."<sup id="cite_ref-The_Industrial_Vagina_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Industrial_Vagina-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She argues that even such women remain in abusive marriages out of fear of leaving and out of duty. Even in Western countries, married women "feel they have no choice but to stay and endure and may be 'loving to survive.'"<sup id="cite_ref-The_Industrial_Vagina_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Industrial_Vagina-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Normalization_and_discrimination">Normalization and discrimination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_marriage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Normalization and discrimination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marriage_promotion" title="Marriage promotion">Marriage promotion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">Matrilineality</a></div> <p>Some commentators<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2014)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> criticize government authorities for <a href="/wiki/Marriage_promotion" title="Marriage promotion">promotion of marriage</a>. They also criticize the <a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">romanticized</a> image that marriage is given in films and <a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">romance novels</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Over 40% of books sold in America were romance novels.<sup id="cite_ref-thurstonnewspaper_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thurstonnewspaper-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some critics argue that people cannot form an objective image of what marriage is if they are from early childhood <a href="/wiki/Indoctrinated" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoctrinated">indoctrinated</a> into believing marriage is desirable and necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="while this sentence has the most citations, it also suggests that all lessons learned in early childhood are wrong. Who gets to decide merit? Just the selected few critics of ideas with which they disagree? (May 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Critics of marriage argue that this institution represents a form of state sponsored discrimination, in a generalized way against people who do not marry, and in a particular way against certain racial or ethnic groups who are less likely to marry and more likely to have children outside marriage, such as <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> in the US - by stigmatizing such individuals, presenting their lifestyle as abnormal and denying them rights.<sup id="cite_ref-organizingupgrade.com_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-organizingupgrade.com-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dean_Spade" title="Dean Spade">Dean Spade</a> and Craig Willse write that:<sup id="cite_ref-organizingupgrade.com_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-organizingupgrade.com-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>The idea that married families and their children are superior was and remains a key tool of anti-Black racism. Black families have consistently been portrayed as pathological and criminal in academic research and social policy based on marriage rates, most famously in the Moynihan Report. </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_isolation">Social isolation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_marriage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Social isolation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:246px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>What is it about modern coupledom that makes policing another person's behaviour a synonym for intimacy? (Or is it something about the conditions of modern life itself: is domesticity a venue for control because most of us have so little of it elsewhere?) Then there's the fundamental premise of monogamous marriage: that mutual desire can and will last throughout a lifetime. And if it doesn't? Well apparently you're just supposed to give up on sex, since waning desire for your mate is never an adequate defence for 'looking elsewhere'. At the same time, let's not forget how many booming businesses and new technologies have arisen to prop up sagging marital desire. Consider all the investment opportunities afforded: Viagra, couples pornography, therapy. If upholding monogamy in the absence of desire weren't a social dictate, how many enterprises would immediately fail? </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— American cultural critic and essayist <a href="/wiki/Laura_Kipnis" title="Laura Kipnis">Laura Kipnis</a>, 2003<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>A criticism of marriage is that it may lead to the <a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">social isolation</a> of a person, who is often expected to diminish other relations with friends, relatives or colleagues, in order to be fully dedicated to their spouse. <a href="/wiki/Julie_Bindel" title="Julie Bindel">Julie Bindel</a> writes that: "Maybe those at the most risk of ending up alone are not the folk who never marry, but rather the people who chuck all their eggs in one basket. [...] During their marriage, believing as they did that they only needed each other, both parties would have neglected friendships, or indeed, failed to cultivate new ones".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_marriage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">Wedding</a></div> <p>Some critics assert that marriage will always remain a symbolic institution signifying the subordination of women to men. Clare Chambers points to the sexist traditions surrounding marriage and weddings; she writes:<sup id="cite_ref-citation.allacademic.com_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citation.allacademic.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>Symbolically, the white wedding asserts that women's ultimate dream and purpose is to marry, and remains replete with sexist imagery: the white dress denoting the bride's virginity (and emphasising the importance of her appearance); the minister telling the husband "you may now kiss the bride" (rather than the bride herself giving permission, or indeed initiating or at least equally participating in the act of kissing); the reception at which, traditionally, all the speeches are given by men; the wife surrendering her own name and taking her husband's. </p> </blockquote> <p>The history of marriage in relation to women makes it an institution that some critics argue cannot and should not be accepted in the 21st century; to do so would mean to trivialize the abuses it was responsible for. Some critics argue that it is impossible to dissociate marriage from its past. Clare Chambers argues that: </p> <blockquote> <p>(...) it is impossible to escape the history of the institution. Its status as a tradition ties its current meaning to its past".<sup id="cite_ref-citation.allacademic.com_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citation.allacademic.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Past abuses of marriage are sometimes depicted in documentaries. A documentary in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> presented the story of elderly women who described their experiences with repeated acts of rape in marriage and the children born from these rapes, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="need time frame (September 2013)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> during the time when marital rape was not criminalized, contraception, abortion and divorce were all illegal, and the <a href="/wiki/Marriage_bar" title="Marriage bar">marriage bar</a> restricting married women's employment outside the home was in force. Marital rape in Ireland was made illegal in 1990, and divorce was legalized in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violence_against_women">Violence against women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_marriage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Violence against women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></div> <p>Violence related to female <a href="/wiki/Virginity" title="Virginity">virginity</a> is considered a problem. In many parts of the world, it is socially expected for the bride to be a virgin; if the husband has sex with his wife after marriage and she does not bleed (it is common for a woman to <i>not</i> bleed when she has sex for the first time <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), this can end in extreme violence, including an honor killing.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The common view of marital life as "private" and outside the sphere of public intervention allows violence to flourish. <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Brake" title="Elizabeth Brake">Elizabeth Brake</a> writes that "privacy" protects "unequal divisions of domestic labor, domestic violence, and exclusion of health coverage for abortion and contraception."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyndon_Shanley" title="Mary Lyndon Shanley">Mary Lyndon Shanley</a> writes that police often "ignore complaints of domestic violence because they do not want to 'intrude' on the private realm of the married couple."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_criticisms">Legal criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_marriage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legal criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_dependence">Economic dependence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_marriage&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economic dependence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marriage has been criticized in its complicity of wives' economic dependence on husbands due to the gendered division of labour and that women's work typically pays less than men's work. Women are more likely to downgrade or drop out of their careers to assist in child rearing or when their career conflicts with their husband's. Absent a career, women become dependent on legally granted marriage benefits such as a husband's health insurance, and are thus increasingly dependent on their husband. This dependence can facilitate abuse because the marriage becomes economically difficult to leave.<sup id="cite_ref-platostan_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-platostan-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immobility">Immobility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_marriage&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Immobility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some conservative cultures, married women are not allowed to leave home without the consent of the husband - a prohibition that is supported by the law itself in many of these countries. For instance, in Yemen, marriage regulations state that a wife must obey her husband and must not leave home without his permission.<sup id="cite_ref-www2.ohchr.org_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www2.ohchr.org-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marital_rape">Marital rape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_marriage&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Marital rape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">Marital rape</a></div> <p>Historically, in many cultures marriage has been used to regulate sexuality, rather than <a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">consent</a> regulating it. That is, non-marital sex was banned regardless of consent, while marital sex was an enforceable obligation. From the mid-20th century onward, changing social norms have led to, among other things, the decriminalization of consensual non-marital sex and the criminalization of <a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">marital rape</a>. These changes are not universal around the world, and in many countries they have not occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the concerns about marriage is that it may contradict the notion of sexual self-determination, due to cultural, religious, and in many countries also legal norms. For instance, sex outside marriage is still <a href="/wiki/Punishable_by_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Punishable by death">punishable by death</a> in some jurisdictions. In 2014, Amnesty International's Secretary General stated that "It is unbelievable that in the twenty-first century some countries are condoning child marriage and marital rape while others are outlawing abortion, sex outside marriage and same-sex sexual activity – even punishable by death."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In various places, men have sexual authority over their wives, in law and in practice. The men decide when and where to have sex, and wives have no power to stop unwanted sex. In certain countries <a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">marital rape</a> is legal, and even where it is illegal it is infrequently reported or prosecuted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Often, married women also cannot stop <a href="/wiki/Unwanted_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Unwanted pregnancy">unwanted pregnancy</a>, because in various countries modern <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">contraception</a> is not available, and in some countries married women need legal permission from their husband to use contraception (and even in countries where the husband's consent is not legally required in practice it is asked for), and <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> is illegal or restricted, and in some countries married women need the consent of their husband for abortion. Therefore, marriage leads to a situation which allows not only forced sex, but also <a href="/wiki/Forced_pregnancy" title="Forced pregnancy">forced pregnancy</a>, and in some of these countries pregnancy and <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a> remain dangerous because of lack of adequate <a href="/wiki/Medical_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical care">medical care</a>. The effects of sexual violence inside marriage are exacerbated by the practice of <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">child marriage</a>; in 2013 an 8-year-old <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemeni</a> girl died from internal bleeding after she was raped by her 40-year-old new husband.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sheila Jeffreys argues that the very institution of marriage is based on the idea that heterosexual sex is the absolute right of the man and the absolute duty of the woman; that men are entitled to demand sex on their terms and to coerce sex, and women are not allowed to ever refuse it. Lack of economic opportunity means that wives have no choice but to "allow sexual access to their bodies in return for subsistence".<sup id="cite_ref-The_Industrial_Vagina_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Industrial_Vagina-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_favoritism">Relationship favoritism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_marriage&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Relationship favoritism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fornication" title="Fornication">Fornication</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Premarital_sex" title="Premarital sex">Premarital sex</a></div> <p>Another issue is the question of why relations that are (or are believed to be) sexual are favored in law with regard to legal protections and promotion, and those that are not (or are believed not to be) are not. This is especially the case as marriage rates are quite low in many Western countries, and the state has been criticized for ignoring other living arrangements that are not sexual relations; and there have been increased objections to legal concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Consummation" title="Consummation">consummation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a> that critics argue do not belong in modern law.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is argued that with regard to family life, the state should regulate the parental rights and responsibilities of parents, not focus on whether there is an ongoing sexual/romantic relation between the parents.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_control">State control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_marriage&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: State control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A criticism of marriage is that it gives the state undue power and control over the private lives of the citizens. The statutes governing marriage are drafted by the state, and not by the couples who marry under those laws. The laws may, at any time, be changed by the state without the consent (or even knowledge) of the married people. The terms derived from the principles of institutionalized marriage represent the interests of the governments.<sup id="cite_ref-F&P_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F&P-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UoC_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UoC-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of <a href="/wiki/Marriage_privatization" title="Marriage privatization">marriage privatization</a> argue that private marriage prevents said state's undue power and control. For example, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kinsley" title="Michael Kinsley">Michael Kinsley</a> emphasizes marriage privatization's potential to end the controversy over same-sex marriage, as well as create equality between same-sex and straight marriage by removing official government sanctions for both.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critics of marriage argue that it is an institution based on control, domination and possession, and that attempting to exercise control over another person's life is immoral and dangerous, and should not be encouraged by the state. <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Card" title="Claudia Card">Claudia Card</a>, professor of philosophy at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, writes that:<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>The legal rights of access that married partners have to each other's persons, property, and lives makes it all but impossible for a spouse to defend herself (or himself), or to be protected against torture, rape, battery, stalking, mayhem, or murder by the other spouse... Legal marriage thus enlists state support for conditions conducive to murder and mayhem. </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violence_against_women_2">Violence against women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_marriage&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Violence against women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">Stoning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">Dowry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">Bride price</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Say_no_to_dowry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Say_no_to_dowry.jpg/220px-Say_no_to_dowry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Say_no_to_dowry.jpg/330px-Say_no_to_dowry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Say_no_to_dowry.jpg/440px-Say_no_to_dowry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1613" data-file-height="2511" /></a><figcaption>Anti-dowry poster in <a href="/wiki/Bangalore,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore, India">Bangalore, India</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Dowry_death" title="Dowry death">dowry death</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> defines "violence against women" as <i>"any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, <a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">physical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual</a> or <a href="/wiki/Emotional_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional abuse">mental</a> harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a>, whether occurring in public or in private life."</i> The 1993 <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Elimination_of_Violence_Against_Women" title="Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women">Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women</a> noted that this violence could be perpetrated by assailants of either gender, family members and even the "State" itself.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critics of marriage argue that it is complicit in the mistreatment and subjugation of women across the world. Common concerns raised today focus on the health and general well-being of women, who, in parts of the world, have virtually no protection in law or in practice against <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a> within marriage. It is also nearly impossible for women there to get out of abusive relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-F&P_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F&P-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UoC_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UoC-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abuses are upheld by claims of possession and entitlement in some cultures and the <span class="nowrap">well-being</span> of women is undermined by a powerful act of subordination.<sup id="cite_ref-F&P_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F&P-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UoC_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UoC-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Gerstel and Sarkisian, domestic violence, isolation, and housework tend to increase for women who sign marriage contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-GoodBadGreedy-p16_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoodBadGreedy-p16-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those with lower income draw even fewer benefits from it.<sup id="cite_ref-GoodBadGreedy-p16_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoodBadGreedy-p16-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bad marriages, according to Gerstel and Sarkisian, result in higher levels of stress, suicide, hypertension, cancer, and slower wound healing in women.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Opponents of legal marriage contend that it encourages <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">violence against women</a>, both through practices carried out within a marriage (such as <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">beating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">rape</a> inside marriage - which are legal in some countries and tolerated in many more), and through acts related to marital customs (such as <a href="/wiki/Honor_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Honor killings">honor killings</a> for refusing <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arranged marriages">arranged marriages</a>; forcing rape victims to marry their rapist, <a href="/wiki/Marriage_by_abduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage by abduction">marriage by abduction</a>; or <a href="/wiki/Executions" class="mw-redirect" title="Executions">executions</a> for <a href="/wiki/Sex_outside_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex outside marriage">sex outside marriage</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some parts of the world, the extreme stigma cast on women who have reached a certain age and are still unmarried often leads these women to <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suicide is also a common response of women caught in abusive marriages with no possibility of leaving those marriages.<sup id="cite_ref-stopvaw.org_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stopvaw.org-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women who are faced with the prospect of <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">forced marriage</a> may commit suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-stopvaw.org_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stopvaw.org-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Violence and <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">trafficking</a> related to payment of <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">bride price</a> are also problems.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dowry_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="Dowry deaths">Dowry deaths</a> especially occur in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acid_throwing" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid throwing">acid throwing</a> is also a result of disputes related to dowry conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In various countries, married men have authority over their wives. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemeni</a> marriage regulations state that a wife must obey her husband and must not leave home without his permission.<sup id="cite_ref-www2.ohchr.org_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www2.ohchr.org-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, husbands have a legal right to punish their wives. The criminal code states that there is no crime if an act is committed while exercising a legal right. Examples of legal rights include: "The punishment of a wife by her husband, the disciplining by parents and teachers of children under their authority within certain limits prescribed by law or by custom".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a>, the Family Code states that the husband is the head of the household; the wife owes her obedience to her husband; a wife has to live with her husband wherever he chooses to live; and wives must have their husbands' authorization to bring a case in court or to initiate other legal proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specific_criticisms">Specific criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_marriage&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Specific criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anarchist">Anarchist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_marriage&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Anarchist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarcha-feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Anarchism and issues related to love and sex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></div> <p>Famous anarchist <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a> wrote how marriage was not a love pact but an economic agreement that restricts men's and mainly women's freedoms. She criticized how wives were surrendered freedoms permanently for the sake of marriage, and how sexuality and child rearing outside of marriage is shamed.<sup id="cite_ref-goldman_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goldman-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feminist">Feminist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_marriage&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Feminist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marriage is a focus of many feminist concerns. Of these many cultural concerns include the fact that within many marriages women are generally expected to do most of the work in the home, even if they had careers outside the home. A more economic concern is that marriage may also foster economic dependence since women's work is underpaid and women are expected to downgrade their careers when their careers conflict with their husband's or with work in the home. Without appropriate finances women can become dependent on their husband's marriage benefits like health insurance.<sup id="cite_ref-platostan_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-platostan-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some feminists have argued for the reform of marriage while others have argued for its abolition arguing it is entrenched in sexist cultural norms and a legal structure that promotes it.<sup id="cite_ref-platostan_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-platostan-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marxist">Marxist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_marriage&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Marxist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist feminism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:246px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The separation of the family from the clan and the institution of monogamous marriage were the social expressions of developing private property; so-called monogamy afforded the means through which property could be individually inherited. And private property for some meant no property for others, or the emerging of differing relations to production on the part of different social groups. The core of Engels’ formulation lies in the intimate connection between the emergence of the family as an economic unit dominated by the male and this development of classes. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Anthropologist and social theorist <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Leacock" title="Eleanor Leacock">Eleanor Leacock</a><sup id="cite_ref-engels_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-engels-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>Within early Marxist texts there existed critiques of marriage. <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> wrote how the origins of marriage were not for the purposes of love but instead for private property rights. Monogamous marriage became an institution to be the base of the family and solidify a system for the family to handle private property and its inheritance. Monogamy would later spur on adultery and the business of prostitution.<sup id="cite_ref-engels_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-engels-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a></i>, author <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a> argues that marriage is an alienating institution. Men can become tied to supporting a wife and children and women can become dependent on their husbands, and children can become the target of rage when the stresses of marriage overwhelm their parents. She argues about marriage that "Any institution which solders one person to another, obliging people to sleep together who no longer want to is a bad one".<sup id="cite_ref-secondsex_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secondsex-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Queer_theory">Queer theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_marriage&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Queer theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gay_Shame" title="Gay Shame">Gay Shame</a></div> <p>Within Queer theory a critique exists that the legalization of <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> simply normalizes the cultured gender norms and economic inequalities of marriage into the LGBT community. Also that the normalization of marriage delegitimizes <a href="/wiki/Non-monogamous" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-monogamous">non-monogamous</a> relationships which are considered common in the LGBT community.<sup id="cite_ref-platostan_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-platostan-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_marriage&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_demography" title="Divorce demography">Divorce demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_union" title="Free union">Free union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_gap" title="Marriage gap">Marriage gap</a></li> <li>1993 UN <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Elimination_of_Violence_against_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women">Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_marriage&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Religious views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Christian views on marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Islamic marital jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_view_of_marriage" title="Buddhist view of marriage">Buddhist view of marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Hinduism" title="Marriage in Hinduism">Marriage in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Jewish views on marriage</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_marriage&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKislev2019" class="citation book cs1">Kislev, Elyakim. (February 5, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520299146/happy-singlehood"><i>Happy Singlehood</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520299146" title="Special:BookSources/9780520299146"><bdi>9780520299146</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Happy+Singlehood&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2019-02-05&rft.isbn=9780520299146&rft.aulast=Kislev&rft.aufirst=Elyakim.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucpress.edu%2Fbook%2F9780520299146%2Fhappy-singlehood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sheila Cronan, "Marriage," in Koedt, Levine, and Rapone, eds., Radical Feminism, p. 219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mensxp.com/special-features/today/28281-15-quotes-by-so-called-feminists-that-explain-exactly-why-people-are-losing-faith-in-feminism.html">"15 Quotes by People Who Have No Idea What Feminism Really is"</a>. November 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=15+Quotes+by+People+Who+Have+No+Idea+What+Feminism+Really+is&rft.date=2015-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mensxp.com%2Fspecial-features%2Ftoday%2F28281-15-quotes-by-so-called-feminists-that-explain-exactly-why-people-are-losing-faith-in-feminism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Why Congress Should Ignore Radical Feminist Opposition to Marriage by Patrick F. Fagan, Robert E. Rector, and Lauren R. Noyes. 1995. The Heritage Foundation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plato-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plato_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sue Asscher, and David Widger (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1497/1497-h/1497-h.htm">The Republic by Plato.</a> The Project Gutenberg EBook. Retrieved August 3, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jessica Spector (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yeTCcpFkeb8C&pg=PA51">Prostitution and Pornography.</a> Stanford University Press, p. 51. Retrieved August 3, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pamela_Haag-316-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pamela_Haag-316_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMDMD2010" class="citation book cs1">MD, Jacqueline Olds; MD, Richard S. Schwartz (February 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4R47k7Sb9i8C&pg=PA61"><i>The Lonely American: Drifting Apart in the Twenty-first Century</i></a>. Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-0035-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-0035-9"><bdi>978-0-8070-0035-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lonely+American%3A+Drifting+Apart+in+the+Twenty-first+Century&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2010-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-0035-9&rft.aulast=MD&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline+Olds&rft.au=MD%2C+Richard+S.+Schwartz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4R47k7Sb9i8C%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moller-Brake-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moller-Brake_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dan Moller, <i>An Argument Against Marriage</i> in <i><a href="/wiki/Minimizing_Marriage" title="Minimizing Marriage">Minimizing Marriage</a></i> by Elizabeth Brake; also in <i>Philosophy</i>, vol. 78, issue 303, Jan., 2003, p. 79 <i>ff.</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0031819103000056">10.1017/S0031819103000056</a> (author of Princeton Univ.), responded to in Landau, Iddo, <i>An Argument for Marriage</i>, in <i>Philosophy</i>, vol. 79, issue 309, Jul., 2004, p. 475 <i>ff.</i> (commentary) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0031819104000385">10.1017/S0031819104000385</a> (author of Haifa Univ., Israel), the latter responded to in Moller, Dan, <i>The Marriage Commitment—Reply to Landau</i>, in <i>Philosophy</i>, vol. 80, issue 312, Apr., 2005, p. 279 <i>ff.</i> (commentary) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0031819105000288">10.1017/S0031819105000288</a> (author of Princeton Univ.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kilbride-21-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kilbride-21_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_L._Kilbride,_Douglas_R_Page2012" class="citation book cs1">Philip L. Kilbride, Douglas R Page (August 31, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vsgypbZWAo0C&pg=PA14"><i>The Monogamous Ideal in Western Tradition and America</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 14–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313384783" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313384783"><bdi>978-0313384783</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monogamous+Ideal+in+Western+Tradition+and+America&rft.pages=14-22&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012-08-31&rft.isbn=978-0313384783&rft.au=Philip+L.+Kilbride%2C+Douglas+R+Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvsgypbZWAo0C%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+marriage" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kafka, Franz. Summary of all the arguments for and against my marriage: From Kafka's Diaries, 12 July 1912...<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.mit.edu/~douglass/useful.htm">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080506110503/http://www.mit.edu/~douglass/useful.htm">Archived</a> 2008-05-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.woyano.com/view/7022/Summary-of-all-the-arguments-for-and-against-my-marriage-From-Kafkas-Diaries-12-July-1912">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201192352/http://www.woyano.com/view/7022/Summary-of-all-the-arguments-for-and-against-my-marriage-From-Kafkas-Diaries-12-July-1912">Archived</a> 2008-12-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://briansawyer.net/2003/11/20/chapter-4-bad-faith-and-de-beauvoirs-gendered-self/">"Chapter 4: Bad Faith and de Beauvoir's Gendered Self"</a>. <i>briansawyer.net</i>. November 20, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=briansawyer.net&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+Bad+Faith+and+de+Beauvoir%27s+Gendered+Self&rft.date=2003-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbriansawyer.net%2F2003%2F11%2F20%2Fchapter-4-bad-faith-and-de-beauvoirs-gendered-self%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rofes-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rofes_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Rofes, "Life After Knight: A Call for Direct Action and Civil Disobedience" <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.alternet.org/story/272/life_after_knight%3A_a_call_for_direct_action_and_civil_disobedience">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sperry-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sperry_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myspace.com/refusetowed/blog/447678146">"Brandi Sperry, "Support queer friends—boycott marriage"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>myspace.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=myspace.com&rft.atitle=Brandi+Sperry%2C+%22Support+queer+friends%E2%80%94boycott+marriage%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myspace.com%2Frefusetowed%2Fblog%2F447678146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Witte Jr., John (1997). <i>From Sacrament to Contract: Marriage, Religion, and Law in the Western Tradition.</i> Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 39–40. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25543-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25543-4">0-664-25543-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Witte-215-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Witte-215_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Witte2012" class="citation book cs1">John Witte (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2fz0GTGUG3oC"><i>From Sacrament to Contract: Marriage, Religion, and Law in the Western Tradition</i></a>. Presbyterian Publishing Corp. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664234324" title="Special:BookSources/978-0664234324"><bdi>978-0664234324</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marriage+and+Domestic+Partnership&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fmarriage%2F%23FemApp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+marriage" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www2.ohchr.org-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-www2.ohchr.org_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www2.ohchr.org_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrc/docs/ngos/Yemen%27s%20darkside-discrimination_Yemen_HRC101.pdf">"Yemen's Dark Side: discrimination and violence against women and girls"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>. November 2009. MDE 31/014/2009 – via <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yemen%27s+Dark+Side%3A+discrimination+and+violence+against+women+and+girls&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ohchr.org%2Fenglish%2Fbodies%2Fhrc%2Fdocs%2Fngos%2FYemen%2527s%2520darkside-discrimination_Yemen_HRC101.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/2015/images/03/05/equality.now.pdf">"Equality Now"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Equality+Now&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fi2.cdn.turner.com%2Fcnn%2F2015%2Fimages%2F03%2F05%2Fequality.now.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2014/03/sexual-and-reproductive-rights-under-threat-worldwide/">"Sexual and reproductive rights under threat worldwide"</a>. <i>www.amnesty.org</i>. March 6, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.amnesty.org&rft.atitle=Sexual+and+reproductive+rights+under+threat+worldwide&rft.date=2014-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fnews%2F2014%2F03%2Fsexual-and-reproductive-rights-under-threat-worldwide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/09/10/child_bride_8_dies_of_internal_bleeding_on_wedding_night_says_yemeni_activist.html">"child bride 8 dies of internal bleeding on wedding night says yemeni activist"</a>. <i>The Star</i>. Toronto.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=child+bride+8+dies+of+internal+bleeding+on+wedding+night+says+yemeni+activist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2013%2F09%2F10%2Fchild_bride_8_dies_of_internal_bleeding_on_wedding_night_says_yemeni_activist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>After Legal Equality: Family, Sex, Kinship</i>edited by Robert Leckey, Chapter 2, <i>Making family law less sexy ... and more careful</i>, by Jonathan Herring</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Body Lore and Laws Essays on Law and the Human Body</i>, edited by: Andrew Bainham, Shelley Day Sclater, Martin Richards, pp 171- 182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-F&P-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-F&P_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F&P_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F&P_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fap.sagepub.com/content/14/2/327.extract">The Need to Abolish Marriage.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140923191909/http://fap.sagepub.com/content/14/2/327.extract">Archived</a> September 23, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Feminism & Psychology</i>, May 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UoC-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UoC_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UoC_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UoC_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Feminism Liberalism and Marriage. University of Cambridge, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinsley2003" class="citation web cs1">Kinsley, Michael (July 2, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2003/07/let-s-really-get-the-government-out-of-our-bedrooms.html">"Let's really get the government out of our bedrooms"</a>. <i>Slate Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate+Magazine&rft.atitle=Let%27s+really+get+the+government+out+of+our+bedrooms.&rft.date=2003-07-02&rft.aulast=Kinsley&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fnews-and-politics%2F2003%2F07%2Flet-s-really-get-the-government-out-of-our-bedrooms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCard1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Card" title="Claudia Card">Card, Claudia</a> (Summer 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pol285.blog.gustavus.edu/files/2009/08/Card_Against_Marriage.pdf">"Against Marriage and Motherhood"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hypatia</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 1–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1527-2001.1996.tb01013.x">10.1111/j.1527-2001.1996.tb01013.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143516578">143516578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hypatia&rft.atitle=Against+Marriage+and+Motherhood&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1527-2001.1996.tb01013.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143516578%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Card&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpol285.blog.gustavus.edu%2Ffiles%2F2009%2F08%2FCard_Against_Marriage.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/(Symbol)/A.RES.48.104.En?Opendocument">United Nations General Assembly <i>Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women</i> (1993)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GoodBadGreedy-p16-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GoodBadGreedy-p16_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GoodBadGreedy-p16_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerstel, Naomi, <i>et al.</i>, <i>Marriage: The Good, the Bad, and the Greedy</i>, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerstel, Naomi, <i>et al.</i>, <i>Marriage: The Good, the Bad, and the Greedy</i>, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/38628_7.pdf">"Feminist and Gender Theories"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SAGE+Publications&rft.atitle=Feminist+and+Gender+Theories&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sagepub.com%2Fupm-data%2F38628_7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Interviewees explained that societal pressures [to get married in Tajikistan] lead to suicide. A lawyer reported: "They try to quickly get their daughters married. There was a twenty-seven year old girl from the region, no one married her and the neighbors were laughing at her. She burned herself a month ago. Society makes fun of her because the first goal of the woman is to get married" <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.stopvaw.org/uploads/tajikistan_3_6_07_layout_-_final_mc.pdf">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000317/http://www.stopvaw.org/uploads/tajikistan_3_6_07_layout_-_final_mc.pdf">Archived</a> March 4, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stopvaw.org-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stopvaw.org_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stopvaw.org_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000317/http://www.stopvaw.org/uploads/tajikistan_3_6_07_layout_-_final_mc.pdf">"Domestic Violence in Tajikistan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Minneapolis: The Advocates for Human Rights. October 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stopvaw.org/uploads/tajikistan_3_6_07_layout_-_final_mc.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Domestic+Violence+in+Tajikistan&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=The+Advocates+for+Human+Rights&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stopvaw.org%2Fuploads%2Ftajikistan_3_6_07_layout_-_final_mc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rawa.org/temp/runews/2010/07/12/afghan-women-set-themselves-on-fire-to-escape-abusive-marriages.html">"Afghan Women Set Themselves On Fire To Escape Abusive Marriages « RAWA News"</a>. <i>www.rawa.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rawa.org&rft.atitle=Afghan+Women+Set+Themselves+On+Fire+To+Escape+Abusive+Marriages+%C2%AB+RAWA+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rawa.org%2Ftemp%2Frunews%2F2010%2F07%2F12%2Fafghan-women-set-themselves-on-fire-to-escape-abusive-marriages.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavedAkhtar2008" class="citation journal cs1">Naved, Ruchira Tabassum; Akhtar, Nazneen (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928075353/https://www.hu.liu.se/ike/forskning/genus_medicin/vaw_global_network/publication/ruchira/1.54378/SpousalViolenceAgainstWomenandSuicidalIdeationinBangladesh2008.pdf">"Spousal Violence Against Women and Suicidal Ideation in Bangladesh"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Women's Health Issues</i>. <b>18</b> (6): 442–452. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.whi.2008.07.003">10.1016/j.whi.2008.07.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19041596">19041596</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hu.liu.se/ike/forskning/genus_medicin/vaw_global_network/publication/ruchira/1.54378/SpousalViolenceAgainstWomenandSuicidalIdeationinBangladesh2008.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 28, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Paragraph 41. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.case.edu/saddamtrial/documents/Iraqi_Penal_Code_1969.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 21, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraqi+Penal+Code+1969&rft.pages=Paragraph+41&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.case.edu%2Fsaddamtrial%2Fdocuments%2FIraqi_Penal_Code_1969.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/drc/Congo0602-09.htm">"THE WAR WITHIN THE WAR"</a>. <i>www.hrw.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hrw.org&rft.atitle=THE+WAR+WITHIN+THE+WAR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F2002%2Fdrc%2FCongo0602-09.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goldman-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-goldman_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emma Goldman, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Anarchism_and_Other_Essays/11">"Marriage and Love"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-engels-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-engels_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-engels_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514195618/https://www.isreview.org/issues/02/engles_family.shtml">"<i>International Socialist Review</i> (1997)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isreview.org/issues/02/engles_family.shtml">the original</a> on May 14, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Socialist+Review+%281997%29.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isreview.org%2Fissues%2F02%2Fengles_family.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-secondsex-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-secondsex_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caroline Moorehead, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/02/archives/a-talk-with-simone-de-beauvoirr-marriage-is-an-alienating.html">"A talk with Simone de Beauvoir"</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_marriage&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unmarried.org">Alternatives to Marriage Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apsanet.org/imgtest/Citizenship%20and%20Same%20Sex%20Marriage.pdf">Citizenship, Same-Sex Marriage, and Feminist Critiques of Marriage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.ntu.edu.tw/ntulawreview/articles/8_2/1-Article-Susan%20Boyd_263-298_vol.8.pdf">Marriage is More than Just a Piece of Paper, by Susan Boyd of University of British Columbia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326104400/http://www.law.ntu.edu.tw/ntulawreview/articles/8_2/1-Article-Susan%20Boyd_263-298_vol.8.pdf">Archived</a> March 26, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326164156/http://elizabethbrake.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Minimal-Marriage.pdf">Minimal Marriage: What Political Liberalism Implies for Marriage Law, Elizabeth Brake</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.organizingupgrade.com/index.php/modules-menu/beyond-capitalism/item/1002-marriage-will-never-set-us-free">Marriage Will Never Set Us Free</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512221721/http://www.organizingupgrade.com/index.php/modules-menu/beyond-capitalism/item/1002-marriage-will-never-set-us-free">Archived</a> May 12, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Dean_Spade" title="Dean Spade">Dean Spade</a> and Craig Willse</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" 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