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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-12th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#12th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>12th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-12th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-13th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#13th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>13th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-13th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-14th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#14th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>14th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-14th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-15th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#15th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>15th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-15th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medicis'_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicis'_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Medicis' rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicis'_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cosimo_de'_Medici" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosimo_de'_Medici"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1.1</span> <span>Cosimo de' Medici</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosimo_de'_Medici-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piero_de'_Medici" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piero_de'_Medici"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1.2</span> <span>Piero de' Medici</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piero_de'_Medici-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lorenzo_de'_Medici" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lorenzo_de'_Medici"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1.3</span> <span>Lorenzo de' Medici</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lorenzo_de'_Medici-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piero_'the_Unfortunate'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piero_'the_Unfortunate'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1.4</span> <span>Piero 'the Unfortunate'</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piero_'the_Unfortunate'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Savonarola" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Savonarola"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Savonarola</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Savonarola-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>16th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Piero_Soderini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piero_Soderini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Piero Soderini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piero_Soderini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Giovanni_de'_Medici" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Giovanni_de'_Medici"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Giovanni de' Medici</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Giovanni_de'_Medici-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Giulio_de'_Medici" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Giulio_de'_Medici"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>Giulio de' Medici</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Giulio_de'_Medici-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Dukes_of_the_Republic_of_Florence"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Dukes_of_the_Republic_of_Florence""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>"Dukes of the Republic of Florence"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Dukes_of_the_Republic_of_Florence"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alessandro_de'_Medici" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alessandro_de'_Medici"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Alessandro de' Medici</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alessandro_de'_Medici-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cosimo_I_de'_Medici" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosimo_I_de'_Medici"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Cosimo I de' Medici</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosimo_I_de'_Medici-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>End of the Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrations_of_the_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrations_of_the_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Administrations of the Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrations_of_the_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Republic of Florence</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="جمهورية فلورنسا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمهورية فلورنسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_de_Florencia" title="Republica de Florencia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Republica de Florencia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Florencia" title="República de Florencia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="República de Florencia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florensiya_Respublikas%C4%B1" title="Florensiya Respublikası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Florensiya Respublikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="فلورانس جومهوریتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فلورانس جومهوریتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze_Ki%C5%8Dng-h%C3%B4-kok" title="Firenze Kiōng-hô-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Firenze Kiōng-hô-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фларэнтыйская рэспубліка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фларэнтыйская рэспубліка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Флорентинска република – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Флорентинска република" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Firenze" title="Republik Firenze – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Republik Firenze" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Flor%C3%A8ncia" title="República de Florència – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="República de Florència" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florentsk%C3%A1_republika" title="Florentská republika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Florentská republika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikken_Firenze" title="Republikken Firenze – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Republikken Firenze" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Florenz" title="Republik Florenz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Republik Florenz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze_Vabariik" title="Firenze Vabariik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Firenze Vabariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A6%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Δημοκρατία της Φλωρεντίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δημοκρατία της Φλωρεντίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Florencia" title="República de Florencia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="República de Florencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respubliko_de_Florenco" title="Respubliko de Florenco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Respubliko de Florenco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florentziako_Errepublika" title="Florentziako Errepublika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Florentziako Errepublika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="جمهوری فلورانس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جمهوری فلورانس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_de_Florence" title="République de Florence – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="République de Florence" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Florencia" title="República de Florencia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="República de Florencia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EB%A0%8C%EC%B2%B4_%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" title="피렌체 공화국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피렌체 공화국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Firenca" title="Republika Firenca – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Republika Firenca" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Firenze" title="Republik Firenze – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Republik Firenze" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubblica_di_Firenze" title="Repubblica di Firenze – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Repubblica di Firenze" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%94" title="רפובליקת פירנצה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רפובליקת פירנצה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ფლორენციის რესპუბლიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფლორენციის რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_publica_Florentina" title="Res publica Florentina – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Res publica Florentina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenzei_K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g" title="Firenzei Köztársaság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Firenzei Köztársaság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Република Фиренца – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Република Фиренца" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="फिरेंझेचे प्रजासत्ताक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फिरेंझेचे प्रजासत्ताक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Firenze" title="Republik Firenze – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Republik Firenze" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florentijnse_Republiek" title="Florentijnse Republiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Florentijnse Republiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%84%E3%82%A7%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="フィレンツェ共和国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィレンツェ共和国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_florentinske_republikk" title="Den florentinske republikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den florentinske republikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_de_Floren%C3%A7a" title="Republica de Florença – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Republica de Florença" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Florencka" title="Republika Florencka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Republika Florencka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Florentina" title="República Florentina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="República Florentina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Florentin%C4%83" title="Republica Florentină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Republica Florentină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Флорентийская республика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Флорентийская республика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_e_Firences" title="Republika e Firences – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Republika e Firences" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فلورنس جي جمهوريا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فلورنس جي جمهوريا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="کۆماری فلۆرانسا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆماری فلۆرانسا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фирентинска република – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фирентинска република" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Firenca" title="Republika Firenca – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Republika Firenca" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenzen_tasavalta" title="Firenzen tasavalta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Firenzen tasavalta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiken_Florens" title="Republiken Florens – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Republiken Florens" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floransa_Cumhuriyeti" title="Floransa Cumhuriyeti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Floransa Cumhuriyeti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri%CC%B1pobi%CC%B1lik_Fi%CC%B1ra%CC%B1ntse" title="Ri̱pobi̱lik Fi̱ra̱ntse – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ri̱pobi̱lik Fi̱ra̱ntse" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Флорентійська республіка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Флорентійська республіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3" title="جمہوریہ فلورنس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جمہوریہ فلورنس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a_Firenze" title="Cộng hòa Firenze – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cộng hòa Firenze" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%A6%E8%90%A8%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="佛罗伦萨共和国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="佛罗伦萨共和国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BF%A1%E5%86%B7%E7%BF%A0%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="翡冷翠共和國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="翡冷翠共和國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%A6%E8%90%A8%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="佛罗伦萨共和国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="佛罗伦萨共和国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q148540#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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.ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Florence</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Res publica Florentina</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1115–1569</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Florence.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Florence"><img alt="Flag of Florence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/State_Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Florence.svg/125px-State_Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Florence.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/State_Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Florence.svg/188px-State_Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Florence.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/State_Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Florence.svg/250px-State_Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Florence.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div style="padding: 2px 0px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Florence.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Florence.svg/125px-Flag_of_Florence.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Florence.svg/188px-Flag_of_Florence.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Florence.svg/250px-Flag_of_Florence.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div>Top: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Florence" title="Flag of Florence">State flag</a><br />Bottom: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Florence" title="Flag of Florence">Civil flag</a> adopted by <a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs</a> in 1251</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stemma_di_Firenze_fino_al_1251.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arms used by Ghibellines until 1251 Arms adopted by Guelphs in 1251 of Florence"><img alt="Arms used by Ghibellines until 1251 Arms adopted by Guelphs in 1251 of Florence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Stemma_di_Firenze_fino_al_1251.svg/75px-Stemma_di_Firenze_fino_al_1251.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Stemma_di_Firenze_fino_al_1251.svg/113px-Stemma_di_Firenze_fino_al_1251.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Stemma_di_Firenze_fino_al_1251.svg/150px-Stemma_di_Firenze_fino_al_1251.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="1134" /></a></span></div> <div>Arms used by <a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Ghibellines</a> until 1251<br /><div style="padding:3px 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stemma_di_Firenze_dal_1251.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arms of Florence after 1251"><img alt="Arms of Florence after 1251" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Stemma_di_Firenze_dal_1251.svg/75px-Stemma_di_Firenze_dal_1251.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Stemma_di_Firenze_dal_1251.svg/113px-Stemma_di_Firenze_dal_1251.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Stemma_di_Firenze_dal_1251.svg/150px-Stemma_di_Firenze_dal_1251.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="1134" /></a></span></div>Arms adopted by <a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs</a> in 1251</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:DuchyofFlorence1548.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Florentine Republic in 1548"><img alt="The Florentine Republic in 1548" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/DuchyofFlorence1548.png/250px-DuchyofFlorence1548.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/DuchyofFlorence1548.png 1.5x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="228" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Florentine Republic in 1548</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Republic_of_Florence&params=43_46_10_N_11_15_22_E_type:country_region:IT"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°46′10″N</span> <span class="longitude">11°15′22″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.76944°N 11.25611°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.76944; 11.25611</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Latin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Florentine</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Signoria_of_Florence" title="Signoria of Florence">Oligarchic republic</a></span> (1115–1494; 1498–1532)<br />Republic under a <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocratic</a> regime (1494–98)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gonfaloniere_of_Justice" title="Gonfaloniere of Justice">Gonfaloniere of Justice</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1293–1295 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Giano_della_Bella_(Florence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giano della Bella (Florence)">Giano della Bella</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(first)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1434–1464 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cosimo_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo de' Medici">Cosimo de' Medici</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(first <i>de facto</i> Lord of Florence)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1530–1532 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Florence" title="Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence">Alessandro de' Medici</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(last)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_the_Florentine_Republic" title="Duke of the Florentine Republic">Duke of the Florentine Republic</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1532–1537 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_de%27_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Alessandro de' Medici">Alessandro</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1537–1569 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo I de' Medici">Cosimo I</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Guilds_of_Florence" title="Guilds of Florence">Priorato delle Arti</a></i></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guilds_of_Florence" title="Guilds of Florence">Council of Ancients</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guilds_of_Florence" title="Guilds of Florence">Council of Consuls</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• First established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1115</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Marquisate restored by <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Imperial</a> force </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1185–1197</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Ciompi_Revolt" title="Ciompi Revolt">Ciompi Revolt</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1378</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Incorporation of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1406</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Founding of the <br /><a href="/wiki/House_of_Medici" title="House of Medici">House of Medici</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1434</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Title of <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_the_Florentine_Republic" title="Duke of the Florentine Republic">Duke of the Florentine Republic</a> created </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1532</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Occupation of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1555</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Elevated to <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1569</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Florin_(Italian_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Florin (Italian coin)">Florin</a> (from 1252)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Coat_of_arms_of_the_house_of_Canossa.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_house_of_Canossa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Coat_of_arms_of_the_house_of_Canossa.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_house_of_Canossa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Coat_of_arms_of_the_house_of_Canossa.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_house_of_Canossa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="850" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/March_of_Tuscany" title="March of Tuscany"><b>1115:</b><br />March of Tuscany</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Pistoia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Pistoia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Pistoia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Pistoia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Pistoia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Pistoia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2071" data-file-height="1381" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pistoia#History" title="Pistoia"><b>1254:</b><br />Commune of Pistoia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Coa_fam_ITA_belforti.jpg/20px-Coa_fam_ITA_belforti.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Coa_fam_ITA_belforti.jpg/30px-Coa_fam_ITA_belforti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Coa_fam_ITA_belforti.jpg/40px-Coa_fam_ITA_belforti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="1080" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Volterra" title="Volterra"><b>1361:</b><br />Lordship of Volterra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Meuble_h%C3%A9raldique_Cheval_Cabr%C3%A9.svg/20px-Meuble_h%C3%A9raldique_Cheval_Cabr%C3%A9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Meuble_h%C3%A9raldique_Cheval_Cabr%C3%A9.svg/30px-Meuble_h%C3%A9raldique_Cheval_Cabr%C3%A9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Meuble_h%C3%A9raldique_Cheval_Cabr%C3%A9.svg/40px-Meuble_h%C3%A9raldique_Cheval_Cabr%C3%A9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arezzo#History" title="Arezzo"><b>1384:</b><br />Commune of Arezzo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa"><b>1406:</b><br />Republic of Pisa</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Florence" title="Duchy of Florence">Duchy of Florence</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Medici_period%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Medici_period%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Medici_period%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Medici_period%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Medici_period%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Medici_period%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Republic of Florence</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Res publica Florentina</i>; <a href="/wiki/Old_Italian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italian">Old Italian</a>: <i>Republica di Fiorenza</i>), known officially as the <b>Florentine Republic</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">medieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">early modern</a> state that was centered on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Italian city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany, Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brucker_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brucker-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENajemy2006_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENajemy2006-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The republic originated in 1115, when the Florentine people rebelled against the <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Tuscany">Margraviate of Tuscany</a> upon the death of <a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Tuscany" title="Matilda of Tuscany">Matilda of Tuscany</a>, who controlled vast territories that included Florence. The Florentines formed a <a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">commune</a> in his successors' place.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The republic was ruled by a council known as the <a href="/wiki/Signoria_of_Florence" title="Signoria of Florence">Signoria of Florence</a>. The signoria was chosen by the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Gonfaloniere" title="Gonfaloniere">gonfaloniere</a></i></span> (titular ruler of the city), who was elected every two months by <a href="/wiki/Florentine_guild" class="mw-redirect" title="Florentine guild">Florentine guild</a> members. </p><p>During the Republic's history, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> was an important cultural, economic, political and artistic force in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. Its coin, the <a href="/wiki/Florin" title="Florin">florin</a>, was the dominant trade coin of Western Europe for large scale transactions and became widely imitated throughout the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Republican period, Florence was also the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, which is considered a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic "rebirth".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The republic had a checkered history of <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coups</a> and countercoups against various factions. The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Medici" title="House of Medici">Medici</a> faction gained governance of the city in 1434 under <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo de' Medici">Cosimo de' Medici</a>. The Medici kept control of Florence until 1494. Giovanni de' Medici, who later became <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a>, reconquered the republic in 1512. </p><p>Florence repudiated Medici authority for a second time in 1527, during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a>. The Medici reassumed their rule in 1531 after an 11-month siege of the city, aided by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Charles_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Charles V">Emperor Charles V</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudriaan20188–9_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoudriaan20188–9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a>, himself a Medici, appointed his relative <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_de%27_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Alessandro de' Medici">Alessandro de' Medici</a> as the first "Duke of the Florentine Republic", thereby transforming the Republic into a <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">hereditary monarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudriaan20188–9_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoudriaan20188–9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007321_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007321-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second duke, <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo I de' Medici">Cosimo I</a>, established a strong Florentine navy and expanded his territory, conquering <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a>. In 1569, the pope declared Cosimo the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Tuscany">grand duke of Tuscany</a>. The Medici ruled the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a> until 1737. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Florence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquisate of Tuscany">Marquisate of Tuscany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_and_Illyria_1084_AD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Italy_and_Illyria_1084_AD.svg/170px-Italy_and_Illyria_1084_AD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Italy_and_Illyria_1084_AD.svg/255px-Italy_and_Illyria_1084_AD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Italy_and_Illyria_1084_AD.svg/340px-Italy_and_Illyria_1084_AD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>Italy in 1084, showing the Marquisate of Tuscany</figcaption></figure> <p>The city of Florence was established in 59 BC by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>. Since 846 AD, the city had been part of the <a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquisate of Tuscany">Marquisate of Tuscany</a>. After Margravine <a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Tuscany" title="Matilda of Tuscany">Matilda of Tuscany</a> died in 1115, the city did not submit readily to her successor, <a href="/wiki/Rabodo" title="Rabodo">Rabodo</a> (r. 1116–1119), who was killed in a dispute with the city. </p><p>It is not known precisely when Florence formed its own republican/oligarchical government independent of the marquisate, although the death of Rabodo in 1119 should be a turning point. The first official mention of the Florentine republic was in 1138, when several cities around Tuscany formed a league against the then-margrave of Tuscany, Duke <a href="/wiki/Henry_X_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry X of Bavaria">Henry X of Bavaria</a>. The country was nominally part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a study carried out by Enrico Faini of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florence" title="University of Florence">University of Florence</a>, there were about fifteen old aristocratic families who moved to Florence between 1000 and 1100: <a href="/wiki/Amidei" title="Amidei">Amidei</a>; Ardinghi; <a href="/wiki/Brunelleschi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunelleschi">Brunelleschi</a>; Buondelmonti; Caponsacchi; <a href="/wiki/Donati" title="Donati">Donati</a>; Fifanti; <a href="/wiki/Gherardini_family" title="Gherardini family">Gherardini of Montagliari</a>; Guidi; Nerli; Porcelli; <a href="/wiki/House_of_Sacchetti" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Sacchetti">Sacchetti</a>; Scolari; Uberti; and Visdomini.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Florence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Florence" title="History of Florence">History of Florence</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="12th_century">12th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Florence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 12th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The newly independent Florence prospered in the 12th century through extensive trade with foreign countries. This, in turn, provided a platform for the demographic growth of the city, which mirrored the rate of construction of churches and <a href="/wiki/Palazzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo">palazzi</a>. This prosperity was shattered when Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_Barbarossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I Barbarossa">Frederick I Barbarossa</a> invaded the Italian peninsula in 1185. As a result, the margraves of Tuscany reacquired Florence and its townlands. The Florentines reasserted their independence when <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Henry_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Henry VI">Emperor Henry VI</a> died in 1197.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="13th_century">13th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Florence&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 13th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Florence's population continued to grow into the 13th century, reaching 30,000 inhabitants. As has been said, the extra inhabitants supported the city's trade and vice versa. Several new bridges and churches were built, most prominently the cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Fiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria del Fiore">Santa Maria del Fiore</a>, begun in 1294. The buildings from this era serve as Florence's best examples of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Architecture">Gothic Architecture</a>. Politically, Florence was barely able to maintain peace between its competing factions. The precarious peace that existed at the beginning of the century was destroyed in 1216 when two factions, known as the <a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and the Ghibellines</a>, went to war. The Ghibellines were supporters of the noble rulers of Florence, whereas the Guelphs were <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populists</a>. </p><p>The Ghibellines, who had ruled the city under <a href="/wiki/Frederick_of_Antioch" title="Frederick of Antioch">Frederick of Antioch</a> since 1244, were deposed in 1250 by the Guelphs. The Guelphs led Florence to prosper further. Their primarily mercantile orientation soon became evident in one of their earliest achievements: the introduction of a new coin, the <a href="/wiki/Florin_(Italian_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Florin (Italian coin)">florin</a>, in 1252. It was widely used beyond Florence's borders due to its reliable, fixed gold content and soon became one of the common currencies of Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>. The same year saw the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Comunale_(San_Gimignano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo Comunale (San Gimignano)">Palazzo del Popolo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Guelphs lost the reins of power after Florence suffered a catastrophic defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montaperti" title="Battle of Montaperti">Battle of Montaperti</a> against <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a> in 1260. The Ghibellines resumed power and undid many of the advances of the Guelphs, for example the demolition of hundreds of towers, homes, and palaces. The fragility of their rule caused the Ghibellines to seek out an arbitrator in the form of Pope <a href="/wiki/Clement_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement IV">Clement IV</a>, who openly favoured the Guelphs, and restored them to power. </p><p>The Florentine economy reached a zenith in the latter half of the 13th century, and its success was reflected by the building of the famed <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Signoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo della Signoria">Palazzo della Signoria</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Arnolfo_di_Cambio" title="Arnolfo di Cambio">Arnolfo di Cambio</a>. The Florentine townlands were divided into administrative districts in 1292. In 1293, the <a href="/wiki/Ordinances_of_Justice" title="Ordinances of Justice">Ordinances of Justice</a> were enacted, which effectively became the constitution of the republic of Florence throughout the Italian Renaissance.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's numerous luxurious palazzi were becoming surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Townhouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Townhouses">townhouses</a> built by the ever prospering merchant class.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1298, the Bonsignori family of Siena, one of the leading banking families of Europe, went bankrupt, and the city of Siena lost its status as the most prominent banking center of Europe to Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern200718_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern200718-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="14th_century">14th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Florence&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 14th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1304, the war between the Ghibellines and the Guelphs led to a great fire that destroyed much of the city. Napier gives the following account: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Battles first began between the Cerchi and Giugni at their houses in the Via del Garbo; they fought day and night, and with the aid of the Cavalcanti and Antellesi the former subdued all that quarter: a thousand rural adherents strengthened their bands, and that day might have seen the Neri's destruction if an unforeseen disaster had not turned the scale. A certain dissolute priest, called Neri Abati, prior of San Piero Scheraggio, false to his family and in concert with the Black chiefs, consented to set fire to the dwellings of his own kinsmen in Orto-san-Michele; the flames, assisted by faction, spread rapidly over the richest and most crowded part of Florence: shops, warehouses, towers, private dwellings and palaces, from the old to the new market-place, from Vacchereccia to Porta Santa Maria and the Ponte Vecchio, all was one broad sheet of fire: more than nineteen hundred houses were consumed; plunder and devastation revelled unchecked amongst the flames, whole races were reduced in one moment to beggary, and vast magazines of the richest merchandise were destroyed. The Cavalcanti, one of the most opulent families in Florence, beheld their whole property consumed, and lost all courage; they made no attempt to save it, and, after almost gaining possession of the city, were finally overcome by the opposite faction.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Henry_Edward_Napier" title="Henry Edward Napier">Henry Edward Napier</a>, <i>Florentine History</i>, I. 394</cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiorino_1347.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Fiorino_1347.jpg/250px-Fiorino_1347.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Fiorino_1347.jpg/375px-Fiorino_1347.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Fiorino_1347.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="247" /></a><figcaption>Front and back of a Florentine florin</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Florin_(Italian_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Florin (Italian coin)">golden florin</a> of the Republic of Florence was the first European gold coin struck in sufficient quantities to play a significant commercial role since the 7th century. As many Florentine banks were international companies with branches across Europe, the florin quickly became the dominant trade coin of Western Europe for large scale transactions, replacing silver bars in multiples of the <a href="/wiki/Mark_(unit)" title="Mark (unit)">mark</a>. </p><p>In fact, with the collapse of the Bonsignori family, several new banking families sprang up in Florence: the <a href="/wiki/Bardi_family" title="Bardi family">Bardis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peruzzi_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruzzi family">Peruzzis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Acciaioli" class="mw-redirect" title="Acciaioli">Acciaioli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern200718_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern200718-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The friction between the Guelphs and the Ghibellines did not cease, authority still passed between the two frequently. </p><p>Florence's reign as the foremost banking city of Europe did not last long; the aforesaid families were bankrupt in 1340, not because of <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a>'s refusal to pay his debts, as is often stated (the debt was just £13,000) but because of a Europe-wide economic recession. While the banks perished, Florentine literature flourished, and Florence was home to some of the greatest writers in Italian history: <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Boccaccio" class="mw-redirect" title="Boccaccio">Boccaccio</a>. They were Europe's first vernacular writers, choosing the <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan dialect</a> of Italian (which, as a result, evolved into the standard Italian language) over <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern200719_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern200719-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Florence was hit hard by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>. Having originated in the Orient, the plague arrived in <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> in 1347. The plague devastated Europe, robbing it of an estimated one-third of its population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern200720_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern200720-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, combined with the economic downturn, took its toll on the city-state. The ensuing collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal system</a> changed the social composition of Europe forever; it was one of the first steps out of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Growth_of_the_Florentine_State.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Growth_of_the_Florentine_State.png/250px-Growth_of_the_Florentine_State.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Growth_of_the_Florentine_State.png/375px-Growth_of_the_Florentine_State.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Growth_of_the_Florentine_State.png/500px-Growth_of_the_Florentine_State.png 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="3038" /></a><figcaption>The growth of Florence from 1300 to 1500</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Eight_Saints" title="War of the Eight Saints">war</a> with <a href="/wiki/Avignon_papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Avignon papacy">Avignon papacy</a> strained the regime. In 1378 discontented wool workers revolted. The <a href="/wiki/Ciompi_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciompi revolt">Ciompi revolt</a>, as it is known, established a revolutionary commune. In 1382 the wealthier classes crushed the seeds of rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern200720–21_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern200720–21-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The famous Medici bank was established by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_di_Bicci_de%27_Medici" title="Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici">Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici</a> in October 1397.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern200726_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern200726-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bank continued to exist (albeit in an extremely diminished form) until the time of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_II_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Ferdinando II de'Medici</a> in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007301_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007301-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But, for now, Giovanni's bank flourished. </p><p>Beginning in 1389, <a href="/wiki/Gian_Galeazzo_Visconti" title="Gian Galeazzo Visconti">Gian Galeazzo Visconti</a> of Milan expanded his dominion into the Veneto, Piedmont, Emilia and Tuscany. During this period Florence, under the leadership of Maso degli Albizzi and <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_da_Uzzano" title="Niccolò da Uzzano">Niccolò da Uzzano</a> was involved in <a href="/wiki/Florentine%E2%80%93Milanese_Wars" title="Florentine–Milanese Wars">three wars with Milan</a> (1390–92, 1397–98, 1400–02). The Florentine army, commanded by <a href="/wiki/John_Hawkwood" title="John Hawkwood">John Hawkwood</a>, contained the Milanese during the first war.<sup id="cite_ref-bruk252_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruk252-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second war started in March 1397. Milanese troops devastated the Florentine <i>contado</i>, but were checked in August of that year. </p><p>The war expenses exceeded one million florins and necessitated tax raises and forced loans. A peace agreement in May 1398 was brokered by Venice, but left the struggle unresolved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENajemy2006193–194_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENajemy2006193–194-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next two years Florentine control of Tuscany and Umbria collapsed. <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a> as well as a number of smaller cities submitted to Gian Galeazzo, while <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a> withdrew from the anti-Visconti league, with <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> remaining the only major ally. In November 1400 a conspiracy involving both exiles and internal opponents was uncovered. Two <a href="/wiki/Ricci" title="Ricci">Ricci</a> were implicated as leaders of a plot to eliminate the regime's inner circle and open the gates to the Milanese. Confessions indicated that the plan had wide support among the elites, including a <a href="/wiki/Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici">Medici</a> and several of the <a href="/wiki/Alberti_(family)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberti (family)">Alberti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENajemy2006193–194_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENajemy2006193–194-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The republic bankrolled the emperor-elect <a href="/wiki/Rupert,_King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Rupert, King of Germany">Rupert</a>. However, he was defeated by the Milanese in the fall of 1401. Visconti then turned to Bologna. On 26 June 1402, combined Bolognese-Florentine forces were routed at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casalecchio" title="Battle of Casalecchio">Casalecchio</a>, near Bologna, which was taken on the 30th. The road to Tuscany was open. However, Florence was saved after an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> had spread from Tuscany to Emilia and Lombardy: <a href="/wiki/Gian_Galeazzo_Visconti" title="Gian Galeazzo Visconti">Gian Galeazzo</a> died from it on 3 September 1402.<sup id="cite_ref-bruk252_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruk252-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENajemy2006193–194_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENajemy2006193–194-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="15th_century">15th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Florence&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 15th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Florence" title="List of heads of state of Florence">List of heads of state of Florence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_in_1499.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Italy_in_1499.png/220px-Italy_in_1499.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Italy_in_1499.png/330px-Italy_in_1499.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Italy_in_1499.png/440px-Italy_in_1499.png 2x" data-file-width="6600" data-file-height="5700" /></a><figcaption>The Italian Peninsula in 1499</figcaption></figure> <p>The Visconti domains were divided between three heirs. Gabriele Maria Visconti sold <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a> to the Republic of Florence for 200,000 florins. Since the Pisans did not intend to voluntarily submit to their long-time rivals, the army under Maso degli Albizzi took Pisa on 9 October 1406 after a long siege, that was accompanied by numerous atrocities.<sup id="cite_ref-bruk252_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruk252-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state authorities had been approached by the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a> in 1422, with a treaty, that prohibited Florence's interference with Milan's impending war with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern200741_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern200741-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Florence obliged, but Milan disregarded its own treaty and occupied a Florentine border town. The conservative government wanted war, while the people bemoaned such a stance as they would be subject to enormous tax increases. The republic went to war with Milan, and won, upon the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>'s entry on their side. The war was concluded in 1427, and the <a href="/wiki/Visconti_of_Milan" title="Visconti of Milan">Visconti of Milan</a> were forced to sign an unfavourable treaty. </p><p>The debt incurred during the war was gargantuan, approximately 4,200,000 florins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern200742_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern200742-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To pay, the state had to change the tax system. The current <i>estimo</i> system was replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Catasto" title="Catasto">catasto</a>. The <i>catasto</i> was based on a citizen's entire wealth, while the <i>estimo</i> was simply a form of income tax. Apart from war, <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a> created the renowned dome of the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Fiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria del Fiore">Santa Maria del Fiore</a>, which astounded contemporaries and modern observers alike. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medicis'_rule"><span id="Medicis.27_rule"></span>Medicis' rule</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Florence&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Medicis' rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/House_of_Medici" title="House of Medici">House of Medici</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Medici_(Baroque_period_representation).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Medici_%28Baroque_period_representation%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Medici_%28Baroque_period_representation%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Medici_%28Baroque_period_representation%29.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Medici_%28Baroque_period_representation%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Medici_%28Baroque_period_representation%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Medici_%28Baroque_period_representation%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of the House of Medici</figcaption></figure> <p>The son of Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici, <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo de' Medici">Cosimo de' Medici</a> succeeded his father as the head of the Medici Bank. He played a prominent role in the government of Florence until his exile in 1433, after a disastrous war with Tuscany's neighbour, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Republic of Lucca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern200742_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern200742-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cosimo's exile in Venice lasted for less than a year, when the people of Florence overturned Cosimo's exile in a democratic vote. Cosimo returned to the acclaim of his people and the banishment of the Albizzi family, who had exiled him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cosimo_de'_Medici"><span id="Cosimo_de.27_Medici"></span>Cosimo de' Medici</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Florence&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cosimo de' Medici"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo de' Medici">Cosimo de' Medici</a></div> <p>The Renaissance began during Cosimo's <i>de facto</i> rule of Florence, the seeds of which had arguably been laid before <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">the Black Death</a> tore through Europe. <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Niccoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Niccolò Niccoli">Niccolò Niccoli</a> was the leading Florence humanist scholar of the time. He appointed the first Professor of <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Chrysoloras" title="Manuel Chrysoloras">Manuel Chrysoloras</a> (the founder of Hellenic studies in Italy), at the University of Florence in 1397.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern200783_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern200783-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niccoli was a keen collector of ancient manuscripts, which he bequeathed to Cosimo upon his death in 1437.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern200784_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern200784-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Poggio_Bracciolini" title="Poggio Bracciolini">Poggio Bracciolini</a> succeeded Niccoli as the principal humanist of Florence. Bracciolini was born <a href="/wiki/Arezzo" title="Arezzo">Arezzo</a> in 1380. He toured Europe, searching for more ancient Greco-Roman manuscripts for Niccoli. Unlike his employer, Bracciolini also authored his own works. He was made the Chancellor of Florence shortly before his death, by Cosimo, who was his best friend.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern200788–89_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern200788–89-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cosimo_de_medici.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cosimo_de_medici.png/220px-Cosimo_de_medici.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Cosimo_de_medici.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>Cosimo de' Medici, founder of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Medici" title="House of Medici">House of Medici</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Florence hosted the Great Ecumenical Council in 1439; this council was launched in an attempt to reconcile the Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> with <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>. Pope <a href="/wiki/Eugenius_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenius IV">Eugenius IV</a> convened it in reply to a cry for assistance from the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_the_Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire">Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire</a> (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>) <a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a>. John VIII's empire was slowly being devoured by the Ottoman Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern200790_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern200790-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>The council was a huge boost to Florence's international prestige. The council deliberated until July 1439. Both parties had reached a compromise, and the Pope agreed to militarily aid the Byzantine Emperor. However, upon John VIII's homecoming to Constantinople, the Greeks rejected the compromise, leading to riots throughout what remained of the Byzantine Empire. John VIII was forced to repudiate the agreement with the Roman church to appease the rioters. As a result, no Western aid was forthcoming and the Byzantine Empire's fate was sealed. Fourteen years later in 1453, Constantinople fell to the Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern200794_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern200794-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cosimo's fervent patronage transformed Florence into the epitome of a Renaissance city. He employed <a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunelleschi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunelleschi">Brunelleschi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michelozzo" title="Michelozzo">Michelozzo</a>. All these artistic commissions cost Cosimo over 600,000 florins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007106_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007106-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foreign relations, both as a backdrop to Cosimo's rise to power and during the first twenty years of his rule, were dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Wars_in_Lombardy" title="Wars in Lombardy">Wars in Lombardy</a>. This series of conflicts between the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a> for hegemony in Northern Italy lasted from 1423 to 1454 and involved a number of Italian states, that occasionally switched sides according to their changing interests. <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Maria_Visconti" title="Filippo Maria Visconti">Filippo Maria Visconti</a> of Milan invaded Florence twice in the 1430s, and again in 1440, but his army was finally defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anghiari" title="Battle of Anghiari">battle of Anghiari</a>. The Milanese invasions were largely instigated by the exiled <a href="/wiki/Albizzi" title="Albizzi">Albizzi</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007117_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007117-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Death of Filippo Maria in 1447 led to a major change in the alliances. In 1450 Cosimo's current ally <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Sforza" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Sforza">Francesco Sforza</a> established himself as the Duke of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>. Florentine trade interests made her support Sforza's Milan in the war against Venice, while the fall of Constantinople in 1453 dealt a blow to Venetian finances. Eventually, the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Lodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Lodi">Peace of Lodi</a> recognized Venetian and Florentine territorial gains and the legitimacy of the Sforza rule in Milan.<sup id="cite_ref-Brucker,_p._253_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brucker,_p._253-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Milan-Florence alliance played a major role in stabilizing the peninsula for the next 40 years. </p><p>The political crisis of 1458 was the first serious challenge to the Medici rule. The cost of wars had been borne by the great families of Florence, and disproportionately so by Medici's opponents. A number of them (Serragli, Baroncelli, Mancini, Vespucci, Gianni) were practically ruined and had to sell their properties, and those were acquired by Medici's partisans at bargain prices. The opposition used partial relaxation of Medici control of the republic institutions<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENajemy2006293_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENajemy2006293-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to demand political reforms, freedom of speech in the councils and a greater share in the decision-making. Medici's party response was to use threats of force from private armies and Milanese troops and arranging a popular assembly dominated by Cosimo's supporters. It exiled the opponents of the regime and introduced the open vote in councils, "in order to unmask the anti-Medician rebels".<sup id="cite_ref-Brucker,_p._253_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brucker,_p._253-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENajemy2006293–296_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENajemy2006293–296-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1458 Cosimo withdrew from any official public role, but his control of Florence was greater than ever. In the spring of 1459 he entertained the new pope <a href="/wiki/Pius_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius II">Pius II</a>, who stopped in Florence on his way to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Mantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Mantua">Council of Mantua</a> to declare a crusade against the Ottomans, and <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Maria_Sforza" title="Galeazzo Maria Sforza">Galeazzo Maria Sforza</a>, Francesco's son, who was to escort the pope from Florence to <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a>. In his memoirs, Pius said that Cosimo "was considered the arbiter of war and peace, the regulator of law; less a citizen than master of his city. Political councils were held in his home; the magistrates he chose were elected; he was king in all but name and legal status…. Some asserted that his tyranny was intolerable."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENajemy2006296–298_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENajemy2006296–298-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Piero_de'_Medici"><span id="Piero_de.27_Medici"></span>Piero de' Medici</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Florence&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Piero de' Medici"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Piero_di_Cosimo_de%27_Medici" title="Piero di Cosimo de' Medici">Piero di Cosimo de' Medici</a></div> <p>Piero the Gouty was the eldest son of Cosimo. Piero, as his sobriquet <i>the gouty</i> implies, suffered from <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a> and did not enjoy good health. <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_the_Magnificent" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorenzo the Magnificent">Lorenzo the Magnificent</a> was Piero's eldest son by his wife <a href="/wiki/Lucrezia_Tornabuoni" title="Lucrezia Tornabuoni">Lucrezia Tornabuoni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007127_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007127-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Piero's reign furthered the always fractious political divisions of Florence when he had called up huge debts owed to the Medici Bank. These debts were owed primarily by a Florentine nobleman, <a href="/wiki/Luca_Pitti" title="Luca Pitti">Luca Pitti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007130_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007130-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lucca called for an armed insurrection against Piero, but a co-conspirator rebutted this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007131_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007131-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duke Francesco Sforza of Milan died in 1466, and his son <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Maria_Sforza" title="Galeazzo Maria Sforza">Galeazzo Maria Sforza</a> became the new Milanese duke. With the death of Francesco Sforza, Florence lost a valuable ally among the other Italian states. </p><p>In August 1466, the conspirators acted. They received support from the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Ferrara" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Ferrara">Duke of Ferrara</a>, who marched troops into the Florentine countryside with the intent of deposing Piero. The coup failed. The Florentines were not willing to support it, and soon after their arrival, Ferrara's troops left the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007133_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007133-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conspirators were exiled for life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007134_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007134-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the internal problems were fixed, Venice took the opportunity to invade Florentine territory in 1467. Piero appointed <a href="/wiki/Federigo_da_Montefeltro" class="mw-redirect" title="Federigo da Montefeltro">Federigo da Montefeltro</a>, Lord of <a href="/wiki/Urbino" title="Urbino">Urbino</a>, to command his mercenaries. An inconclusive battle ensued, with the Venetians forces retreating.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007134–135_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007134–135-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the winter of 1469 Piero died. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Lorenzo_de'_Medici"><span id="Lorenzo_de.27_Medici"></span>Lorenzo de' Medici</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Florence&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lorenzo de' Medici"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici" title="Lorenzo de' Medici">Lorenzo de' Medici</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorenzo_de%27_Medici_Rubens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici_Rubens.jpg/170px-Lorenzo_de%27_Medici_Rubens.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici_Rubens.jpg/255px-Lorenzo_de%27_Medici_Rubens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici_Rubens.jpg/340px-Lorenzo_de%27_Medici_Rubens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5355" data-file-height="6956" /></a><figcaption>Lorenzo de' Medici</figcaption></figure> <p>Lorenzo succeeded his father, Piero. Lorenzo, as heir, was accordingly groomed by his father to rule over Florence. </p><p>Lorenzo was the greatest artistic patron of the Renaissance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007145_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007145-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He patronised <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Botticelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Botticelli">Botticelli</a>, among others. During Lorenzo's reign, the Renaissance truly descended on Florence. Lorenzo commissioned a multitude of amazing pieces of art and also enjoyed collecting fine gems. Lorenzo had many children with his wife <a href="/wiki/Clarice_Orsini" title="Clarice Orsini">Clarice Orsini</a>, including the future Pope <a href="/wiki/Leo_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo X">Leo X</a> and his eventual successor in Florence, <a href="/wiki/Piero_the_Unfortunate" title="Piero the Unfortunate">Piero the Unfortunate</a>. </p><p>Lorenzo's brother <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_de%27_Medici_(1453-1478)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giuliano de' Medici (1453-1478)">Giuliano</a> was killed before his own eyes in the <a href="/wiki/Pazzi_conspiracy" title="Pazzi conspiracy">Pazzi conspiracy</a> of 1478. This plot was instigated by the Pazzi family. The coup was unsuccessful, and the conspirators were executed in a very violent manner. The scheme was supported by the Archbishop of Pisa, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Salviati_(archbishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Salviati (archbishop)">Francesco Salviati</a>, who was also executed in his ceremonial robes. News of this sacrilege reached Pope <a href="/wiki/Sixtus_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixtus IV">Sixtus IV</a> (who had also supported the conspiracy against the Medicis). Sixtus IV was "outraged" and excommunicated everyone in Florence. Sixtus sent a papal delegation to Florence to arrest Lorenzo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007161–165_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007161–165-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The people of Florence were obviously enraged by the Pope's actions, and the local clergy too. The populace refused to resign Lorenzo to the papal delegation. A war followed, which lasted for two years until Lorenzo tactfully went about diplomatically securing a peace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007166–168_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007166–168-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lorenzo died in 1492 and was succeeded by his son Piero. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Piero_'the_Unfortunate'"><span id="Piero_.27the_Unfortunate.27"></span>Piero 'the Unfortunate'</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Florence&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Piero 'the Unfortunate'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Piero_the_Unfortunate" title="Piero the Unfortunate">Piero the Unfortunate</a></div> <p>Piero ruled Florence for a mere two years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007213_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007213-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII of France</a> invaded Italy in September 1494. He demanded passage through Florence to Naples, where he intended to secure the throne for himself. Piero met Charles at the fringes of Florence to try and negotiate. Piero capitulated to all Charles' demands, and upon arriving back in the city in November, he was branded as a traitor. He was forced to flee the republic with his family. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Savonarola">Savonarola</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Florence&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Savonarola"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Girolamo_Savonarola_by_Fra_Bartolommeo_(1497).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Girolamo_Savonarola_by_Fra_Bartolommeo_%281497%29.jpg/170px-Girolamo_Savonarola_by_Fra_Bartolommeo_%281497%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Girolamo_Savonarola_by_Fra_Bartolommeo_%281497%29.jpg/255px-Girolamo_Savonarola_by_Fra_Bartolommeo_%281497%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Girolamo_Savonarola_by_Fra_Bartolommeo_%281497%29.jpg/340px-Girolamo_Savonarola_by_Fra_Bartolommeo_%281497%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Girolamo Savonarola</figcaption></figure> <p>After the fall of the Medici, <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a> ruled the state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007257_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007257-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Savonarola was a priest from <a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a>. He came to Florence in the 1480s. By proclaiming predictions and through vigorous preaching, he won the people to his cause. Savonarola's new government ushered in democratic reforms. It allowed many exiles back into Florence, who were banished by the Medici. Savonarola's ulterior goal, however, was to transform Florence into a "city of God".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007220_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007220-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Florentines stopped wearing garish colours, and many women took oaths to become nuns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007223_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007223-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Savonarola became most famous for his "<a href="/wiki/Bonfire_of_the_Vanities" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonfire of the Vanities">Bonfire of the Vanities</a>", where he ordered all "vanities" to be gathered and burned. These included wigs, perfume, paintings, and ancient pagan manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Savonarola's rule collapsed a year later. He was excommunicated by Pope <a href="/wiki/Alexander_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander VI">Alexander VI</a> in late 1497. In the same year, Florence embarked on a war with <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>, which had been <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> independent since <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII</a>'s invasion three years before. The endeavour failed miserably, and this led to food shortages. That, in turn, led to a few isolated cases of the plague. The people blamed Savonarola for their woes, and he was tortured and executed in the <a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Signoria" title="Piazza della Signoria">Piazza della Signoria</a> by being burned at the stake by Florentine authorities, in May 1498.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007226–269_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007226–269-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th_century">16th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Florence&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 16th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Piero_Soderini">Piero Soderini</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Florence&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Piero Soderini"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Piero_Soderini" title="Piero Soderini">Piero Soderini</a></div> <p>In 1502, the Florentines chose <a href="/wiki/Piero_Soderini" title="Piero Soderini">Piero Soderini</a> as their first ruler for life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007249_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007249-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soderini succeeded where Savonarola had failed, when the Secretary of War, <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a>, recaptured Pisa in 1509. It was at this time that Machiavelli introduced a standing army in Florence, replacing the traditional use of hired mercenaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007257_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007257-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Giovanni_de'_Medici"><span id="Giovanni_de.27_Medici"></span>Giovanni de' Medici</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Florence&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Giovanni de' Medici"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></div> <p>Soderini was repudiated in September 1512, when <a href="/wiki/Leo_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo X">Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici</a> captured Florence with Papal troops during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai" title="War of the League of Cambrai">War of the League of Cambrai</a>. The Medici rule of Florence was thus restored.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007261_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007261-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_charles_v.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emperor_charles_v.png/170px-Emperor_charles_v.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emperor_charles_v.png/255px-Emperor_charles_v.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emperor_charles_v.png/340px-Emperor_charles_v.png 2x" data-file-width="1794" data-file-height="1823" /></a><figcaption>Holy Roman Emperor Charles V</figcaption></figure> <p>Soon after retaking Florence, Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici was recalled to Rome. Pope <a href="/wiki/Julius_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius II">Julius II</a> had just died, and he needed to be present for the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">Papal conclave</a>. Giovanni was elected Pope, taking the name Leo X. This effectively brought the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> and Florence into a political union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007266–268_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007266–268-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leo X ruled Florence by proxy, first appointing his brother <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Nemours" title="Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours">Giuliano de' Medici</a> to rule in his stead, and then in 1516, replacing Giuliano with his cousin, <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_II_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Urbino" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino">Lorenzo II de' Medici</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lorenzo II's government proved unpopular in Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to U.S. President and historian <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, "at this time the citizens of the state of Florence were in secret very discontented, because the Duke Lorenzo, desiring to reduce the government to the form of a principality, appeared to disdain to consult any longer with the magistrates and his fellow-citizens as he used to do, and gave audiences very seldom, and with much impatience; he attended less to the business of the city, and caused all public affairs to be managed by Messer Goro da Pistoia, his secretary."<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1519, Lorenzo died from syphilis, shortly before his wife gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a>, the future Queen of France.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Giulio_de'_Medici"><span id="Giulio_de.27_Medici"></span>Giulio de' Medici</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Florence&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Giulio de' Medici"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Pope_Leo_X_and_his_cousins,_cardinals_Giulio_de%27_Medici_and_Luigi_de%27_Rossi_(by_Raphael).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Portrait_of_Pope_Leo_X_and_his_cousins%2C_cardinals_Giulio_de%27_Medici_and_Luigi_de%27_Rossi_%28by_Raphael%29.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Pope_Leo_X_and_his_cousins%2C_cardinals_Giulio_de%27_Medici_and_Luigi_de%27_Rossi_%28by_Raphael%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Portrait_of_Pope_Leo_X_and_his_cousins%2C_cardinals_Giulio_de%27_Medici_and_Luigi_de%27_Rossi_%28by_Raphael%29.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_Pope_Leo_X_and_his_cousins%2C_cardinals_Giulio_de%27_Medici_and_Luigi_de%27_Rossi_%28by_Raphael%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Portrait_of_Pope_Leo_X_and_his_cousins%2C_cardinals_Giulio_de%27_Medici_and_Luigi_de%27_Rossi_%28by_Raphael%29.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_Pope_Leo_X_and_his_cousins%2C_cardinals_Giulio_de%27_Medici_and_Luigi_de%27_Rossi_%28by_Raphael%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2538" data-file-height="3360" /></a><figcaption>Leo X (center) and Cardinal Giulio de' Medici (left)</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the death of Lorenzo II, <a href="/wiki/Clement_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement VII">Cardinal Giulio de' Medici</a> governed Florence until 1523, when he was elected Pope Clement VII. U.S. <a href="/wiki/President_John_Adams" class="mw-redirect" title="President John Adams">President John Adams</a> later characterized his administration of Florence as "very successful and frugal."<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adams chronicles Cardinal Giulio as having "reduced the business of the magistrates, elections, customs of office, and the mode of expenditure of public money, in such a manner that it produced a great and universal joy among the citizens."<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_51-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the death of Pope Leo X in 1521, Adams writes there was a "ready inclination in all of the principal citizens [of Florence], and a universal desire among the people, to maintain the state in the hands of the Cardinal de' Medici; and all this felicity arose from his good government, which since the death of the Duke Lorenzo, had been universally agreeable."<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_51-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Cardinal Giulio was elected Pope Clement VII, he appointed <a href="/wiki/Ippolito_de%27_Medici" title="Ippolito de' Medici">Ippolito de' Medici</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_de%27_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Alessandro de' Medici">Alessandro de' Medici</a> to rule Florence, under the guardianship of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Passerini" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Passerini">Cardinal Passerini</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007292_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007292-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ippolito was the son of Giuliano de' Medici, while Alessandro was allegedly the son of Clement VII. Cardinal Passerini's regency government proved highly unpopular.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1527, Rome was sacked by the Holy Roman Empire. The city was destroyed, and Pope Clement VII was imprisoned. During the tumult, a faction of Republicans drove out the Medici from Florence. A new wave of Puritanism swept through the city. Many new restricting fundamentalist laws were passed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007308–309_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007308–309-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1529, Clement VII signed the Treaty of Barcelona with <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, under which Charles would, in exchange for the Pope's blessing, invade Florence and restore the Medici. They were restored after <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Florence_(1529%E2%80%9330)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Florence (1529–30)">a protracted siege</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007311–315_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007311–315-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Dukes_of_the_Republic_of_Florence""><span id=".22Dukes_of_the_Republic_of_Florence.22"></span>"Dukes of the Republic of Florence"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Florence&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: "Dukes of the Republic of Florence""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Florence" title="Duchy of Florence">Duchy of Florence</a></div> <p>Following the Republic's surrender in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Florence_(1529%E2%80%931530)" title="Siege of Florence (1529–1530)">Siege of Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a> issued a proclamation explicitly stating that he and he alone could determine the government of Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale2001118_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale2001118-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 August 1530, the Emperor created the Medici hereditary rulers (<i>capo</i>) of the <i>Republic</i> of Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale2001119_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale2001119-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title "<a href="/wiki/Duke_of_the_Florentine_Republic" title="Duke of the Florentine Republic">Duke of the Florentine Republic</a>" was chosen because it would bolster Medici power in the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alessandro_de'_Medici"><span id="Alessandro_de.27_Medici"></span>Alessandro de' Medici</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Florence&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Alessandro de' Medici"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacopo_Pontormo_056.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Jacopo_Pontormo_056.jpg/170px-Jacopo_Pontormo_056.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Jacopo_Pontormo_056.jpg/255px-Jacopo_Pontormo_056.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Jacopo_Pontormo_056.jpg/340px-Jacopo_Pontormo_056.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3212" data-file-height="3964" /></a><figcaption>Alessandro de' Medici</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> intended his relative <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_de%27_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Alessandro de' Medici">Alessandro de' Medici</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to be the ruler of Florence, but also wanted to give the impression that the Florentines had democratically chosen Alessandro as their ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale2001119_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale2001119-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after Alessandro's accession in 1530 (he reigned as Duke of the Florentine Republic from 1532 on), Imperial troops remained stationed in Florence. In 1535, several prominent Florentine families, including the <a href="/wiki/Pazzi" title="Pazzi">Pazzi</a> (who attempted to kill <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici" title="Lorenzo de' Medici">Lorenzo de' Medici</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pazzi_Conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pazzi Conspiracy">Pazzi Conspiracy</a>) dispatched a delegation under <a href="/wiki/Ippolito_de%27_Medici" title="Ippolito de' Medici">Ippolito de' Medici</a>, asking Charles V to depose Alessandro. Much to their dismay, the Emperor rejected their appeal. Charles had no intention of deposing Alessandro, who was married to Charles' daughter <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Parma" title="Margaret of Parma">Margaret of Parma</a>. </p><p>Alessandro continued to rule Florence for another two years until he was murdered on 1 January 1537 by his distant relative <a href="/wiki/Lorenzino_de%27_Medici" title="Lorenzino de' Medici">Lorenzino de' Medici</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cosimo_I_de'_Medici"><span id="Cosimo_I_de.27_Medici"></span>Cosimo I de' Medici</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Florence&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cosimo I de' Medici"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agnolo_Bronzino_-_Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici_in_armour_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Agnolo_Bronzino_-_Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici_in_armour_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Agnolo_Bronzino_-_Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici_in_armour_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Agnolo_Bronzino_-_Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici_in_armour_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Agnolo_Bronzino_-_Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici_in_armour_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Agnolo_Bronzino_-_Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici_in_armour_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Agnolo_Bronzino_-_Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici_in_armour_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3853" data-file-height="5001" /></a><figcaption>Cosimo I de' Medici</figcaption></figure> <p>As Alessandro left no legitimate issue, the question of succession was open. Florentine authorities selected <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Cosimo I</a> in 1537.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangdon200634_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangdon200634-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the news of this, the exiled Strozzi family invaded and tried to depose Cosimo, but were defeated at Montemurlo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandon201374_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandon201374-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cosimo completely overhauled the bureaucracy and administration of Florence. In 1542, the Imperial troops stationed in Florence by Charles V were withdrawn. </p><p>In 1548, Cosimo was given a part of the <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Island of Elba</a> by Charles V, and based his new developing navy there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattendorfUnger2003172_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattendorfUnger2003172-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cosimo founded the port city of <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a> and allowed the city's inhabitants to enjoy freedom of religion. In alliance with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire, Cosimo defeated the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Republic of Siena</a>, which was allied with France, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marciano" title="Battle of Marciano">Battle of Marciano</a> on 2 August 1554.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Veen2013190_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Veen2013190-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 April 1555, Florence and Spain occupied the territory of Siena, which, in July 1557 <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> bestowed on Cosimo as a hereditary fiefdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Veen2013190_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Veen2013190-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ducal family moved into the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Pitti" title="Palazzo Pitti">Palazzo Pitti</a> in 1560. Cosimo commissioned the architect <a href="/wiki/Vasari" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasari">Vasari</a> to build the <a href="/wiki/Uffizi" title="Uffizi">Uffizi</a>, as offices for the Medici bank, continuing the Medici tradition of patronage of the arts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_Republic">End of the Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Florence&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: End of the Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1569, Cosimo was elevated to the rank of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Tuscany">Grand Duke of Tuscany</a> by Pope <a href="/wiki/Pius_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius V">Pius V</a>. This marks the end of the Florence Republic, and the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a>. </p><p>Medici rule continued into the Grand Duchy of Tuscany until the family became extinct in 1737. <span class="anchor" id="Government"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrations_of_the_Republic">Administrations of the Republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Florence&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Administrations of the Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_virtue" title="Civic virtue">Civic virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty#Republican_liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty as non-domination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_government" title="Mixed government">Mixed government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_representation" title="Political representation">Political representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation_(decision_making)" title="Public participation (decision making)">Public participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica">Res publica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal republicanism">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism#Neo-republicanism" title="Republicanism">Neo-republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_republic" title="Capitalist republic">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_republic" title="Peasant republic">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_republic" title="People's republic">People's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_republic" title="Revolutionary republic">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular republic">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">Sister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic" title="Soviet republic">Soviet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Baggini" title="Julian Baggini">Baggini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bello" title="Andrés Bello">Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Cattaneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Grace_Chappell" title="Sophie Grace Chappell">Chappell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crick" title="Bernard Crick">Crick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Honderich" title="Ted Honderich">Honderich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Pettit" title="Philip Pettit">Pettit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sandel" title="Michael Sandel">Sandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Warburton" title="Nigel Warburton">Warburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Adams (Gerry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bartley" title="Jonathan Bartley">Bartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Bennett" title="Natalie Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Chapman" title="Maggie Chapman">Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy_Clark" title="Katy Clark">Clark (Katy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Clarke (Tom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Davidson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Ian Davidson (Scottish politician)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Drakeford" title="Mark Drakeford">Drakeford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Etherington" title="Bill Etherington">Etherington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Fabiani" title="Linda Fabiani">Fabiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ferguson_(politician)" title="Mark Ferguson (politician)">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Flynn" title="Stephen Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">Grévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nia_Griffith" title="Nia Griffith">Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Griffiths_(Welsh_politician)" title="John Griffiths (Welsh politician)">Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Harvie" title="Patrick Harvie">Harvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hatton" title="Derek Hatton">Hatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_Hopkins" title="Kelvin Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huppert" title="Julian Huppert">Huppert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhun_ap_Iorwerth" title="Rhun ap Iorwerth">Iorwerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenda_Jackson" title="Glenda Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elin_Jones" title="Elin Jones">Jones (Elin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Jones" title="Lynne Jones">Jones (Lynne)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_Kane" title="Rosie Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_La_Malfa" title="Ugo La Malfa">La Malfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Lewis_(politician)" title="Clive Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lucas" title="Caroline Lucas">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Mackay" title="Gillian Mackay">Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie" title="William Lyon Mackenzie">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magid_Magid" title="Magid Magid">Magid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Mannin" title="Ethel Mannin">Mannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_McKechin" title="Ann McKechin">McKechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Mullin_(politician)" title="Chris Mullin (politician)">Mullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Nandy" title="Lisa Nandy">Nandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Naysmith" title="Doug Naysmith">Naysmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pound" title="Stephen Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Ritchie" title="Ken Ritchie">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethan_Sayed" title="Bethan Sayed">Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Skates" title="Ken Skates">Skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Skinner" title="Dennis Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Slater" title="Lorna Slater">Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Slaughter" title="Andy Slaughter">Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Smith" title="Cat Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Spadolini" title="Giovanni Spadolini">Spadolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Taverne" title="Dick Taverne">Taverne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Wilson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Bill Wilson (Scottish politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanne_Wood" title="Leanne Wood">Wood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(54–51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy" title="Discourses on Livy">Discourses on Livy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1531)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tenure_of_Kings_and_Magistrates" title="The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates">The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1649)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Commonwealth_of_Oceana" title="The Commonwealth of Oceana">The Commonwealth of Oceana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1656)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourses_Concerning_Government" title="Discourses Concerning Government">Discourses Concerning Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1698)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Inequality" title="Discourse on Inequality">Discourse on Inequality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1755)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1787–1788)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Peace:_A_Philosophical_Sketch" title="Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch">Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1794)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Revolution" title="On Revolution">On Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha" title="Gaṇasaṅgha"><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṇasaṅgha</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">5 October 1910 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">Mongolian Revolution of 1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_September_1922_Revolution" title="11 September 1922 Revolution">11 September 1922 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Greek_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1935 Greek coup d'état attempt">1935 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title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Fijian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Fijian coups d'état">1987 Fijian coups d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbadian Republic Proclamation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Republicanism in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Bahamas" title="Republicanism in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Canada" title="Republicanism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Jamaica" title="Republicanism in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-monarchism_in_Japan" title="Anti-monarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Morocco" title="Republicanism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Republicanism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_New_Zealand" title="Republicanism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Norway" title="Republicanism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Spain" title="Republicanism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Sweden" title="Republicanism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_republicanism" title="Scottish republicanism">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_republicanism" title="Welsh republicanism">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Clothes" title="The Emperor's New Clothes">The Emperor's New Clothes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_republics" title="List of republics">List of republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_republic" title="Peasant republic">Peasant republic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">Primus inter pares</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_without_republicans" title="Republic without republicans">Republic without republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Republican empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Republican Party (disambiguation)">Republican Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Florence was governed by a council called the <i><a href="/wiki/Signoria" title="Signoria">signoria</a></i>, which consisted of nine men. The head of the signoria was the <i><a href="/wiki/Gonfaloniere" title="Gonfaloniere">gonfaloniere</a></i>, who was chosen every two months in a lottery, as was his <i>signoria</i>. To be eligible, one had to have sound finances, no arrears or bankruptcies, he had to be older than thirty, had to be a member of Florence's seven main guilds (merchant traders, bankers, two clothe guilds, and judges). The lottery was often pre-determined, and the results were usually favourable to influential families.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern200715_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern200715-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The roster of names in the lottery were replaced every five years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale200117–18_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale200117–18-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main organs of government were known as the <i>tre maggiori</i>. They were: the twelve good men, the standard bearers of the <i>gonfaloniere</i>, and the <i>signoria</i>. The first two debated and ratified proposed legislation, but could not introduce it. The <i>gonfaloniere'</i>s initial two month-term in office was expanded upon the fall of Savonarola in 1498, to life, much like that of the <a href="/wiki/Doge_of_Venice" title="Doge of Venice">Venetian <i>doge</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007235_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007235-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>signoria</i> held meetings each day in the <i>Palazzo della Signoria.</i> Various committees controlled particular aspects of government, e.g. the Committee of War. For administrative purposes, Florence was divided into four districts, which were divided into four sub-districts. The main purpose of these counties was to ease the gathering of local militias.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale200115–16_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale200115–16-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To hold an elective office, one had to be of a family that had previously held office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007249_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007249-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Medici family effectively ruled Florence on a hereditary basis, from 1434 to 1494, and 1512–1527. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_de%27_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Alessandro de' Medici">Alessandro de' Medici</a> was installed as the "Duke of the Florentine Republic" in 1530, in April 1532, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> convinced the <i>Balía</i>, Florence's ruling commission, to draw up a new constitution, which formally created a hereditary monarchy. It abolished the age-old <i>signoria</i> (elective government) and the office of <i><a href="/wiki/Gonfaloniere" title="Gonfaloniere">gonfaloniere</a></i> (titular head-of-state elected for a two-month term) and replaced it with three institutions: </p> <ul><li>the <i>consigliere</i>, a four-man council elected for a three-month term, headed by the "Duke of the Florentine Republic".</li> <li>the Senate, composed of forty-eight men, chosen by the <i>Balía</i>, was vested with the prerogative of determining Florence's financial, security, and foreign policies. Additionally, the senate appointed the commissions of war and public security, and the governors of Pisa, Arezzio, Prato, Voltera and Cortona and ambassadors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale2001121_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale2001121-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the Council of Two Hundred was a petitions court; membership was for life.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Florence&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilds_of_Florence" title="Guilds of Florence">Guilds of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Florence" title="List of heads of state of Florence">Lords and Dukes of Florence</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Florence&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allessandro is usually considered an illegitimate son of <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_II,_Duke_of_Urbino" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorenzo II, Duke of Urbino">Lorenzo II, Duke of Urbino</a>, though some historians suggest that Clement himself was the father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher201616,_280–281_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher201616,_280–281-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Florence&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Brucker-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brucker_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrucker1998" class="citation book cs1">Brucker, Gene A. (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/florencegoldenag00bruc_0"><i>Florence: The Golden Age 1138–1737</i></a></span>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21522-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21522-2"><bdi>0-520-21522-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Florence%3A+The+Golden+Age+1138%E2%80%931737&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-520-21522-2&rft.aulast=Brucker&rft.aufirst=Gene+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflorencegoldenag00bruc_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Florence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENajemy2006-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENajemy2006_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNajemy2006">Najemy (2006)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated4-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aboutflorence.com/history-of-Florence.html">"History of Florence"</a>. Aboutflorence.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801184856/http://www.aboutflorence.com/history-of-Florence.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Florence&rft.pub=Aboutflorence.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aboutflorence.com%2Fhistory-of-Florence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Florence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Florence">"Florence – Climate"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150417032904/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/210642/Florence">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Florence+%E2%80%93+Climate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FFlorence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Florence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fiorino.us/about-franco/why-fiorino/">"Fiorino"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fiorino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiorino.us%2Fabout-franco%2Fwhy-fiorino%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Florence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/renaissance">"Renaissance"</a>. <i>History.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019195624/https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/renaissance">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=Renaissance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Frenaissance%2Frenaissance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Florence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoudriaan20188–9-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudriaan20188–9_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudriaan20188–9_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoudriaan2018">Goudriaan (2018)</a>, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007321-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007321_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: Jean-Claude Maire Vigueur and Andrea Zorzi ("Il gruppo dirigente fiorentino nell'età consolare" n "Archivio Storico", CLXII (2004), p. 210)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/italy/tuscany/san-gimignano/attractions/a/poi-sig/360052">"Attractions in San Gimignano, Italy"</a>. <i>Lonely Planet</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917130054/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/italy/tuscany/san-gimignano/attractions/a/poi-sig/360052">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lonely+Planet&rft.atitle=Attractions+in+San+Gimignano%2C+Italy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Fitaly%2Ftuscany%2Fsan-gimignano%2Fattractions%2Fa%2Fpoi-sig%2F360052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Florence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett2005" class="citation book cs1">Bartlett, Kenneth (2005). "Chapter 7". <i>The Italian Renaissance</i>. Vol. II. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Renaissance&rft.pages=37&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Florence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern200718-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern200718_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern200718_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern200719-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern200719_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern200720-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern200720_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern200720–21-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern200720–21_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern200726-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern200726_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007301-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007301_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, p. 301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bruk252-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bruk252_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bruk252_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bruk252_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brucker, p. 252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENajemy2006193–194-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENajemy2006193–194_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENajemy2006193–194_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENajemy2006193–194_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNajemy2006">Najemy (2006)</a>, pp. 193–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern200741-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern200741_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern200742-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern200742_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern200742_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern200783-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern200783_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern200784-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern200784_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern200788–89-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern200788–89_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, pp. 88–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern200790-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern200790_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern200794-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern200794_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007106-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007106_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007117-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007117_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brucker,_p._253-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brucker,_p._253_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brucker,_p._253_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brucker, p. 253</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENajemy2006293-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENajemy2006293_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNajemy2006">Najemy (2006)</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENajemy2006293–296-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENajemy2006293–296_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNajemy2006">Najemy (2006)</a>, pp. 293–296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENajemy2006296–298-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENajemy2006296–298_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNajemy2006">Najemy (2006)</a>, pp. 296–298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007127-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007127_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007130-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007130_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007131-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007131_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007133-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007133_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007134-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007134_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007134–135-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007134–135_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, pp. 134–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007145-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007145_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007161–165-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007161–165_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, pp. 161–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007166–168-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007166–168_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, pp. 166–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007213-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007213_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007257-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007257_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007257_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007220-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007220_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007223-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007223_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517201252/http://www.covenantseminary.edu/worldwide/en/CH310/CH310_T_33.html">"Covenant Worldwide – Ancient & Medieval Church History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.covenantseminary.edu/worldwide/en/CH310/CH310_T_33.html">the original</a> on 17 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Covenant+Worldwide+%E2%80%93+Ancient+%26+Medieval+Church+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.covenantseminary.edu%2Fworldwide%2Fen%2FCH310%2FCH310_T_33.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Florence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007226–269-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007226–269_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, pp. 226–269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007249-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007249_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007249_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007261-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007261_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007266–268-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007266–268_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, pp. 266–268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_51-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_51-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_51-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/adams-the-works-of-john-adams-vol-5-defence-of-the-constitutions-vols-ii-and-iii/simple">"The Works of John Adams, vol. 5 (Defence of the Constitutions Vols. II and III)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119050641/https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/adams-the-works-of-john-adams-vol-5-defence-of-the-constitutions-vols-ii-and-iii/simple">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2020</span> – via Online Library of Liberty.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+John+Adams%2C+vol.+5+%28Defence+of+the+Constitutions+Vols.+II+and+III%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2Ftitles%2Fadams-the-works-of-john-adams-vol-5-defence-of-the-constitutions-vols-ii-and-iii%2Fsimple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Florence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lorenzo-di-Piero-de-Medici-duca-di-Urbino">"Lorenzo di Piero de' Medici, duca di Urbino | Italian ruler"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150509044102/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/372353/Lorenzo-di-Piero-de-Medici-duca-di-Urbino">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lorenzo+di+Piero+de%27+Medici%2C+duca+di+Urbino+%26%23124%3B+Italian+ruler&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FLorenzo-di-Piero-de-Medici-duca-di-Urbino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Florence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007292-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007292_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alessandro">"Alessandro | duke of Florence"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729042052/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alessandro">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alessandro+%26%23124%3B+duke+of+Florence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAlessandro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Florence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007308–309-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007308–309_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, pp. 308–309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007311–315-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007311–315_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, pp. 311–315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale2001118-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale2001118_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHale2001">Hale (2001)</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale2001119-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale2001119_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale2001119_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHale2001">Hale (2001)</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher201616,_280–281-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher201616,_280–281_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFletcher2016">Fletcher (2016)</a>, pp. 16, 280–281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangdon200634-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangdon200634_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangdon2006">Langdon (2006)</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELandon201374-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandon201374_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandon2013">Landon (2013)</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattendorfUnger2003172-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattendorfUnger2003172_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHattendorfUnger2003">Hattendorf & Unger (2003)</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Veen2013190-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Veen2013190_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Veen2013190_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Veen2013">van Veen (2013)</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern200715-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern200715_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale200117–18-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale200117–18_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHale2001">Hale (2001)</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007235-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2007235_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrathern2007">Strathern (2007)</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale200115–16-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale200115–16_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHale2001">Hale (2001)</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale2001121-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale2001121_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHale2001">Hale (2001)</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Florence&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrumPaoletti2008" class="citation book cs1">Crum, Roger J.; Paoletti, John T., eds. (2008). <i>Renaissance Florence: A Social History</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+Florence%3A+A+Social+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Florence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher2016" class="citation book cs1">Fletcher, Catherine (2016). <i>The Black Prince of Florence: The Spectacular Life and Treacherous World of Alessandro de' Medici</i>. Bodley Head.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Prince+of+Florence%3A+The+Spectacular+Life+and+Treacherous+World+of+Alessandro+de%27+Medici&rft.pub=Bodley+Head&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Florence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoudriaan2018" class="citation book cs1">Goudriaan, Elisa (2018). <i>Florentine Patricians and Their Networks: Structures Behind the Cultural Success and the Political Representation of the Medici Court (1600–1660)</i>. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Florentine+Patricians+and+Their+Networks%3A+Structures+Behind+the+Cultural+Success+and+the+Political+Representation+of+the+Medici+Court+%281600%E2%80%931660%29&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Goudriaan&rft.aufirst=Elisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Florence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Rigby_Hale" title="John Rigby Hale">Hale, John Rigby</a> (2001) [1977]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/florencemedici0000hale"><i>Florence and the Medici</i></a></span>. Phoenix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84212-456-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-84212-456-0"><bdi>1-84212-456-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Florence+and+the+Medici&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-84212-456-0&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=John+Rigby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflorencemedici0000hale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Florence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHattendorfUnger2003" class="citation book cs1">Hattendorf, John B.; Unger, Richard W., eds. (2003). <i>War at Sea in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance</i>. The Boydell Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+at+Sea+in+the+Middle+Ages+and+the+Renaissance&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Florence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandon2013" class="citation book cs1">Landon, William J. (2013). <i>Lorenzo di Filippo Strozzi and Niccolo Machiavelli</i>. University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lorenzo+di+Filippo+Strozzi+and+Niccolo+Machiavelli&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Landon&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Florence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangdon2006" class="citation book cs1">Langdon, Gabrielle (2006). <i>Medici Women: Portraits of Power, Love and Betrayal from the Court of Duke Cosimo I</i>. University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medici+Women%3A+Portraits+of+Power%2C+Love+and+Betrayal+from+the+Court+of+Duke+Cosimo+I&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Langdon&rft.aufirst=Gabrielle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Florence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNajemy2006" class="citation book cs1">Najemy, John M. (2006). <i>A history of Florence 1200–1575</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1954-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1954-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-1954-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Florence+1200%E2%80%931575&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1954-2&rft.aulast=Najemy&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Florence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrathern2007" class="citation book cs1">Strathern, Paul (2007) [2003]. <i>The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance</i>. Vintage Books. p. 321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-099-52297-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-099-52297-3"><bdi>978-0-099-52297-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medici%3A+Godfathers+of+the+Renaissance&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-099-52297-3&rft.aulast=Strathern&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Florence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Veen2013" class="citation book cs1">van Veen, Henk Th. (2013). <i>Cosimo I De' Medici and His Self-Representation in Florentine Art and Culture</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosimo+I+De%27+Medici+and+His+Self-Representation+in+Florentine+Art+and+Culture&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=van+Veen&rft.aufirst=Henk+Th.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Florence" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Florence&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_monarchies_Italian_peninsula" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former monarchies Italian peninsula"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_historic_states_of_Italy257" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">List of historic states of Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Pre-Roman period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapygians" title="Iapygians">Iapygians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a> (753 BC–509 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> (509 BC–27 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (27 BC–395 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> (395–476 AD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Medieval<br />and<br />Early Modern<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Barbarian kingdoms<br />(476–774)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(476%E2%80%93493)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (476–493)">Odoacer's rule</a> (476–493)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic rule</a> (493–553)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal rule</a> (435–534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombard rule</a> (568–774) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Duchy of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Friuli" title="Duchy of Friuli">Duchy of Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ivrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Ivrea">Duchy of Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Duchy of Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tridentum" title="Duchy of Tridentum">Duchy of Tridentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tuscia" title="Duchy of Tuscia">Duchy of Tuscia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (584–751)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a> (584–751) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Duchy of Rome</a> (533–751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Perugia" title="Duchy of Perugia">Duchy of Perugia</a> (554–752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_the_Pentapolis" title="Duchy of the Pentapolis">Duchy of the Pentapolis</a> (554–752)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a> (585–698)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a><br />(754–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrimony_of_Saint_Peter" title="Patrimony of Saint Peter">Patrimony of Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campagna_e_Marittima_Province" title="Campagna e Marittima Province">Campagna e Marittima Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Castro" title="Duchy of Castro">Duchy of Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ferrara" title="Duchy of Ferrara">Duchy of Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Urbino" title="Duchy of Urbino">Duchy of Urbino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><br />and other<br />independent<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Brixen" title="Prince-Bishopric of Brixen">Bishopric of Bressanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_Republic" title="Corsican Republic">Corsican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Fiume)" title="Corpus separatum (Fiume)">City of Fiume and its District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Gorizia" title="County of Gorizia">County of Gorizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_County_of_Gorizia_and_Gradisca" title="Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca">Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Guastalla" title="County of Guastalla">County of Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Santa_Fiora" title="County of Santa Fiora">County of Santa Fiora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Duchy of Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Ancona" title="March of Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Ceva" title="Marquisate of Ceva">Ceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Finale" title="Marquisate of Finale">Finale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Friuli" title="March of Friuli">March of Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patria_del_Friuli" title="Patria del Friuli">Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Ivrea" title="March of Ivrea">Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Istria" title="March of Istria">Istria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Mantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Mantua">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Milan" title="Lordship of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Montferrat" title="March of Montferrat">March of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Montferrat" title="Duchy of Montferrat">Duchy of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Free_City_of_Trieste" title="Imperial Free City of Trieste">Trieste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Turin" title="March of Turin">Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Tuscany" title="March of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Verona" title="March of Verona">Verona</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ivrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Ivrea">Duchy of Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mantua" title="Duchy of Mantua">Duchy of Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Duchy of Massa and Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Merania" title="Duchy of Merania">Duchy of Merania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mirandola" title="Duchy of Mirandola">Duchy of Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Novellara_and_Bagnolo" title="County of Novellara and Bagnolo">County of Novellara and Bagnolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Piombino" title="Principality of Piombino">Principality of Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Reggio" title="Duchy of Reggio">Duchy of Reggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Saluzzo" title="Marquisate of Saluzzo">Marquisate of Saluzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Duchy of Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Diocese_of_Tarentaise" title="Ancient Diocese of Tarentaise">Bishopric of Tarantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Trent" title="Prince-Bishopric of Trent">Prince-Bishopric of Trento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_state" title="Savoyard state">Savoyard state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Savoy" title="County of Savoy">County of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Piedmont" title="Prince of Piedmont">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aosta" title="Duchy of Aosta">Duchy of Aosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">County of Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tende" title="Tende">County of Tenda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a><br />(697–1797)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogado" title="Dogado">Dogado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domini_di_Terraferma" title="Domini di Terraferma">Domini di Terraferma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Stato da Màr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other Republics<br />(c. 1000–1797)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cospaia" title="Republic of Cospaia">Republic of Cospaia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Republic of Lucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Massa" title="Republic of Massa">Republic of Massa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Republic of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Noli" title="Republic of Noli">Republic of Noli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Republic of Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ancona" title="Republic of Ancona">Republic of Ancona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_south_Italian_principalities" title="List of south Italian principalities">Southern Italy</a><br />(774–1139)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Byzantine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Duchy of Amalfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gaeta" title="Duchy of Gaeta">Duchy of Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catepanate_of_Italy" title="Catepanate of Italy">Catepanate of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longobardia" title="Longobardia">Longobardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucania_(theme)" title="Lucania (theme)">Theme of Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Naples" title="Duchy of Naples">Duchy of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicily_(theme)" title="Sicily (theme)">Theme of Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Sicily">Byzantine Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sorrento" title="Duchy of Sorrento">Duchy of Sorrento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bari" title="Emirate of Bari">Emirate of Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Sicily" title="Muslim Sicily">Muslim Sicily</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Lombard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Principality of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salerno" title="Principality of Salerno">Principality of Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Capua" title="Principality of Capua">Principality of Capua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="County of Apulia and Calabria">County of Apulia and Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Aversa" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Aversa">County of Aversa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Sicily" title="County of Sicily">County of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Taranto" title="Principality of Taranto">Principality of Taranto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> <br />(from the 9th century)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">Judicates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agugliastra" title="Agugliastra">Agugliastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Arborea" title="Judicate of Arborea">Arborea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Cagliari" title="Judicate of Cagliari">Cagliari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Gallura" title="Judicate of Gallura">Gallura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Logudoro" title="Judicate of Logudoro">Logudoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Oristano" title="Marquisate of Oristano">Oristano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sassari" title="Republic of Sassari">Republic of Sassari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1324%E2%80%931720)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (1324–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a><br />(1130–1816) and<br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a><br />(1282–1816)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Presidi" title="State of the Presidi">State of the Presidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_San_Donato" title="Duke of San Donato">Duke of San Donato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sora" title="Duchy of Sora">Duchy of Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bari" title="Duchy of Bari">Duchy of Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Lecce" title="County of Lecce">County of Lecce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Taranto" title="Principality of Taranto">Principality of Taranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Sancti_Benedicti" title="Terra Sancti Benedicti">Terra Sancti Benedicti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_Republic_(1647%E2%80%931648)" title="Neapolitan Republic (1647–1648)">Neapolitan Republic</a> (1647–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Malta" title="Hospitaller Malta">Hospitaller Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Gozo (1798–1800)">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Malta Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Crown Colony of Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French Revolutionary</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">Napoleonic</a> eras<br />(1792–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Republics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cispadane_Republic" title="Cispadane Republic">Cispadania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Republic" title="Ligurian Republic">Liguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Lucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenopean_Republic" title="Parthenopean Republic">Parthenopea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_Republic" title="Piedmontese Republic">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1798%E2%80%931799)" title="Roman Republic (1798–1799)">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subalpine_Republic" title="Subalpine Republic">Subalpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpadane_Republic" title="Transpadane Republic">Transpadania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Monarchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lucca_and_Piombino" title="Principality of Lucca and Piombino">Lucca and Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Massa and Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Pontecorvo" title="Principality of Pontecorvo">Pontecorvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Benevento_(Napoleonic_era)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Benevento (Napoleonic era)">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Elba" title="Principality of Elba">Elba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Post-Napoleonic<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Genoa" title="Duchy of Genoa">Duchy of Genoa</a> (1815–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lucca" title="Duchy of Lucca">Duchy of Lucca</a> (1815–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Duchy of Massa and Carrara</a> (1814–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a> (1814–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a> (1814–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a> (1815–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_United_Provinces" title="Italian United Provinces">Italian United Provinces</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan" title="Five Days of Milan">Provisional Government of Milan</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco" title="Republic of San Marco">Republic of San Marco</a> (1848–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1849%E2%80%931850)" title="Roman Republic (1849–1850)">Roman Republic</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a> (1859–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (1814–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a> (1816–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a> (1815–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States#Italian_unification" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> (1814–1870)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Post-unification41" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-<a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> (1861–1946) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a> (1882–1960)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume" title="Free State of Fiume">Free State of Fiume</a> (1920–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a> (1947–1954)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles419" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles419" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Italy" title="Category:Italy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Middle_Ages448" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_Ages" title="Template:Middle Ages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Middle Ages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_Ages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle Ages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Middle_Ages448" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">European Middle Ages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">Decline of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Decline of Hellenistic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Rise of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Kingdom of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Rise of the Venetian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitas_Schinesghe" title="Civitas Schinesghe">Civitas Schinesghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Rise of the Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a 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title="Medieval household">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_hunting" title="Medieval hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_popular_culture" title="Middle Ages in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_court" title="Itinerant court">Itinerant court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel" title="Minstrel">Minstrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_poetry" title="Medieval poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_science_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="European science in the Middle Ages">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" 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