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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ننوتل</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%DA%89%DB%90" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ونډې</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%90" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>خبرې 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data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">اپارتايد</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ليکنه په بله ژبه کي وګورئ. دا ليکنه په ۱۳۸ ژبو کې شتون لري." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-138" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">۱۳۸ ژبې</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ټاکلې ليکنې"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – افریکانسي" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="افریکانسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – سویس جرمن" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="سویس جرمن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – اراگونېسي" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="اراگونېسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="रंगभेद – انگيکي" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रंगभेद" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="انگيکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الفصل العنصري في جنوب إفريقيا – عربي" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الفصل العنصري في جنوب إفريقيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="لأپارتايد – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لأپارتايد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="ابارتهيد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابارتهيد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="বৰ্ণবৈষম্য নীতি – اسامي" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বৰ্ণবৈষম্য নীতি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="اسامي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – استورياني" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="استورياني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparteid" title="Aparteid – اذربایجاني" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aparteid" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="اذربایجاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="آپارتاید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آپارتاید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Апартеид – باشکير" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Апартеид" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="باشکير" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheids" title="Apartheids – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Apartheids" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Апартэід – بېلاروسي" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Апартэід" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="بېلاروسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Апартэід – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Апартэід" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4" title="Апартейд – بلغاري" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Апартейд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="بلغاري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F" title="আপার্টহাইট – بنگالي" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আপার্টহাইট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="بنگالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – برېتون" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="برېتون" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – بوسني" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="بوسني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – کټلاني" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="کټلاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Апартеид – چيچني" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Апартеид" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="چيچني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – سیبوانوي" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="سیبوانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="ئەپارتاید – منځنۍ کوردي" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەپارتاید" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="منځنۍ کوردي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – کورسيکاني" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="کورسيکاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparteid" title="Aparteid – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Aparteid" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – چېکي" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چېکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Апартеид – چوواشي" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Апартеид" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="چوواشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – ويلشي" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ويلشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – ډنمارکي" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ډنمارکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – الماني" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="الماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CF%87%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Απαρτχάιντ – یوناني" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Απαρτχάιντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="یوناني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – انګليسي" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انګليسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartismo" title="Apartismo – اسپرانتو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Apartismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="اسپرانتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – هسپانوي" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="هسپانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – حبشي" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="حبشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – باسکي" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="باسکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="آپارتاید – فارسي" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آپارتاید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ټاکلې ليکنې"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – فینلنډي" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="فینلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – فاروئې" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="فاروئې" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – فرانسوي" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – لوېديځ فريشي" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="لوېديځ فريشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinedheighilt" title="Cinedheighilt – ائيرلېنډي" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cinedheighilt" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ائيرلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – سکاټلېنډي ګېلک" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="سکاټلېنډي ګېلک" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – ګلېشيايي" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ګلېشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – ګوراني" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="ګوراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93" title="אפרטהייד – عبراني" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפרטהייד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="عبراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="रंगभेद नीति – هندي" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रंगभेद नीति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="هندي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – کروايشيايي" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="کروايشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – هيټي کريول" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="هيټي کريول" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – هنګري" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="هنګري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%A4" title="Ապարտհեյդ – آرمينيايي" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ապարտհեյդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="آرمينيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – انډونېزي" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="انډونېزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – الوکو" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="الوکو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – اڊو" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="اڊو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B0skilna%C3%B0arstefnan_%C3%AD_Su%C3%B0ur-Afr%C3%ADku" title="Aðskilnaðarstefnan í Suður-Afríku – ايسلنډي" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Aðskilnaðarstefnan í Suður-Afríku" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ايسلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – ایټالوي" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ایټالوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%91%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%98%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88" title="アパルトヘイト – جاپاني" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アパルトヘイト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="جاپاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="აპართეიდი – جورجيائي" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აპართეიდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="جورجيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4" title="Апартхейд – کابیرین" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Апартхейд" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="کابیرین" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Апартеид – قازق" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Апартеид" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="قازق" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%8C%8C%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8%ED%97%A4%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="아파르트헤이트 – کوریایی" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아파르트헤이트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="کوریایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Апартеид – کراچی بالکر" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Апартеид" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="کراچی بالکر" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%85%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="نسلی اِمتیاز – کشمیري" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="نسلی اِمتیاز" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="کشمیري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheed" title="Apartheed – کولوګنيايي" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Apartheed" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="کولوګنيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – کردي" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="کردي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – کورنيشي" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="کورنيشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Апартеид – کرغيزي" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Апартеид" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="کرغيزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – لاتیني" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="لاتیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – لاډینو" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="لاډینو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – لوګزامبورګي" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="لوګزامبورګي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4" title="Апартгьейд – لیګغیان" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Апартгьейд" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="لیګغیان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – لومبارډ" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="لومبارډ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheidas" title="Apartheidas – ليتواني" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Apartheidas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ليتواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparte%C4%ABds" title="Aparteīds – لېټواني" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aparteīds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="لېټواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B4" title="Апартхејд – مقدوني" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Апартхејд" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="مقدوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ദക്ഷിണാഫ്രിക്കയിലെ വർണ്ണവിവേചനം – مالايالم" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദക്ഷിണാഫ്രിക്കയിലെ വർണ്ണവിവേചനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="مالايالم" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Апартеид – منګولیایی" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Апартеид" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="منګولیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="दक्षिण आफ्रिकेमधील वर्णभेद – مراټهي" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दक्षिण आफ्रिकेमधील वर्णभेद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="مراټهي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparteid" title="Aparteid – ملایا" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aparteid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ملایا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – مرانديز" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="مرانديز" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF" title="အသားအရောင်ခွဲခြားမှု – برمایی" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အသားအရောင်ခွဲခြားမှု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="برمایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="آپارتاید – مزاندراني" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آپارتاید" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="مزاندراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – کښته آلماني" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="کښته آلماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A1" title="अपार्थेईड – نيواري" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अपार्थेईड" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="نيواري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid_in_Zuid-Afrika" title="Apartheid in Zuid-Afrika – هالېنډي" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Apartheid in Zuid-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="هالېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – ناروېئي (بوکمال)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (بوکمال)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – شمالي سوتو" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="شمالي سوتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – اوکسيټاني" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="اوکسيټاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appaartaayidii" title="Appaartaayidii – اورومو" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Appaartaayidii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="اورومو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A6" title="ਰੰਗ ਭੇਦ – پنجابي" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੰਗ ਭੇਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="پنجابي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – پولنډي" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88" title="اپارتھائیڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اپارتھائیڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – پورتګالي" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پورتګالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – کېچوا" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="کېچوا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – رومانیایی" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="رومانیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Апартеид – روسي" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Апартеид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Апартеід – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Апартеід" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Апартеид – سخا" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Апартеид" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="سخا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – سارڊيني" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="سارڊيني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – سیلیسي" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="سیلیسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AA%DA%80%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="نسلي متڀيد واري نيتي – سندهي" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نسلي متڀيد واري نيتي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="سندهي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – سرب-کروشيايي" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="سرب-کروشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparteid" title="Aparteid – سلوواکي" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Aparteid" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="سلوواکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – سلوواني" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="سلوواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparteidi" title="Aparteidi – الباني" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Aparteidi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="الباني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B4" title="Апартхејд – سربيائي" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Апартхејд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – سوډاني" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="سوډاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – سویډنی" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="سویډنی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – سواهېلي" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="سواهېلي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="தென்னாபிரிக்காவின் இனவொதுக்கல் – تامل" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தென்னாபிரிக்காவின் இனவொதுக்கல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="تامل" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7" title="การถือผิว – تايلېنډي" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การถือผิว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="تايلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparteid" title="Aparteid – ترکمني" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Aparteid" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="ترکمني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparteid" title="Aparteid – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aparteid" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – ترکي" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ترکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparteid" title="Aparteid – تاتار" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Aparteid" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="تاتار" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%97%D0%B4" title="Апартеїд – اوکرايني" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Апартеїд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="اوکرايني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88" title="اپارتھائیڈ – اردو" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اپارتھائیڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="اردو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparteid" title="Aparteid – اوزبکي" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aparteid" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="اوزبکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparteid" title="Aparteid – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Aparteid" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – وېتنامي" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="وېتنامي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid – وارۍ" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Apartheid" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="وارۍ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E9%9A%94%E7%A6%BB" title="南非种族隔离 – وو چینایی" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="南非种族隔离" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="وو چینایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="აპართეიდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აპართეიდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93" title="אפארטהייד – يديش" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אפארטהייד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="يديش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81p%C3%A1rt%C3%A1%C3%ACd%C3%AC" title="Ápártáìdì – یوروبا" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ápártáìdì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="یوروبا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E7%A8%AE%E6%97%8F%E9%9A%94%E9%9B%A2" title="南非種族隔離 – چیني" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="南非種族隔離" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="چیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E7%A8%AE%E6%97%8F%E9%9A%94%E9%9B%A2" title="南非種族隔離 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="南非種族隔離" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2m-hui_Chi%C3%B3ng-cho%CC%8Dk_Keh-l%C4%AB" title="Lâm-hui Chióng-cho̍k Keh-lī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lâm-hui Chióng-cho̍k Keh-lī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E7%A8%AE%E6%97%8F%E9%9A%94%E9%9B%A2" title="南非種族隔離 – کانټوني" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="南非種族隔離" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="کانټوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhlelo_lobandlululo" title="Uhlelo lobandlululo – زولو" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Uhlelo lobandlululo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="زولو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11409#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="د ژبو خپلمنځي تړنې سمول" class="wbc-editpage">تړنې سمول</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="نوم-تشيالونه"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="د مخ مېنځپانگه کتل [c]" accesskey="c"><span>مخ</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%90:%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="د مخ د مېنځپانگې په اړه خبرې اترې (تر اوسه پورې نه شته) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>خبرې اترې</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label 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href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF&action=edit" title="دا مخ ژغورل شوی. تاسې کولای شی چې د دې مخ سرچينه وگورۍ. 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">پټول</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF"><span>لوستل</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF&action=edit"><span>سرچینه وګورئ</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF&action=history"><span>پېښليک کتل</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:WhatLinksHere/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="د ويکي د ټولو هغو مخونو لړليک چې همدې مخ سره تړنې لري [j]" accesskey="j"><span>د دې مخ تړنې</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:RecentChangesLinked/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" rel="nofollow" title="له دې مخ سره د تړل شويو مخونو وروستي بدلونونه [k]" accesskey="k"><span>اړونده بدلونونه</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ps" title="دوتنې پورته کول [u]" accesskey="u"><span>انځور/رسنۍ پورته کول</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="د ټولو ځانگړو پاڼو لړليک [q]" accesskey="q"><span>ځانگړي مخونه</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF&oldid=304556" title="د دې مخ د همدې بڼې تلپاتې تړنه"><span>تلپاتې تړنه</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF&action=info" title="د دې مخ اړونده نور مالومات"><span>د مخ مالومات</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%A9&page=%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF&id=304556&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="دې مخ ته د اخځ مالومات"><span>د دې مخ اخځ</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fps.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%25BE%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF"><span>لنډ URL ترلاسه کړئ</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fps.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%25BE%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF"><span>د QR کوډ يې ډاونلوډ کړئ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> چاپول/صادرول </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF"><span>يو کتاب جوړول</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:DownloadAsPdf&page=%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF&action=show-download-screen"><span>د PDF په بڼه ښکته کول</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ښکارېدونکې بڼه"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ښکارېدونکې بڼه</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">پټول</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="ps" dir="rtl"><p>اپارتاید چې ژباړه یی "جلاوالی" دی، د نژادي جلاتوب یو بنسټیر سیستم و چې له ۱۸۴۸ ز کال نه تر ۱۹۹۰ز کال پوری يې په سویلي افریقا او سویل لوېدیځه افریقا  کې (اوس نامیبیا ده) شتون درلود. اپارتاید د باسسکاپ (ملکتوب یا مشرتوب) د ځانګړتیا پر بنسټ، د زورواکي سیاسي دود په توګه پېژندل کېده چې موخه یې په سویلي افریقا کې د لږه کیو سپین پوستو سیاسي، ټولنیزه او اقتصادي برلاسي وه. د دې ټولنیز نظام پر بنسټ، سپین پوستو وګړو تر ټولو لوړ حیثیت درلود، له دوی وروسته اسیایانو او نورو نژادي ډلو ځای درلود او تورپوستې افریقایان په وروستي ځای کې راتلل. د اپارتاید اقتصادي میراث او ټولنیزې اغېزې تر نن ورځې پورې دوام لري.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayne_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayne-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>اپارتاید په دوو برخو وېشل شوی و. یوه یې د اپارتاید کوچنۍ بڼه وه چې پر بنست يې د عامه بنسټونو او ټولنیزو پیښو جلا کول وو. بله یې د اپارتاید لویه بڼه وه، د اوسېدو د ځای درلودل او کاري فرصتونه یې د نژاد پر بنسټ وړاندې کول. د اپارتاید لومړی قانون، د ۱۹۴۹ ز کال ګډو ودونو د منعې قانون و، چې له دې ورسته د ۱۹۵۰ ز کال د غیر اخلاقي کړنو د تعدیل قانون وضع شو، چې د سویلي افریقا دېری وګړي يې له نورو نژادونو سره د واده یا جنسي اړیکو نه منع کول. د ۱۹۵۰ ز کال د نفوسو د ثبت قانون، ټول سویلي افریقایان د ظاهر، پېژندل شوي نسب، ټولنیز اقتصادي حالت او د دودیز ژوند بڼې پر بنسټ په څلورو نژادي ډلو وېشلي وواو هغه دا وو: "تور"، "سپین"، " نور رنګونه" او "هندي". دوه وروستۍ ډلې يې په نورو وړو برخو هم وېشل شوې وې. د اوسېدو ځایونه، د نژادي طبقې پر بنسټ ټاکل کېدل. د ۱۹۶۰ او ۱۹۸۳ ز کلونو تر منځ، د اپارتاید قانون پر بنسټ ۳.۵  میلیونه تور پوستي افریقایان له خپلو کورونو نه وشړل شول او جلا شوو ګاونډیو سیمو ته و لېږدول شول، چې په عصري تاریخ کې د لویو ډله ییزو شړلو نه ګڼل کېږي. دې هدفي شړلو ډېری موخې دا وې چې تور پوستي په لسو ټاکل شویو "قبایلي سیمو" کې را ټول کړي، چې د بنتوستان په نوم یادېدې او له ډلې یې څلور د خپلواکو هېوادنو په توګه را څرګند شول. حکومت اعلان وکړ چې، بې ځایه شوي کسان چې په بنتوستان کې جذب شوي، د سویلي افریقا خپل تابعیت له لاسه ورکوي. <sup id="cite_ref-Crompton_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crompton-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forced_Removals_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forced_Removals-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>اپارتاید په پراخه کچه نړیوال او کورني مخالفتونه را وپارول چې په پایله کې د شلمې پیړۍ ځینې اغیزمن نړیوال ټولنیز خوځښتونه رامینځته شول. دا کړنې په پر له پسې توګه په ملګرو ملتونو کې په پرله پسې ډول و غندل شوې او د وسلو او سوداګرۍ پراخ بندیزونه یې په سویلي افریقا باندې ولګول. د ۱۹۷۰ او ۱۹۸۰ ز لسیزو په ترڅ کې، داخلي مقاومت د اپارتایډ په وړاندې په تدریجي توګه وسله واله بڼه خپله کړه ،چې د نېشنل ګوند د حکومت له خوا په وحشیانه ډول و ځپل شو او په پایله کې یې اوږدمهاله فرقه ییز تاوتریخوالی رامنځ ته شو، چې د زرګونو کسانو د مړینې  او زندان لامل شو. ځینې سمونونه، لکه: په پارلمان کې هندي او نورو نژادونو سیاسي استازو ته ځای ورکول، د اپارتاید په نظام کې را منځ ته شول، خو دا ګامونه د ډېرو فعالو ډلو په خوښه نه وو.  <sup id="cite_ref-Lodge_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lodge-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lodge_1983_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lodge_1983-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pandey_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pandey-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Diplomacy_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diplomacy-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د ۱۹۸۷ او ۱۹۹۳ ز کلونو تر منځ، نېشنل ګوند د افریقا له کانګرس سره چې د اپارتاید مخکښ سیاسي ضد غورځنګ و، د دوو اړخیزو خبرو مېز ته کېناست، ترڅو جلاتوب ته د پای ټکې کېږدي او ټول ګډونه واکمني را منځ ته کړي. په ۱۹۹۰ز کال کې، د کانګرس مشهور غړي، لکه: نیلسن ماندیلا له بند نه خوشي شول. د ۱۹۹۱ ز کال د جون په ۱۷مه نېټه د اپارتاید قانون لغوه شو، چې د ۱۹۹۴ ز کال په اپریل کې يې ټول ګډونه ټاکنو ته لاره هواره شوه.  <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="رېښه"><span id=".D8.B1.DB.90.DA.9A.D9.87"></span>رېښه</h2></div> <p>اپارتاید یوه افریقایي کلیمه ده چې د "جلاتوب"، یا "د جلا حالت" په معنا ده. په تحت الفظي ډول "دجلا کولو" معنا ورکوي چې د apart او د افریقایي وروستاړي heid نه جوړه شوې ده. د دې کلیمې لومړۍ ثبت شوې کارونه، په ۱۹۲۹ ز کال کې ښودل شوې ده.  <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Routledge2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="پخوانی_حالت"><span id=".D9.BE.D8.AE.D9.88.D8.A7.D9.86.DB.8C_.D8.AD.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AA"></span>پخوانی حالت</h2></div> <p>د ۱۸۰۶ ز کال د کېپ د تسلیمېدو د هوکړې د مادو پر بنسټ، بریتانوي استعمارګر واکمن اړ وو چې د رومي هالنډي قانون پر بنسټ نافذ شوو پخوانیو قوانینو ته درناوی وکړي او دا د دې لامل شو چې په سویلي افریقا کې قانون د انګلیسي کامن قانون نه جلا شي او په پراخه کچه د تقنین خپلواکي را منځ ته شي. هغو والیانو او جرګو چې د سویلي افریقا په بېلابېلو مستعمرو کې یې د تقنین بهیر اداره کاوه، د بریتانوي سترواکۍ له نورو برخو نه یې جلا او خپلواکه مقننه تګلاره پیل کړه. <sup id="cite_ref-Introduction_to_Roman-Dutch_Law_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Introduction_to_Roman-Dutch_Law-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د غلامۍ په دوران کې، غلامان اړ وو چې د تګ راتګ لپاره له خپلو بادارانو نه اجازه ولري. په ۱۷۹۷ ز کال کې د سویلندم او ګراف-رینیت سیمه ییزو مقننه چارواکو په غلامانو سربېره د تګ راتګ د اجازې قوانین پراخ کړل او امر یې وکړ چې، د سویلي افریقا ټول افریقایې کوچي وګړي (د غیر متمدنو وګړو په توګه ګڼل کېدل) اړ دي، چې په هېواد د تګ را تګ لپاره د هرې موخې لپاره اجازه (پاسپورت) ولري. په ۱۸۰۹ز کې دا تګلاره د بریتانوي استعماري حکومت له خوا د هوتین ټوت حکم پر بنسټ تایید شوه او داسې  پریکړه وشوه چې، هر افریقایي وګړی د خپل تګ را تګ لپاره اړ دی چې د خپل بادار یا سیمه ییز چارواکي نه اجازه یا پاسپورت ترلاسه کړي. د ۱۸۲۸ ز کال ۴۹ شمېرې فرمان حکم وکړ چې، احتمالي تور پوستو کډوالو ته باید یوازې د کارموندلو د موخې لپاره اجازه لیک ورکړل شي. دا اجازه لیکونه باید د نورو نژادنو او د کوچي وګړو لپاره صادر شي، نه د نورو افریقايي وګړو لپاره، چې لا تر دې وخت پورې اړ وو چې نور اجازه لیکونه له ځانه سره ولري.  <sup id="cite_ref-Afrikaner_political_thought:_analysis_and_documents_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Afrikaner_political_thought:_analysis_and_documents-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د انګلستان د غلامۍ د پای د ۱۸۳۳ز کال قانون په ټوله بریتانوي سترواکۍ کې غلامي ختمه کړه او کیپ د تسلیمېدو مادې یې رد کړې. له دې قانون سره سم د سویلي افریقا مقننه برخه پراخه شوه او د ۱۸۳۵ ز کال ۱ ګنه فرمان هم په دې کې ګډ کړچې په اغېزمنه توګه یې د غلامانو حالت قرادادي کارګرانو ته بدل کړ. په دې پسې د ۱۸۴۸ ز کال ۳ ګڼه فرمان صادر شو چې د خوسه وګړو لپاره یې د داسې قرادادي سیستم وړاندې کړ، چې له غلامۍ نه یې لږ توپیر درلود. د نولسمې پیړۍ په اوږدو کې د سویلي افریقا بېلابېلو مستعمرو د غیر مسلکي کارګرانو آزادي محدود کولو او په د قراردادي کارګرانو د محدودیتونه د لوړولو او د نژادونو ترمنځ د اړیکو د تنظیم لپاره قوانین تصویب کړل. <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د کیپ په مستعمره کې چې له وړاندې یې یو آزاد او نژاد-ګډ اساسي قانون او د ټولو نژادونو د نارینه وو لپاره یې د رایې ورکولو آزاد نظام درلود، د ۱۸۹۲ز کال د رایې ورکولو قانون یې د رایې ورکولو لپاره د ملکیت د درلودلو شرط او د زده کړې کچه اړینه وګڼله، چې د کیپ یو لوی شمېر غیر سپین پوستي وګړي یې د رایې ورکولو له حق نه بې برخې کړل.  ۱۸۹۴ز کال د ګلین ګری قانون، چې د لومړي وزیر سیسل جان روډز د حکومت له خوا وړاندې شو، د افریقایانو د ځمکې د ملکیت کچه یې محدوده کړه. </p><p>په ناتال کې د ۱۸۹۴ ز  کال د ناتال د تقنیني مجلس لایحې، هنديان د رایې ورکولو له حق نه بې برخې کړل.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>په ۱۸۹۶ ز کال کې د سویلي افریقا جمهوریت د تګ را تګ  دوه قوانین وړاندې کړل چې پر بنسټ یې افریقایان اړ وو چې له ځان سره پېژند کارت ولري. یوازې هغه کسان چې د مشر له خوا ګمارل شوي وو اجازه درلوده چې په پوله کې پاتې شي او هغه کسان چې "یوې کارګري ساحې" ته یې د ننوتلو غوښتنه کوله، ځانګړي اجازه لیک ته اړتیا درلوده. </p><p>د اجازه لیک د عمومي مقرراتو قانون، په ۱۹۰۵ ز کال تورپوستي له رایې ورکولو نه محروم او هغوی یې په ټاکلو سیمو کې محدود کړل. په ۱۹۰۶ز کال کې د ټرانسوال مستعمرې د آسیایی وګړو د ثبت قانون ټول هنديان دې ته اړ کړل، چې ځانونه ثبت کړي او له ځان سره اجازه لیګ و لېږدوي. د دې دواړو وروستی قانون د بریتانوي حکومت له لوري لغوه شو، خو په ۱۸۰۸ ز کال کې بېرته نافذ شو.  <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>په ۱۹۱۰ ز کال کې، د سویلي افریقا اتحادیه د بریتانیا د سترواکۍ د یوې خپل-اختیاره واکمنۍ په توګه رامنځ ته شوه، چې خپل مقننه پروګرام ته یې دوام ورکړ: د (۱۹۱۰ ز کال) د سویلي افریقا قانون، د سپین پوستو وګړو ته د رایې ورکولو حق ورکړ، چې دوی ته یې د نورو ټولو نژادي ډلو په پرتله بشپړ سیاسي واک ورکړ، په داسې حال کې چې تورپوستو ته یې په پارلمان کې د چوکی حق ورنه کړ، د (۱۹۱۳ ز کال) د بومي وګړو د ځمکې قانون، د کیپ له تورپوستو اوسېدونکو نه پرته، نور تورپوستي "د ځمکو بانک" نه بهر، د ځمکې له پیرودلو نه منع کړل، د (۱۹۱۸ ز کال) په ښاري سیمو کې د بومي وګړو لایحه د دې لپاره وړاندې شوه، چې تورپوستې ټاکل شوو ځانویو ته په زور اړ کړي.د (۱۹۲۳ ز کال) د ښاري سیمو قانون، د استوګنې جلاتوب وړاندې کړاو د سپین پوستو مالیکینو د فابریکو لپاره یې ارزانه کاري ځواک چمتو کړ، د (۱۹۲۶ز کال) د رنګ مدافع قانون، د  کانونو تورپوستي کارګران له کسبي کارونو نه منع کړل، د (۱۹۲۷ ز کال) بومي ادارې قانون، د سیمه ییز مشر پر ځای بریتانوي تاج (ملکه) د افریقا په ټولو چارو کې د مشر په توګه وټاکله، د (۱۹۳۶ زکال) د بومي ځمکې او انحصار قانون ،  د ۱۹۱۳ زکال د بومي ځمکې قانون بشپړ کړ او په همدې کال کې یې، د بومي وګړو د استازیتوب پخواني تورپوستي رایه ورکوونکي د کیپ د رایې ورکوونکو له ډلې نه بې برخې کړل او هغوی ته یې اجازه ورکړه چې، پارلمان ته دری سپین پوستي استازي وټاکي. د ژان سمټس د متحد ګوند حکومت له خوا، د جلاتوب له لومړیو قوانینو نه یو د (۱۹۴۶ ز کال) د آسیایي وګړو د ځمکې د درلودلو قانون و، چې د هندیانو او د هندي نسل سویلي افریقایانو ته د ځمکې پلورل منع کړل. <sup id="cite_ref-leach_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leach-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د دویمې نړیوالې جګړې په اوږدو کې د متحده ګوند حکومت، د جلاتوب د قوانینو له سخت درېځه پلي کولو نه لاس واخست. د دې وېرې له امله، چې ایا ځای والی ایوالي بلاخره د نژادې یوشانتوب لامل کېدای شي او کنه، ملي ګوند د ساور کمیسیون رامنځ ته کړ، ترڅو د متحده ګوند د پالیسیو اغېزې تر ارزونې لاندې ونیسي. کمیسیون دې پایلې ته ورسید چې، یوځای والی ښایي د ټولو نژادي ډلو "د شخصیت د له منځه تللو" لامل شي. <sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="سرچینې"><span id=".D8.B3.D8.B1.DA.86.DB.8C.D9.86.DB.90"></span>سرچینې</h2></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Mayne-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mayne_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r262776">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFMayne1999" class="citation book cs1">Mayne, Alan (1999). <i>From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p. 52. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-275-96151-0" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-275-96151-0 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-275-96151-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Politics+Past+to+Politics+Future%3A+An+Integrated+Analysis+of+Current+and+Emergent+Paradigms&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96151-0&rft.aulast=Mayne&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFLeander2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Leander (15 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180502210959/http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/despite-1994-political-victory-against-apartheid-its-economic-legacy-persists-haydn-cornish-">"Despite the 1994 political victory against apartheid, its economic legacy persists by Haydn Cornish-Jenkins"</a>. <i>South African History Online</i> (په انګليسي). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/despite-1994-political-victory-against-apartheid-its-economic-legacy-persists-haydn-cornish-">the original</a> on 2 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+History+Online&rft.atitle=Despite+the+1994+political+victory+against+apartheid%2C+its+economic+legacy+persists+by+Haydn+Cornish-Jenkins&rft.date=2015-06-15&rft.au=Leander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Farticle%2Fdespite-1994-political-victory-against-apartheid-its-economic-legacy-persists-haydn-cornish-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/apartheid-legacy-haunts-sa-economy/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Apartheid legacy haunts SA economy' – SABC News – Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader"</a>. <i>www.sabcnews.com</i> (په انګليسي)<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sabcnews.com&rft.atitle=%27Apartheid+legacy+haunts+SA+economy%27+%E2%80%93+SABC+News+%E2%80%93+Breaking+news%2C+special+reports%2C+world%2C+business%2C+sport+coverage+of+all+South+African+current+events.+Africa%27s+news+leader.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabcnews.com%2Fsabcnews%2Fapartheid-legacy-haunts-sa-economy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180623021509/http://allafrica.com/stories/201804060509.html">"Ramaphosa's tough job on fixing Apartheid legacy"</a>. 6 April 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/201804060509.html">the original</a> on 23 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ramaphosa%27s+tough+job+on+fixing+Apartheid+legacy&rft.date=2018-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F201804060509.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crompton-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Crompton_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFCrompton2007" class="citation book cs1">Crompton, Samuel Willard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/desmondtutufight0000crom/page/34"><i>Desmond Tutu: Fighting Apartheid</i></a>. New York: Chelsea House, Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/desmondtutufight0000crom/page/34">34–35</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0791092217" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0791092217 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0791092217</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desmond+Tutu%3A+Fighting+Apartheid&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=34-35&rft.pub=Chelsea+House%2C+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0791092217&rft.aulast=Crompton&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Willard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdesmondtutufight0000crom%2Fpage%2F34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFWaltonUdayakumarMuckMcIlwain2011" class="citation book cs1">Walton, F. Carl; Udayakumar, S.P.; Muck, William; McIlwain, Charlton; Kramer, Eric; Jensen, Robert; Ibrahim, Vivian; Caliendo, Stephen Maynard; Asher, Nhia (2011). <i>The Routledge Companion to Race and Ethnicity</i>. New York: Routledge Books. pp. 103–105. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0415777070" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0415777070 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0415777070</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Race+and+Ethnicity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=103-105&rft.pub=Routledge+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0415777070&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=F.+Carl&rft.au=Udayakumar%2C+S.P.&rft.au=Muck%2C+William&rft.au=McIlwain%2C+Charlton&rft.au=Kramer%2C+Eric&rft.au=Jensen%2C+Robert&rft.au=Ibrahim%2C+Vivian&rft.au=Caliendo%2C+Stephen+Maynard&rft.au=Asher%2C+Nhia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baldwin-Ragaven, Laurel; London, Lesley; du Gruchy, Jeanelle (1999). <i>An ambulance of the wrong colour: health professionals, human rights and ethics in South Africa.</i> Juta and Company Limited. p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forced_Removals-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Forced_Removals_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214133901/http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/multimedia.php?id=65-259-6">"South Africa – Overcoming Apartheid"</a>. African Studies Center of Michigan State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/multimedia.php?id=65-259-6">the original</a> on 14 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africa+%E2%80%93+Overcoming+Apartheid&rft.pub=African+Studies+Center+of+Michigan+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.overcomingapartheid.msu.edu%2Fmultimedia.php%3Fid%3D65-259-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lodge-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lodge_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFLodge2011" class="citation book cs1">Lodge, Tim (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sharpevilleapart0000lodg/page/234"><i>Sharpeville: An Apartheid Massacre and Its Consequences</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sharpevilleapart0000lodg/page/234">234–235</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0192801852" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0192801852 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0192801852</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sharpeville%3A+An+Apartheid+Massacre+and+Its+Consequences&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=234-235&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0192801852&rft.aulast=Lodge&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsharpevilleapart0000lodg%2Fpage%2F234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lodge_1983-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lodge_1983_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFLodge1983" class="citation book cs1">Lodge, Tom (1983). <i>Black Politics in South Africa Since 1945</i>. New York: Longman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Politics+in+South+Africa+Since+1945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Lodge&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pandey-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Pandey_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFPandey2006" class="citation book cs1">Pandey, Satish Chandra (2006). <i>International Terrorism and the Contemporary World</i>. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons, Publishers. pp. 197–199. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-8176256384" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-8176256384 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-8176256384</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Terrorism+and+the+Contemporary+World&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=197-199&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons%2C+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-8176256384&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=Satish+Chandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diplomacy-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Diplomacy_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1995" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Scott (1995). <i>The Diplomacy of Liberation: The Foreign Relations of the ANC Since 1960</i>. London: Tauris Academic Studies. pp. 202–210. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-1850439936" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-1850439936 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-1850439936</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diplomacy+of+Liberation%3A+The+Foreign+Relations+of+the+ANC+Since+1960&rft.place=London&rft.pages=202-210&rft.pub=Tauris+Academic+Studies&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1850439936&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/2/newsid_2524000/2524997.stm">"De Klerk dismantles apartheid in South Africa"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2 February 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090215004142/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/2/newsid_2524000/2524997.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=De+Klerk+dismantles+apartheid+in+South+Africa&rft.date=1990-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Ffebruary%2F2%2Fnewsid_2524000%2F2524997.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFAlex_Duval_Smith2010" class="citation news cs1">Alex Duval Smith (31 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/31/nelson-mandela-de-klerk-apartheid">"Why FW de Klerk let Nelson Mandela out of prison"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+FW+de+Klerk+let+Nelson+Mandela+out+of+prison&rft.date=2010-01-31&rft.au=Alex+Duval+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fjan%2F31%2Fnelson-mandela-de-klerk-apartheid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchell-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2008" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Thomas (2008). <i>Native vs Settler: Ethnic Conflict in Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland and South Africa</i>. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 8. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0313313578" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0313313578 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0313313578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+vs+Settler%3A+Ethnic+Conflict+in+Israel%2FPalestine%2C+Northern+Ireland+and+South+Africa&rft.place=Westport&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0313313578&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/apartheid?s=t&ld=1091">"Dictionary.com entry for 'apartheid'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+entry+for+%27apartheid%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fapartheid%3Fs%3Dt%26ld%3D1091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shore, Megan. <i>Religion and Conflict Resolution: Christianity and South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission</i>. Ashgate Publishing, 2009. p.36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nancy L. Clarkson & William H. Worger. <i>South Africa: The Rise and Fall of </i>. Routledge, 2013. Chapter 3: The Basis of Apartheid.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Routledge2_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFWaltonUdayakumarMuckMcIlwain2011" class="citation book cs1">Walton, F. Carl; Udayakumar, S.P.; Muck, William; McIlwain, Charlton; Kramer, Eric; Jensen, Robert; Ibrahim, Vivian; Caliendo, Stephen Maynard; Asher, Nhia (2011). <i>The Routledge Companion to Race and Ethnicity</i>. New York: Routledge Books. pp. 103–105. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0415777070" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0415777070 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0415777070</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Race+and+Ethnicity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=103-105&rft.pub=Routledge+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0415777070&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=F.+Carl&rft.au=Udayakumar%2C+S.P.&rft.au=Muck%2C+William&rft.au=McIlwain%2C+Charlton&rft.au=Kramer%2C+Eric&rft.au=Jensen%2C+Robert&rft.au=Ibrahim%2C+Vivian&rft.au=Caliendo%2C+Stephen+Maynard&rft.au=Asher%2C+Nhia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Introduction_to_Roman-Dutch_Law-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Introduction_to_Roman-Dutch_Law_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFR.W_Lee" class="citation web cs1">R.W Lee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoro00leeruoft">"Introduction to Roman-Dutch Law"</a>. Oxford, Clarendon Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Roman-Dutch+Law&rft.pub=Oxford%2C+Clarendon+Press&rft.au=R.W+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontoro00leeruoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Afrikaner_political_thought:_analysis_and_documents-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Afrikaner_political_thought:_analysis_and_documents_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFA._Du_Toit,_H.B._Giliomee1983" class="citation book cs1">A. Du Toit, H.B. Giliomee (1983). <i>Afrikaner political thought: analysis and documents</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-520-04319-0" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-520-04319-0 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-520-04319-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afrikaner+political+thought%3A+analysis+and+documents&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04319-0&rft.au=A.+Du+Toit%2C+H.B.+Giliomee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gish, Steven (2000). <i>Alfred B. Xuma: African, American, South African.</i> New York University Press. p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoiberg, Dale; Ramchandani, Indu (2000). <i>Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1–5.</i> Popular Prakashan. p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFKilohSibeko2000" class="citation book cs1">Kiloh, Margaret; Sibeko, Archie (2000). <i>A Fighting Union</i>. Randburg: Ravan Press. p. 1. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/0869755277" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/0869755277 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>0869755277</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Fighting+Union&rft.place=Randburg&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Ravan+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0869755277&rft.aulast=Kiloh&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft.au=Sibeko%2C+Archie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFApartheid_South_Africa_:_an_insider's_view_of_the_origin_and_effects_of_separate_development2005" class="citation book cs1">Apartheid South Africa : an insider's view of the origin and effects of separate development, John Allen (2005). <i>Apartheid South Africa : an insider's view of the origin and effects of separate development</i>. New York: iUniverse, Inc. p. 267. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/9780595355518" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/9780595355518 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>9780595355518</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apartheid+South+Africa+%3A+an+insider%27s+view+of+the+origin+and+effects+of+separate+development&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=iUniverse%2C+Inc&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780595355518&rft.aulast=Apartheid+South+Africa+%3A+an+insider%27s+view+of+the+origin+and+effects+of+separate+development&rft.aufirst=John+Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">{better source needed} Nojeim, Michael J. (2004). <i>Gandhi and King: the power of nonviolent resistance.</i> Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leach-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-leach_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leach, Graham (1986). <i>South Africa: no easy path to peace.</i> Routledge. p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tankard, Keith (9 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knowledge4africa.com/worldhistory/proto-apartheid09.htm">Chapter 9 The Natives (Urban Areas) Act</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120022848/http://www.knowledge4africa.com/worldhistory/proto-apartheid09.htm">Archived</a> 20 November 2008 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Wayback Machine</a>. . Rhodes University. knowledge4africa.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baroness Young – Minister of State, Foreign and Commonwealth Office (4 July 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1986/jul/04/south-africa#S5LV0477P0_19860704_HOL_99">South Africa House of Lords Debate vol 477 cc1159-250</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160326134600/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1986/jul/04/south-africa#S5LV0477P0_19860704_HOL_99">Archived</a> 2016-03-26 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Wayback Machine</a>.. Hansard.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/thisday/representation-of-natives-act.htm">The Representation of Natives Act</a>. sahistory.org <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061013060416/http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/thisday/representation-of-natives-act.htm">Archived</a> 13 October 2006 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFReddyn.d." class="citation web cs1">Reddy, E.S (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/indian-passive-resistance-south-africa-1946-1948">"Indian passive resistance in South Africa, 1946–1948"</a>. <i>sahistory.org.za</i>. SA History<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sahistory.org.za&rft.atitle=Indian+passive+resistance+in+South+Africa%2C+1946%E2%80%931948&rft.chron=n.d.&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=E.S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Farticle%2Findian-passive-resistance-south-africa-1946-1948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ambrosio, Thomas (2002). <i>Ethnic identity groups and U.S. foreign policy.</i> Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 56–57.</span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: 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