CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"8c1c2d22-65b5-4326-8fea-a367b5ffafe3","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Dungan_Revolt_(1862–1877)","wgTitle":"Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)","wgCurRevisionId":1258704099,"wgRevisionId":1258704099,"wgArticleId":1644215,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Chinese (China)-language sources (zh-cn)","CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)","All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from February 2016","CS1: long volume value","CS1 maint: year","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 errors: missing periodical","CS1 maint: others","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata", "Articles needing cleanup from September 2022","Articles with bare URLs for citations from September 2022","All articles with bare URLs for citations","Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from September 2022","All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify","Use dmy dates from March 2020","Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text","Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text","Articles containing Dungan-language text","Articles containing Chinese-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022","Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2014","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from March 2020","Commons category link is on Wikidata","19th-century rebellions", "Rebellions in the Qing dynasty","Military history of Shaanxi","Military history of Gansu","History of Ningxia","History of Xinjiang","1860s in China","1870s in China","1862 in China","1877 in China","Death marches","Dungan","Muslim rebellions","Ethnic cleansing in Asia","Genocide of indigenous peoples in Asia","19th-century mass murder in China","19th-century military history of China"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Dungan_Revolt_(1862–1877)","wgRelevantArticleId":1644215,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"}, "wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q889879","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Veselovski-1898-Yakub-Bek.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1669"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Veselovski-1898-Yakub-Bek.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1113"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="890"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Dungan_Revolt_1862–1877 rootpage-Dungan_Revolt_1862–1877 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Dungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Dungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Dungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Dungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Nomenclature </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nomenclature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Nomenclature subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anachronisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anachronisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Anachronisms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anachronisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolt_in_Gansu_and_Shaanxi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolt_in_Gansu_and_Shaanxi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Revolt in Gansu and Shaanxi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Revolt_in_Gansu_and_Shaanxi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Revolt in Gansu and Shaanxi subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Revolt_in_Gansu_and_Shaanxi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Course_of_the_revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Course_of_the_revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Course of the revolt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Course_of_the_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Confusion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nature_of_the_revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature_of_the_revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Nature of the revolt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature_of_the_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hui_Muslims_in_non-rebellious_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hui_Muslims_in_non-rebellious_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Hui Muslims in non-rebellious areas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hui_Muslims_in_non-rebellious_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolt_in_Xinjiang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolt_in_Xinjiang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Revolt in Xinjiang </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Revolt_in_Xinjiang-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Revolt in Xinjiang subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Revolt_in_Xinjiang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-revolt_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-revolt_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Pre-revolt situation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-revolt_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-centric_revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-centric_revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Multi-centric revolt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-centric_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yaqub_Beg_in_Kashgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yaqub_Beg_in_Kashgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Yaqub Beg in Kashgaria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yaqub_Beg_in_Kashgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yaqub_Beg's_Kashgaria_declares_Jihad_against_the_Dungans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yaqub_Beg's_Kashgaria_declares_Jihad_against_the_Dungans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Yaqub Beg's Kashgaria declares Jihad against the Dungans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yaqub_Beg's_Kashgaria_declares_Jihad_against_the_Dungans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations_of_Kashgaria_Yaqub_Beg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations_of_Kashgaria_Yaqub_Beg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Foreign relations of Kashgaria Yaqub Beg </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations_of_Kashgaria_Yaqub_Beg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relations_with_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1 Relations with Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_and_British_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_and_British_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.2 Ottoman and British support </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_and_British_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Qing reconquest of Xinjiang </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Punishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Punishment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Memorials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flight_of_the_Dungans_to_the_Russian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight_of_the_Dungans_to_the_Russian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Flight of the Dungans to the Russian Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight_of_the_Dungans_to_the_Russian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Increase_in_Hui_military_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increase_in_Hui_military_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Increase in Hui military power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increase_in_Hui_military_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Border_dispute_with_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_dispute_with_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Border dispute with Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_dispute_with_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_explorers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_explorers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Western explorers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_explorers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hui_Muslims_during_the_1911_Xinhai_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hui_Muslims_during_the_1911_Xinhai_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Hui Muslims during the 1911 Xinhai revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hui_Muslims_during_the_1911_Xinhai_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" > 26 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="تمرد دونغان (1862–1877) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تمرد دونغان (1862–1877)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunqan_%C3%BCsyan%C4%B1" title="Dunqan üsyanı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dunqan üsyanı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="دونقان آیاقلانماسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دونقان آیاقلانماسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungansk%C3%A9_povst%C3%A1n%C3%AD_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dunganské povstání (1862–1877) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dunganské povstání (1862–1877)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunganenaufst%C3%A4nde" title="Dunganenaufstände – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dunganenaufstände" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunganite_%C3%BClest%C3%B5us" title="Tunganite ülestõus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tunganite ülestõus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revuelta_dungan_(1862-1877)" title="Revuelta dungan (1862-1877) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revuelta dungan (1862-1877)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungana_ribelo_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungana ribelo (1862–1877) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dungana ribelo (1862–1877)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شورش دونگان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شورش دونگان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_des_Dounganes" title="Révolte des Dounganes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Révolte des Dounganes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%91%A5%EA%B0%84_%ED%98%81%EB%AA%85_(1862%EB%85%84~1877%EB%85%84)" title="둥간 혁명 (1862년~1877년) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="둥간 혁명 (1862년~1877년)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemberontakan_Dungan_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Pemberontakan Dungan (1862–1877) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemberontakan Dungan (1862–1877)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivolta_dei_Dungani_(1862-1877)" title="Rivolta dei Dungani (1862-1877) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rivolta dei Dungani (1862-1877)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%90%D7%9F" title="מרד דונגאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרד דונגאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF%D0%BB%D2%AF%D1%88%D2%AF" title="Дунгандар көтөрүлүшү – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дунгандар көтөрүлүшү" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doenganenopstanden" title="Doenganenopstanden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Doenganenopstanden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%B0%91%E8%9C%82%E8%B5%B7" title="回民蜂起 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="回民蜂起" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunganoppr%C3%B8ret" title="Dunganopprøret – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dunganopprøret" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA_(1862%D8%A1%E2%80%9377%D8%A1)" title="دونقان بغاوت (1862ء–77ء) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دونقان بغاوت (1862ء–77ء)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_dunga%C5%84skie" title="Powstanie dungańskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powstanie dungańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolta_Dungan" title="Revolta Dungan – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revolta Dungan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Дунганское восстание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дунганское восстание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_(1862%E2%80%941877)" title="Дунганшки устанак (1862—1877) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дунганшки устанак (1862—1877)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungan_Ayaklanmas%C4%B1" title="Dungan Ayaklanması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dungan Ayaklanması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA_(1862%D8%A1%E2%80%9377%D8%A1)" title="دونقان بغاوت (1862ء–77ء) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دونقان بغاوت (1862ء–77ء)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB%E9%99%95%E7%94%98%E5%9B%9E%E4%B9%B1" title="同治陕甘回乱 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="同治陕甘回乱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q889879#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&oldid=1258704099" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Dungan_Revolt_%281862%E2%80%931877%29&id=1258704099&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDungan_Revolt_%281862%25E2%2580%25931877%29">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDungan_Revolt_%281862%25E2%2580%25931877%29">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Dungan_Revolt_%281862%E2%80%931877%29&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dungan_revolt" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q889879" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Muslim revolt against Qing China</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the revolt of 1895–1896, see <a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1895%E2%80%931896)" title="Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)">Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup_bare_URLs plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-cleanup-link_rot" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article uses <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URLs</a>, which are uninformative and vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">link rot</a>. Please consider converting them to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citation_styles" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citations</a> to ensure the article remains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifiable</a> and maintains a consistent citation style. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_index/Sources_of_articles#Examples" title="Wikipedia:Template index/Sources of articles">Several templates</a> and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as <a class="external text" href="https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/result.php?page=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&defaults=y">reFill</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ReFill" title="Wikipedia:ReFill">documentation</a>) and <a class="external text" href="https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)">Citation bot</a> (<a href="/wiki/User:Citation_bot" title="User:Citation bot">documentation</a>). (September 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Dungan Revolt</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Veselovski-1898-Yakub-Bek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Veselovski-1898-Yakub-Bek.jpg/250px-Veselovski-1898-Yakub-Bek.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Veselovski-1898-Yakub-Bek.jpg/375px-Veselovski-1898-Yakub-Bek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Veselovski-1898-Yakub-Bek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="530" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yakub_Beg_of_Yettishar" title="Yakub Beg of Yettishar">Yaqub Beg</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1862–1877</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> Supported by: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li></ul> <hr /> Hui Muslim loyalists <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Khufiyya" title="Khufiyya">Khufiyya</a> order under Ma Zhan'ao in Gansu (1872–1877) <hr /> Eleven Gedimu Battalions of Shaanxi (1872–1877) <ul><li>Cui Wei's battalion (1872–1877)</li> <li>Hua Dacai's battalion (1872–1877)<a href="#cite_note-Garnaut-1">[1]</a>: 105 </li></ul></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Yettishar_%281873-1877%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Yettishar_%281873-1877%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Yettishar_%281873-1877%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Yettishar_%281873-1877%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Yettishar_%281873-1877%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Yettishar_%281873-1877%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="216" /> <a href="/wiki/Yettishar" title="Yettishar">Kashgaria</a> (Kokandi Uzbek Andijanis under Yaqub Beg) Supported by: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Britain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Taranchi" title="Taranchi">Taranchi Sultanate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shuiding" title="Shuiding">Ili</a> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Dungan_people" title="Dungan people">Dungan</a> rebels in <a href="/wiki/Yarkand" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarkand">Yarkand</a> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Urumqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Urumqi">Kingdom of Islam</a> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotanese</a> rebels <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Dungan_people" title="Dungan people">Dungan</a> rebels of <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz rebels</a> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Dungan_people" title="Dungan people">Dungan</a> rebels of <a href="/wiki/Tacheng" title="Tacheng">Tacheng</a></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> Hui Muslim rebels <hr /> Gedimu Eighteen Shaanxi Battalions (Eleven of the Battalion leaders surrendered and defected to the Qing dynasty, six were killed, and one, Bai Yanhu, fled to Russia) <ul><li>Cui Wei's battalion (1862–1872)</li> <li>Hua Dacai's battalion (1862–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Yanhu" title="Bai Yanhu">Bai Yanhu</a>'s battalion</li></ul> <hr /> Jahriyya order under Ma Hualong in Gansu <hr /> Khufiyya order under Ma Zhan'ao in Gansu (1862–1872)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zongtang" title="Zuo Zongtang">Zuo Zongtang</a></li> <li>Dorongga</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Jintang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Jintang (page does not exist)">Liu Jintang</a></li> <li>Wang Dagui</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Fuxiang" title="Dong Fuxiang">Dong Fuxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhan%27ao" title="Ma Zhan'ao">Ma Zhan'ao</a> (1872–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Anliang" title="Ma Anliang">Ma Anliang</a> (1872–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Qianling" title="Ma Qianling">Ma Qianling</a> (1872–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Haiyan" title="Ma Haiyan">Ma Haiyan</a> (1872–1877)</li> <li>Cui Wei (1872–1877)</li> <li>Hua Decai (1872–1877)</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yakub_Beg_of_Yettishar" title="Yakub Beg of Yettishar">Yaqub Beg</a></li> <li>Hsu Hsuehkung</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Yanhu" title="Bai Yanhu">Bai Yanhu</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Cui Wei (1862–1872)</li> <li>Hua Decai (1862–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Yanhu" title="Bai Yanhu">Bai Yanhu</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Hualong" title="Ma Hualong">Ma Hualong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%27o_Ming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T'o Ming (page does not exist)">T'o Ming</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhan%27ao" title="Ma Zhan'ao">Ma Zhan'ao</a> (1872–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Anliang" title="Ma Anliang">Ma Anliang</a> (1872–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Qianling" title="Ma Qianling">Ma Qianling</a> (1872–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Haiyan" title="Ma Haiyan">Ma Haiyan</a> (1862–1872)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Chu_Army" title="Chu Army">Hunan Army</a>, 120,000 Zuo Zongtang army and <a href="/wiki/Khafiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Khafiya">Khafiya</a> <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Chinese Muslim</a> troops</td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> Andijani Uzbek troops and Afghan volunteers, Han Chinese and Hui forcibly drafted into Yaqub's army, and separate Han Chinese militia</td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> Rebels in Shaanxi and Gansu</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Xinjiang" title="Category:History of Xinjiang">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Xinjiang" title="History of Xinjiang">History of Xinjiang</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg/100px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg/150px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg/200px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="1774" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Han Protectorate</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chief_Official_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Chief Official of the Western Regions">Chief Officials</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Liang" title="Former Liang">Former Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Later Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Western Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Western Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouran">Rouran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval and early modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang Protectorates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">West</a>; <a href="/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Qocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Qocho">Kingdom of Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia">Yuan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turpan_Khanate" title="Turpan Khanate">Turpan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Del" title="Kara Del">Ming ruled Kara Del</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yettishar" title="Yettishar">Yettishar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Qing rule</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungar genocide</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dungan Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">Qing reconquest</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Province,_Republic_of_China" title="Xinjiang Province, Republic of China">Xinjiang Province, Republic of China</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_clique" title="Xinjiang clique">Xinjiang clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="First East Turkestan Republic">1st East Turkestan Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">2nd East Turkestan Republic</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">Xinjiang Province, People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">Production and Construction Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a> / <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Xinjiang" title="Template:History of Xinjiang"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Xinjiang" title="Template talk:History of Xinjiang"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Xinjiang" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Xinjiang"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Dungan Revolt (1862–1877), also known as the Tongzhi Hui Revolt (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 同治回乱; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 同治回亂; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Tóngzhì Huí Luàn, <a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a>: تُ‌جِ خُوِ لُوًا, <a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a>: Тунҗы Хуэй Луан) or Hui (Muslim) Minorities War, was a war fought in 19th-century western <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, mostly during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_Emperor" title="Tongzhi Emperor">Tongzhi Emperor</a> (r. 1861–1875) of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>. The term sometimes includes the <a href="/wiki/Panthay_Rebellion" title="Panthay Rebellion">Panthay Rebellion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, which occurred during the same period. However, this article refers specifically to two waves of uprising by various <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Muslim">Chinese Muslims</a>, mostly <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> people, in <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a> <a href="/wiki/Province_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of China">provinces</a> in the first wave, and then in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> in the second wave, between 1862 and 1877. The uprising was eventually suppressed by Qing forces led by <a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zongtang" title="Zuo Zongtang">Zuo Zongtang</a>. The conflict began with riots by the <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> and massacres of the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>, followed by the revenge massacres of the Hui by the Han.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> It resulted in massive demographic shifts in <a href="/wiki/Northwest_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest China">Northwest China</a>, and led to a population loss of 21 million people from a combination of massacres, migration, famine, and corpse-transmitted plague.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Due to the conflict, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> lost 74.5% (14.55 million) of its population,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Shaanxi lost 44.6% (6.2 million) of its population,<a href="#cite_note-jsag-5">[5]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Xinjiang">Northern Xinjiang</a> lost 72.6% (0.34 million) of its population.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lu-7">[7]</a> The population reduction of Hui in Shaanxi was particularly severe. According to research by modern historians, at least 4 million Hui were in Shaanxi before the revolt, but only 20,000 remained in the province afterwards, with most of the Hui either killed in massacres and reprisals by government and militia forces, or deported out of the province. For example, on one occasion where 700,000 to 800,000 Hui from Shaanxi were deported to Gansu, most were killed along the way from thirst, starvation, and massacres by the militia escorting them, with only a few thousand surviving.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Large numbers of Han people were also relocated to Inner Mongolia after the war. Modern Ningxia and eastern Qinghai regions such as Xining, Hualong and Xunhua used to be a part of Gansu province before the 20th century. Harsh punishments were meted out against Hui in Shaanxi by Manchus over communal disputes at this time since they regarded Hui as the aggressors. The Qing governor of Shaanxi put all the blame of the rebellion on the Shaanxi Hui and said the Gansu Hui were not to blame and were forced to join the rebellion and that they had good relations with Han unlike Shaanxi Hui who he accused of committing massacres so he told Gansu officials Shaanxi would not let deported Shaanxi Hui in Gansu back in.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Officials in Shaanxi wanted military force to be used against Hui rebels while officials in Gansu wanted leniency for Hui rebels.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Han <a href="/wiki/Nian_Rebellion" title="Nian Rebellion">Nian rebels</a> worked with the Shaanxi Hui rebels until general Zuo Zongtang defeated the Nian in the province by 1868 and the Hui rebels in Shaanxi fled to Gansu in 1869.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The Hunan Army was extensively infiltrated by the anti Qing, Han <a href="/wiki/Gelaohui" title="Gelaohui">Gelaohui</a> secret society, who started several mutinies during the Dungan Revolt, delaying crucial offensives. Zuo put down the mutinies and executed those involved.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Hubei Gelaohui soldiers mutinied in Suide in Zuo Zongtang's army in 1867.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The Han Gelaohui had infiltrated the Qing military in Xinjiang during the <a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1895%E2%80%931896)" title="Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)">Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)</a> and allegedly planned to help the Hui rebels before the Hui rebels were crushed.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The conflict initially erupted on the western bank of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> in Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia, excluding Xinjiang Province. A chaotic affair, it often involved diverse warring bands and military leaders with no common cause or a single specific goal. A common misconception is that the revolt was directed against the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, but evidence does not show that the rebels intended to overthrow the Qing government or attack the capital of Beijing. Instead it indicates that the rebels wished to exact revenge on personal enemies for injustices.<a href="#cite_note-Jonathan_Neaman_Lipman_2004_132-15">[15]</a> In the aftermath of the conflict, mass emigration of the <a href="/wiki/Dungan_people" title="Dungan people">Dungan people</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili</a> to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial Russia</a> ensued. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature">edit</a>]</div> In this article "<a href="/wiki/Dungan_people" title="Dungan people">Dungan people</a>" refers to <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui people</a>, who are a predominantly Muslim, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>-speaking ethnic group in China. They are sometimes called "Chinese Muslims" and should not be confused with the "Turkestanis" or "<a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a>" people mentioned, who are <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur people">Uyghurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh people">Kazakhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyzes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a> amongst others. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anachronisms">Anachronisms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Anachronisms">edit</a>]</div> The ethnic group now known as <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur people">Uyghur people</a> was not known by that name before the 20th century. In prior times, the Uyghurs of the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> were known as "Turki". Uyghur immigrants from the Tarim Basin to Ili were called "Taranchi". The modern name "Uyghur" was assigned to this ethnic group by the Soviet Union in 1921 at a conference in Tashkent, with the name "Uyghur" being derived from the old <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a>. As a result, sources from the period of the Dungan Revolt make no mention of Uyghurs. Although "<a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a>" was (and can still be) a Chinese name broadly referring to Muslim people, the term refers specifically to the community of <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Chinese-speaking Muslims</a> in China, who share many cultural similarities with the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a>. Europeans commonly referred to these people as "Dungan" or "Tungan" during the Dungan Revolt. The people referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Andijan" title="Andijan">Andijanis</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Kokand" title="Kokand">Kokandis</a>" include the subjects of the <a href="/wiki/Kokand_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokand Khanate">Kokand Khanate</a>—<a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sart" title="Sart">Sarts</a>, Southern <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyzes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Ferghana Kipchaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a>. The Kokand army was predominantly formed from Uzbeks and the nomadic Kyrgyz and Kipchaks. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolt_in_Gansu_and_Shaanxi">Revolt in Gansu and Shaanxi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Revolt in Gansu and Shaanxi">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:200%;">Part of a <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamism_templates" title="Category:Islamism templates">series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam in China</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Xi%27an" title="Great Mosque of Xi'an"><img alt="Top of the Great Mosque of Xi'an" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg/210px-Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg/315px-Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg/420px-Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_China" title="History of Islam in China">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;margin-top:0.3em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> By <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">dynasty</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Islam during the Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Song_dynasty" title="Islam during the Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Islam during the Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Islam during the Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Islam during the Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> Rebellions and revolts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jahriyya_revolt" title="Jahriyya revolt">Jahriyya revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthay_Rebellion" title="Panthay Rebellion">Panthay Rebellion (1856–1873)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">First Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1895%E2%80%931896)" title="Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)">Second Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afaqi_Khoja_revolts" title="Afaqi Khoja revolts">Afaqi Khoja revolts</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> Post-dynastic China</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China_(1912%E2%80%93present)" title="Islam in China (1912–present)">1912–present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Muslims_in_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_China" title="Islamophobia in China">Islamophobia</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaq_Khoja" title="Afaq Khoja">Afaq Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Wenxiu" title="Du Wenxiu">Du Wenxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Dahai" title="Hu Dahai">Hu Dahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Songshan" title="Hu Songshan">Hu Songshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasim_Tuet" title="Kasim Tuet">Kasim Tuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhi_(scholar)" title="Liu Zhi (scholar)">Liu Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Anliang" title="Ma Anliang">Ma Anliang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Buqing" title="Ma Buqing">Ma Buqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Fuxiang" title="Ma Fuxiang">Ma Fuxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Gui_(general)" title="Ma Gui (general)">Ma Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Hualong" title="Ma Hualong">Ma Hualong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Laichi" title="Ma Laichi">Ma Laichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Mingxin" title="Ma Mingxin">Ma Mingxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Qixi" title="Ma Qixi">Ma Qixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Wanfu" title="Ma Wanfu">Ma Wanfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Yize" title="Ma Yize">Ma Yize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhu" title="Ma Zhu">Ma Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajall_Shams_al-Din_Omar" title="Ajall Shams al-Din Omar">Shams al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_fei-erh" title="Su fei-erh">Su fei-erh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeheidie%27erding" title="Yeheidie'erding">Yeheidie'erding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Ma_Dexin" title="Yusuf Ma Dexin">Yusuf Ma Dexin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Daiyu" title="Wang Daiyu">Wang Daiyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chengzhi" title="Zhang Chengzhi">Zhang Chengzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Uyghur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Kitab" title="Han Kitab">Han Kitab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_China" title="List of mosques in China">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)" title="Gongbei (Islamic architecture)">Shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhuan" title="Menhuan">Sufi orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Association_of_China" title="Islamic Association of China">Islamic Association of China</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Cities</li><li>Regions</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hong_Kong" title="Islam in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linxia_Hui_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture">Linxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Macau" title="Islam in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sichuan" title="Islam in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunhua_Salar_Autonomous_County" title="Xunhua Salar Autonomous County">Xunhua</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_China" title="Ahmadiyya in China">Ahmadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonan_people" title="Bonan people">Bonans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongxiang_people" title="Dongxiang people">Dongxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turk_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ili Turk people">Ili Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tajiks" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Tajiks">Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Muslims" title="Tibetan Muslims">Tibetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsul" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsul">Utsul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_China" title="Uzbeks in China">Uzbeks</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #21643d;padding-top:0.2em;border-bottom:1px solid #21643d;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a> • <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_in_China" title="Template:Islam in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_in_China" title="Template talk:Islam in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">Transition from Ming to Qing</a></div> The Dungan Revolt occurred partly because of ethnic antagonism and <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class warfare</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> not only because of religious strife (as is sometimes mistakenly assumed). Chinese Muslims played a major role in resisting the early <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> in the wake of <a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">its victory over the Ming</a>. For example, in 1646, Muslim Ming loyalists in Gansu led by Milayin<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> and Ding Guodong organized a <a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">revolt in 1646</a>, aiming to drive the Qing out and restore as emperor the Ming Prince of Yanchang, Zhu Shichuan.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The Muslim Ming loyalists were supported by Sa'id Baba, the Sultan of Hami, and the Sultan's son Prince Turumtay.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Additionally, Han Chinese and Tibetans joined the Muslim Ming loyalists in the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> After fierce fighting and negotiations, a peace agreement was formulated in 1649. Milayin and Ding nominally pledged allegiance to the Qing, and they were given ranks as members of the Qing military.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> However, when the Qing withdrew their forces from Gansu to fight resurgent Ming loyalists in southern China, Milayin and Ding once again took up arms and rebelled with the support of Turumtay against the Qing.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> They were ultimately crushed by the Qing and 100,000 of them—including Milayin, Ding Guodong, and Turumtay—were killed in battle. Additionally, the Confucian Hui Muslim scholar Ma Zhu (1640–1710) served with the southern Ming loyalists against the Qing.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong era</a> (1735–1796), scholar Wei Shu (魏塾) commented on Jiang Tong's (江统) essay Xironglun (徙戎论), stating that if the Muslims did not migrate, they would end up like the <a href="/wiki/Five_Barbarians" title="Five Barbarians">Five Hu</a>, who overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Western_Jin" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Jin">Western Jin</a> and caused an ethnic conflict to break out between the Five Hu and the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>. During the Qianlong Emperor's reign, there were clashes between the Qing authorities and the <a href="/wiki/Jahriyya" title="Jahriyya">Jahriyya</a> Sufi sect, but not with the majority non-Sufi <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnis</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Khufiyya" title="Khufiyya">Khafiyya Sufis</a>. Chinese Muslims had traveled to West Asia for many years prior to the Hui Minorities' War. In the 18th century several prominent Muslim clerics from Gansu studied in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> under <a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandi</a> <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> teachers. Two different forms of Sufism were brought back to northwest China by two charismatic Hui <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_of_Sufism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaykh of Sufism">sheikhs</a>: Khufiyya, associated with <a href="/wiki/Ma_Laichi" title="Ma Laichi">Ma Laichi</a> (1681–1766), and the more radical Jahriyya, founded by <a href="/wiki/Ma_Mingxin" title="Ma Mingxin">Ma Mingxin</a> (1719?–1781). These coexisted with the more traditional, non-Sufi Sunni practices, centered around local mosques and known as gedimu (qadim, 格底目 or 格迪目). The Khufiyya school and non-Sufi gedimu tradition—both tolerated by Qing authorities—were referred to as "Old Teaching" (老教; lǎo jiào), while Jahriyya, viewed by authorities as suspect, became known as the "New Teaching" (新教; xīn jiào). Disagreements between adherents of Khufiyya and Jahriya, as well as perceived mismanagement, corruption and the anti-Sufi attitudes of Qing officials, resulted in uprisings by Hui and <a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a> followers of the New Teaching in 1781 and 1783, but these were promptly suppressed. Hostilities between different groups of Sufis contributed to the violent atmosphere before the Dungan Revolt between 1862 and 1877.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Jahriyya_revolt" title="Jahriyya revolt">Jahriyya revolt</a> sectarian violence between two suborders of the <a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandi</a> Sufis, the Jahriyya Sufi Muslims and their rivals, the Khafiyya Sufi Muslims, led to a Jahriyya Sufi Muslim revolt which the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> in China crushed with the help of the Khafiyya Sufi Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-LipmanLipman1990-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Course_of_the_revolt">Course of the revolt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Course of the revolt">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dungan_Revolt_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Dungan_Revolt_Map.png/360px-Dungan_Revolt_Map.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Dungan_Revolt_Map.png/540px-Dungan_Revolt_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Dungan_Revolt_Map.png/720px-Dungan_Revolt_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>The map of Dungan Revolt</figcaption></figure> As <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Heavenly_Kingdom" title="Taiping Heavenly Kingdom">Taiping</a> troops approached southeastern <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> in the spring of 1862, the local Han Chinese, encouraged by the Qing government, formed <a href="/wiki/Yong_Ying" title="Yong Ying">Yong Ying</a> militias to defend the region against the attackers. Afraid of the now-armed Han, the Muslims formed their own militia units as a response. According to some historians,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> the Dungan Revolt began in 1862, not as a planned uprising but as a succession of local brawls and riots triggered by trivial causes. There were also rumors—false, as it turned out—spread that the Hui Muslims were aiding the Taiping Rebels. It was also said that the Hui Ma Hsiao-shih claimed that the Shaanxi Muslim revolt was connected to the Taiping.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Green_Standard_Army" title="Green Standard Army">Green Standard Army</a> troops of the Imperial army were Hui. According to some historians, one of the incidents which led to the revolt was caused by a fight over the price of bamboo poles that a Han merchant was selling to a Hui. After this fight, Hui mobs attacked the Han and other Hui people who had not joined them in revolt. It was this seemingly trivial and unimportant dispute over bamboo poles that set off the full-scale revolt. However, according to historical records from the era, bamboo poles were bought in large quantities by the Hui to make spears as weaponry.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Moreover, there had already been attacks on Han counties prior to the Shengshan bamboo incident. Historical records from the era show that prior to the conflict over the price of bamboo poles, there had already been plans among the Hui community to set up an Islamic State in the west of China [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. Organized through mosques and mullahs, the Hui people in Shaanxi started purchasing bamboo poles in large volumes. These poles were then used to make spears. Before the Shengshan bamboo incident, there had already been attacks on Han in Dali county and Weinan county.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Fearing persecution, the Shaanxi Han populace fled the Hui or hid underground in cellars. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_at_the_Wei_River_(Weihe).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Battle_at_the_Wei_River_%28Weihe%29.jpg/350px-Battle_at_the_Wei_River_%28Weihe%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Battle_at_the_Wei_River_%28Weihe%29.jpg/525px-Battle_at_the_Wei_River_%28Weihe%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Battle_at_the_Wei_River_%28Weihe%29.jpg/700px-Battle_at_the_Wei_River_%28Weihe%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1143" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>Battle of the Wei River, painting of the Imperial Qing Court.</figcaption></figure> Given the low prestige of the Qing dynasty and its armies being occupied elsewhere, the revolt that began in the spring of 1862 in the <a href="/wiki/Wei_River" title="Wei River">Wei River</a> valley spread rapidly throughout southeastern Shaanxi. By late June 1862, organized Muslim bands laid siege to <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, which was not relieved by Qing general <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorongga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorongga (page does not exist)">Dorongga</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%9A%86%E9%98%BF" class="extiw" title="zh:多隆阿">zh</a>] (sometimes written To-lung-a) until the fall of 1863. Dorongga was a <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a> <a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">bannerman</a> in command of the army in <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>. His forces defeated the Muslim rebels and completely destroyed their position in Shaanxi province, driving them out of the province to Gansu. Dorangga was later killed in action in March 1864 by Taiping rebels in Shaanxi.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy (China)">Governor-general</a> of the region, En-lin, advised the Imperial government not to alienate Muslims. He officially made it clear that there was to be no mistreatment of or discrimination against Muslims, resulting in the implementation of a "policy of reconciliation". Muslim rebels tried to seize Lingzhou (present-day <a href="/wiki/Lingwu" title="Lingwu">Lingwu</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Guyuan" title="Guyuan">Guyuan</a> in several attacks as a result of false rumors spread by some Muslims that the government was going to kill all Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> A vast number of Muslim refugees from Shaanxi fled to Gansu. Some of them formed the "Eighteen Great Battalions" in eastern Gansu, intending to fight their way back to their homes in Shaanxi. While the Hui rebels were preparing to attack Gansu and Shaanxi, <a href="/wiki/Yakub_Beg_of_Yettishar" title="Yakub Beg of Yettishar">Yaqub Beg</a>, who had fled from <a href="/wiki/Kokand_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokand Khanate">Kokand Khanate</a> in 1865 or 1866 after losing <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> to the Russians, declared himself ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a> and soon managed to take complete control of Tarim Basin in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Governor-General_of_Shan%E2%80%99gan,_Zuo_Zongtang,_in_Military_Garments_with_Long_Court_Beads._Lanzhou,_Gansu_Province,_China,_1875_WDL1904.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Governor-General_of_Shan%E2%80%99gan%2C_Zuo_Zongtang%2C_in_Military_Garments_with_Long_Court_Beads._Lanzhou%2C_Gansu_Province%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL1904.png/250px-Governor-General_of_Shan%E2%80%99gan%2C_Zuo_Zongtang%2C_in_Military_Garments_with_Long_Court_Beads._Lanzhou%2C_Gansu_Province%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL1904.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Governor-General_of_Shan%E2%80%99gan%2C_Zuo_Zongtang%2C_in_Military_Garments_with_Long_Court_Beads._Lanzhou%2C_Gansu_Province%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL1904.png/375px-Governor-General_of_Shan%E2%80%99gan%2C_Zuo_Zongtang%2C_in_Military_Garments_with_Long_Court_Beads._Lanzhou%2C_Gansu_Province%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL1904.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Governor-General_of_Shan%E2%80%99gan%2C_Zuo_Zongtang%2C_in_Military_Garments_with_Long_Court_Beads._Lanzhou%2C_Gansu_Province%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL1904.png/500px-Governor-General_of_Shan%E2%80%99gan%2C_Zuo_Zongtang%2C_in_Military_Garments_with_Long_Court_Beads._Lanzhou%2C_Gansu_Province%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL1904.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1374" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zongtang" title="Zuo Zongtang">Zuo Zongtang</a> in military garment with long court beads, as the Governor-General of Shaanxi and Gansu in Lanzhou in 1875</figcaption></figure> In 1867 the Qing government sent one of its most capable commanders, General <a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zongtang" title="Zuo Zongtang">Zuo Zongtang</a>—who had been instrumental in putting down the Taiping Rebellion—to Shaanxi. Zuo's approach was to pacify the region by promoting agriculture, especially the growing of cotton and grain, as well as supporting orthodox <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> education. Due to the region's extreme poverty, Zuo had to rely on financial support from outside Northwestern China. Zuo Zongtang called on the government to "support the armies in the northwest with the resources of the southeast", and arranged the finances of his planned expedition to conquer Gansu by obtaining loans worth millions of <a href="/wiki/Tael" title="Tael">taels</a> from foreign banks in the southeastern provinces. The loans from the banks would be paid back by fees and taxes levied by Chinese authorities on goods imported through their ports. Zuo also arranged for massive amounts of supplies to be available before he would go on the offensive.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Ten thousand of the old <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Army" title="Xiang Army">Hunan Army</a> troops commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Zeng_Guofan" title="Zeng Guofan">Zeng Guofan</a>, were dispatched by him under Gen. Liu Songshan to Shaanxi to help General Zuo, who had already raised a 55,000-man army in Hunan before he began the final push to reconquer Gansu from the Dungan rebels. They participated along with other regional armies (the Sichuan, Anhui and Henan Armies also joined the battle).<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quarters_for_Chinese_Troops._Gansu,_China,_1875_WDL1911.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Quarters_for_Chinese_Troops._Gansu%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL1911.png/250px-Quarters_for_Chinese_Troops._Gansu%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL1911.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Quarters_for_Chinese_Troops._Gansu%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL1911.png/375px-Quarters_for_Chinese_Troops._Gansu%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL1911.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Quarters_for_Chinese_Troops._Gansu%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL1911.png/500px-Quarters_for_Chinese_Troops._Gansu%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL1911.png 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Quarters for Qing troops in Gansu, 1875.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three-Wheeled_Wooden_Vehicle_with_Chinese_Artillery._Lanzhou,_Gansu_Province,_China,_1875_WDL1902.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Three-Wheeled_Wooden_Vehicle_with_Chinese_Artillery._Lanzhou%2C_Gansu_Province%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL1902.png/250px-Three-Wheeled_Wooden_Vehicle_with_Chinese_Artillery._Lanzhou%2C_Gansu_Province%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL1902.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Three-Wheeled_Wooden_Vehicle_with_Chinese_Artillery._Lanzhou%2C_Gansu_Province%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL1902.png/375px-Three-Wheeled_Wooden_Vehicle_with_Chinese_Artillery._Lanzhou%2C_Gansu_Province%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL1902.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Three-Wheeled_Wooden_Vehicle_with_Chinese_Artillery._Lanzhou%2C_Gansu_Province%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL1902.png/500px-Three-Wheeled_Wooden_Vehicle_with_Chinese_Artillery._Lanzhou%2C_Gansu_Province%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL1902.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Chinese artillery on a three-wheeled cart</figcaption></figure> Zuo's forces consisted of the Hunan, Sichuan, Anhui and Henan Armies, along with thousands of cavalry. The Hunan soldiers were expert marksmen and excelled in battlefield maneuvers under the command of Gen. Liu Songshan.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Western military drill was experimented with, but Zuo decided to abandon it. The troops practiced "twice a day for ten days" with their western made guns.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The Lanzhou Arsenal was established in 1872 by Zuo Zongtang during the revolt and staffed by Cantonese.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The Cantonese officer in charge of the arsenal was Lai Ch'ang, who was skilled at artillery.<a href="#cite_note-Late_Ch'ing,_1800–1911-39">[39]</a> The facility manufactured "steel rifle-barreled breechloaders" and provided munitions for artillery and guns.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The Muslim Jahriyya leader <a href="/wiki/Ma_Hualong" title="Ma Hualong">Ma Hualong</a> controlled a massive Muslim trading network with many traders, having control over trade routes to multiple cities over various kinds of terrain. He monopolized trade in the area and used his wealth to purchase guns. Zuo Zongtang became suspicious of Ma's intentions, thinking that he wanted to seize control over the whole of Mongolia.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Liu Songshan died in combat during an offensive against the hundreds of rebel forts protected by difficult terrain. Liu Jintang, his nephew, took over his command whereupon a temporary lull in the offensive set in.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> After suppressing the revolt in Shaanxi and building up enough grain reserves to feed his army, Zuo attacked Ma Hualong. General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Jintang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Jintang (page does not exist)">Liu Jintang</a> led the siege, bombarding the town over its walls with shells. The people of the town had to cannibalize dead bodies and eat grass roots to survive.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Zuo's troops reached Ma's stronghold, Jinjibao (金积堡; Jinji Bao; 'Jinji Fortress', 'sometimes romanised as Jinjipu', 'using an alternative reading of the Chinese character 堡') in what was then north-eastern Gansu<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> in September 1870, bringing <a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupp</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege gun">siege guns</a> with him. Zuo and Lai Ch'ang themselves directed the artillery fire against the city. Mines were also utilized.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> After a sixteen-month siege, Ma Hualong was forced to surrender in January 1871. Zuo sentenced Ma and over eighty of his officials to <a href="/wiki/Slow_slicing" class="mw-redirect" title="Slow slicing">death by slicing</a>. Thousands of Muslims were exiled to other parts of China. Zuo's next target was Hezhou (now known as <a href="/wiki/Linxia_City" title="Linxia City">Linxia</a>), the main center of the Hui people west of Lanzhou and a key point on the trade route between Gansu and <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>. Hezhou was defended by the Hui forces of <a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhan%27ao" title="Ma Zhan'ao">Ma Zhan'ao</a>. As a pragmatic member of the Khafiya (Old Teaching) sect, he was ready to explore avenues for peaceful coexistence with the Qing government. When the revolt broke out, Ma Zhan'ao escorted Han Chinese to safety in Yixin, and did not attempt to conquer more territory during the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> After successfully repulsing Zuo Zongtang's initial assault in 1872 and inflicting heavy losses on Zuo's army, Ma Zhan'ao offered to surrender his stronghold to the Qing, and provide assistance to the dynasty for the duration of the war. He managed to preserve his Dungan community with his diplomatic skill. While Zuo Zongtang pacified other areas by exiling the local Muslims (with the policy of "<a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">washing off</a> the Muslims" (洗回; Xǐ Huí) approach that had been long advocated by some officials), in Hezhou, the non-Muslim Han were the ones Zuo chose to relocate as a reward for Ma Zhan'ao and his Muslim troops helping the Qing crush Muslim rebels. Hezhou (Linxia) remains heavily Muslim to this day, achieving the status of <a href="/wiki/Linxia_Hui_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture">Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture</a> under the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">PRC</a>. Other Dungan generals including <a href="/wiki/Ma_Qianling" title="Ma Qianling">Ma Qianling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ma_Haiyan" title="Ma Haiyan">Ma Haiyan</a> also defected to the Qing side along with Ma Zhan'ao. Ma's son <a href="/wiki/Ma_Anliang" title="Ma Anliang">Ma Anliang</a> also defected, and their Dungan forces assisted Zuo Zongtang's Qing forces in crushing the rebel dungans. <a href="/wiki/Dong_Fuxiang" title="Dong Fuxiang">Dong Fuxiang</a> also defected to the Qing.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> He was in no sense a fanatical Muslim or even interested in revolt, he merely gained support during the chaos and fought, just as many others did. He joined the Qing army of <a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zongtang" title="Zuo Zongtang">Zuo Zongtang</a> in exchange for a Mandarinate. He acquired estates which were large.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Reinforced by the Dungan people of Hezhou, Zuo Zongtang planned to advance westward along the <a href="/wiki/Hexi_Corridor" title="Hexi Corridor">Hexi Corridor</a> toward Xinjiang. However, he felt it necessary to first secure his left flank by taking <a href="/wiki/Xining" title="Xining">Xining</a>, which not only had a large Muslim community of its own, but also sheltered many of the refugees from Shaanxi. In the eleventh year of the Tongzhi reign (August 1872), Liu Jintang led his army deep into enemy territory, adopting strategies of steady advancement and dividing forces to encircle and suppress, to confront the rebel forces commanded by Bai Yanhu and Bi Dacai. Facing harassment and defenses from the Hui Muslim armed forces, he split his troops to set up camps, strengthened defenses, continuously adjusted deployments, and commanded multiple units to successively attack hills, fortresses, and mountain passes. The government troops engaged in several fierce firefights with the enemy, relying on artillery and coordinated infantry and cavalry to suppress enemy positions. They repeatedly defeated the Hui Muslim forces, killing large numbers of enemy soldiers, and several times lured the enemy deep to encircle and annihilate them. During the battles, Liu Jintang skillfully maneuvered and utilized the terrain to counterattack the rebels' sieges. Coordinating with artillery superiority, he continuously broke through the Hui Muslim defensive lines, ultimately forcing the main enemy forces to retreat and burning their strongholds. Through several days of combat, the government troops won successive victories in various locations, severely damaging the backbone of the Hui Muslim forces. They gradually drove the enemy away from important strongholds and ultimately secured control of the war zone. In early August, Liu Jintang led his troops to launch encirclement and suppression of the Hui Muslim forces in places like Guanyintanggou and Xiakou. Yu Huen and He Zuolin engaged the enemy multiple times, defeating and killing several hundred Hui Muslim soldiers and capturing enemy leaders. The Hui forces under Bai Yanhu and Yu Deyan divided their troops to attack, relying on dangerous terrain to set up fortifications and stubbornly resist. Liu Jintang ordered ambushes along different routes and bombarded the enemy fortifications, successfully capturing Shika. Subsequently, the government troops heavily damaged the Hui forces at Gaojianggou, annihilating a large number of enemies. The government troops fortified their camps, repelled multiple joint attacks by Hui Muslim infantry and cavalry, and intercepted and killed fleeing enemies at river crossings. By late August, they had killed or captured over two thousand Hui Muslim soldiers. At this time, Hui Muslim leader Ma Guiyuan conspired with his associates to mobilize Hui Muslims, planning to unite in resistance against the government troops. Han Chinese in Xining city took the opportunity when he led the Hui troops out of the city to seal the city and defend it, appointing Guo Xiangzhi and others to take charge of defense. Upon learning this, Liu Jintang was determined to resolutely eliminate the rebels to prevent them from taking advantage of the autumn harvest to expand the rebellion and to stabilize the situation in Xining. On August 24, several thousand Hui Muslim infantry divided into two groups: one directly attacked Li Shuangliang's defensive camp, and the other moved out from Yancaigou to block the government troops. Liu Jintang led Xiong Longming and others to meet the enemy, defeating the Hui forces outside the camp. Tan Heyi and other units arrived; realizing they were outmatched, the Hui forces withdrew back into the valley. The government troops took the opportunity to press the pursuit, causing a major rout among the Hui forces. That night, the government troops set up ambushes, but the Hui forces did not come out again. On August 25, over a thousand Hui Muslim troops from Yangjiaowan attacked Tan Shanglian's camp. He Zuolin and others assisted in repelling the Hui forces. Liu Jintang ordered the construction of fortifications and artillery positions for defense. On August 26, the Hui forces did not come out. The government troops bombarded their camp, and the Hui forces abandoned their positions and fled. The next day, the government troops set up ambushes, lured the Hui forces down from the mountain, and routed them. On August 28, the government troops continued to set up ambushes, and the Hui forces did not dare to come out. Liu Jintang dispatched troops at night to Yancaigou. On the 29th, the government troops feigned defeat to lure the Hui forces deeper; the ambush troops suddenly emerged, pursuing and killing the Hui forces for over ten miles. In the evening, they occupied the Hui forces' camp. The next day, they found over five hundred Hui Muslim corpses, captured local Hui leaders, and learned that Hui Muslim leaders Bai Yanhu and Ma Zhenyuan were wounded, but the Hui forces were still stubbornly resisting. On September 5, Shi Long Xiqing led the Sui Ding Battalion to repel the Hui forces at Guo'er Fort. Subsequently, they occupied the Hui forces' camp at Shagou but were unexpectedly besieged by a large group of Hui forces, suffering heavy casualties. Battalion officer Li Enling was killed in action. Upon hearing the news, Liu Jintang dispatched cavalry the next day to rush to the rescue. After fierce battles, they relieved the siege, and Long Xiqing withdrew back to the camp. On September 8, two groups of Hui forces from Xiaxia attacked the government troops. Liu Jintang ordered Deng Zeng to open fire and rout the enemy, then led troops in pursuit, causing the Hui forces to retreat to the mountain peaks. After September 10, Liu Jintang ordered each battalion to repair bridges and build fortifications to ensure the smooth flow of grain supplies to Weiyuan Fort. On the 14th, Hui cavalry came from Guanyintanggou to attack. The government troops relied on fortifications to resist. Xiong Longming and other units urgently reinforced; the Hui forces were repelled and were encircled and pursued, resulting in several hundred beheadings and ten captures. On September 16, the Hui forces harassed Pingrong Post. Liu Jintang led each battalion to counterattack, bombarded the Hui forces, heavily defeating them, and pursued them to Maying Bay. On September 20, the government troops divided their camps and crossed the Huang River, building fortifications to block the enemy. Several hundred Hui cavalry came to attack but were defeated by artillery fire. After the 22nd, the Hui forces built fortifications on the opposite bank of Hongzhuang to prevent a northern route attack. Liu Jintang pretended not to know and intensified the building of bridges and fortifications. On the 28th, several thousand Hui forces attacked the new fortifications. The government troops divided their forces to strike hard; the Hui forces fled in panic. The Hui forces from Xiaxia brought large cannons to attack He Zuolin's camp but were counterattacked and their cannons seized. In early October, the Hui forces repeatedly besieged Xiaxia, and the government troops bravely resisted. On the ninth day, Liu Jintang secretly moved his forces to Gaozhai, launched a joint attack on the Hui forces' camp at Xiaxia, and captured three mountain fortifications. The next day, over ten thousand Hui forces came to reinforce. After a bloody battle lasting until the hour of Shen (3–5 p.m.), the Hui forces finally retreated. Liu Jintang ordered each battalion to strengthen their fortifications. On October 12, Liu Jintang learned that the Hui forces were hiding in the gorge, so he selected brave soldiers to attack the southern and northern mountain fortifications. They launched a night assault and succeeded, breaking through three fortifications, and over a thousand Hui forces were annihilated. The government troops camped overnight at the captured three fortifications. On October 13, the Hui forces launched a major counterattack. Liu Jintang ordered the defense of the three fortifications while others arrayed to meet the enemy, and reinforced and repaired the captured Hui fortifications to ensure the smooth flow of grain supplies. On October 17, Xining's provincial official Guo Xiangzhi requested assistance, stating that the city had been besieged for two months and was in urgent danger due to a lack of food. Liu Jintang realized that the enemy intended to delay, so the next day he led his army to advance towards the northern mountains. The Hui forces divided into three routes to attack, attempting to surprise the government troops on the south bank. Liu Jintang ordered artillery strikes on the Hui forces' fortifications. After the enemy walls collapsed, the Hui forces quickly retreated. The government troops broke through over ten fortifications on the northern mountains in succession, forcing the Hui forces to flee to the north of the Huang River and the south bank, completely flattening the fortifications within the gorge. On the 19th, Liu Jintang saw fires around Xining's outskirts and urgently transferred forces to Dongguan. Hui Muslim leaders Ma Benyuan and Ma Guiyuan fled with their families to Dongchuan, and the government troops pursued the remaining enemies. After several days of battles, the government troops killed three to four thousand Hui soldiers and captured a large amount of military equipment and livestock. The people of Xining gratefully and tearfully welcomed Liu Jintang. Over a thousand elderly and weak Hui Muslims outside the city requested mercy, and Liu Jintang allowed them to be settled and return to normal life. In this campaign, the Hui forces fought bravely and stubbornly, relying on dangerous terrain to set up fortifications and repeatedly counterattacking. The battles were extremely fierce, making it the most difficult battle in the entire Hui rebellion. Under Liu Jintang's command, the Qing army took advantage of the terrain to set up ambushes, continuously defeating the enemy, and finally captured various strategic positions, severely damaging the Hui forces. During this period, due to the Han-Hui tensions within Xining city, after the Hui forces left the city, the Han people closed the city gates, causing Ma Guiyuan to lose his foothold and be attacked from both front and rear, which also accelerated the suppression process. According to Zuo Zongtang's memorial: "Ma Guiyuan still claimed to be the prefect of Xining, gathering local Hui Muslims outside the city, bringing out all the Hui soldiers and civilians from within the city. After Ma Guiyuan left the city and did not return for two days, the Han civilians taking refuge inside Xining city realized his deceit, seized the opportunity to close the city and defend it, requesting Xining's provincial official Guo Xiangzhi to take charge of the city's defense, and refused to allow Ma Guiyuan and others to enter the city..."（“……马桂源仍称西宁知府，在关外调集土回，尽带城中回兵回民以出。马桂源出城两日不返，西宁城内避难汉民习知其诈，乘机闭城拒守，请西宁道郭襄之主办城防，不准马桂源等入城……”） <a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The Qing army cumulatively killed five to six thousand Hui soldiers while losing 137 officers of the rank of "youji" (brigadier general) and above. <a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Xining fell after a three-month siege in late 1872. Its commander Ma Guiyuan was captured, and defenders were killed in the thousands.<a href="#cite_note-Late_Ch'ing,_1800–1911-39">[39]</a> The Muslim population of Xining was spared but the Shaanxi refugees sheltering there were resettled to arable land in eastern and southern Gansu, which were isolated from other Muslim areas. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Town_of_Anxi_on_the_Edge_of_the_Gobi,_Ruins_Surrounded_with_an_Earthen_Wall._Xinjiang,_China,_1875_WDL2067.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Town_of_Anxi_on_the_Edge_of_the_Gobi%2C_Ruins_Surrounded_with_an_Earthen_Wall._Xinjiang%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL2067.png/250px-Town_of_Anxi_on_the_Edge_of_the_Gobi%2C_Ruins_Surrounded_with_an_Earthen_Wall._Xinjiang%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL2067.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Town_of_Anxi_on_the_Edge_of_the_Gobi%2C_Ruins_Surrounded_with_an_Earthen_Wall._Xinjiang%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL2067.png/375px-Town_of_Anxi_on_the_Edge_of_the_Gobi%2C_Ruins_Surrounded_with_an_Earthen_Wall._Xinjiang%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL2067.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Town_of_Anxi_on_the_Edge_of_the_Gobi%2C_Ruins_Surrounded_with_an_Earthen_Wall._Xinjiang%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL2067.png/500px-Town_of_Anxi_on_the_Edge_of_the_Gobi%2C_Ruins_Surrounded_with_an_Earthen_Wall._Xinjiang%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL2067.png 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Town of <a href="/wiki/Anxi_(archaeological_site)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxi (archaeological site)">Anxi</a> in the Hexi Corridor, still in ruins in 1875</figcaption></figure> Despite repeated offers of amnesty, many Muslims continued to resist at Suzhou (<a href="/wiki/Jiuquan" title="Jiuquan">Jiuquan</a>), their last stronghold in the Hexi Corridor in west Gansu. The city was under the command of Ma Wenlu, who was originally from Xining. Many Hui people who had retreated from Shaanxi were also in the city. After securing his supply lines, Zuo Zongtang laid siege to Suzhou in September 1873 with 15,000 troops. The fortress could not withstand Zuo's siege guns and the city fell on October 24. Zuo had 7,000 Hui people executed and resettled the rest in southern Gansu, to ensure that the entire Gansu Corridor from <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou">Lanzhou</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a> would remain Hui-free, thereby preventing the possibility of future collusion between the Muslims of Gansu and Shaanxi and those of Xinjiang. Han and Hui loyal to the Qing seized the land of Hui rebels in Shaanxi, so the Shannxi Hui were resettled in Zhanjiachuan in Gansu.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The escape of Han people from Hezhou during the revolt was assisted by <a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhan%27ao" title="Ma Zhan'ao">Ma Zhan'ao</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confusion">Confusion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Confusion">edit</a>]</div> The rebels were disorganized and without a common purpose. Some Han Chinese rebelled against the Qing state during the revolt, and rebel bands fought each other. The main Hui rebel leader, Ma Hualong, was even granted a military rank and title during the revolt by the Qing dynasty. Only later, when Zuo Zongtang launched his campaign to pacify the region, did he decide which rebels who surrendered were going to be executed, or spared.<a href="#cite_note-Garnaut-1">[1]</a>: 98  The title Chaoqing in 1865 was granted by Mutushan, a Qing General to Ma Hualong after he officially submitted to the Qing but it was deemed as false by Zuo Zongtang.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coinage_of_Rashidin_Khoja._Rebel_in_X%C4%ABnji%C4%81ng_(1863-1867)_Kucha_mint._Dually_dated_AH_1281_and_RY_2_(AD_1864)._Legend_Said_Ghazi_Rashidin_Khan._Ithneen_in_Arabic._Reverse_Zarb_dar_al-sultanat_Kuqa,_1281_in_Arabic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Coinage_of_Rashidin_Khoja._Rebel_in_X%C4%ABnji%C4%81ng_%281863-1867%29_Kucha_mint._Dually_dated_AH_1281_and_RY_2_%28AD_1864%29._Legend_Said_Ghazi_Rashidin_Khan._Ithneen_in_Arabic._Reverse_Zarb_dar_al-sultanat_Kuqa%2C_1281_in_Arabic.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Coinage_of_Rashidin_Khoja._Rebel_in_X%C4%ABnji%C4%81ng_%281863-1867%29_Kucha_mint._Dually_dated_AH_1281_and_RY_2_%28AD_1864%29._Legend_Said_Ghazi_Rashidin_Khan._Ithneen_in_Arabic._Reverse_Zarb_dar_al-sultanat_Kuqa%2C_1281_in_Arabic.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Coinage_of_Rashidin_Khoja._Rebel_in_X%C4%ABnji%C4%81ng_%281863-1867%29_Kucha_mint._Dually_dated_AH_1281_and_RY_2_%28AD_1864%29._Legend_Said_Ghazi_Rashidin_Khan._Ithneen_in_Arabic._Reverse_Zarb_dar_al-sultanat_Kuqa%2C_1281_in_Arabic.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Coinage of Rashidin Khoja. Kucha mint. Dually dated AH 1281 and RY 2 (AD 1864). Obverse legend: Said Ghazi Rashidin Khan. Ithneen in Arabic. Reverse: Zarb dar al-sultanat <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kuqa</a>, 1281 in Arabic</figcaption></figure> Zuo Zongtang generally massacred New Teaching Jahriyya rebels, even if they surrendered, but spared Old Teaching Khafiya and Sunni Gedimu rebels. Ma Hualong belonged to the New Teaching school of thought, and Zuo executed him, while Hui generals belonging to the Old Teaching clique such as Ma Qianling, Ma Zhan'ao and Ma Anliang were granted amnesty and even promoted in the Qing military. Moreover, an army of Han Chinese rebels led by <a href="/wiki/Dong_Fuxiang" title="Dong Fuxiang">Dong Fuxiang</a> surrendered and joined Zuo Zongtang.<a href="#cite_note-Garnaut-1">[1]</a> General Zuo accepted the surrender of Hui people belonging to the Old Teaching school, provided they surrendered large amounts of military equipment and supplies, and accepted relocation. He refused to accept the surrender of New Teaching Muslims who still believed in its tenets, since the Qing classified them as a dangerous heterodox cult, similar to the <a href="/wiki/White_Lotus" title="White Lotus">White Lotus</a> Buddhists. Zuo said, "The only distinction is between the innocent and rebellious, there is none between Han and Hui".<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The Qing authorities decreed that the Hui rebels who had taken part in violent attacks were merely heretics and not representative of the entire Hui population, just as the heretical White Lotus did not represent all Buddhists.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Qing authorities decreed that there were two different Muslim sects, the "old" religion and "new" religion. The new were heretics and deviated from Islam in the same way that the White Lotus deviated from Buddhism and Daoism, and stated its intention to inform the Hui community that it was aware that the original Islamic religion was one united sect before the advent of new "heretics", saying they would separate Muslim rebels by which sect they belonged to.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature_of_the_revolt">Nature of the revolt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nature of the revolt">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Troops_Carrying_Flags_in_Military_Formation,_Preceded_by_Four_Cannons._Gansu_Province,_China,_1875_WDL1912.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Troops_Carrying_Flags_in_Military_Formation%2C_Preceded_by_Four_Cannons._Gansu_Province%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL1912.png/250px-Troops_Carrying_Flags_in_Military_Formation%2C_Preceded_by_Four_Cannons._Gansu_Province%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL1912.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Troops_Carrying_Flags_in_Military_Formation%2C_Preceded_by_Four_Cannons._Gansu_Province%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL1912.png/375px-Troops_Carrying_Flags_in_Military_Formation%2C_Preceded_by_Four_Cannons._Gansu_Province%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL1912.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Troops_Carrying_Flags_in_Military_Formation%2C_Preceded_by_Four_Cannons._Gansu_Province%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL1912.png/500px-Troops_Carrying_Flags_in_Military_Formation%2C_Preceded_by_Four_Cannons._Gansu_Province%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL1912.png 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Pro-Qing forces in Gansu in 1875</figcaption></figure> During the revolt, some Hui people fought for the Qing against the rebels from the beginning. A reward was bestowed upon Wang Dagui, a pro-Qing Muslim Hui leader who fought against Hui rebels. The relatives of Wang Dagui and Wang himself were then slaughtered by other anti-Qing Hui rebels<a href="#cite_note-Jonathan_Neaman_Lipman_2004_131-60">[60]</a> In addition, the Hui Chinese rebel leaders never called for <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a>, and never claimed that they wanted to establish an Islamic state. This stood in contrast to the Xinjiang Turki Muslims who called for Jihad. Instead of overthrowing the government, the rebels wanted to exact revenge from local corrupt officials and others who had done them injustices.<a href="#cite_note-Jonathan_Neaman_Lipman_2004_132-15">[15]</a> When Ma Hualong originally negotiated with the Qing authorities in 1866, he agreed to a "surrender", giving up thousands of foreign weapons, spears, swords, and 26 cannons. Ma assumed a new name signifying loyalty to the Dynasty, Ma Chaoqing. Mutushan, the Manchu official, hoped that this would lead to other Muslims following his lead and surrendering, however, Ma Hualong's surrender had no effect and the revolt continued to spread.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Even after Ma Hualong was sentenced to death, Zuo canceled the execution when Ma surrendered for the second time in 1871, surrendering all his weapons, such as cannons, gingalls, shotguns, and western weapons. Zuo also ordered him to convince other leaders to surrender. Zuo then discovered a hidden cache of 1,200 western weapons in Ma Hualong's headquarters in Jinjipao, and Ma failed to persuade the others to surrender. Thereafter Ma along with male members of his family and many of his officers were killed.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Zuo then stated that he would accept the surrender of New Teaching Muslims who admitted that they were deceived, radicalized, and misled by its doctrines. Zuo excluded khalifas and mullas from the surrender.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Zuo Zongtang was made Governor general of Shaanxi and Gansu in 1866.<a href="#cite_note-auto-66">[66]</a> Ma Zhanao and his son Ma Anliang defected to the Qing during the Dungan rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> As noted in the previous sections, Zuo relocated Han Chinese from Hezhou as a reward for the Hui leader Ma Zhan'ao after he and his followers surrendered and joined the Qing to crush the rebels. Zuo also moved Shaanxi Muslim refugees from Hezhou, only allowing native Gansu Muslims to stay behind. Ma Zhanao and his Hui forces were then recruited into the Green Standard Army of the Qing military.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hui_Muslims_in_non-rebellious_areas">Hui Muslims in non-rebellious areas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hui Muslims in non-rebellious areas">edit</a>]</div> Hui Muslims living in areas that did not take part in the revolt were completely unaffected by it, with no restrictions placed on them, nor did they try to join the rebels. Professor Hugh D. R. Baker stated in his book Hong Kong Images: People and Animals, that the Hui Muslim population of Beijing remained unaffected by the Muslim rebels during the Dungan Revolt.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Elisabeth Allès wrote that the relationship between Hui Muslim and Han peoples continued normally in the <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> area, with no ramifications or interagency from the Muslim revolts of other areas. Allès wrote in the document Notes on some joking relationships between Hui and Han villages in Henan published by the French Center for Research on Contemporary China that "The major Muslim revolts in the middle of the nineteenth century which involved the Hui in Shaanxi, Gansu and Yunnan, as well as the Uyghurs in Xinjiang, do not seem to have had any direct effect on this region of the central plain."<a href="#cite_note-Allès-70">[70]</a> Hui Muslim officer and official <a href="/wiki/Ma_Xinyi" title="Ma Xinyi">Ma Xinyi</a> served the Qing dynasty<a href="#cite_note-Morse1918-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morse1966-72">[72]</a> during the Dungan Revolt. Since the Shaanxi Hui rebels, in general, were not joined by the Hui in Xi'an which remained under Qing government control, the Hui of Xi'an were spared from the war by the Qing government, and from the fighting and remained in Xi'an after the war.<a href="#cite_note-Lipman1998-73">[73]</a> Xi'an's walls withstood a rebel siege for two year in 1870 and 1871 and did not fall.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Panthay_Rebellion" title="Panthay Rebellion">Panthay Revolt</a>, peace negotiations were held by <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> Hui Muslims who were invited by the Qing to Yunnan in 1858 and they were not involved in the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-Dillon1999-75">[75]</a> The Qing dynasty did not massacre Muslims who surrendered, the Muslim General <a href="/wiki/Ma_Rulong_(Qing_general)" title="Ma Rulong (Qing general)">Ma Rulong</a>, who surrendered and join the Qing campaign to crush the rebel Muslims, was promoted, and among Yunnan's military officers serving the Qing, he was the strongest.<a href="#cite_note-Boulger1898-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The Qing armies left alone Muslims who did not revolt like in Yunnan's northeast prefecture of Zhaotong where there was a big Muslim population density after the war.<a href="#cite_note-Dillon2013-78">[78]</a> Hui loyalists and Han both took over the land of the Shaanxi Hui who moved to Gansu and were relocated by General Zuo Zongtang to Zhangjiachuan after the war ended.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolt_in_Xinjiang">Revolt in Xinjiang</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Revolt in Xinjiang">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zerrspiegel-Taifurchi-shooting-exercises-i125.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Zerrspiegel-Taifurchi-shooting-exercises-i125.jpg/300px-Zerrspiegel-Taifurchi-shooting-exercises-i125.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Zerrspiegel-Taifurchi-shooting-exercises-i125.jpg/450px-Zerrspiegel-Taifurchi-shooting-exercises-i125.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Zerrspiegel-Taifurchi-shooting-exercises-i125.jpg/600px-Zerrspiegel-Taifurchi-shooting-exercises-i125.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1405" data-file-height="1013" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yakub_Beg_of_Yettishar" title="Yakub Beg of Yettishar">Yakub Beg</a>'s Dungan and Han Chinese taifurchi (gunners) take part in shooting exercises.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-revolt_situation">Pre-revolt situation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pre-revolt situation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang under Qing rule</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uch_Turpan_rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uch Turpan rebellion (page does not exist)">Uch Turpan rebellion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Afaqi_Khoja_revolts" title="Afaqi Khoja revolts">Afaqi Khoja revolts</a></div> By the 1860s, Xinjiang had been under <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Qing rule</a> for a century. The area had been conquered in 1759 from the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> whose core population, the <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a>, subsequently became the targets of genocide. However, as Xinjiang consisted mostly of semi-arid or desert lands, these were not attractive to potential Han settlers except some traders, so other people such as Uyghurs settled in the area. The whole of Xinjiang was divided into three administrative <a href="/wiki/Circuit_(administrative_division)" title="Circuit (administrative division)">circuits</a>:<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <ul><li>The North-of-<a href="/wiki/Tianshan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianshan District">Tianshan</a> Circuit (天山北路; Tianshan Beilu), including the <a href="/wiki/Ili_River" title="Ili River">Ili</a> basin and <a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a>. This region roughly corresponds to the modern <a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture</a> and included prefectures it controlled along with a few smaller adjacent prefectures.</li> <li>The South-of-Tianshan Circuit (天山南路; Tianshan Nanlu). This included the "Eight cities" in turn comprising the "Four Western Cities" of <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yarkant_County" title="Yarkant County">Yarkand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yangihissar" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangihissar">Yangihissar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a> and the "Four Eastern Cities" (Ush, <a href="/wiki/Aksu,_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksu, Xinjiang">Aqsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karashahr" class="mw-redirect" title="Karashahr">Karashahr</a>).</li> <li>The Eastern Circuit (东路; Donglu), in eastern Xinjiang, centered around <a href="/wiki/Urumqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Urumqi">Urumqi</a>.</li></ul> Overall military command of all three circuits fell to the <a href="/wiki/General_of_Ili" title="General of Ili">General of Ili</a>, stationed in <a href="/wiki/Huiyuan_Cheng" class="mw-redirect" title="Huiyuan Cheng">Huiyuan Cheng</a>. He was also in charge of the civilian administration (directly in the North-of-Tianshan Circuit, and via local Muslim (Uyghur) <a href="/wiki/Baig" class="mw-redirect" title="Baig">begs</a> in the South Circuit). However, the Eastern Circuit was subordinated in matters of civilian administration to Gansu Province. In 1765 the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ush_rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ush rebellion (page does not exist)">Ush rebellion</a> occurred in Ush Turfan. The rebellion was the result of severe misrule and exploitation by the Qing in the early years after the occupation of Xinjiang in 1759. After the conquest local Uyghur officials appointed by the Qing including ‘Abd Allah, the Hakim Beg of Ush Turfan, used their positions to extort money from the local Uyghur population. One of the Uyghur legends of the seven maidens comes from this rebellion of Uyghur girls resisting rape by Manchus. Manchus are explicitly blamed while Han Chinese are not mention by Uyghurs as the culprit in the legend.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> There is also another Uyghur legend about the seven maidens from the <a href="/wiki/Qarakhanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarakhanid">Qarakhanid</a> wars against Buddhist kingdoms like <a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a> that is unrelated to the one about Uyghur girls resisting Manchu rape.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> As a result, in 1765 when Manchu official Sucheng commandeered 240 men to take official gifts to Peking, the enslaved porters and the townspeople revolted. The Uyghur collaborator ‘Abd Allah, Sucheng, the garrisoned Qing Manchu banner force and other Qing Manchu officials were slaughtered and the rebels took command of the Qing fortress. In response to the revolt, the Qing brought a large force to the city and besieged the rebels in their compound for several months until they surrendered. The Manchu officials then cruelly retaliated against the Uyghur rebels by executing over 2,000 men and exiling some 8,000 women.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Afaqi_Khoja_revolts" title="Afaqi Khoja revolts">Afaqi Khoja revolts</a> there were multiple incursions by <a href="/wiki/Ak_Tagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ak Tagh">Afaqi khojas</a> from <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kokand" title="Khanate of Kokand">Kokand</a> into Kashgaria, similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Jahangir_Khoja" title="Jahangir Khoja">Jahangir Khoja</a> in the 1820s and <a href="/wiki/Wali_Khan_(khoja)" title="Wali Khan (khoja)">Wali Khan</a> in 1857, meant that the government had increased troop levels in Xinjiang to some 50,000. Both Manchu and Han units were stationed in the province with the latter, mainly recruited in Shaanxi and Gansu, having a heavily Hui (Dungan) component. A large part of the Qing army in Xinjiang was based in the Nine Forts of the <a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili Region</a>, but there were also forts with Qing garrisons in most other cities of Xinjiang. Maintaining this army involved much higher costs than the taxation of the local economy could sustainably provide, and required subsidies from the central government. Such support became unfeasible by the 1850-60s due to the costs of suppressing the <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping</a> and other rebellions in the Chinese heartland. The Qing authorities in Xinjiang responded by raising taxes, introducing new ones, and selling official posts to the highest bidders (e.g. that of governor of <a href="/wiki/Yarkant_County" title="Yarkant County">Yarkand</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rustam_Beg" title="Rustam Beg">Rustam Beg</a> of <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a> for 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Sycee" title="Sycee">yambus</a>, and that of <a href="/wiki/Kuqa_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuqa County">Kucha</a> to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%27id_Beg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sa'id Beg (page does not exist)">Sa'id Beg</a> for 1,500 yambus). The new officeholders would then proceed to recoup their investment by fleecing their subject populations. Increasing tax burdens and corruption only added to the discontent amongst the Xinjiang people, who had long suffered both from the maladministration of Qing officials and their local beg subordinates and from the destructive invasions of the <a href="/wiki/Khoja_(Turkestan)" title="Khoja (Turkestan)">khojas</a>. Qing soldiers in Xinjiang, however, were still not paid on time or properly equipped. With the start of the revolt in Gansu and Shaanxi in 1862, rumors spread among the Hui (Dungans) of Xinjiang that the Qing authorities were preparing a wholesale preemptive slaughter of the Hui people in Xinjiang, or in a particular community. Opinions as to the veracity of these rumors vary: while the <a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_Emperor" title="Tongzhi Emperor">Tongzhi Emperor</a> described them as "absurd" in his edict of September 25, 1864, Muslim historians generally believe that massacres were indeed planned, if not by the imperial government then by various local authorities. Thus it was the Dungans who usually revolted in most Xinjiang towns, although the local Turkic people—Taranchis, Kyrgyzs, and Kazakhs—would usually quickly join the fray. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-centric_revolt">Multi-centric revolt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Multi-centric revolt">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_View_of_the_Gukeichanza_Station_with_a_Citadel_at_Top_of_the_Mountain,_near_Barkul._Xinjiang,_China,_1875_WDL2062.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/General_View_of_the_Gukeichanza_Station_with_a_Citadel_at_Top_of_the_Mountain%2C_near_Barkul._Xinjiang%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL2062.png/250px-General_View_of_the_Gukeichanza_Station_with_a_Citadel_at_Top_of_the_Mountain%2C_near_Barkul._Xinjiang%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL2062.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/General_View_of_the_Gukeichanza_Station_with_a_Citadel_at_Top_of_the_Mountain%2C_near_Barkul._Xinjiang%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL2062.png/375px-General_View_of_the_Gukeichanza_Station_with_a_Citadel_at_Top_of_the_Mountain%2C_near_Barkul._Xinjiang%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL2062.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/General_View_of_the_Gukeichanza_Station_with_a_Citadel_at_Top_of_the_Mountain%2C_near_Barkul._Xinjiang%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL2062.png/500px-General_View_of_the_Gukeichanza_Station_with_a_Citadel_at_Top_of_the_Mountain%2C_near_Barkul._Xinjiang%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL2062.png 2x" data-file-width="1442" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Remnants of the citadel near <a href="/wiki/Barkul" class="mw-redirect" title="Barkul">Barkul</a> in 1875. In 1865, rebels from Kucha led by Ishaq Khwaja attacked the fort.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Mosque_Official_Wearing_a_Spherical_Hat_with_a_Tassel._Hami,_Xinjiang,_China,_1875_WDL1934.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Chinese_Mosque_Official_Wearing_a_Spherical_Hat_with_a_Tassel._Hami%2C_Xinjiang%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL1934.png/250px-Chinese_Mosque_Official_Wearing_a_Spherical_Hat_with_a_Tassel._Hami%2C_Xinjiang%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL1934.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Chinese_Mosque_Official_Wearing_a_Spherical_Hat_with_a_Tassel._Hami%2C_Xinjiang%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL1934.png/375px-Chinese_Mosque_Official_Wearing_a_Spherical_Hat_with_a_Tassel._Hami%2C_Xinjiang%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL1934.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Chinese_Mosque_Official_Wearing_a_Spherical_Hat_with_a_Tassel._Hami%2C_Xinjiang%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL1934.png/500px-Chinese_Mosque_Official_Wearing_a_Spherical_Hat_with_a_Tassel._Hami%2C_Xinjiang%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL1934.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1372" /></a><figcaption>A mosque official in Hami, 1875.</figcaption></figure> The first spark of revolt in Xinjiang proved small enough for the Qing authorities to easily extinguish it. On March 17, 1863, some 200 Dungans from the village of Sandaohe (a few miles west of <a href="/wiki/Suiding" class="mw-redirect" title="Suiding">Suiding</a>), supposedly provoked by a rumor of a preemptive Dungan massacre, attacked Tarchi (塔勒奇城; Tǎlēiqí Chéng now part of <a href="/wiki/Huocheng_County" title="Huocheng County">Huocheng County</a>), one of the Nine Forts of the Ili Basin. The rebels seized weapons from the fort's armory and killed the soldiers of its garrison, but were soon defeated by government troops from other forts and were themselves slaughtered. Revolt broke out again the following year—this time, almost simultaneously in all three Circuits of Xinjiang—on a scale that made its suppression beyond the capability of the authorities. On the night of June 3–4, 1864, the Dungans of <a href="/wiki/Kuqa_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuqa County">Kucha</a>, one of the cities south of Tianshan, rose up and were soon joined by the local Turkic people. The Han fort, which, unlike many other Xinjiang locations, was inside the town rather than outside it, fell within a few days. Government buildings were burnt and some 1000 Hans and 150 Mongols killed. As neither the Dungan nor Turkic leaders of the revolt had sufficient authority over the entire community to become commonly recognized as a leader, the rebels instead choose a person who had not participated in the revolt, but was known for his spiritual role: Rashidin (Rashīdīn) Khoja, a <a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">dervish</a> and the custodian of the grave of his ancestor of saintly fame, Arshad-al-Din (? – 1364 or 65). Over the next three years, he sent military expeditions east and west in an attempt to bring the entire <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> under his control; however, his expansion plans were frustrated by <a href="/wiki/Yakub_Beg_of_Yettishar" title="Yakub Beg of Yettishar">Yaqub Beg</a>. Only three weeks after the events in Kucha, revolt broke out in the Eastern Circuit. The Dungan soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a> garrison rebelled on June 26, 1864, soon after learning about the Kucha revolt. The two Dungan leaders were <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuo_Ming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuo Ming (page does not exist)">Tuo Ming</a> (a.k.a. Tuo Delin), a New Teaching <a href="/wiki/Ahong" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahong">ahong</a> from Gansu, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suo_Huanzhang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suo Huanzhang (page does not exist)">Suo Huanzhang</a>, an officer who also had close ties to Hui religious leaders. Large parts of the city were destroyed, the tea warehouses burned, and the Manchu fortress besieged. The Ürümqi rebels then advanced westward through what is today <a href="/wiki/Changji_Hui_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture">Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture</a>, taking the cities of <a href="/wiki/Manas_County" title="Manas County">Manas</a> (also known then as Suilai) on July 17 (the Manchu fort there fell on September 16) and <a href="/wiki/Wusu" title="Wusu">Wusu</a> (Qur Qarausu) on September 29. On October 3, 1864, the Manchu fortress of Ürümqi also fell to the joint forces of Ürümqi and Kuchean rebels. In a pattern that was to repeat in other Han forts throughout the region, the Manchu commander, Pingžui, preferred to explode his gunpowder, killing himself and his family, rather than surrender. After they learned of the Qing authorities' plan to disarm or kill them, the Dungan soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Yarkant_County" title="Yarkant County">Yarkand</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kashgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashgaria">Kashgaria</a> rose up in the early hours of July 26, 1864. Their first attack on the Manchu fort (which was outside of the walled Muslim city) failed, but it still cost the lives of 2,000 Qing soldiers and their families. In the morning, the Dungan soldiers entered the Muslim city, where some 7,000 Hans were forcibly converted to become Muslims or massacred. The Dungans being numerically few compared to the local Turkic Muslims, they picked a somewhat neutral party—one <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghulam_Husayn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghulam Husayn (page does not exist)">Ghulam Husayn</a>, a religious man from a <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> noble family—as the puppet <a href="/wiki/Padishah" title="Padishah">padishah</a>. By the early fall of 1864, the Dungans of the Ili Basin in the Northern Circuit also rose up, encouraged by the success of Ürümqi rebels at <a href="/wiki/Wusu" title="Wusu">Wusu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manas_County" title="Manas County">Manas</a>, and worried by the prospects of preemptive repressions by the local Manchu authorities. The <a href="/wiki/General_of_Ili" title="General of Ili">General of Ili</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cangcing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cangcing (page does not exist)">Cangcing</a> (常清; Cháng Qīng), hated by the local population as a corrupt oppressor, was sacked by the Qing government after the defeat of his troops by the rebels at Wusu. Attempts by <a href="/wiki/Mingsioi" title="Mingsioi">Mingsioi</a>, Cangcing's replacement, to negotiate with the Dungans proved in vain. On November 10, 1864, the Dungans rose both in <a href="/wiki/Ghulja" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulja">Ningyuan</a> (the "Taranchi Kuldja"), the commercial center of the region, and <a href="/wiki/Huiyuan_Cheng" class="mw-redirect" title="Huiyuan Cheng">Huiyuan</a> (the "Manchu Kuldja"), its military and administrative headquarters. Kulja's <a href="/wiki/Taranchi" title="Taranchi">Taranchis</a> (Turkic-speaking farmers who later formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur people">Uyghur people</a>) joined in the revolt. When the local Muslim Kazakhs and Kyrgyzs felt that the rebels had gained the upper hand, they joined them. Conversely, the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalmyk people">Kalmyks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xibe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Xibe people">Xibes</a> mostly remained loyal to the Qing government. Ningyuan immediately fell to the Dungan and Turki rebels, but a strong government force at Huiyuan made the insurgents retreat after 12 days of heavy fighting in the streets of the city. The local Han Chinese, seeing the Manchus winning, joined forces with them. However, a counter-offensive by Qing forces failed. The imperial troops lost their artillery while Mingsioi barely escaped capture. With the fall of Wusu and <a href="/wiki/Aksu,_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksu, Xinjiang">Aksu</a>, the Qing garrison, entrenched in the Huiyuan fortress was completely cut off from the rest of empire-controlled territory forcing Mingsioi to send his communications to Beijing via <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>. While the Qing forces in Huiyuan successfully repelled the next attack of the rebels on 12 December 1864, the revolt continued to spread through the northern part of the province (<a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a>), where the Kazakhs were glad to take revenge on the Kalmyk people that had ruled the area in the past. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vereshchagin-Ruins-of-the-Theater-in-Chuguchak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Vereshchagin-Ruins-of-the-Theater-in-Chuguchak.jpg/200px-Vereshchagin-Ruins-of-the-Theater-in-Chuguchak.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Vereshchagin-Ruins-of-the-Theater-in-Chuguchak.jpg/300px-Vereshchagin-Ruins-of-the-Theater-in-Chuguchak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Vereshchagin-Ruins-of-the-Theater-in-Chuguchak.jpg/400px-Vereshchagin-Ruins-of-the-Theater-in-Chuguchak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="697" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the Theater in <a href="/wiki/Tacheng" title="Tacheng">Chuguchak</a>, painting by <a href="/wiki/Vereshchagin" title="Vereshchagin">Vereshchagin</a> (1869–70)</figcaption></figure> For <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a> 1865, the Hui leaders of <a href="/wiki/Tacheng" title="Tacheng">Tacheng</a> (Chuguchak) invited the local Qing authorities and Kalmyk nobles to assemble in the Hui mosque, to swear a mutual oath of peace. However, once the Manchus and Kalmyks were in the mosque, the Hui rebels seized the city armory, and started killing the Manchus. After two days of fighting, the Muslims gained control of the town, while the Manchus were besieged in the fortress. Nevertheless, with the help of the Kalmyks the Manchus were able to retake the Tacheng area by the fall of 1865. This time, it was the Hui rebels who were locked up in the mosque. The fighting resulted in the destruction of Tacheng and the surviving residents fleeing the town[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. Both the Qing government in Beijing and the beleaguered Kulja officials asked the Russians for assistance against the rebels via the Russian envoy in Beijing, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Vlangali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Vlangali (page does not exist)">Alexander Vlangali</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Влангали, Александр Георгиевич">ru</a>] and the Russian commander in <a href="/wiki/Jetisu" title="Jetisu">Semirechye</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Gerasim_Kolpakovsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Gerasim Kolpakovsky (page does not exist)">General Gerasim Kolpakovsky</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Колпаковский, Герасим Алексеевич">ru</a>] respectively. The Russians, however, were diplomatically non-committal. On the one hand, as Vlangali wrote to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, a "complete refusal" would be bad for Russia's relations with Beijing; on the other, Russian generals in Central Asia generally felt that providing China with serious assistance against Xinjiang's Muslims would do nothing to improve Russia's problems with its own new Muslim subjects. Were the revolt to succeed and lead to the creation of a permanent Hui state, having been on the Qing side of the former conflict would offer Russia no benefit in its relations with that new neighbor. The decision was thus made in Saint Petersburg in 1865 to avoid offering any serious help to the Qing, beyond agreeing to train Chinese soldiers in Siberia—should they send any—and to sell some grain to the defenders of Kuldja on credit. The main priority of the Russian government remained guarding its border with China and preventing any possibility of the spread of the revolt into Russia's own domain. Considering that offense is the best form of defense, Kolpakovsky suggested to his superiors in February 1865 that Russia should go beyond defending its border and move in force into Xinjiang's border area then seize the Chuguchak, <a href="/wiki/Yining_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yining (city)">Kuldja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a> areas. These could then be colonized with Russian settlers—all to better protect the <a href="/wiki/Romanov_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov Dynasty">Romanov</a> empire's other domains. The time was not ripe for such an adventure, however: as Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mikhailovich_Gorchakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov">Gorchakov</a> noted, such a breach of neutrality would be not a good thing if China eventually recovered its rebel provinces. Meanwhile, Qing forces in the Ili Valley did not fare well. In April 1865, the Huining (惠宁) fortress (today's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayandai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayandai (page does not exist)">Bayandai</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%BD%A6%E5%B2%B1%E9%95%87" class="extiw" title="zh:巴彦岱镇">zh</a>], located between <a href="/wiki/Ghulja" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulja">Yining</a> and Huiyuan), fell to the rebels after a three-month siege. Its 8,000 Manchu, Xibe, and <a href="/wiki/Evenks#Evenks_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Solon</a> defenders were massacred, and two survivors with their ears and noses cut off were sent to Huiyuan—the Qing's last stronghold in the valley—to tell the Governor-general the fate of Huining. Most of the Huiyuan (Manchu Kulja) fell to the rebels on January 8, 1866. The majority of the residents and garrison perished along with some 700 rebels. Mingsioi, still holding out in the Huiyuan fortress with the remainder of his troops, but having run out of food, sent a delegation to the rebels, bearing a gift of 40 <a href="/wiki/Sycee" title="Sycee">sycees</a> of silver<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> and four boxes of <a href="/wiki/Green_tea" title="Green tea">green tea</a>, and offered to surrender, provided the rebels guaranteed their lives and allowed them to keep their allegiance to the Qing government. Twelve Manchu officials with their families left the citadel along with the delegation. The Huis and Taranchis received them and allowed the refugees from Huiyuan to settle in Yining ("the Old Kuldja"). However, the rebels would not accept Mingsioi's conditions, requiring instead that he surrender immediately and recognize the authority of the rebels. Since Mingsioi had rejected the rebels' proposal, they immediately stormed the citadel. On March 3, the rebels having broken into the citadel, Mingsioi assembled his family and staff in his mansion, and blew it up, dying under its ruins. This was the temporary end, for the time being, of Qing rule in the Ili Valley. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yaqub_Beg_in_Kashgaria">Yaqub Beg in Kashgaria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Yaqub Beg in Kashgaria">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yarkand_Governor%27s_Guard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Yarkand_Governor%27s_Guard.jpg/300px-Yarkand_Governor%27s_Guard.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Yarkand_Governor%27s_Guard.jpg/450px-Yarkand_Governor%27s_Guard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Yarkand_Governor%27s_Guard.jpg/600px-Yarkand_Governor%27s_Guard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1157" /></a><figcaption>Yakub Beg's "Andijani" 'taifukchi' (gunners)--misspelled on the picture as "taifurchi"</figcaption></figure> As noted by Muslim sources, the Qing authorities in <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a> had all along intended to eliminate local Dungans, and managed to carry out their preemptive massacre in the summer of 1864. This weakening of the local Dungan contingent was possibly the reason why the initial revolt had not been as successful in this area as in the rest of the province.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Although the Dungan rebels were able to seize <a href="/wiki/Yangihissar" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangihissar">Yangihissar</a>, neither they nor the Kyrgyzs of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddiq_Beg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siddiq Beg (page does not exist)">Siddiq Beg</a> could break into either the Manchu forts outside Yangihissar and Kashgar, nor into the walled Muslim city of Kashgar itself, which was held by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qutluq_Beg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qutluq Beg (page does not exist)">Qutluq Beg</a>, a local Muslim appointee of the Qing. Unable to take control of the region on their own, the Dungans and Kyrgyzs turned for help to <a href="/wiki/Kokand_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokand Khanate">Kokand</a>'s ruler <a href="/wiki/Alim_Quli" class="mw-redirect" title="Alim Quli">Alim Quli</a>. Assistance arrived in early 1865 in both spiritual and material form. Spiritual aid came in the person of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buzurg_Khoja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buzurg Khoja (page does not exist)">Buzurg Khoja</a> (also known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buzurg_Khan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buzurg Khan (page does not exist)">Buzurg Khan</a>), a member of the influential <a href="/wiki/Ak_Tagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ak Tagh">Afaqis</a> family of <a href="/wiki/Khoja_(Turkestan)" title="Khoja (Turkestan)">khojas</a>, whose religious authority could be expected to raise the rebellious spirit of the populace. He was heir to a long family tradition of starting mischief in Kashgaria, being a son of <a href="/wiki/Jahangir_Khoja" title="Jahangir Khoja">Jahangir Khoja</a> and brother of <a href="/wiki/Wali_Khan_(khoja)" title="Wali Khan (khoja)">Wali Khan Khoja</a>. Material assistance—as well as the expected conduit of Kokandian influence in Kashgaria—consisted of <a href="/wiki/Yakub_Beg_of_Yettishar" title="Yakub Beg of Yettishar">Yaqub Beg</a>, a young but already well known Kokandian military commander, with an entourage of a few dozen Kokandian soldiers, who became known in Kashgaria as <a href="/wiki/Andijan" title="Andijan">Andijanis</a>. Although Siddiq Beg's Kyrgyzs had already taken the Muslim town of Kashgar by the time Buzurg Khoja and Yaqub Beg arrived, he had to allow the popular khoja to settle in the former governor's residence (the urda). Siddiq's attempts to assert his dominance were crushed by Yaqub Beg's and Buzurg's forces. The Kyrgyzs then had to accept Yaqub's authority. With his small, but comparatively well trained and disciplined army consisting of local Dungans and Kashgarian Turkic people (Uighurs, in modern terms), their Kyrgyz allies, Yaqub's own Kokandians, as well as some 200 soldiers sent by the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a>, Yaqub Beg was able not only to take the Manchu fortress and the Han Chinese town of Kashgar during 1865 (the Manchu commander in Kashgar, as usual, blowing himself up), but to defeat a much larger force sent by the Rashidin of Kucha, who sought domination of the Tarim Basin region for himself. While Yaqub Beg asserted his authority over Kashgaria, the situation back home in Kokand changed radically. In May 1865, Alim Quli lost his life while defending Tashkent against the Russians. Many of his soldiers (primarily, of Kyrgyz and <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kipchak people">Kipchak</a> background) deemed it advisable to flee to the comparative safety of Kashgaria. They appeared at the borders of Yaqub Beg's domain in early September 1865. Afghan warriors also assisted Yaqub Beg.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Yaqub Beg's rule was unpopular among the natives with one of the local Kashgaris, a warrior and a chieftain's son, commenting: "During the Chinese rule there was everything; there is nothing now." There was also a falling-off in trade.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The local Uyghurs of Altishahr came to view Yaqub Beg as a Kokandi foreigner and his Kokandi associates behaved ruthlessly to the local Uyghurs, an anti Yaqub Beg poem was written by the Uyghur:<a href="#cite_note-Bellér-Hann2007-97">[97]</a> <blockquote> From Peking the Chinese came, like stars in the heaven. The Andijanis rose and fled, like pigs in the forest. They came in vain and left in vain, the Andijanis! They went away scared and languidly, the Andijanis! Every day they took a virgin, and They went hunting for beauties. They played with the <a href="/wiki/Bacha_bazi" title="Bacha bazi">dancing boys</a>, Which the Holy Law has forbidden. </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yaqub_Beg's_Kashgaria_declares_Jihad_against_the_Dungans">Yaqub Beg's Kashgaria declares Jihad against the Dungans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Yaqub Beg's Kashgaria declares Jihad against the Dungans">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Taranchi" title="Taranchi">Taranchi</a> Turkic Muslims in Xinjiang initially cooperated with the Dungans (Hui people) when they rose in revolt, but later abandoned them after the Hui attempted to subject the entire region to their rule. The Taranchi massacred the Dungans at <a href="/wiki/Ghulja,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulja, China">Kuldja</a> and drove the rest through the Talk pass[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a> Is this the correct spelling?] to the Ili Valley.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The Hui people in Xinjiang where neither trusted by the Qing authorities nor the Turkestani Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Yaqub Beg's Kokandi Andijani Uzbek forces declared a Jihad against Dungan rebels under T'o Ming (Tuo Ming a.k.a. Daud Khalifa). Fighting broke out between Dungan and Kokandi Uzbek rebels in Xinjiang. Yaqub Beg enlisted Han militia under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Xuegong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xu Xuegong (page does not exist)">Xu Xuegong</a> to fight against the Dungan troops under T'o Ming. T'o Ming's Dungan forces were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Urumqi_(1870)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Urumqi (1870)">Battle of Urumqi (1870)</a> as part of Yaqub Beg's plan to conquer <a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a> and seize all Dungan territory.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-66">[66]</a> Poems were written about the victories of Yaqub Beg's forces over the Hans and the Dungans .<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Yakub Beg seized <a href="/wiki/Aksu,_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksu, Xinjiang">Aksu</a> from Dungan forces and forced them north of the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a>, committing massacres upon the Dungan people (Tunganis).<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Independent Han Chinese militia who were not affiliated with the Qing government joined both the Turkic forces under Yaqub Beg, and the Dungan rebels. In 1870, Yaqub Beg had 1,500 Han Chinese troops with his Turkic forces attacking Dungans in Ürümqi. The following year, the Han Chinese militia joined the Dungans in fighting against Turkic forces.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations_of_Kashgaria_Yaqub_Beg">Foreign relations of Kashgaria Yaqub Beg</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Foreign relations of Kashgaria Yaqub Beg">edit</a>]</div> Russia and Britain signed several treaties with Yaqub Beg's regime in Kashgar with Yaqub seeking to secure British and Russian aid for his government. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relations_with_Russia">Relations with Russia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Relations with Russia">edit</a>]</div> Relations between Yaqub Beg and the Russian Empire alternated between fighting and peaceful diplomatic exchanges. The Russians detested the native population of Kashgar because of their elite's close contacts with the Kokand Khans who had recently been expelled during the Russian conquest of Turkestan. This animosity would have ruined Yaqub Beg had he sought extensive aid from them as he had originally intended.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ottoman_and_British_support">Ottoman and British support</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ottoman and British support">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> both recognized Yaqub Beg's state and supplied him with thousands of guns. British diplomats <a href="/wiki/Robert_Barkley_Shaw" title="Robert Barkley Shaw">Robert Barkley Shaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Douglas_Forsyth" title="Thomas Douglas Forsyth">Thomas Douglas Forsyth</a> to Kashgar in 1868 and 1870 respectively, aroused British interest for Ya'qub's regime and the British concluded a commercial treaty with the emir in 1874.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang">Qing reconquest of Xinjiang</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">Qing reconquest of Xinjiang</a></div> The Qing decided to reconquer Xinjiang in the late 1870s. <a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zongtang" title="Zuo Zongtang">Zuo Zongtang</a>, previously a general in the <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Army" title="Xiang Army">Xiang Army</a>, was the commander in chief of all Qing troops participating in this counterinsurgency. His subordinates were the Han Chinese General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Jintang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Jintang (page does not exist)">Liu Jintang</a> and Manchu Jin Shun.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> As Zuo Zongtang moved into Xinjiang to crush the Muslim rebels under <a href="/wiki/Yakub_Beg_of_Yettishar" title="Yakub Beg of Yettishar">Yaqub Beg</a>, he was joined by Dungan (<a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a>) General <a href="/wiki/Ma_Anliang" title="Ma Anliang">Ma Anliang</a> and General <a href="/wiki/Dong_Fuxiang" title="Dong Fuxiang">Dong Fuxiang</a>. Qing forces entered Ürümqi unopposed. Yaqub's subordinates defected to the Qing or fled as his forces started to fall apart,<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> and the oasis fell easily to the Qing troops.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The mass retreat of the rebel army shrank their sphere of control smaller and smaller. Yaqub Beg lost more than 20,000 men either though desertion or at the hands of the enemy. In October 1877, after the death of Yaqub Beg, Jin Shun resumed his forward movement and encountered no serious opposition. General Zuo appeared before the walls of <a href="/wiki/Aksu,_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksu, Xinjiang">Aksu</a>, the bulwark of Kashgaria on the east, and its commandant abandoned his post at the first onset. Qing army then advanced on <a href="/wiki/Uqturpan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uqturpan">Uqturpan</a>, which also surrendered without a blow. Early in December, all Qing troops began their last attack against the capital city of the Kashgarian regime. The rebel troops were defeated and the residual troops started to withdraw to Yarkant, whence they fled to Russian territory. With the fall of Kashgaria Qing's reconquest of Xinjiang was completed. No further revolt was encountered, and the reestablished Qing authorities began the task of recovery and reorganization,<a href="#cite_note-Ho-dong_Kim_2004_176-109">[109]</a> including the establishment of the Xinjiang province in 1884. The use of Muslims in the Qing armies against the revolt was noted by <a href="/wiki/Yang_Zengxin" title="Yang Zengxin">Yang Zengxin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <blockquote> The third reason is that at the time that Turkic Muslims were waging revolt in the early years of the Guangxu reign, the ‘five elite divisions’ that governor general Liu Jintang led out of the Pass were all <a href="/wiki/Dungan_people" title="Dungan people">Dungan</a> troops [Hui dui 回队]. Back then, Dungan military commanders such as Cui Wei and Hua Dacai were surrendered troops who had been redeployed. These are undoubtedly cases of pawns who went on to achieve great merit. When Cen Shuying was in charge of military affairs in Yunnan, the Muslim troops and generals that he used included many rebels, and it was because of them that the Muslim revolt in Yunnan was pacified. These are examples to show that Muslim troops can be used effectively even while Muslim uprisings are still in progress. What is more, since the establishment of the Republic, Dungan have demonstrated not the slightest hint of errant behaviour to suggest that they may prove to be unreliable. </blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Army" title="Xiang Army">Xiang Army</a> and other Han Chinese male soldiers and sojourners bought Turki Musulman (Uyghur) girls as wives from their parents after Zuo Zongtang's reconquest of Xinjiang, and the Han and Uyghurs often relied on Hui intermediaries to translate and broker the marriages. A Han Chinese man with the surname Li bought a young Uyghur woman from two Uyghur men who kidnapped her in 1880. They were employed by the magistrate of Pichan. A Turpan Uyghur girl named Ruo-zang-le who was 12 was sold for 30 taels in 1889 in Qitai to a young Han Chinese Shanxi man named Liu yun. She became pregnant with his child in 1892. Han Chinese men viewed the toyluq they paid in silver for their Uyghur brides as a bride price.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Uyghur Muslim women married Han Chinese men in Xinjiang in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Han Chinese men, Hindu men, Armenian men, Jewish men and Russian men were married by Uyghur Muslim women who could not find husbands.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Uyghur merchants would harass Hindu usurers by screaming at them asking them if they ate beef or hanging cow skins on their quarters. Uyghur men also rioted and attacked Hindus for marrying Uyghur women in 1907 in Poskam and Yarkand like Ditta Ram calling for their beheading and stoning as they engaged in anti-Hindu violence.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Hindu Indian usurers engaging in a religious procession led to violence against them by Muslim Uyghurs.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punishment">Punishment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Punishment">edit</a>]</div> When the Qing forces under Zuo Zongtang put down the Dungan Revolt, the sons of Muslim <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a> rebel leaders like Ma Benyuan (马本源) and Ma Guiyuan (马桂源) in <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> were castrated by the Qing <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Department" title="Imperial Household Department">Imperial Household Department</a> once they became 11 years old and were sent to work as eunuch <a href="/wiki/Solon_people#Penal_servitude_to_Solon" title="Solon people">slaves for Qing garrisons in Xinjiang and the wives of the rebel leaders were also enslaved</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Among the Muslim boys were Ma Sanhe (马三和), Ma Qishizi (马七十子), Ma Shaqiang (马沙枪), Ma Suo (马锁), Ma Youzong (马由宗), Ma Feifei (马飞飞), Ma Wushijiu (马五十九), Ma Wushiliu (马五十六).<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Ma Jincheng, a son of the Hui Naqshbandi leader <a href="/wiki/Ma_Hualong" title="Ma Hualong">Ma Hualong</a> was also castrated.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> The Imperial Household Department immediately castrated the 9 sons of Ma Guiyuan since they already reached age 12 and were enslave as eunuchs to Qing soldiers in Xinjiang. Ma Zhenyuan (马侦源), Ma Benyuan (马本源) and Ma Guiyuan's (马桂源) wives were all enslaved to soldiers and officials in provincial garrisons after the husbands were executed.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Ma Yulong (马玉龙) was the father of the boys Ma Sanhe (马三和) and Ma Jibang (继邦). Ma Dingbang (马定邦) was the father of Ma Qishi (马七十), Ma Shaba (马沙把), Ma Suo (马锁) and Ma Youzong (;马由宗). Ma Chenglong (马成龙) was the father of Ma Feifei (马飞). Their sons were all sentenced to castration.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The Muslim rebels themselves were subjected to execution by <a href="/wiki/Lingchi" title="Lingchi">lingchi</a> (slow slicing) while their sons were castrated and their female relatives enslaved to soldiers and officials in provincial garrisons.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> The children of the Muslim rebels who were under ten included 6 year old Ga Liu (尕六), 8 year old Ga Quan (尕全) and Ma Xier (马希儿) who were imprisoned until they reached 11 and then castrated by the Imperial Household Department.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Yaqub Beg and his son Ishana's corpses were "burned to cinders" in full public view. This angered the population in Kashgar, but Qing troops quashed a rebellious plot by Hakim Khan.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Surviving members of Yaqub Beg's family included his four sons, four grandchildren (two grandsons and two granddaughters), and four wives. They either died in prison in <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou">Lanzhou</a>, Gansu or were killed by the Qing government. His sons Yima Kuli, K'ati Kuli, Maiti Kuli, and grandson Aisan Ahung were the only survivors alive in 1879. They were all underage children at that time. They were put on trial and sentenced to an agonizing death if they were found to be complicit in their father's rebellious "sedition". If they were innocent, they were to be sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castration</a> and servitude as <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a> slaves to the Qing troops. Afterwards, when they reached the age of 11 years, they would be handed over to the Imperial Household to be executed or castrated.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> In 1879, it was confirmed that the sentence of castration was carried out, Yaqub Beg's son and grandsons were castrated by the Chinese court in 1879 and turned into eunuchs to work in the Imperial Palace.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Yaqub Beg's sons and grandsons who were captured were under 10 years old Aisin Ahongju (爱散阿洪俱), Kadihuli (卡底胡里) and 10 year old Imahuli (依玛胡里).<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Memorials">edit</a>]</div> On January 25, 1891, a temple was constructed by Liu Jintang. He had been one of the generals participating in the counterinsurgency against the Dungan Revolt and at that time he was the Governor of Gansu. The temple was built in the capital of Gansu as a memorial to the victims who died during the Dungan Revolt in Kashgaria and Dzungaria. The victims numbered 24,838 and included officials, peasants, and members of all social classes and ethnic groups. It was named Chun Yi Ci. Another temple was already built in honor of the <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Army" title="Xiang Army">Xiang Army</a> soldiers who fought during the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flight_of_the_Dungans_to_the_Russian_Empire">Flight of the Dungans to the Russian Empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Flight of the Dungans to the Russian Empire">edit</a>]</div> The failure of the revolt led to the immigration of some Hui people into Imperial Russia. According to Rimsky-Korsakoff (1992), three separate groups of the Hui people fled to the Russian Empire across the Tian Shan during the exceptionally severe winter of 1877/78: <ul><li>The first group of some 1000 people originally from Turpan in Xinjiang and led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Daren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Daren (page does not exist)">Ma Daren</a> (马大人), also known as Ma Da-lao-ye (马大老爷) reached <a href="/wiki/Osh" title="Osh">Osh</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>.</li> <li>The second group of 1130 people originally from Didaozhou (狄道州) in Gansu led by <a href="/wiki/Ahong" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahong">ahong</a> A Yelaoren (阿爷老人), were settled in the spring of 1878 in the village of Yardyk some 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Karakol" title="Karakol">Karakol</a> in Eastern Kyrgyzstan.</li> <li>The third group, originally from <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> and led by <a href="/wiki/Bai_Yanhu" title="Bai Yanhu">Bai Yanhu</a> (白彦虎; also spelt Bo Yanhu; 1829(?)-1882), one of the leaders of the revolt, were settled in the village of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karakunuz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karakunuz (page does not exist)">Karakunuz</a> (now Masanchi), in the modern <a href="/wiki/Zhambyl_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhambyl Province">Zhambyl Province</a> of Kazakhstan. Masanchi is located on the northern (Kazakh) side of the <a href="/wiki/Chu_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu River">Chu River</a>, 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) north of the city of <a href="/wiki/Tokmok" title="Tokmok">Tokmak</a> in north-western Kyrgyzstan. This group numbered 3314 on arrival.</li></ul> Another wave of immigration followed in the early 1880s. In accordance with the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1881)" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)">Treaty of Saint Petersburg</a> signed in February 1881, which required the withdrawal of the Russian troops from the Upper <a href="/wiki/Ili_River" title="Ili River">Ili</a> Basin (the <a href="/wiki/Yining_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yining (city)">Kulja</a> area), the Hui and <a href="/wiki/Taranchi" title="Taranchi">Taranchi</a> (Uighur) people of the region were allowed to opt for moving to the Russian side of the border. Most people choose that option and according to Russian statistics, 4,682 Hui moved to the Russian Empire under the treaty. They migrated in many small groups between 1881 and 1883, settling in the village of <a href="/wiki/Sokuluk" title="Sokuluk">Sokuluk</a> some 30 kilometres (19 mi) west of <a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a>, as well as at a number of points between the Chinese border and Sokuluk, in south-eastern Kazakhstan and northern Kyrgyzstan. The descendants of these rebels and refugees still live in Kyrgyzstan and neighboring parts of Russia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. They still call themselves the Hui people (Huizu), but to the outsiders they are known as Dungan, which means Eastern Gansu in Chinese. After the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a>, Soviet propaganda writers such as Rais Abdulkhakovich Tuzmukhamedov called the Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) a "national liberation movement" for their political purposes.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increase_in_Hui_military_power">Increase in Hui military power</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Increase in Hui military power">edit</a>]</div> The revolt increased the power of Hui Generals and military men in the Qing Empire. Many Hui Generals who served in the campaign were promoted by the Emperor, including <a href="/wiki/Ma_Anliang" title="Ma Anliang">Ma Anliang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dong_Fuxiang" title="Dong Fuxiang">Dong Fuxiang</a>. This led Hui armies to fight again in the <a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1895-1896)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungan Revolt (1895-1896)">Dungan Revolt (1895-1896)</a> against the rebels, and in the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> against Christian Western Armies. The Muslim Gansu braves and Boxers, attacked and killed Chinese Christians in revenge for foreign attacks on Chinese,<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> and were the fiercest attackers during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_International_Legations" title="Siege of the International Legations">siege of the legations</a> from 20 June to 14 August 1900.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Dungan rebels were known to avoid attacking Christians and people took refuge in Christian churches. Some, therefore, attribute the mass increase of Catholics and Protestant population along the west bank of yellow river in Gansu and Shanxi to people who sought refuge in churches.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ma_Fuxiang" title="Ma Fuxiang">Ma Fuxiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Qi" title="Ma Qi">Ma Qi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a> were descendants of the Hui military men from this era, and they became important and high ranking Generals in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a>. These pro-Qing Hui warlords rose to power by their fighting against Muslim rebels.<a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-55">[55]</a> The sons of the defected Muslim warlords of the Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) helped the Qing crush the Muslim rebels in the <a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1895%E2%80%931896)" title="Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)">Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Border_dispute_with_Russia">Border dispute with Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Border dispute with Russia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Livadia" title="Treaty of Livadia">Treaty of Livadia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1881)" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)">Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)</a></div> After General Zuo Zongtang and his Xiang Army crushed the rebels, they demanded Russia return the city of Kuldja in Xinjiang, which they had occupied. Zuo was outspoken in calling for war against Russia and hoped to settle the matter by attacking Russian forces in Xinjiang. In 1878, tensions in the area increased. Zuo massed Qing troops toward the Russian occupied Kuldja. Chinese forces also fired on Russian expeditionary forces originating from Yart Vernaic, expelling them, which resulted in a Russian retreat.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> The Russians were in a very bad diplomatic and military position vis-a-vis China. Russia feared the threat of military conflict, which forced them into diplomatic negotiations instead.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wanyan_Chonghou" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanyan Chonghou">Wanyan Chonghou</a> was dispatched to Russia to negotiate a treaty, but despite China being in the stronger negotiating position, the resulting <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Livadia" title="Treaty of Livadia">Treaty of Livadia</a> was highly unfavorable to China; it granted Russia a portion of Ili, extraterritorial rights, consulates, control over trade, and an indemnity. Thereafter a massive uproar by the Chinese literati ensued and they demanded the government mobilize armed forces against Russia. The government acted after this, giving important posts to officers from the Xiang Army. <a href="/wiki/Charles_George_Gordon" title="Charles George Gordon">Charles Gordon</a> became an advisor to the Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Russia refused to renegotiate unless Chonghou's life was spared. Not wanting to accept the Livadia treaty and not interested in renewed fighting, China had no choice but to comply. <a href="/wiki/Zeng_Jize" title="Zeng Jize">Zeng Jize</a> became the new negotiator and despite the outrage caused by the original terms, the resulting <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1881)" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)">Treaty of Saint Petersburg</a> only differed slightly: China retained control over almost all of Ili, but the indemnity payment was higher.<a href="#cite_note-Anonymous1894-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_explorers">Western explorers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Western explorers">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ney_Elias" title="Ney Elias">Ney Elias</a> traveled through the area of the revolts.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hui_Muslims_during_the_1911_Xinhai_revolution">Hui Muslims during the 1911 Xinhai revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Hui Muslims during the 1911 Xinhai revolution">edit</a>]</div> During the Dungan Revolt, the Hui Muslims of Xi'an city (in Shaanxi province) did not rebel against the Qing and refused to join the rebels while the Hui Muslims of Gansu revolted under General Ma Zhan'ao and his son Ma Anliang revolted before defecting and surrendering to the Qing. The Hui Muslim community was divided in its support for the 1911 <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a>. The Hui Muslims of Xi'an in Shaanxi supported the revolutionaries and the Hui Muslims of Gansu supported the Qing. The native Hui Muslims (Mohammedans) of Xi'an (Shaanxi province) joined the Han Chinese revolutionaries in slaughtering the entire 20,000 Manchu population of Xi'an city.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> The native Hui Muslims of Gansu province led by general Ma Anliang sided with the Qing and prepared to attack the anti-Qing revolutionaries of Xi'an city. Only some wealthy Manchus who were ransomed and Manchu females survived. Wealthy Han Chinese seized Manchu girls to become their slaves<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> and poor Han Chinese troops seized young Manchu women to be their wives.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Young pretty Manchu girls were also seized by Hui Muslims of Xi'an during the massacre and brought up as Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1895%E2%80%931896)" title="Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)">Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Islam during the Qing dynasty">Islam during the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rebellions_in_China" title="List of rebellions in China">List of rebellions in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nian_Rebellion" title="Nian Rebellion">Nian Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1854%E2%80%931873)" title="Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)">Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthay_Rebellion" title="Panthay Rebellion">Panthay Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punti%E2%80%93Hakka_Clan_Wars" title="Punti–Hakka Clan Wars">Punti–Hakka Clan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese-Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese-Tibetan War">Nepalese-Tibetan War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Garnaut-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garnaut_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garnaut_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garnaut_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGarnaut" class="citation web cs1">Garnaut, Anthony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309054654/http://www.ouigour.fr/recherches_et_analyses/Garnautpage_93.pdf">"From Yunnan to Xinjiang:Governor Yang Zengxin and his Dungan Generals"</a> (PDF). Pacific and Asian History, Australian National University). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ouigour.fr/recherches_et_analyses/Garnautpage_93.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Yunnan+to+Xinjiang%3AGovernor+Yang+Zengxin+and+his+Dungan+Generals&rft.pub=Pacific+and+Asian+History%2C+Australian+National+University%29&rft.aulast=Garnaut&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ouigour.fr%2Frecherches_et_analyses%2FGarnautpage_93.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF李恩涵1978" class="citation book cs1">李恩涵 (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184811/http://www.mh.sinica.edu.tw/MHDocument/PublicationDetail/PublicationDetail_1124.pdf">"同治年間陝甘回民事變中的主要戰役"</a> (PDF). 近代史研究所集刊 [Modern-History-Institute Bulletin, SINICA]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mh.sinica.edu.tw/MHDocument/PublicationDetail/PublicationDetail_1124.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB%E5%B9%B4%E9%96%93%E9%99%9D%E7%94%98%E5%9B%9E%E6%B0%91%E4%BA%8B%E8%AE%8A%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9&rft.btitle=%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80%E9%9B%86%E5%88%8A&rft.date=1978&rft.au=%E6%9D%8E%E6%81%A9%E6%B6%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mh.sinica.edu.tw%2FMHDocument%2FPublicationDetail%2FPublicationDetail_1124.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF路伟东2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">路伟东 (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090101222355/http://yugong.fudan.edu.cn/Article/Info_View.asp?ArticleID=73">"同治光绪年间陕西人口的损失"</a>. 历史地理第19辑 (in Chinese (China)). Shanghai: 上海人民出版社. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yugong.fudan.edu.cn/Article/Info_View.asp?ArticleID=73">the original</a> on 1 January 2009. <q>陕西人口损失主要原因主要有以下四种：战死、饿毙、病死及逃亡。其中前两种原因造成的人口损失数量最大。战后或是灾后因为尸体腐烂、水源污染等原因，导致各地瘟疫流行。死于瘟疫的人口在全部损失的人口中占有一定的比例。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E7%BB%AA%E5%B9%B4%E9%97%B4%E9%99%95%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E7%9A%84%E6%8D%9F%E5%A4%B1&rft.btitle=%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E7%AC%AC19%E8%BE%91&rft.place=Shanghai&rft.pub=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2003&rft.au=%E8%B7%AF%E4%BC%9F%E4%B8%9C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyugong.fudan.edu.cn%2FArticle%2FInfo_View.asp%3FArticleID%3D73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF曹树基" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">曹树基. 中国人口史卷5 清时期 (in Chinese). p. 635.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%8F%B2+%E5%8D%B75+%E6%B8%85%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F&rft.pages=635&rft.au=%E6%9B%B9%E6%A0%91%E5%9F%BA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jsag-5"><a href="#cite_ref-jsag_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF路伟东2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">路伟东 (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090101222355/http://yugong.fudan.edu.cn/Article/Info_View.asp?ArticleID=73">"同治光绪年间陕西人口的损失"</a>. 历史地理第19辑 (in Chinese). Shanghai: 上海人民出版社. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yugong.fudan.edu.cn/Article/Info_View.asp?ArticleID=73">the original</a> on 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E7%BB%AA%E5%B9%B4%E9%97%B4%E9%99%95%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E7%9A%84%E6%8D%9F%E5%A4%B1&rft.btitle=%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E7%AC%AC19%E8%BE%91&rft.place=Shanghai&rft.pub=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2003&rft.au=%E8%B7%AF%E4%BC%9F%E4%B8%9C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyugong.fudan.edu.cn%2FArticle%2FInfo_View.asp%3FArticleID%3D73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF曹树基" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">曹树基. 中国人口史卷5 清时期 (in Chinese). p. 646.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%8F%B2+%E5%8D%B75+%E6%B8%85%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F&rft.pages=646&rft.au=%E6%9B%B9%E6%A0%91%E5%9F%BA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lu-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Lu_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF路伟东" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">路伟东. "同治光绪年间陕西人口的损失" (in Chinese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E7%BB%AA%E5%B9%B4%E9%97%B4%E9%99%95%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E7%9A%84%E6%8D%9F%E5%A4%B1&rft.au=%E8%B7%AF%E4%BC%9F%E4%B8%9C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122170218/http://www.gxmzb.net/content/2019-05/16/content_1223.htm">"回族 - 广西民族报网"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gxmzb.net/content/2019-05/16/content_1223.htm">the original</a> on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%9B%9E%E6%97%8F+-+%E5%B9%BF%E8%A5%BF%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%8A%A5%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gxmzb.net%2Fcontent%2F2019-05%2F16%2Fcontent_1223.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsherick2022" class="citation book cs1">Esherick, Joseph W. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f2hREAAAQBAJ&dq=%22repeatedly+blocked+by+qing+forces+at+the+shaanxi%22&pg=PA18">Accidental Holy Land: The Communist Revolution in Northwest China</a> (illustrated ed.). Univ of California Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520385320" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520385320"><bdi>978-0520385320</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accidental+Holy+Land%3A+The+Communist+Revolution+in+Northwest+China&rft.pages=18&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0520385320&rft.aulast=Esherick&rft.aufirst=Joseph+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df2hREAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522repeatedly%2Bblocked%2Bby%2Bqing%2Bforces%2Bat%2Bthe%2Bshaanxi%2522%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsherick2022" class="citation book cs1">Esherick, Joseph W. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f2hREAAAQBAJ&dq=gansu+lenient+pacification&pg=PA22">Accidental Holy Land: The Communist Revolution in Northwest China</a> (illustrated ed.). Univ of California Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520385320" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520385320"><bdi>978-0520385320</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accidental+Holy+Land%3A+The+Communist+Revolution+in+Northwest+China&rft.pages=22&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0520385320&rft.aulast=Esherick&rft.aufirst=Joseph+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df2hREAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dgansu%2Blenient%2Bpacification%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon2013" class="citation book cs1">Dillon, Michael (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3sddAgAAQBAJ&dq=1869+check+this+gansu&pg=RA1-PA65">China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects</a>. Routledge. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136809408" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136809408"><bdi>978-1136809408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Muslim+Hui+Community%3A+Migration%2C+Settlement+and+Sects&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1136809408&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3sddAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3D1869%2Bcheck%2Bthis%2Bgansu%26pg%3DRA1-PA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_King_FairbankKwang-Ching_LiuDenis_Crispin_Twitchett1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&q=elder+brothers+society+Ko-lao+hui+robbed">Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911</a>. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7"><bdi>0-521-22029-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 January 2012. <q>The most serious crisis was internal, for in March and April 1869, at the same time as the victory at Tung-chih-yuan, two alarming mutinies occurred in the best forces under Tso's command. In late March, after Liu Sung-shan had cut through northern Shensi and approached the Kansu-Ninghsia border, a mutiny took place at Sui-te (about seventy-five miles north-east of Yenan), where he had left behind 4,500 troops to guard a supply depot. Several hundred troops, including those who later confessed to being members of the Elder Brothers Society (Ko-lao hui), robbed the grain depot and took control of Sui-te city. Among the mutineers were as many as four company officers, also said to be Elder Brother members.66 The revolt was quickly suppressed after Liu himself hurried back to Sui-te in early April, but meanwhile, an apparently unrelated mutiny had broken out in I-chün in central Shensi, eight miles north of Sian, involving the murder of a t'ung-ling commander. Again the several hundred rebellious soldiers included members of the Elder Brothers Society. Four company officers and a battalion officer who joined them were also said to be members. The mutineers were captured, however, by Tso's loyal forces. Tso personally executed five of the ringleaders. He believed that the Elder Brothers Society had originated in Szechwan and Kweichow but had affected the Hunan Army through surrender Taipings who were natives of these two provinces, or through 'disbanded mercenaries' (san-yung) of other provinces who had come to Shensi for adventure. He hoped that such 'venomous and devilishly elusive creatures' were very few among his forces/67 However, the Elder Brothers Society was long to persist in Tso's armies, as an underground mutual aid group performing both legal and illegal deeds. Interrupted by the mutinies and their aftermath, operations against Chin-chi-pao were not resumed until mid-August. Liu Sung-shan, advancing from northern Shensi, reached the vicinity of Ling-chou in early September. Ma Hua-lung probably had no illusions about his own power as compared with Tso's. He wrote to Tso and negotiated for peace, but his overture was firmly rejected.68 In November, Ling-chou was occupied by Liu Sung-shan; Tso's forces in the south, having captured such cities as Ku-yuan, moved continuously northward,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Ch%27ing%2C+1800-1911&rft.pages=230&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-521-22029-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEfWaxPhdnIC%26q%3Delder%2Bbrothers%2Bsociety%2BKo-lao%2Bhui%2Brobbed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsherick2022" class="citation book cs1">Esherick, Joseph W. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=McpTEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22mutinied+under+the+leadership+of+a+society+of+brothers%22&pg=PA23">Accidental Holy Land: The Communist Revolution in Northwest China</a>. University of California Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520385337" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520385337"><bdi>978-0520385337</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accidental+Holy+Land%3A+The+Communist+Revolution+in+Northwest+China&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0520385337&rft.aulast=Esherick&rft.aufirst=Joseph+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMcpTEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522mutinied%2Bunder%2Bthe%2Bleadership%2Bof%2Ba%2Bsociety%2Bof%2Bbrothers%2522%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNightingaleSkrine2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Nightingale, Pamela; Skrine, C.P. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lTn-AQAAQBAJ&dq=%22suspected+head+of+the+kashgarian+branch%22&pg=PA87">Macartney at Kashgar: New Light on British, Chinese and Russian Activities in Sinkiang, 1890-1918</a>. Vol. 27 of China, History, Philosophy, Economics (reprint ed.). Routledge. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136576096" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136576096"><bdi>978-1136576096</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macartney+at+Kashgar%3A+New+Light+on+British%2C+Chinese+and+Russian+Activities+in+Sinkiang%2C+1890-1918&rft.pages=87&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1136576096&rft.aulast=Nightingale&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft.au=Skrine%2C+C.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlTn-AQAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522suspected%2Bhead%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bkashgarian%2Bbranch%2522%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jonathan_Neaman_Lipman_2004_132-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jonathan_Neaman_Lipman_2004_132_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jonathan_Neaman_Lipman_2004_132_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Neaman_Lipman2004" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA131">Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China</a>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-97644-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-97644-6"><bdi>0-295-97644-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Familiar+strangers%3A+a+history+of+Muslims+in+Northwest+China&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-295-97644-6&rft.au=Jonathan+Neaman+Lipman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D90CN0vtxdY0C%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_HastingsJohn_Alexander_SelbieLouis_Herbert_Gray1916" class="citation book cs1">James Hastings; John Alexander Selbie; Louis Herbert Gray (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eEwTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA894">Encyclopædia of religion and ethics</a>. Vol. 8. T. & T. Clark. p. 893. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567065094" title="Special:BookSources/9780567065094"><bdi>9780567065094</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+of+religion+and+ethics&rft.pages=893&rft.pub=T.+%26+T.+Clark&rft.date=1916&rft.isbn=9780567065094&rft.au=James+Hastings&rft.au=John+Alexander+Selbie&rft.au=Louis+Herbert+Gray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeEwTAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillward1998" class="citation book cs1">Millward, James A. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MC6sAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA298">Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759–1864</a> (illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804729336" title="Special:BookSources/0804729336"><bdi>0804729336</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Pass%3A+Economy%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Empire+in+Qing+Central+Asia%2C+1759%E2%80%931864&rft.pages=298&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0804729336&rft.aulast=Millward&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMC6sAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipman1998" class="citation book cs1">Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA37">Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China</a>. University of Washington Press. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0295800550" title="Special:BookSources/0295800550"><bdi>0295800550</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Familiar+strangers%3A+a+history+of+Muslims+in+Northwest+China&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0295800550&rft.aulast=Lipman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Neaman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY8Nzux7z6KAC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipman1998" class="citation book cs1">Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA38">Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China</a>. University of Washington Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0295800550" title="Special:BookSources/0295800550"><bdi>0295800550</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Familiar+strangers%3A+a+history+of+Muslims+in+Northwest+China&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0295800550&rft.aulast=Lipman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Neaman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY8Nzux7z6KAC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillward1998" class="citation book cs1">Millward, James A. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MC6sAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA171">Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864</a> (illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804729336" title="Special:BookSources/0804729336"><bdi>0804729336</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Pass%3A+Economy%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Empire+in+Qing+Central+Asia%2C+1759-1864&rft.pages=171&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0804729336&rft.aulast=Millward&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMC6sAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2007" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&pg=PA8">Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1</a> (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447040914" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447040914"><bdi>978-3447040914</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salar%3A+A+Study+in+Inner+Asian+Language+Contact+Processes%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=8&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3447040914&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Arienne+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DciShtCrJijIC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipman1998" class="citation book cs1">Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA39">Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China</a>. University of Washington Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0295800550" title="Special:BookSources/0295800550"><bdi>0295800550</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Familiar+strangers%3A+a+history+of+Muslims+in+Northwest+China&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0295800550&rft.aulast=Lipman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Neaman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY8Nzux7z6KAC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWAKEMAN_JR.1986" class="citation book cs1">WAKEMAN JR., FREDERIC (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8nXLwSG2O8AC">GREAT ENTERPRISE</a>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8nXLwSG2O8AC/page/n820">802</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520048040" title="Special:BookSources/0520048040"><bdi>0520048040</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GREAT+ENTERPRISE&rft.pages=802&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0520048040&rft.aulast=WAKEMAN+JR.&rft.aufirst=FREDERIC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_8nXLwSG2O8AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWAKEMAN_JR.1986" class="citation book cs1">WAKEMAN JR., FREDERIC (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8nXLwSG2O8AC">GREAT ENTERPRISE</a>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8nXLwSG2O8AC/page/n821">803</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520048040" title="Special:BookSources/0520048040"><bdi>0520048040</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GREAT+ENTERPRISE&rft.pages=803&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0520048040&rft.aulast=WAKEMAN+JR.&rft.aufirst=FREDERIC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_8nXLwSG2O8AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownPierce2013" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Rajeswary Ampalavanar; Pierce, Justin, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RVtKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA152">Charities in the Non-Western World: The Development and Regulation of Indigenous and Islamic Charities</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317938521" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317938521"><bdi>978-1317938521</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charities+in+the+Non-Western+World%3A+The+Development+and+Regulation+of+Indigenous+and+Islamic+Charities&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1317938521&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRVtKAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Powell2001" class="citation book cs1">John Powell (2001). John Powell (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SI4YAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1072">Magill's Guide to Military History</a>. Vol. 3 (illustrated ed.). Salem Press. p. 1072. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89356-014-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89356-014-6"><bdi>0-89356-014-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magill%27s+Guide+to+Military+History&rft.pages=1072&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Salem+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-89356-014-6&rft.au=John+Powell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSI4YAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA1072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LipmanLipman1990-27"><a href="#cite_ref-LipmanLipman1990_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_N._LipmanJonathan_Neaman_LipmanStevan_Harrell1990" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan N. Lipman; Jonathan Neaman Lipman; Stevan Harrell (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ShGfcJiA-oAC&q=1781+jahriyya&pg=PA76">Violence in China: Essays in Culture and Counterculture</a>. SUNY Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0113-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0113-2"><bdi>978-0-7914-0113-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violence+in+China%3A+Essays+in+Culture+and+Counterculture&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0113-2&rft.au=Jonathan+N.+Lipman&rft.au=Jonathan+Neaman+Lipman&rft.au=Stevan+Harrell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DShGfcJiA-oAC%26q%3D1781%2Bjahriyya%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Lipman (1998), p. 120–121 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._A._R._Gibbn.d." class="citation book cs1">H. A. R. Gibb (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jJY3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA849">Encyclopedia of Islam, Volumes 1–5</a>. Brill Archive. p. 849. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-07164-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-07164-4"><bdi>90-04-07164-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam%2C+Volumes+1%E2%80%935&rft.pages=849&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.isbn=90-04-07164-4&rft.au=H.+A.+R.+Gibb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjJY3AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: year">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF杨1888" class="citation book cs1">杨, 毓秀 (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&chapter=691255&remap=gb">平回志 (Pinghui Records)</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%B9%B3%E5%9B%9E%E5%BF%97+%28Pinghui+Records%29&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=%E6%9D%A8&rft.aufirst=%E6%AF%93%E7%A7%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctext.org%2Fwiki.pl%3Fif%3Den%26chapter%3D691255%26remap%3Dgb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF刘" class="citation journal cs1">刘, 霖映. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wap.cnki.net/qikan-HUAI201402015.html">"马长寿同治回变《调查》序言一些偏说之辨析——读《同治年间陕西回民起义历史调查记录》"</a>. 怀化学院学报2014 (2): 43–46. Retrieved 9 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%80%80%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%A52014&rft.atitle=%E9%A9%AC%E9%95%BF%E5%AF%BF%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB%E5%9B%9E%E5%8F%98%E3%80%8A%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E3%80%8B%E5%BA%8F%E8%A8%80%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%9B%E5%81%8F%E8%AF%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8%E6%9E%90%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E8%AF%BB%E3%80%8A%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB%E5%B9%B4%E9%97%B4%E9%99%95%E8%A5%BF%E5%9B%9E%E6%B0%91%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E8%AE%B0%E5%BD%95%E3%80%8B&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=43-46&rft.aulast=%E5%88%98&rft.aufirst=%E9%9C%96%E6%98%A0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwap.cnki.net%2Fqikan-HUAI201402015.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_King_FairbankKwang-Ching_LiuDenis_Crispin_Twitchett1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/John_K._Fairbank" class="mw-redirect" title="John K. Fairbank">John King Fairbank</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kwang-Ching_Liu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwang-Ching Liu">Kwang-Ching Liu</a>; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&pg=PA218">Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911</a>. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7"><bdi>0-521-22029-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 January 2012. <q>The Ch'ing began to win only with the arrival of To-lung-a (1817–64) as Imperial Commissioner. Originally a Manchu banner officer, To-lung-a had, through the patronage of Hu Lin-i, risen to commander of the Hunan Army (the force under him being identified as the Ch'u-yung). In 1861 To-lung-a helped Tseng Kuo-ch'üan to recover Anking from the Taipings and, on his own, captured Lu-chou in 1862. His yung-ying force proved to be equally effective against the Muslims. In March 1863 his battalions captured two market towns that formed the principal Tungan base in eastern Shensi. He broke the blockade around Sian in August and pursued the Muslims to western Shensi. By the time of his death in March 1864—in a battle against Szechwanese Taipings who invaded Shensi—he had broken the back of the Muslim revolt in that province. A great many Shensi Muslims had, however, escaped to Kansu, adding to the numerous Muslim forces that had already risen there.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Ch%27ing%2C+1800%E2%80%931911&rft.pages=218&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-521-22029-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEfWaxPhdnIC%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_King_FairbankKwang-Ching_LiuDenis_Crispin_Twitchett1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&pg=PA218">Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911</a>. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7"><bdi>0-521-22029-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 January 2012. <q>While the revolt in Shensi was clearly provoked by the Han elite and Manchu officials, in Kansu it seems that the Muslims had taken the initiative, with the New Teaching group under Ma Hua-lung playing a large role. As early as October 1862 some Muslim leaders, spreading rumors of an impending Ch'ing massacre of Muslims, organized themselves for a siege of Ling-chou, a large city only 40-odd miles north of Ma Hua-ling's base, Chin-chi-pao. Meanwhile, in southeastern Kansu, Ku-yuan, a strategic city on a principal transport route, was attacked by Muslims. Governor-general En-lin, in Lanchow, saw no alternative to a policy of reconciliation. In January 1863, acting on his recommendation, Peking issued an edict especially for Kansu, reiterating the principle of non-discrimination towards the Muslim population.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Ch%27ing%2C+1800%E2%80%931911&rft.pages=218&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-521-22029-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEfWaxPhdnIC%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_King_FairbankKwang-Ching_LiuDenis_Crispin_Twitchett1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&pg=PA227">Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911</a>. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7"><bdi>0-521-22029-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 January 2012. <q>Tso had also been assured of a solution to his financial and logistical problems. In war-torn Shensi and Kansu, food was scarce and prices extremely high. Tso declared that his forces would go into major battle only when there were three months' supplies on hand. In addition to munitions, large amounts of grain also had to be brought to Shensi and Kansu from other provinces. To finance the purchase of the supplies, Tso had to depend on Peking's agreement to the formula adopted by many dynasties of the past: "support the armies in the northwest with the resources of the southeast". In 1867 five provinces of the southeast coast were asked by the government to contribute to a "Western expedition fund" (Hsi-cheng hsiang-hsiang) totaling 3.24 million taels annually. The arrangement came under the Ch'ing fiscal practice of "interprovincial revenue assistance" (hsieh-hsiang), but at a time when these provinces were already assessed for numerous contributions to meet the needs of Peking or other provinces.58 Tso reported, as early as 1867, to a stratagem that would compel the provinces to produce their quotas for his campaigns. He requested, and obtained, the government's approval for his arranging lump-sum loans from foreign firms, guaranteed by the superintendents of customs at the treaty ports and confirmed by the seals of the provincial governors involved, to be repaid by these provinces to the foreign firms by a fixed date.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Ch%27ing%2C+1800%E2%80%931911&rft.pages=227&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-521-22029-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEfWaxPhdnIC%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_King_FairbankKwang-Ching_LiuDenis_Crispin_Twitchett1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&pg=PA226">Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911</a>. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7"><bdi>0-521-22029-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 January 2012. <q>Tso's preparations for his offensive in Kansu were nearly complete. From Hunan his veteran officers had recruited a new force of some 55,000 troops. In addition, Tseng Kuo-fan had transferred to Shensi in 1867 the only unit of his Hunan Army that was not disbanded—about 10,000 men under Gen. Liu Sung-shan, one of Tseng's best generals. The government had also assigned to Tso's command 10,000 men from the Szechuan Army (Ch'uan-chün) under Huang Ting; 7,000 men of the Anhwei provincial army (Wan-chün) under Kuo Pao-ch'ang; and 6,500 men of the Honan Army (Yü-chün) under Chang Yueh. These forces all had experience in fighting the Taipings or the Nian, and they included 7,500 cavalry, reinforcing the 5,000 mounts Tso himself procured.55 However, apart from employing Manchu officers from Kirin to instruct his cavalry, Tso seems to have paid little attention to the training of his forces. He appreciated the fact that Liu Sung-shan's troops were adept in tactical formations and sharpshooting, but from his own experience in the Taiping Rebellion, he was convinced that the two essentials for victory were courageous men and ample rations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Ch%27ing%2C+1800%E2%80%931911&rft.pages=226&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-521-22029-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEfWaxPhdnIC%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_King_FairbankKwang-Ching_LiuDenis_Crispin_Twitchett1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&pg=PA226">Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911</a>. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7"><bdi>0-521-22029-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 January 2012. <q>Tso's preparations for his offensive in Kansu were nearly complete. From Hunan his veteran officers had recruited a new force totalling some 55,000 men. In addition, Tseng Kuo-fan had transferred to Shensi in 1867 the only unit of his Hunan Army that was not disbanded—about 10,000 men under Liu Sung-shan, one of Tseng's best generals. The government had also assigned to Tso's command 10,000 men from the Szechwan Army (Ch'uan-chün) under Huang Ting; 7,000 men of the Anhwei provincial army (Wan-chün) under Kuo Pao-ch'ang; and 6,500 men of the Honan Army (Yü-chün) under Chang Yueh ... and they included a total of 7,500 cavalry, reinforcing the 5,000 mounts Tso himself procured. Liu Sung-shan's troops were adept in tactical formations and sharpshooting, but from his own experience in the Taiping Rebellion, Tso was convinced that the two essentials for victory were courageous men and ample rations. He had briefly tried Western drill</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Ch%27ing%2C+1800%E2%80%931911&rft.pages=226&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-521-22029-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEfWaxPhdnIC%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_King_FairbankKwang-Ching_LiuDenis_Crispin_Twitchett1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&pg=PA227">Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911</a>. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7"><bdi>0-521-22029-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 January 2012. <q>on his troops late in the rebellion, but found that "command words cannot be used for large formations of soldiers". Although Tso equipped his troops with Western firearms, somehow he came to think that target practice "twice a day for ten days" was sufficient before the troops were sent into battle.56 Fortunately for him, in the forthcoming offensive in Kansu he was to engage in actions that, despite the more difficult terrain, chiefly involved attacks on stockades and walled cities—not altogether different from the Taiping Rebellion. However, Tso did value the large siege guns, which a few of his veteran officers had learned to use.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Ch%27ing%2C+1800%E2%80%931911&rft.pages=227&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-521-22029-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEfWaxPhdnIC%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_King_FairbankKwang-Ching_LiuDenis_Crispin_Twitchett1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&q=arsenal+Lai+ch%27ang+german+siege+guns">Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911</a>. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 571. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7"><bdi>0-521-22029-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 January 2012. <q>When Tso Tsung-t'ang constructed the Lanchow Arsenal in 1872, he called for workers from Canton because of their well-known skill.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Ch%27ing%2C+1800%E2%80%931911&rft.pages=571&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-521-22029-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEfWaxPhdnIC%26q%3Darsenal%2BLai%2Bch%2527ang%2Bgerman%2Bsiege%2Bguns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Late_Ch'ing,_1800–1911-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Late_Ch'ing,_1800–1911_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Late_Ch'ing,_1800–1911_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_King_FairbankKwang-Ching_LiuDenis_Crispin_Twitchett1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&pg=PA234">Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911</a>. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7"><bdi>0-521-22029-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 January 2012. <q>Tso Tsung-t'ang moved into his governor-general's seat at Lanchow in August 1872, but he concentraded first on Hsi-ning, 120 miles northwest of Lanchow, because in 1872 it was under the control of Shensi Muslim leaders, including Pai Yen-hu who had been Ma Hua-ling's partisan and now had more than 10,000 seasoned Muslim fighters at his disposal. The task of attacking Hsi-ning was undertaken by Liu Chin-t'ang in August. It took three months to penetrate the difficult and well-defended terrain into Hsi-ning, but he finally took the city. He annihilated the 10,000 Muslim partisans but Pai Yen-hu escaped. Ma Kuei-yuan, the "Muslim gentry leader" of Hsi-ning who protected the New Teaching, was tracked down in the Tsinghai Salar territory.81. All this time Tso had in fact been preparing for the crucial assault on Su-chou, where New Teaching commander Ma Wen-lu (originally from Hsi-ning) and numerous tungan leaders had gathered. To add to Hsu Chan-piao's forces, Tso sent to Su-chou 3,000 men from his own Hunan Army in December 1872, and at his request, both Sung Ch'ing and Chang Yueh of the Honan Army were ordered to join the campaign. Chin-shun, the recently appointed general-in-chief at Uliasutai, also participated. Tso had his hands full arranging finances and supplies, including the establishment of a modest arsenal at Lanchow where Lai Ch'ang, a Cantonese and a talented artillery officer with some knowledge of ordnance, began manufacturing extra shells for the German siege guns. Tso was obsessed with the organization of the war, yet both conscience and policy called for making arrangements for the livelihood of "good Muslims", with a view to removing the root causes of communal conflict.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Ch%27ing%2C+1800%E2%80%931911&rft.pages=234&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-521-22029-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEfWaxPhdnIC%26pg%3DPA234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_King_FairbankKwang-Ching_LiuDenis_Crispin_Twitchett1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&pg=PA240">Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911</a>. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7"><bdi>0-521-22029-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 January 2012. <q>Tso's arsenal at Lanchow, besides manufacturing cartridges and shells (some of which did not prove to be entirely satisfactory), even succeeded in 1875 in producing four "steel rifle-barreled breechloaders", witnessed by a Russian official.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Ch%27ing%2C+1800%E2%80%931911&rft.pages=240&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-521-22029-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEfWaxPhdnIC%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_King_FairbankKwang-Ching_LiuDenis_Crispin_Twitchett1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&pg=PA226">Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911</a>. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7"><bdi>0-521-22029-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 January 2012. <q>The Shensi Muslims now entrenched themselves in Tung-chih-yuan, a fertile plain in southeastern Kansu, where their "Eighteen Great Battalions" continued to conduct raids in every direction. Further north, meanwhile, the New Teaching leader Ma Hua-lung, ever since his "surrender" to the Ch'ing early in 1866, had built up Chin-chi-pao as an economic as well as military base. His followers included many Muslim merchants with long experience in the trade between Kansu and Pao-t'ou in Inner Mongolia, employing caravan routes as well as rafts made of inflated hides that navigated the eastward great bend of the Yellow River. Ma himself owned two trading firms and invested in the businesses of many of his followers. He was situated as to be able to control the entire trade between Mongolia and southern Kansu.53 His interest was, however, religious and military. He purchased firearms from as far as Kuei-hua (present-day Huhehot) and forwarded them to the New Teaching centers elsewhere in Kansu. Ma also traded with the Shensi Muslims at Tung-chih-yuan, selling horses and munitions and buying grain. When Tso returned to Shensi in November 1868, he was convinced that Ma Hua-lung not only had connections in Sinkiang but had designs on Mongolia "both north and south of the great desert".54</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Ch%27ing%2C+1800%E2%80%931911&rft.pages=226&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-521-22029-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEfWaxPhdnIC%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_King_FairbankKwang-Ching_LiuDenis_Crispin_Twitchett1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&pg=PA231">Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911</a>. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7"><bdi>0-521-22029-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 January 2012. <q>Moving southward from Ling-chou, Liu Sung-shan had to fight his way through hundreds of fortified villages, enclosed by hills on three sides and by the Yellow River in the west. The rural defenders, who possessed firearms, were also Ma's staunchest devotees. Liu had to advance slowly, and on 14 February 1870, he met his death under 'cannon fire'.79 Although his able nephew and former staff officer, Liu Chin-t'ang (1844–94), managed to hold his force together, its forward movement came to a halt.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Ch%27ing%2C+1800%E2%80%931911&rft.pages=231&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-521-22029-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEfWaxPhdnIC%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_King_FairbankKwang-Ching_LiuDenis_Crispin_Twitchett1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&pg=PA232">Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911</a>. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7"><bdi>0-521-22029-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 January 2012. <q>Tso's immediate appointment of Liu as commander of the 'Old Hunan Army' (Lao Hsiang-chün)added to the youthful commander's prestige. . . By September 1870, Liu Chin-t'ang had reduced all but a score of the 500-odd forts around Chin-chi-pao. Krupp siege guns shipped to Kansu form Shanghai were now sent to Liu along with an officer who had served Tseng Kuo-fan as a gunner. The shells failed to breach Chin-chi-pao's heavy walls (said to be thirty-five feet thick), but in October Liu Chin-t'ang built a high gun position from which he bombarded the city over its walls. . .Chin-chi-pao's dwindling number of inhabitants were now surviving on grass roots and flesh from dead bodies. In January, Ma Hua-lung finally surrendered to Liu Chin-t'ang,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Ch%27ing%2C+1800%E2%80%931911&rft.pages=232&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-521-22029-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEfWaxPhdnIC%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Located in the town of Jinji (金积镇, Jinji Zheng), some 8 km southwest from <a href="/wiki/Wuzhong,_Ningxia" title="Wuzhong, Ningxia">Wuzhong</a> City in <a href="/wiki/Wuzhong,_Ningxia" title="Wuzhong, Ningxia">Wuzhong</a> prefecture of <a href="/wiki/Ningxia_Hui_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region">Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region</a> (formerly part of Gansu). </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> See the Town of Jinji (金积镇, Jinji Zheng) on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.9654.com/m/wuzhong.htm">Wuzhong map</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607085934/http://www.9654.com/m/wuzhong.htm">Archived</a> 7 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.most.gov.cn/radar_detail.do?id=379569">金积镇 (Jinji Town) mentioned as being 金积堡 (Jinji Fortress) in the past</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225740/http://search.most.gov.cn/radar_detail.do?id=379569">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_King_FairbankKwang-Ching_LiuDenis_Crispin_Twitchett1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&pg=PA252">Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911</a>. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7"><bdi>0-521-22029-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 January 2012. <q>In mid-September, Tso himself was on the scene, with his arsenal manager, Lai Ch'ang, who was also an expert gunner. The Krupp guns now bombarded the heavy walls, their fire being coordinated with mines that exploded under the walls.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Ch%27ing%2C+1800%E2%80%931911&rft.pages=252&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-521-22029-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEfWaxPhdnIC%26pg%3DPA252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipman1984" class="citation journal cs1">Lipman, Jonathan N. (July 1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu". Modern China. 10 (3). Sage Publications, Inc.: 294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F009770048401000302">10.1177/009770048401000302</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017">189017</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143843569">143843569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+China&rft.atitle=Ethnicity+and+Politics+in+Republican+China%3A+The+Ma+Family+Warlords+of+Gansu&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=294&rft.date=1984-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143843569%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F189017%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F009770048401000302&rft.aulast=Lipman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Clabaugh_Wright1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_C._Wright" title="Mary C. Wright">Mary Clabaugh Wright</a> (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VaOaAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA114">Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism the T'Ung-Chih</a>. Stanford University Press. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-0475-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-0475-9"><bdi>0-8047-0475-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+Stand+of+Chinese+Conservatism+the+T%27Ung-Chih&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=0-8047-0475-9&rft.au=Mary+Clabaugh+Wright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVaOaAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_HastingsJohn_Alexander_SelbieLouis_Herbert_Gray1916" class="citation book cs1">James Hastings; John Alexander Selbie; Louis Herbert Gray (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eEwTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA893">Encyclopædia of religion and ethics, Volume 8</a>. T. & T. Clark. p. 893. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567065094" title="Special:BookSources/9780567065094"><bdi>9780567065094</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+of+religion+and+ethics%2C+Volume+8&rft.pages=893&rft.pub=T.+%26+T.+Clark&rft.date=1916&rft.isbn=9780567065094&rft.au=James+Hastings&rft.au=John+Alexander+Selbie&rft.au=Louis+Herbert+Gray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeEwTAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> 《平定陕甘新疆回匪方略卷269》九月三十日辛亥条 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> 《平定陕甘新疆回匪方略卷271》十一月二十日辛丑条 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> 《平定关陇纪略卷11》 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipman1984" class="citation journal cs1">Lipman, Jonathan N. (July 1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu". Modern China. 10 (3). Sage Publications, Inc.: 293. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F009770048401000302">10.1177/009770048401000302</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017">189017</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143843569">143843569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+China&rft.atitle=Ethnicity+and+Politics+in+Republican+China%3A+The+Ma+Family+Warlords+of+Gansu&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=293&rft.date=1984-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143843569%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F189017%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F009770048401000302&rft.aulast=Lipman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jstor.org-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_55-1">b</a> Lipman, Jonathan N. "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu." Modern China, vol. 10, no. 3, 1984, p. 294. JSTOR, JSTOR, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017?seq=10#page_scan_tab_contents">https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017?seq=10#page_scan_tab_contents</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarnaut2008" class="citation journal cs1">Garnaut, Anthony (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309054654/http://www.ouigour.fr/recherches_et_analyses/Garnautpage_93.pdf">"From Yunnan to Xinjiang: Governor Yang Zengxin and his Dungan Generals"</a> (PDF). Études orientales (25): 98. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ouigour.fr/recherches_et_analyses/Garnautpage_93.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+orientales&rft.atitle=From+Yunnan+to+Xinjiang%3A+Governor+Yang+Zengxin+and+his+Dungan+Generals&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=98&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Garnaut&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ouigour.fr%2Frecherches_et_analyses%2FGarnautpage_93.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_King_FairbankKwang-ching_LiuDenis_Crispin_Twitchett1980" class="citation book cs1">John King Fairbank; Kwang-ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&pg=PA228">Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7"><bdi>0-521-22029-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Ch%27ing%2C+1800%E2%80%931911&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-521-22029-7&rft.au=John+King+Fairbank&rft.au=Kwang-ching+Liu&rft.au=Denis+Crispin+Twitchett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEfWaxPhdnIC%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoninklijke_Nederlandse_Akademie_van_Wetenschappen._Afd._Letterkunde1904" class="citation book cs1">Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen. Afd. Letterkunde (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ju8MAAAAIAAJ&q=moslem+heretical+sect+white+lotus+buddhist+clergy+population+nothing">Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afd. Letterkunde, Volume 4, Issues 1–2</a>. North-Holland. p. 323. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verhandelingen+der+Koninklijke+Nederlandse+Akademie+van+Wetenschappen%2C+Afd.+Letterkunde%2C+Volume+4%2C+Issues+1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=North-Holland&rft.date=1904&rft.au=Koninklijke+Nederlandse+Akademie+van+Wetenschappen.+Afd.+Letterkunde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dju8MAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dmoslem%2Bheretical%2Bsect%2Bwhite%2Blotus%2Bbuddhist%2Bclergy%2Bpopulation%2Bnothing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_Jakob_Maria_Groot1904" class="citation book cs1">Jan Jakob Maria Groot (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oL5ZAAAAMAAJ&q=the+whole+moslem+population+may+get+convinced">Sectarianism and religious persecution in China: a page in the history of religions, Volume 2</a>. J. Miller. p. 324. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sectarianism+and+religious+persecution+in+China%3A+a+page+in+the+history+of+religions%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=J.+Miller&rft.date=1904&rft.au=Jan+Jakob+Maria+Groot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoL5ZAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dthe%2Bwhole%2Bmoslem%2Bpopulation%2Bmay%2Bget%2Bconvinced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jonathan_Neaman_Lipman_2004_131-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Jonathan_Neaman_Lipman_2004_131_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Neaman_Lipman2004" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA131">Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China</a>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-97644-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-97644-6"><bdi>0-295-97644-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Familiar+strangers%3A+a+history+of+Muslims+in+Northwest+China&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-295-97644-6&rft.au=Jonathan+Neaman+Lipman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY8Nzux7z6KAC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_A._Elleman2001" class="citation book cs1">Bruce A. Elleman (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Md801mHEeOkC&pg=PA66">Modern Chinese warfare, 1795–1989</a>. Psychology Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21474-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21474-2"><bdi>0-415-21474-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Chinese+warfare%2C+1795%E2%80%931989&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-415-21474-2&rft.au=Bruce+A.+Elleman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMd801mHEeOkC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_King_FairbankKwang-ching_LiuDenis_Crispin_Twitchett1980" class="citation book cs1">John King Fairbank; Kwang-ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&pg=PA220">Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7"><bdi>0-521-22029-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Ch%27ing%2C+1800%E2%80%931911&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-521-22029-7&rft.au=John+King+Fairbank&rft.au=Kwang-ching+Liu&rft.au=Denis+Crispin+Twitchett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEfWaxPhdnIC%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_King_FairbankKwang-ching_LiuDenis_Crispin_Twitchett1980" class="citation book cs1">John King Fairbank; Kwang-ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&q=ma+hua-lung+surrendered+execution+arms">Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7"><bdi>0-521-22029-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Ch%27ing%2C+1800%E2%80%931911&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-521-22029-7&rft.au=John+King+Fairbank&rft.au=Kwang-ching+Liu&rft.au=Denis+Crispin+Twitchett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEfWaxPhdnIC%26q%3Dma%2Bhua-lung%2Bsurrendered%2Bexecution%2Barms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_King_FairbankKwang-ching_LiuDenis_Crispin_Twitchett1980" class="citation book cs1">John King Fairbank; Kwang-ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&q=pardon+new+teaching+khalifas+mullas">Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7"><bdi>0-521-22029-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Ch%27ing%2C+1800%E2%80%931911&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-521-22029-7&rft.au=John+King+Fairbank&rft.au=Kwang-ching+Liu&rft.au=Denis+Crispin+Twitchett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEfWaxPhdnIC%26q%3Dpardon%2Bnew%2Bteaching%2Bkhalifas%2Bmullas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFields1978" class="citation book cs1">Fields, Lanny B. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LvBwAAAAMAAJ&q=mohammedan+shen-si+anliang">Tso Tsung-tʼang and the Muslims: Statecraft in Northwest China, 1868-1880</a>. Limestone Press. pp. 75, 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0919642853" title="Special:BookSources/0919642853"><bdi>0919642853</bdi></a>. <q>campaign was Tso's effort to split the Muslims into different interest groups. One of Tso's early proc-lamations after entering Shensi in 1867 outlined his poli-cy with regard to the Muslims' surrender or pardon. He declared that Muslims who had not joined the rebellion would be given citations by the government testifying to their good behavior. Those who had joined because of re- 32 One important example of Tso Tsung - t'ang's approach to the Muslim question came when the forces of Liu Sungshan crossed into Northern Shensi to fight against local bandits and Muslims . In this action Liu confronted two bandits ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tso+Tsung-t%CA%BCang+and+the+Muslims%3A+Statecraft+in+Northwest+China%2C+1868-1880&rft.pages=75%2C+81&rft.pub=Limestone+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0919642853&rft.aulast=Fields&rft.aufirst=Lanny+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLvBwAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmohammedan%2Bshen-si%2Banliang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng" class="citation book cs1">Cheng, Tien-fong. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia801609.us.archive.org/25/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.110405/2015.110405.A-History-Of-Sino-Russian-Relations_text.pdf">A History of Sino-Russian relations</a> (PDF). p. 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Sino-Russian+relations&rft.pages=44&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Tien-fong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fia801609.us.archive.org%2F25%2Fitems%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.110405%2F2015.110405.A-History-Of-Sino-Russian-Relations_text.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF穆1953" class="citation book cs1">穆, 明 (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=irtOAAAAMAAJ&q=%22ma-an-liang%22+arrow">近三百年來的中國回族</a>. 環球印刷所印. p. 18. <q>... Ma An Liang - it was interpreted as to protect the innocent people from the evils hereafter . The inherents of Mr. Ma Chan Aw from now on became allegiant to Manchu - government, and converted their arrows at their comrades who had ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%BF%91%E4%B8%89%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E4%BE%86%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9B%9E%E6%97%8F&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=%E7%92%B0%E7%90%83%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7%E6%89%80%E5%8D%B0&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=%E7%A9%86&rft.aufirst=%E6%98%8E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DirtOAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522ma-an-liang%2522%2Barrow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_King_FairbankKwang-ching_LiuDenis_Crispin_Twitchett1980" class="citation book cs1">John King Fairbank; Kwang-ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&pg=PA234">Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7"><bdi>0-521-22029-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Ch%27ing%2C+1800%E2%80%931911&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-521-22029-7&rft.au=John+King+Fairbank&rft.au=Kwang-ching+Liu&rft.au=Denis+Crispin+Twitchett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEfWaxPhdnIC%26pg%3DPA234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugh_D._R._Baker1990" class="citation book cs1">Hugh D. R. Baker (1990). Hong Kong images: people and animals. Hong Kong University Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-209-255-1" title="Special:BookSources/962-209-255-1"><bdi>962-209-255-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hong+Kong+images%3A+people+and+animals&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=962-209-255-1&rft.au=Hugh+D.+R.+Baker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allès-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Allès_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllès2003" class="citation journal cs1">Allès, Elizabeth (September–October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinaperspectives.revues.org/document649.html">"Notes on some joking relationships between Hui and Han villages in Henan"</a>. China Perspectives. 2003 (5). French Centre for Research on Contemporary China: 6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fchinaperspectives.649">10.4000/chinaperspectives.649</a>. Retrieved 20 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Notes+on+some+joking+relationships+between+Hui+and+Han+villages+in+Henan&rft.volume=2003&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2003-09%2F2003-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fchinaperspectives.649&rft.aulast=All%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchinaperspectives.revues.org%2Fdocument649.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morse1918-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Morse1918_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosea_Ballou_Morse1918" class="citation book cs1">Hosea Ballou Morse (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationalre00morsgoog">The International Relations of the Chinese Empire</a>. Longmans, Green, and Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationalre00morsgoog/page/n317">249</a>–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Relations+of+the+Chinese+Empire&rft.pages=249-&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1918&rft.au=Hosea+Ballou+Morse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finternationalre00morsgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morse1966-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Morse1966_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosea_Ballou_Morse1966" class="citation book cs1">Hosea Ballou Morse (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DGrTAAAAMAAJ&q=tseng+kwo-fan+supersession+by+the+mohammedan+ma+sin+yi">The period of submission, 1861–1893</a>. Wen xing shu dian. p. 249.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+period+of+submission%2C+1861%E2%80%931893&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Wen+xing+shu+dian&rft.date=1966&rft.au=Hosea+Ballou+Morse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDGrTAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dtseng%2Bkwo-fan%2Bsupersession%2Bby%2Bthe%2Bmohammedan%2Bma%2Bsin%2Byi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lipman1998-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Lipman1998_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Neaman_Lipman1998" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Neaman Lipman (1 July 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA124">Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China</a>. University of Washington Press. pp. 124–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-80055-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-80055-4"><bdi>978-0-295-80055-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Familiar+strangers%3A+a+history+of+Muslims+in+Northwest+China&rft.pages=124-&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1998-07-01&rft.isbn=978-0-295-80055-4&rft.au=Jonathan+Neaman+Lipman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY8Nzux7z6KAC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1913" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, John Stuart (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qbY4AQAAIAAJ&dq=%22it+withstood+a+Mohammedan+siege+of+two+years+in%22&pg=PA434">China Revolutionized</a>. Bobbs-Merrill Company. p. 434.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Revolutionized&rft.pages=434&rft.pub=Bobbs-Merrill+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=John+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqbY4AQAAIAAJ%26dq%3D%2522it%2Bwithstood%2Ba%2BMohammedan%2Bsiege%2Bof%2Btwo%2Byears%2Bin%2522%26pg%3DPA434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dillon1999-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Dillon1999_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Dillon1999" class="citation book cs1">Michael Dillon (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BwuSpFiOFfYC&pg=PA59">China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects</a>. Psychology Press. pp. 59–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1026-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1026-3"><bdi>978-0-7007-1026-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Muslim+Hui+Community%3A+Migration%2C+Settlement+and+Sects&rft.pages=59-&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3&rft.au=Michael+Dillon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBwuSpFiOFfYC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boulger1898-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Boulger1898_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemetrius_Charles_de_Kavanagh_Boulger1898" class="citation book cs1">Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh Boulger (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Tw8MAAAAYAAJ">The history of China</a>. W. Thacker & co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Tw8MAAAAYAAJ/page/n453">443</a>–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+China&rft.pages=443-&rft.pub=W.+Thacker+%26+co.&rft.date=1898&rft.au=Demetrius+Charles+de+Kavanagh+Boulger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_Tw8MAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarnaut2008" class="citation cs2">Garnaut, Anthony (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721015040/http://www.ouigour.fr/recherches_et_analyses/Garnautpage_93.pdf">From Yunnan to Xinjiang:Governor Yang Zengxin and his Dungan Generals</a> (PDF), Études orientales, p. 110, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ouigour.fr/recherches_et_analyses/Garnautpage_93.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 July 2011, retrieved 14 July 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Yunnan+to+Xinjiang%3AGovernor+Yang+Zengxin+and+his+Dungan+Generals&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=%C3%89tudes+orientales&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Garnaut&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ouigour.fr%2Frecherches_et_analyses%2FGarnautpage_93.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dillon2013-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Dillon2013_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Dillon2013" class="citation book cs1">Michael Dillon (16 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mAZeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77">China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects</a>. Routledge. pp. 77–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-80933-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-80933-0"><bdi>978-1-136-80933-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Muslim+Hui+Community%3A+Migration%2C+Settlement+and+Sects&rft.pages=77-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-12-16&rft.isbn=978-1-136-80933-0&rft.au=Michael+Dillon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmAZeAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Lipman, Jonathan N. "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu." Modern China, vol. 10, no. 3, 1984, p. 293. JSTOR, JSTOR, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017?seq=9#page_scan_tab_contents">https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017?seq=9#page_scan_tab_contents</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Peter Perdue, China marches west: the Qing conquest of Central Eurasia. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sgTSAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22which+he+Turkestan+and+Zungaria+combined+the+name+swallowed+during+the+journey+%2C+he+entered+of+Ili+%2C%22&pg=RA1-PA193">The Edinburgh Review: Or Critical Journal, Volumes 150-151</a>. Leonard Scott Publication Company. 1879. p. 193.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Edinburgh+Review%3A+Or+Critical+Journal%2C+Volumes+150-151&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Leonard+Scott+Publication+Company&rft.date=1879&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsgTSAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3D%2522which%2Bhe%2BTurkestan%2Band%2BZungaria%2Bcombined%2Bthe%2Bname%2Bswallowed%2Bduring%2Bthe%2Bjourney%2B%252C%2Bhe%2Bentered%2Bof%2BIli%2B%252C%2522%26pg%3DRA1-PA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O13Fv7bORLIC&dq=giving+to+its+two+great+divisions+of+eastern+turkestan+and+zungaria+combined+the+name+of+ili&pg=PA524">The Living Age ..., Volume 145</a>. Living Age Company Incorporated. 1880. p. 524.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Living+Age+...%2C+Volume+145&rft.pages=524&rft.pub=Living+Age+Company+Incorporated&rft.date=1880&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO13Fv7bORLIC%26dq%3Dgiving%2Bto%2Bits%2Btwo%2Bgreat%2Bdivisions%2Bof%2Beastern%2Bturkestan%2Band%2Bzungaria%2Bcombined%2Bthe%2Bname%2Bof%2Bili%26pg%3DPA524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Ex94f1CVIAMv90V?format=jpg&name=small">https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Ex94f1CVIAMv90V?format=jpg&name=small</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thechinastory.org/yearbooks/yearbook-2021-contradiction/chapter-3-purging-xinjiangs-past/">"Chapter 3: Purging Xinjiang's Past"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+3%3A+Purging+Xinjiang%27s+Past&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thechinastory.org%2Fyearbooks%2Fyearbook-2021-contradiction%2Fchapter-3-purging-xinjiangs-past%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrophy2022" class="citation book cs1">Brophy, David (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sfFvEAAAQBAJ&dq=seven+maidens+uyghur+1765&pg=PA84">"Purging Xinjiang's Past"</a>. In Jaivin, Linda; Sunkyung Klein, Esther; Strange, Sharon (eds.). Contradiction. China Story Yearbook. ANU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1760465230" title="Special:BookSources/978-1760465230"><bdi>978-1760465230</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Purging+Xinjiang%27s+Past&rft.btitle=Contradiction&rft.series=China+Story+Yearbook&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1760465230&rft.aulast=Brophy&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsfFvEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dseven%2Bmaidens%2Buyghur%2B1765%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docplayer.net/200573881-The-mazar-of-the-seven-maidens-a-shrine-that-once-lived-but-still-stands-in-pichan-arastirma-makalesi-research-article.html">"THE MAZAR OF THE SEVEN MAIDENS: A SHRINE THAT ONCE LIVED BUT STILL STANDS IN PICHAN [Araştırma Makalesi-Research Article] - PDF Free Download"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+MAZAR+OF+THE+SEVEN+MAIDENS%3A+A+SHRINE+THAT+ONCE+LIVED+BUT+STILL+STANDS+IN+PICHAN+%26%2391%3BAra%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rma+Makalesi-Research+Article%26%2393%3B+-+PDF+Free+Download&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.net%2F200573881-The-mazar-of-the-seven-maidens-a-shrine-that-once-lived-but-still-stands-in-pichan-arastirma-makalesi-research-article.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrose2020" class="citation journal cs1">Grose, Timothy (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1438819">"The Mazar of the Seven Maidens: A Shrine That Once Lived but Still Standsin Pichan"</a>. Uluslararası Uygur Araştırmaları Dergisi (16): 170–175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.46400%2Fuygur.837974">10.46400/uygur.837974</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241516001">241516001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Uluslararas%C4%B1+Uygur+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%C4%B1+Dergisi&rft.atitle=The+Mazar+of+the+Seven+Maidens%3A+A+Shrine+That+Once+Lived+but+Still+Standsin+Pichan&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=170-175&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.46400%2Fuygur.837974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241516001%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Grose&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Fen%2Fdownload%2Farticle-file%2F1438819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThum2014" class="citation book cs1">Thum, Rian (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pP6EBAAAQBAJ&dq=seven+maidens+turpan&pg=PA320">The Sacred Routes of Uyghur History</a> (illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674598553" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674598553"><bdi>978-0674598553</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+Routes+of+Uyghur+History&rft.pages=320&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0674598553&rft.aulast=Thum&rft.aufirst=Rian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpP6EBAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dseven%2Bmaidens%2Bturpan%26pg%3DPA320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillward2007" class="citation book cs1">Millward, James A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA108">Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang</a> (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. pp. 108–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231139243" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231139243"><bdi>978-0231139243</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eurasian+Crossroads%3A+A+History+of+Xinjiang&rft.pages=108-109&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0231139243&rft.aulast=Millward&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8FVsWq31MtMC%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillward1998" class="citation book cs1">Millward, James A. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ir2CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA124">Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864</a>. Stanford University Press. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804797927" title="Special:BookSources/0804797927"><bdi>0804797927</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Pass%3A+Economy%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Empire+in+Qing+Central+Asia%2C+1759-1864&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0804797927&rft.aulast=Millward&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ir2CAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewby2005" class="citation book cs1">Newby, L. J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTmO416hNQ8C&pg=PA39">The Empire And the Khanate: A Political History of Qing Relations With Khoqand C1760-1860</a> (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004145508" title="Special:BookSources/9004145508"><bdi>9004145508</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+And+the+Khanate%3A+A+Political+History+of+Qing+Relations+With+Khoqand+C1760-1860&rft.pages=39&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9004145508&rft.aulast=Newby&rft.aufirst=L.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTmO416hNQ8C%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Ke (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190601180055/http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/repository/81009892.pdf">"Between the "Ummah" and "China": The Qing Dynasty's Rule over Xinjiang Uyghur Society"</a> (PDF). Journal of Intercultural Studies. 48. Kobe University: 204. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/repository/81009892.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 June 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Intercultural+Studies&rft.atitle=Between+the+%22Ummah%22+and+%22China%22%3A+The+Qing+Dynasty%27s+Rule+over+Xinjiang+Uyghur+Society&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=204&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Ke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp%2Frepository%2F81009892.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2004" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Hodong (25 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AtduqAtBzegC&q=muslim%25revolt+barkul&pg=PA58">Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864-1877</a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804767231" title="Special:BookSources/9780804767231"><bdi>9780804767231</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+War+in+China%3A+The+Muslim+Rebellion+and+State+in+Chinese+Central+Asia%2C+1864-1877&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-02-25&rft.isbn=9780804767231&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Hodong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAtduqAtBzegC%26q%3Dmuslim%2525revolt%2Bbarkul%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> While the weight of a <a href="/wiki/Sycee" title="Sycee">sycee</a> (known in northern China as yambu – Chinese:元宝, yuánbǎo) varied, Russian merchants trading at the Chinese border posts at the time reported that a sycee would weigh up to 50 <a href="/wiki/Tael" title="Tael">taels</a>, i.e. some 1875 grams, of silver </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIldikó_Bellér-Hann2008" class="citation book cs1">Ildikó Bellér-Hann (2008). Community matters in Xinjiang, 1880–1949: towards a historical anthropology of the Uyghur. BRILL. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16675-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16675-2"><bdi>978-90-04-16675-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Community+matters+in+Xinjiang%2C+1880%E2%80%931949%3A+towards+a+historical+anthropology+of+the+Uyghur&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16675-2&rft.au=Ildik%C3%B3+Bell%C3%A9r-Hann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemetrius_Charles_de_Kavanagh_Boulger1878" class="citation book cs1">Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh Boulger (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeyakoobbegat01boulgoog">The life of Yakoob Beg: Athalik ghazi, and Badaulet; Ameer of Kashgar</a>. London: W. H. Allen. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeyakoobbegat01boulgoog/page/n170">152</a>. Retrieved 18 January 2012. <q>. As one of them expressed it, in pathetic language, "During the Chinese rule there was everything; there is nothing now." The speaker of that sentence was no merchant, who might have been expected to be depressed by the falling-off in trade, but a warrior and a chieftain's son and heir. If to him the military system of Yakoob Beg seemed unsatisfactory and irksome, what must it have appeared to those more peaceful subjects to whom merchandise and barter were as the breath of their nostrils?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+of+Yakoob+Beg%3A+Athalik+ghazi%2C+and+Badaulet%3B+Ameer+of+Kashgar&rft.place=London&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=W.+H.+Allen&rft.date=1878&rft.au=Demetrius+Charles+de+Kavanagh+Boulger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeyakoobbegat01boulgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bellér-Hann2007-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Bellér-Hann2007_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIldikó_Bellér-Hann2007" class="citation book cs1">Ildikó Bellér-Hann (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NKCU3BdeBbEC&pg=PA19">Situating the Uyghurs Between China and Central Asia</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 19–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7041-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7041-4"><bdi>978-0-7546-7041-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Situating+the+Uyghurs+Between+China+and+Central+Asia&rft.pages=19-&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7041-4&rft.au=Ildik%C3%B3+Bell%C3%A9r-Hann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNKCU3BdeBbEC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreat_Britain._Parliament._House_of_Commons1871" class="citation book cs1">Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gitcAAAAQAAJ&q=tungans+taranchis+massacred+kuldja&pg=RA5-PA35">Accounts and papers of the House of Commons</a>. Ordered to be printed. p. 35. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accounts+and+papers+of+the+House+of+Commons&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Ordered+to+be+printed&rft.date=1871&rft.au=Great+Britain.+Parliament.+House+of+Commons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgitcAAAAQAAJ%26q%3Dtungans%2Btaranchis%2Bmassacred%2Bkuldja%26pg%3DRA5-PA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_King_FairbankKwang-ching_LiuDenis_Crispin_Twitchett1980" class="citation book cs1">John King Fairbank; Kwang-ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&pg=PA222">Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521220297" title="Special:BookSources/0521220297"><bdi>0521220297</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Ch%27ing%2C+1800%E2%80%931911&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0521220297&rft.au=John+King+Fairbank&rft.au=Kwang-ching+Liu&rft.au=Denis+Crispin+Twitchett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEfWaxPhdnIC%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_King_FairbankKwang-ching_LiuDenis_Crispin_Twitchett1980" class="citation book cs1">John King Fairbank; Kwang-ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett (1980). Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911 Volume 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series. Cambridge University Press. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521220297" title="Special:BookSources/0521220297"><bdi>0521220297</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Ch%27ing%2C+1800%E2%80%931911+Volume+11%2C+Part+2+of+The+Cambridge+History+of+China+Series&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0521220297&rft.au=John+King+Fairbank&rft.au=Kwang-ching+Liu&rft.au=Denis+Crispin+Twitchett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIldikó_Bellér-Hann2008" class="citation book cs1">Ildikó Bellér-Hann (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cF4lMj8skvoC&pg=PA74">Community matters in Xinjiang, 1880–1949: towards a historical anthropology of the Uyghur</a>. BRILL. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004166752" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004166752"><bdi>978-9004166752</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Community+matters+in+Xinjiang%2C+1880%E2%80%931949%3A+towards+a+historical+anthropology+of+the+Uyghur&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9004166752&rft.au=Ildik%C3%B3+Bell%C3%A9r-Hann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcF4lMj8skvoC%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreat_Britain._Parliament._House_of_Commons1871" class="citation book cs1">Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gitcAAAAQAAJ&q=tunganis+aksu+cut+out+garrisons+yakoob+beg+drove+massacring&pg=RA5-PA34">Accounts and papers of the House of Commons</a>. Ordered to be printed. p. 34. Retrieved 28 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accounts+and+papers+of+the+House+of+Commons&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Ordered+to+be+printed&rft.date=1871&rft.au=Great+Britain.+Parliament.+House+of+Commons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgitcAAAAQAAJ%26q%3Dtunganis%2Baksu%2Bcut%2Bout%2Bgarrisons%2Byakoob%2Bbeg%2Bdrove%2Bmassacring%26pg%3DRA5-PA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHo-dong_Kim2004" class="citation book cs1">Ho-dong Kim (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AtduqAtBzegC&q=brother+fifteen+hundred+han+chinese">Holy war in China: the Muslim revolt and state in Chinese Central Asia, 1864–1877</a>. Stanford University Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804748845" title="Special:BookSources/0804748845"><bdi>0804748845</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+war+in+China%3A+the+Muslim+revolt+and+state+in+Chinese+Central+Asia%2C+1864%E2%80%931877&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0804748845&rft.au=Ho-dong+Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAtduqAtBzegC%26q%3Dbrother%2Bfifteen%2Bhundred%2Bhan%2Bchinese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Michell1870" class="citation book cs1">Robert Michell (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=reBFF3fWjPAC&q=russians+unmitigatedly+hateful+population">Eastern Turkestan and Dzungaria, and the revolt of the Tungans and Taranchis, 1862 to 1866</a>. Calcutta : Office of Superintendent of Government Printing. p. 50. Retrieved 18 January 2012. <q>Yakub-Bek may also be well inclined towards Russia, but a suspicion of it in Kashgar might ruin him, for the Russians are unmitigatedly hateful to the native population.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Turkestan+and+Dzungaria%2C+and+the+revolt+of+the+Tungans+and+Taranchis%2C+1862+to+1866&rft.place=Calcutta+%3A+Office+of+Superintendent+of+Government+Printing&rft.pages=50&rft.date=1870&rft.au=Robert+Michell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DreBFF3fWjPAC%26q%3Drussians%2Bunmitigatedly%2Bhateful%2Bpopulation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_King_FairbankKwang-Ching_LiuDenis_Crispin_Twitchett1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&pg=PA225">Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911</a>. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 225 & 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7"><bdi>0-521-22029-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 January 2012. <q>Ya'qub probably had been in touch with the Ottoman sultanate in the late 1860s, but it was not until 1873 that the Sublime Porte's recognition of his kingdom was made public. He was made an emir and in the same year the sultan-caliph sent him a gift of three thousand rifles, thirty cannon, and three Turkish military instructors. Meanwhile, exploratory visits to Kashgar by R. B. Shaw in 1868 and by D. T. Forsyth and others in 1870 had aroused British enthusiasm for Ya'qub's regime. Forsyth was sent to Kashgar again in 1873, when he presented Ya'qub with several thousand old-style muskets from British India's arsenal. Early in 1874 he concluded with the emir a commercial treaty that also conferred diplomatic recognition upon the new Kashgarian state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Ch%27ing%2C+1800%E2%80%931911&rft.pages=225+%26+240&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-521-22029-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEfWaxPhdnIC%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_King_FairbankKwang-Ching_LiuDenis_Crispin_Twitchett1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&q=Liu+manchu+chin-shun+offensive+started">Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911</a>. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7"><bdi>0-521-22029-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 January 2012. <q>Meanwhile, under Liu Chin-t'ang and the Manchu General Chin-shun, Tso's offensive in Sinkiang had started.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Ch%27ing%2C+1800%E2%80%931911&rft.pages=240&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-521-22029-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEfWaxPhdnIC%26q%3DLiu%2Bmanchu%2Bchin-shun%2Boffensive%2Bstarted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_King_FairbankKwang-Ching_LiuDenis_Crispin_Twitchett1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&q=fortifications+ta-fan-ch%27eng+pass+snow+melted+reduced">Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911</a>. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7"><bdi>0-521-22029-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 January 2012. <q>But in April, after the snow on the Ti'ein Shan foothills melted making operations again possible, Liu Chin-t'ang attacked Ta-fan-ch'eng and reduced it in four days.98 More desertions from Ya'qub's army ensued and his officials in such oasis cities at Aksu, especially those who had been begs or hakim begs under Ch'ing rule before 1867, now contacted the Ch'ing forces and offered their services.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Ch%27ing%2C+1800%E2%80%931911&rft.pages=241&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-521-22029-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEfWaxPhdnIC%26q%3Dfortifications%2Bta-fan-ch%2527eng%2Bpass%2Bsnow%2Bmelted%2Breduced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_King_FairbankKwang-Ching_LiuDenis_Crispin_Twitchett1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&q=chang+yueh+entered+turfan+liu+took+toksun+forty+miles+west">Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911</a>. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7"><bdi>0-521-22029-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 January 2012. <q>On 26 April, Chang Yueh entered Turfan, and on the same day Liu Chin-t'ang took Toksun, forty miles to the west. . .Ch'ing forces now re-won one oasis town after another. . .Tso's proposal, though modified as to detail, was realized in 1884, when Liu Chin-t'ang became Sinkiang's first governor (serving 1884–91). Peking's most tangible motive was to reduce the cost of maintaining large yung-ying armies in Sinkiang, which even after the Ili crisis cost as much as 7.9 million taels annually. The conversion of Sinkiang into a province presupposed the reduction of existing troops there to only 31,000 men. They were to be placed under the Green Standard framework and maintained by interprovincial revenue assistance pared down to an annual total of 4,8 million taels (30 per cent of this amount was to be delivered to Kansu, supposedly to cover expenses incurred in that province on behalf of Sinkiang, such as forwarding of military supplies).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Ch%27ing%2C+1800-1911&rft.pages=242&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-521-22029-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEfWaxPhdnIC%26q%3Dchang%2Byueh%2Bentered%2Bturfan%2Bliu%2Btook%2Btoksun%2Bforty%2Bmiles%2Bwest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ho-dong_Kim_2004_176-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Ho-dong_Kim_2004_176_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHo-dong_Kim2004" class="citation book cs1">Ho-dong Kim (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AtduqAtBzegC&pg=PA176">Holy war in China: the Muslim revolt and state in Chinese Central Asia, 1864–1877</a>. Stanford University Press. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4884-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-4884-5"><bdi>0-8047-4884-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+war+in+China%3A+the+Muslim+revolt+and+state+in+Chinese+Central+Asia%2C+1864%E2%80%931877&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8047-4884-5&rft.au=Ho-dong+Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAtduqAtBzegC%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarnaut2008" class="citation cs2">Garnaut, Anthony (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721015040/http://www.ouigour.fr/recherches_et_analyses/Garnautpage_93.pdf">From Yunnan to Xinjiang:Governor Yang Zengxin and his Dungan Generals</a> (PDF), Études orientales, p. 104=105, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ouigour.fr/recherches_et_analyses/Garnautpage_93.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 July 2011, retrieved 14 July 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Yunnan+to+Xinjiang%3AGovernor+Yang+Zengxin+and+his+Dungan+Generals&rft.pages=104%3D105&rft.pub=%C3%89tudes+orientales&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Garnaut&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ouigour.fr%2Frecherches_et_analyses%2FGarnautpage_93.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchluessel2020" class="citation book cs1">Schluessel, Eric (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W1jZDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22chinese+men+purchasing+musulman+brides%22&pg=PT87">"Chinese Men Purchasing Musulman Brides"</a>. Land of Strangers: The Civilizing Project in Qing Central Asia. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231552226" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231552226"><bdi>978-0231552226</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chinese+Men+Purchasing+Musulman+Brides&rft.btitle=Land+of+Strangers%3A+The+Civilizing+Project+in+Qing+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0231552226&rft.aulast=Schluessel&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW1jZDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522chinese%2Bmen%2Bpurchasing%2Bmusulman%2Bbrides%2522%26pg%3DPT87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchluessel" class="citation thesis cs1">Schluessel, Eric T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/33493602/SCHLUESSEL-DISSERTATION-2016.pdf">The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday. Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933</a> (PDF) (Doctoral dissertation). Harvard. pp. 187–189.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Muslim+Emperor+of+China%3A+Everyday.+Politics+in+Colonial+Xinjiang%2C+1877-1933&rft.inst=Harvard&rft.aulast=Schluessel&rft.aufirst=Eric+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdash.harvard.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1%2F33493602%2FSCHLUESSEL-DISSERTATION-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHultvall" class="citation journal cs1">Hultvall, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://equmeniakyrkan.se/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/mission-and-revolution-part-1-hultvall-eng.pdf">"Mission and Revolution in Central Asia The MCCS Mission Work in Eastern Turkestan 1892-1938"</a> (PDF): 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mission+and+Revolution+in+Central+Asia+The+MCCS+Mission+Work+in+Eastern+Turkestan+1892-1938&rft.pages=6&rft.aulast=Hultvall&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fequmeniakyrkan.se%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F12%2Fmission-and-revolution-part-1-hultvall-eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHultvall" class="citation journal cs1">Hultvall, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/12157355/mission-and-revolution-in-central-asia-svenska-missionskyrkan">"Mission and Revolution in Central Asia The MCCS Mission Work in Eastern Turkestan 1892-1938"</a>: 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mission+and+Revolution+in+Central+Asia+The+MCCS+Mission+Work+in+Eastern+Turkestan+1892-1938&rft.pages=11&rft.aulast=Hultvall&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yumpu.com%2Fen%2Fdocument%2Fview%2F12157355%2Fmission-and-revolution-in-central-asia-svenska-missionskyrkan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchluessel" class="citation thesis cs1">Schluessel, Eric T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/33493602/SCHLUESSEL-DISSERTATION-2016.pdf">The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday. Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933</a> (PDF) (Doctoral dissertation). Harvard. pp. 207, 208.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Muslim+Emperor+of+China%3A+Everyday.+Politics+in+Colonial+Xinjiang%2C+1877-1933&rft.inst=Harvard&rft.aulast=Schluessel&rft.aufirst=Eric+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdash.harvard.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1%2F33493602%2FSCHLUESSEL-DISSERTATION-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHultvall" class="citation journal cs1">Hultvall, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://equmeniakyrkan.se/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/mission-and-revolution-part-1-hultvall-eng.pdf">"Mission and Revolution in Central Asia The MCCS Mission Work in Eastern Turkestan 1892-1938"</a> (PDF): 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mission+and+Revolution+in+Central+Asia+The+MCCS+Mission+Work+in+Eastern+Turkestan+1892-1938&rft.pages=8&rft.aulast=Hultvall&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fequmeniakyrkan.se%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F12%2Fmission-and-revolution-part-1-hultvall-eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF（清）左2009" class="citation book cs1">（清）左, 宗棠 (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mWh6DwAAQBAJ&dq=%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0+%E9%98%89%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0+%E9%98%89%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0+%E9%98%89+%E5%B2%81+%E9%A9%AC&pg=PT295">左宗棠全集五</a>. Beijing Book Co. Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7999010807" title="Special:BookSources/978-7999010807"><bdi>978-7999010807</bdi></a>. <q>(清)左宗棠. 兹据布政使崇保、按察使杨重雅、署兰州道捧武会详:司道等遵即督同兰州府铁珊提讯该逆马桂源之妻马马氏,马本源之妻马王氏, ... 均解交内务府阉割,发往新疆等处,给官兵为奴;如年在十岁以下者,牢固监禁,俟年届十一岁时,再行解交内务府照例办理; ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0%E5%85%A8%E9%9B%86+%E4%BA%94&rft.pub=Beijing+Book+Co.+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-7999010807&rft.aulast=%EF%BC%88%E6%B8%85%EF%BC%89%E5%B7%A6&rft.aufirst=%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmWh6DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%25A3%25A0%2B%25E9%2598%2589%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%25A3%25A0%2B%25E9%2598%2589%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%25A3%25A0%2B%25E9%2598%2589%2B%25E5%25B2%2581%2B%25E9%25A9%25AC%26pg%3DPT295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF（清）左2009" class="citation book cs1">（清）左, 宗棠 (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n2h6DwAAQBAJ&dq=%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0+%E9%98%89%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0+%E9%98%89%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0+%E9%98%89+%E5%B2%81+%E9%A9%AC&pg=PT220">左宗棠全集七</a>. Beijing Book Co. Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7999010821" title="Special:BookSources/978-7999010821"><bdi>978-7999010821</bdi></a>. <q>(清)左宗棠. 逼勉从,情尚可原。当饬传各该家属具领择配完聚。引上胡里之子年三岁,染患惊疯病症,医治无效,于上年三月二十四日在监身死。 ... 内务府阉割,发往新疆等处给官兵为奴;如年在十岁以下者,牢固监禁,俟年届十一岁时,再行解交内务府照例办理,等语。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0%E5%85%A8%E9%9B%86+%E4%B8%83&rft.pub=Beijing+Book+Co.+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-7999010821&rft.aulast=%EF%BC%88%E6%B8%85%EF%BC%89%E5%B7%A6&rft.aufirst=%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn2h6DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%25A3%25A0%2B%25E9%2598%2589%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%25A3%25A0%2B%25E9%2598%2589%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%25A3%25A0%2B%25E9%2598%2589%2B%25E5%25B2%2581%2B%25E9%25A9%25AC%26pg%3DPT220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF（清）左2009" class="citation book cs1">（清）左, 宗棠 (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rWh6DwAAQBAJ&dq=%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0+%E9%98%89%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0+%E9%98%89%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0+%E9%98%89+%E5%B2%81+%E9%A9%AC&pg=PT445">左宗棠全集一二</a>. Beijing Book Co. Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7999010883" title="Special:BookSources/978-7999010883"><bdi>978-7999010883</bdi></a>. <q>(清)左宗棠. 上年胪举四君子之疏,得邀俞允。史馆立传,应行知亲属将仕履存殁年月一切详明开示,以凭咨送。现惟王子寿世兄由本籍呈明申送来营,此外,寂无一字见复, ... 迨至十一岁,照例解交内务府阉割,将焉置此?如虑加刑无定例可援,则绝乳听其自毙,乃是正办, ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0%E5%85%A8%E9%9B%86+%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%8C&rft.pub=Beijing+Book+Co.+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-7999010883&rft.aulast=%EF%BC%88%E6%B8%85%EF%BC%89%E5%B7%A6&rft.aufirst=%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrWh6DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%25A3%25A0%2B%25E9%2598%2589%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%25A3%25A0%2B%25E9%2598%2589%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%25A3%25A0%2B%25E9%2598%2589%2B%25E5%25B2%2581%2B%25E9%25A9%25AC%26pg%3DPT445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF左1979" class="citation book cs1">左, 宗棠 (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wacGAQAAIAAJ&q=%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0+%E9%98%89%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0+%E9%98%89%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0+%E9%98%89+%E5%B2%81+%E9%A9%AC">左文襄公(宗棠)全集</a> (reprint ed.). 文海出版社. p. 71. <q>左宗棠, 楊書霖, 張亮基, 駱秉章. 御! 1 ?所冇錄抚南將? ?軍一一品顶带莂噢斓楚布政使近錢^餌,將^ 1 :难^ ^间餘^玖抆階州 I ! ^ ! ... 谷询有 1 #未除钓總兵觫家 81 ^ ^馬步分途拽脚 21 月十三日錄家一知戒胜涵任家莊山顶有赋筑 81 逑改講邾步圃 ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%B7%A6%E6%96%87%E8%A5%84%E5%85%AC%28%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0%29%E5%85%A8%E9%9B%86&rft.pages=71&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=%E6%96%87%E6%B5%B7%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=%E5%B7%A6&rft.aufirst=%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwacGAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%25A3%25A0%2B%25E9%2598%2589%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%25A3%25A0%2B%25E9%2598%2589%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%25A3%25A0%2B%25E9%2598%2589%2B%25E5%25B2%2581%2B%25E9%25A9%25AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF左1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">左, 宗棠 (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C3qaAAAAIAAJ&q=%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0+%E9%98%89%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0+%E9%98%89%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0+%E9%98%89+%E5%B2%81+%E9%A9%AC">左宗棠全集: 奏稿, Volume 5</a>. Vol. 5 of 左宗棠全集. 岳麓书社. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7805200726" title="Special:BookSources/7805200726"><bdi>7805200726</bdi></a>. <q>奏稿左宗棠. 之犯,其子讯明实系不知谋逆情事者,无论已未成丁,均解交内务府阉割,发往新疆等处给官兵为奴例,解交内务府照例办理。马五十六、马五十九、马飞飞、马由宗、马锁、马沙枪、马七十子、马三和,俱年在十岁以下,应照例牢固监禁,侯年十一岁时, ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0%E5%85%A8%E9%9B%86%3A+%E5%A5%8F%E7%A8%BF%2C+Volume+5&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=%E5%B2%B3%E9%BA%93%E4%B9%A6%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=7805200726&rft.aulast=%E5%B7%A6&rft.aufirst=%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC3qaAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%25A3%25A0%2B%25E9%2598%2589%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%25A3%25A0%2B%25E9%2598%2589%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%25A3%25A0%2B%25E9%2598%2589%2B%25E5%25B2%2581%2B%25E9%25A9%25AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF左1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">左, 宗棠 (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C3qaAAAAIAAJ&q=%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E5%BA%9C++%E9%98%89+%E5%B2%81+%E9%A9%AC">左宗棠全集: 奏稿, Volume 5</a>. Vol. 5 of 左宗棠全集, 左宗棠左宗棠全集: 奏稿, 左宗棠. 岳麓书社. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7805200726" title="Special:BookSources/7805200726"><bdi>7805200726</bdi></a>. <q>之犯,其子讯明实系不知谋逆情事者,无论已未成丁,均解交内务府阉割,发往新疆等处给官兵为奴例,解交内务府照例办理。马五十六、马五十九、马飞飞、马由宗、马锁、马沙枪、马七十子、马三和,俱年在十岁以下,应照例牢固监禁,侯年十一岁时,再行解交内务府照例 ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0%E5%85%A8%E9%9B%86%3A+%E5%A5%8F%E7%A8%BF%2C+Volume+5&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=%E5%B2%B3%E9%BA%93%E4%B9%A6%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=7805200726&rft.aulast=%E5%B7%A6&rft.aufirst=%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC3qaAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%25E5%2586%2585%25E5%258B%2599%25E5%25BA%259C%2B%2B%25E9%2598%2589%2B%25E5%25B2%2581%2B%25E9%25A9%25AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF云南省少数民族古籍整理出版规划办公室2004" class="citation book cs1">云南省少数民族古籍整理出版规划办公室 (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dctAAAAAMAAJ&q=%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0+%E9%98%89%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0+%E9%98%89%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0+%E9%98%89+%E5%B2%81+%E9%A9%AC">云南回族人物碑传精选, Volume 1</a>. Compiled by 王子华, 姚继德. 云南民族出版社. p. 417. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7536729790" title="Special:BookSources/7536729790"><bdi>7536729790</bdi></a>. <q>光绪十五年( 1889 年)十二月二十九日归真,时年 25 岁。马进城押解北京施行阉割酷刑后,不久几年他的弟弟马进西又从西安监狱押上北京大道施行阉割。马元章召集老何爷、杨云鹤等吩咐说: "十三太爷三百余《左宗棠全集》册七,同治十年十二月十二日。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%9B%9E%E6%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E7%A2%91%E4%BC%A0%E7%B2%BE%E9%80%89%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=417&rft.pub=%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=7536729790&rft.au=%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B0%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%8F%A4%E7%B1%8D%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92%E5%8A%9E%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%A4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdctAAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%25A3%25A0%2B%25E9%2598%2589%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%25A3%25A0%2B%25E9%2598%2589%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%25A3%25A0%2B%25E9%2598%2589%2B%25E5%25B2%2581%2B%25E9%25A9%25AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF云南省少数民族古籍整理出版规划办公室2004" class="citation book cs1">云南省少数民族古籍整理出版规划办公室 (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dctAAAAAMAAJ&q=%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E5%BA%9C++%E9%98%89+%E5%B2%81+%E9%A9%AC">云南回族人物碑传精选, Volume 1</a>. Compiled by 王子华, 姚继德. 云南民族出版社. p. 417. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7536729790" title="Special:BookSources/7536729790"><bdi>7536729790</bdi></a>. <q>... 均交内务府陶割,发往新疆等处给官兵为奴例,交内务府办理。马五十六、马五十九、马飞飞、马由宗、马锁、马沙把、马七十子、马三和,俱年在十岁以下,应照例牢固监禁,侯年十一岁时再解交內务府照例办理。"光绪初年,监禁在西安的马化龙的孙子马进城(即马五 ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%9B%9E%E6%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E7%A2%91%E4%BC%A0%E7%B2%BE%E9%80%89%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=417&rft.pub=%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=7536729790&rft.au=%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B0%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%8F%A4%E7%B1%8D%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92%E5%8A%9E%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%A4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdctAAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25E5%2586%2585%25E5%258B%2599%25E5%25BA%259C%2B%2B%25E9%2598%2589%2B%25E5%25B2%2581%2B%25E9%25A9%25AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=01ALAQAAMAAJ&q=%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0+%E9%98%89%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0+%E9%98%89%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0+%E9%98%89+%E5%B2%81+%E9%A9%AC">青海省志: 审判志</a>. Vol. 55 of 青海省志, 青海省地方志编纂委员会. Contributor 青海省地方志编纂委员会. 青海人民出版社. 1993. p. 129. <q>据左宗棠关于《叛逆马本源等讯明正法》的奏报称: "马桂源兄弟眷属解省,当即发交司道监禁会讯. ... 马桂源之妻马马氏,马本源之妻马王氏,马侦源之妻马马氏及犯妾马马氏、发各省驻防给官员兵丁为奴,马桂源子九个(年 12 岁)即行解交内务府阉割发往新疆等处给 ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E9%9D%92%E6%B5%B7%E7%9C%81%E5%BF%97%3A+%E5%AE%A1%E5%88%A4%E5%BF%97&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=%E9%9D%92%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D01ALAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%25A3%25A0%2B%25E9%2598%2589%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%25A3%25A0%2B%25E9%2598%2589%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%25A3%25A0%2B%25E9%2598%2589%2B%25E5%25B2%2581%2B%25E9%25A9%25AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF张1993" class="citation book cs1">张, 振佩 (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1OvAAAAIAAJ&q=%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0+%E9%98%89%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0+%E9%98%89%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0+%E9%98%89+%E5%B2%81+%E9%A9%AC">左宗棠传</a>. 海南国际新闻出版中心. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/780609072X" title="Special:BookSources/780609072X"><bdi>780609072X</bdi></a>. <q>而穷追汪海洋于南海,消灭洪、扬残余,结束太平军事,更是左氏一人之功。西抢的剿平,既是左、李二氏之功;闽、越的债事,则是张佩一人之责。治河导准,已开现在水利的嗜矢;首创船政,更为建立海军的始基。左宗棠 40 岁前,还是一个小城市里的穷教师。40 岁后的 30 ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0%E4%BC%A0&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%97%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=780609072X&rft.aulast=%E5%BC%A0&rft.aufirst=%E6%8C%AF%E4%BD%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ1OvAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%25A3%25A0%2B%25E9%2598%2589%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%25A3%25A0%2B%25E9%2598%2589%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%25A3%25A0%2B%25E9%2598%2589%2B%25E5%25B2%2581%2B%25E9%25A9%25AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PpxsAAAAIAAJ&q=%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0+%E9%98%89%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0+%E9%98%89%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0+%E9%98%89+%E5%B2%81+%E9%A9%AC">回族人物志, Volume 1</a>. Compiled by 白寿彝 Contributors 杨怀中, 白崇人. 宁夏人民出版社. 2000. pp. 1578, 1579. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7227020061" title="Special:BookSources/7227020061"><bdi>7227020061</bdi></a>. <q>Page 1578 这时甘肃回民起义失败,金积堡于同治九年底被左宗棠攻陷,翌年正月十三日马化龙父子、亲属及起义骨干一千八百余人全被杀害,劫后子遗的老弱贬遣固原山区;十一年初,太子寺战役获胜后 ... 犯的男孩到十二岁要承受阉割酷刑,他们所犯的是他们祖辈们的死罪。左宗 ... Page 1579 飞系马成龙之子;马由宗、马锁、马沙把、马七十子系马定邦之子;马继邦、马三和系马玉龙之子,均未成丁,讯明不知谋逆情事, ... 马进城押解北京施行阉割酷刑后,不久几年他的弟弟马进西又从西安监狱押上北京大道 0 《左宗棠全集》册七,同治十年十二月十二日。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%9B%9E%E6%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E5%BF%97%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=1578%2C+1579&rft.pub=%E5%AE%81%E5%A4%8F%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=7227020061&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPpxsAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%25A3%25A0%2B%25E9%2598%2589%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%25A3%25A0%2B%25E9%2598%2589%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%25A3%25A0%2B%25E9%2598%2589%2B%25E5%25B2%2581%2B%25E9%25A9%25AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PpxsAAAAIAAJ&q=%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E5%BA%9C++%E9%98%89+%E5%B2%81+%E9%A9%AC">回族人物志, Volume 1</a>. Compiled by 白寿彝 Contributors 杨怀中, 白崇人. 宁夏人民出版社. 2000. pp. 1578, 1579. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7227020061" title="Special:BookSources/7227020061"><bdi>7227020061</bdi></a>. <q>马五十六、马五十九、马飞飞、马由宗、马锁、马沙把、马七十子、马三和,俱年在十岁以下,应照例牢固监禁,侯年十一岁时再解交内务府照例办理。"光绪初年,监禁在西安的马化龙的孙子马进城(即马五十六)将押赴北京内务府施行阉割。马元章派杨云鹤等人潜行囚车 ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%9B%9E%E6%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E5%BF%97%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=1578%2C+1579&rft.pub=%E5%AE%81%E5%A4%8F%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=7227020061&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPpxsAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%25E5%2586%2585%25E5%258B%2599%25E5%25BA%259C%2B%2B%25E9%2598%2589%2B%25E5%25B2%2581%2B%25E9%25A9%25AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF宁夏审判志编纂委员会1998" class="citation book cs1">宁夏审判志编纂委员会 (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EcQPAQAAMAAJ&q=%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0+%E9%98%89%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0+%E9%98%89%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0+%E9%98%89+%E5%B2%81+%E9%A9%AC">宁夏审判志</a>. 宁夏人民出版社. pp. 94, 95. <q>Page 94 左宗棠曾向朝廷上奏: '抚局'名为官抚回,实则回制官",为此,清政府决定实行先"抚"后"剿"的政策,于 1866 年 9 月任命左宗棠为 ... 交内务府阉割,发往新疆等处给官兵为奴例",解交内务府照例办理,其中马五十六、马五十九、马飞飞、马由宗、马锁、马沙把、马 ... Page 95 1872 年 6 月经左宗棠奏准清政府,将马万选之子老哇子(一岁)、孙二虎子(一岁)、三虎子(一岁),纳万元之子古哇子(六岁)、勒芝子〈一岁)依照"叛逆子孙不知谋逆情事律",决定监禁至年满十一岁时解交内务府办理〈阉割后发往边疆给官兵为奴)。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%AE%81%E5%A4%8F%E5%AE%A1%E5%88%A4%E5%BF%97&rft.pages=94%2C+95&rft.pub=%E5%AE%81%E5%A4%8F%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1998&rft.au=%E5%AE%81%E5%A4%8F%E5%AE%A1%E5%88%A4%E5%BF%97%E7%BC%96%E7%BA%82%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEcQPAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%25A3%25A0%2B%25E9%2598%2589%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%25A3%25A0%2B%25E9%2598%2589%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%25A3%25A0%2B%25E9%2598%2589%2B%25E5%25B2%2581%2B%25E9%25A9%25AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF宁夏审判志编纂委员会1998" class="citation book cs1">宁夏审判志编纂委员会 (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EcQPAQAAMAAJ&q=%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E5%BA%9C++%E9%98%89+%E5%B2%81+%E9%A9%AC">宁夏审判志</a>. 宁夏人民出版社. pp. 94, 95. <q>... 无论已未成丁均交内务府阉割,发往新疆等处给官兵为奴例",解交内务府照例办理,其中马五十六、马五十九、马飞飞、马由宗、马锁、马沙把、马七十子、马三和等因年龄在十岁以下,予以牢固监禁,待年满十一岁时再行解交内务府照例办理。对马化凤、马阿 ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%AE%81%E5%A4%8F%E5%AE%A1%E5%88%A4%E5%BF%97&rft.pages=94%2C+95&rft.pub=%E5%AE%81%E5%A4%8F%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1998&rft.au=%E5%AE%81%E5%A4%8F%E5%AE%A1%E5%88%A4%E5%BF%97%E7%BC%96%E7%BA%82%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEcQPAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25E5%2586%2585%25E5%258B%2599%25E5%25BA%259C%2B%2B%25E9%2598%2589%2B%25E5%25B2%2581%2B%25E9%25A9%25AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nWwLAQAAMAAJ&q=%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E5%BA%9C++%E9%98%89+%E5%B2%81+%E9%A9%AC">Gansu Sheng zhi, Volume 7</a>. ̇̈̇̄, ̇̈̇̄ʻ̆£̄ø̄ơ̇ð̇ʹ̄̄ỡơ̇ð̇. Contributor ʻ̆£̄ø̄ơ̇ð̇ʹ̄̄ỡơ̇ð̇. ̇̈ð̃ðʻ̆̄ð ̇ Þ̇. 1989. p. 39. <q>公元 1863 年(同治二年)四月,甘肃平凉、肃州等地回民群起响应陕西渭南回民起义,在金积堡大阿马化隆等人领导下,与清军抗争九年之久。 ... 宗、马锁、马沙把、马七十子、马玉隆之子马继邦、马三和等未成年男丁,解交内务府阉割,发往新疆等处给官兵为奴。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gansu+Sheng+zhi%2C+Volume+7&rft.series=%CC%87%CC%88%CC%87%CC%84%2C+%CC%87%CC%88%CC%87%CC%84%CA%BB%CC%86%C2%A3%CC%84%C3%B8%CC%84%C6%A1%CC%87%C3%B0%CC%87%CA%B9%CC%84%CC%84%E1%BB%A1%C6%A1%CC%87%C3%B0%CC%87&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=%CC%87%CC%88%C3%B0%CC%83%C3%B0%CA%BB%CC%86%CC%84%C3%B0+%CC%87+%C3%9E%CC%87&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnWwLAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25E5%2586%2585%25E5%258B%2599%25E5%25BA%259C%2B%2B%25E9%2598%2589%2B%25E5%25B2%2581%2B%25E9%25A9%25AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N1jmAAAAMAAJ&q=%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E5%BA%9C++%E9%98%89+%E5%B2%81+%E9%A9%AC">甘肃省志: 审判志. 第七卷, Volume 7</a>. Compiled by 甘肃省地方史志编纂委员会, 甘肃省审判志编纂委员会. 甘肃文化出版社. 1995. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7806081720" title="Special:BookSources/7806081720"><bdi>7806081720</bdi></a>. <q>公元 1863 年(同治二年)四月,甘肃平凉、肃州等地回民群起响应陕西渭南回民起义,在金积堡大阿马化隆等人领导下, ... 马定邦之子马由宗、马锁、马沙把、马七十子、马玉隆之子马继邦、马三和等未成年男丁,解交内务府阉割,发往新疆等处给官兵为奴。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%94%98%E8%82%83%E7%9C%81%E5%BF%97%3A+%E5%AE%A1%E5%88%A4%E5%BF%97.+%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83%E5%8D%B7%2C+Volume+7&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=%E7%94%98%E8%82%83%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=7806081720&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN1jmAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25E5%2586%2585%25E5%258B%2599%25E5%25BA%259C%2B%2B%25E9%2598%2589%2B%25E5%25B2%2581%2B%25E9%25A9%25AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF（清）左2009" class="citation book cs1">（清）左, 宗棠 (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mWh6DwAAQBAJ&dq=%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E5%BA%9C++%E9%98%89+%E5%B2%81+%E9%A9%AC&pg=PT295">左宗棠全集五</a>. Beijing Book Co. Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7999010807" title="Special:BookSources/978-7999010807"><bdi>978-7999010807</bdi></a>. <q>查例载反逆案内,律应问拟凌迟之犯,其子讯明实系不知逆谋情事者,无论已未成丁,均解交内务府阉割,发往新疆等处,给官兵为奴;如年在十岁以下者,牢固监禁,俟年届十一岁时,再行解交内务府照例办理;缘坐妇女发各省驻防,给官员兵丁为奴。各等语。此案马格系马桂源 ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0%E5%85%A8%E9%9B%86+%E4%BA%94&rft.pub=Beijing+Book+Co.+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-7999010807&rft.aulast=%EF%BC%88%E6%B8%85%EF%BC%89%E5%B7%A6&rft.aufirst=%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmWh6DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%25E5%2586%2585%25E5%258B%2599%25E5%25BA%259C%2B%2B%25E9%2598%2589%2B%25E5%25B2%2581%2B%25E9%25A9%25AC%26pg%3DPT295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=01ALAQAAMAAJ&q=%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E5%BA%9C++%E9%98%89+%E5%B2%81+%E9%A9%AC">青海省志: 审判志</a>. Vol. 55 of 青海省志, 青海省地方志编纂委员会. Contributor 青海省地方志编纂委员会. 青海人民出版社. 1993. p. 129. <q>马桂源之妻马马氏,马本源之妻马王氏,马侦源之妻马马氏及犯妾马马氏、发各省驻防给官员兵丁为奴,马桂源子九个(年 12 岁)即行解交内务府阉割发往新疆等处给官兵为奴,马希儿 00 岁)、尕全( 8 岁)、尕六( 6 岁)均在 10 岁以下,暂行监禁,俟 11 岁再行解交内务 ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E9%9D%92%E6%B5%B7%E7%9C%81%E5%BF%97%3A+%E5%AE%A1%E5%88%A4%E5%BF%97&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=%E9%9D%92%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D01ALAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25E5%2586%2585%25E5%258B%2599%25E5%25BA%259C%2B%2B%25E9%2598%2589%2B%25E5%25B2%2581%2B%25E9%25A9%25AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/appletonsannual42unkngoog">Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events, Volume 4</a>. TD. Appleton and company. 1880. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/appletonsannual42unkngoog/page/n159">145</a>. Retrieved 12 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+annual+cyclopaedia+and+register+of+important+events%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=TD.+Appleton+and+company&rft.date=1880&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fappletonsannual42unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yjg1AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA83">Translations of the Peking Gazette</a>. 1880. p. 83. Retrieved 12 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Translations+of+the+Peking+Gazette&rft.pages=83&rft.date=1880&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYjg1AQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DqYoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA145">The American annual cyclopedia and register of important events of the year ..., Volume 4</a>. D. Appleton and Company. 1888. p. 145. Retrieved 12 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+annual+cyclopedia+and+register+of+important+events+of+the+year+...%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft.date=1888&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDqYoAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3xYbAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA145">Appletons' annual cyclopedia and register of important events: Embracing political, military, and ecclesiastical affairs; public documents; biography, statistics, commerce, finance, literature, science, agriculture, and mechanical industry, Volume 19</a>. Appleton. 1886. p. 145. Retrieved 12 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+annual+cyclopedia+and+register+of+important+events%3A+Embracing+political%2C+military%2C+and+ecclesiastical+affairs%3B+public+documents%3B+biography%2C+statistics%2C+commerce%2C+finance%2C+literature%2C+science%2C+agriculture%2C+and+mechanical+industry%2C+Volume+19&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Appleton&rft.date=1886&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3xYbAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Tompkins1963" class="citation book cs1">Peter Tompkins (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fmAbAAAAYAAJ&q=As+late+as+1879+the+Times+correspondent+from+Shanghai+reported+that+the+son+and+the+grandsons+of+the+executed+Central+Asian+rebel+chief+Yakoob+Beg+had+been+castrated+and+delivered+into+the+hands+of+the+Imperial+household+as+eunuchs">The eunuch and the virgin: a study of curious customs</a>. C. N. Potter. p. 32. Retrieved 30 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+eunuch+and+the+virgin%3A+a+study+of+curious+customs&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=C.+N.+Potter&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Peter+Tompkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfmAbAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DAs%2Blate%2Bas%2B1879%2Bthe%2BTimes%2Bcorrespondent%2Bfrom%2BShanghai%2Breported%2Bthat%2Bthe%2Bson%2Band%2Bthe%2Bgrandsons%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bexecuted%2BCentral%2BAsian%2Brebel%2Bchief%2BYakoob%2BBeg%2Bhad%2Bbeen%2Bcastrated%2Band%2Bdelivered%2Binto%2Bthe%2Bhands%2Bof%2Bthe%2BImperial%2Bhousehold%2Bas%2Beunuchs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF（清）左2009" class="citation book cs1">（清）左, 宗棠 (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n2h6DwAAQBAJ&dq=%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E5%BA%9C++%E9%98%89+%E5%B2%81+%E9%A9%AC&pg=PT220">左宗棠全集七</a>. Beijing Book Co. Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7999010821" title="Special:BookSources/978-7999010821"><bdi>978-7999010821</bdi></a>. <q>引上胡里之子年三岁,染患惊疯病症,医治无效,于上年三月二十四日在监身死。其引上胡里一名,桀骜异常,业经刘锦棠亲讯属实, ... 依玛胡里年甫十岁,卡底胡里、爱散阿洪俱(在年)〔年在〕十岁以下,均应照例牢固监禁,俟十一岁时再行解交内务府,照例办理,等情。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0%E5%85%A8%E9%9B%86+%E4%B8%83&rft.pub=Beijing+Book+Co.+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-7999010821&rft.aulast=%EF%BC%88%E6%B8%85%EF%BC%89%E5%B7%A6&rft.aufirst=%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn2h6DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%25E5%2586%2585%25E5%258B%2599%25E5%25BA%259C%2B%2B%25E9%2598%2589%2B%25E5%25B2%2581%2B%25E9%25A9%25AC%26pg%3DPT220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eR8-AQAAIAAJ&q=wei+acting+governor+of+kansu+new+dominion+erection+of+a+temple+capital+memory&pg=PA74">The Chinese times, Volume 5</a>. Vol. V. TIENTSIN: THE TIENTSIN PRINTING CO. 1891. p. 74. Retrieved 8 May 2011. <q>25th Januarv, 1891. Temple Erected To Those Killed In The Revolt. Wei Kuang-tao, acting Governor of Kansu and the New Dominion, reports the erection of a temple in the provincial capital of Kansu to the memory of those killed in the Revolt, consisting of Manchus, Chinese, officials, gentry, soldiers, peasants, matrons and maidens massacred in Songaria and Kashgaria, —the two provinces known as the "New Dominion,"—and amounting to 24,838 souls. The temple has been erected at the expense of Liu Chin-t'ang (Governor of Kansu, at present on a mission of pacification of the Miaotze on the confines of that province) and Kung T'ang, Military Lieut.-Governor of Urumtsi. The temple named Chun Yi-t'sze is inside the East gate of the capital; all the paraphernalia have also been purchased by the officials named, and therefore no call need be made on the Board of Revenue ; the Imperial permission is, however, asked that the local officials may worship there in the Spring and Autumn. Memorialist adds that a temple had previously been erected by Liu Chin-t'ang at his own expense to the memory of the soldiers from Hunan who fell in the revolt .—Rescript: Let the Board concerned take note. Favours To The Family Of Si. L&ng-o, Former Governor Of Iii The same official reports that in accordance with instructions given him by the Board of Rites, he has made enquiries as to the family left by Se Leng-o, and has ascertained that the latter's only son having died young he had no grandsons, but had some nephews who are all employed in Peking. Memorialist adds that when the body arrives in the capital, the deputy Lieut.-Governor of the deceased officer's banner will be able to report fully to the Emperor. Meanwhile, memorialist has carried out his instructions.—Rescript: Let the Yamcn concerned take note. Forced Change Of Residence Of A MonGolian Saint. Wei-kuang-tao in a postscript reports the arrival of the Kun-ka-clia-la-t'san Saint (Hut'ukht'u), on the 15th of the 10th moon. A <a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_throne" title="Memorial to the throne">memorial</a> had first been presented by Liu Chinfang asking the Emperor to command the Saint through the Mongolian Superintendency to take up his residence in the New Dominion. Afterwards, the Tsung-li Yamdn and the Mongolian Superintendency reported that the Saint had, on being asked, agreed to move into the "New Dominion" of Kansu, with his following of disciples, but asked that transport should be provided for him. Memorialist adds that when the Saint is thoroughly established in the capital of the New Dominion, he will report further and in detail to the Emperor.—Rescript: Let the Yamen concerned take note. 26 January, 1S91. Court News. The Board of Rites have <a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_throne" title="Memorial to the throne">memorialized the Throne</a> to depute two officials to pour libations at the Gate and the Bridge (the Hsi-chih-men and the Yi-hung-ch'iao—popularly known as the Bridge of Kao Liang a mythical military character in history, see note on the route of Prince Ch'un's funeral procession), and the Emperor has accordingly appointed Prince Chuang, and En Chung-t'ang. [The legend of the Bridge of Kao Liang is told as follows: During one of the early dynasties the people of Peking having somehow offended the wife of the Water Dragon, she determined to bring about a drought which should kill off the whole population. In order to effect this she resolved on a certain day to collect all the well and river water in and around the capital in barrels, to be placed on a water-barrow, which she would then wheel away. A military governor of that time named Kao Liang, was however, warned by a good fairy in a dream of the threatened vengeance, and told that on the following morning the goddess, under the disguise of an old woman, would pass over the bridge wheeling a water-barrow. Next morning by the Fairy's advice, Kao Liang mounted a fast horse, armed himself with a spear, and took up his post on the bridge. After a time the old woman appeared trundling her barrow at a great pace towards it. Kao Liang thereupon grasped his spear and galloping alongside, pierced all the barrels with successive thrusts, when the released water flowed back to the rivers and wells, the wicked goddess vanished, and the capital was saved.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+times%2C+Volume+5&rft.place=TIENTSIN&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=THE+TIENTSIN+PRINTING+CO.&rft.date=1891&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeR8-AQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dwei%2Bacting%2Bgovernor%2Bof%2Bkansu%2Bnew%2Bdominion%2Berection%2Bof%2Ba%2Btemple%2Bcapital%2Bmemory%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRais_Abdulkhakovich_Tuzmukhamedov1973" class="citation book cs1">Rais Abdulkhakovich Tuzmukhamedov (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tUY5AQAAIAAJ&q=The+Dungans+who+left+Northwest+China+after+the+defeat+of+their+national+liberation+movement+of+1862-77+and">How the national question was solved in Soviet Central Asia (a reply to falsifiers)</a>. Progress Publishers. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780828502726" title="Special:BookSources/9780828502726"><bdi>9780828502726</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+national+question+was+solved+in+Soviet+Central+Asia+%28a+reply+to+falsifiers%29&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780828502726&rft.au=Rais+Abdulkhakovich+Tuzmukhamedov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtUY5AQAAIAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BDungans%2Bwho%2Bleft%2BNorthwest%2BChina%2Bafter%2Bthe%2Bdefeat%2Bof%2Btheir%2Bnational%2Bliberation%2Bmovement%2Bof%2B1862-77%2Band&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterling_SeagravePeggy_Seagrave1992" class="citation book cs1">Sterling Seagrave; Peggy Seagrave (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tURwAAAAMAAJ&q=kansu+braves+baron+von">Dragon lady: the life and legend of the last empress of China</a>. Knopf. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679402305" title="Special:BookSources/9780679402305"><bdi>9780679402305</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dragon+lady%3A+the+life+and+legend+of+the+last+empress+of+China&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780679402305&rft.au=Sterling+Seagrave&rft.au=Peggy+Seagrave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtURwAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkansu%2Bbraves%2Bbaron%2Bvon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/consularoffic00teicuoft">Travels of a Consular Officer in North-West China</a>. CUP Archive. 1921. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/consularoffic00teicuoft/page/110">110</a>. Retrieved 1 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels+of+a+Consular+Officer+in+North-West+China&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconsularoffic00teicuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF张2012" class="citation journal cs1">张, 晓虹 (2012). "同治回民起义与陕西天主教的传播". 复旦学报：社会科学. 第6期.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E5%A4%8D%E6%97%A6%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%A5%EF%BC%9A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB%E5%9B%9E%E6%B0%91%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89%E4%B8%8E%E9%99%95%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD&rft.volume=%E7%AC%AC6%E6%9C%9F&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=%E5%BC%A0&rft.aufirst=%E6%99%93%E8%99%B9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Lipman, Jonathan N. "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu." Modern China, vol. 10, no. 3, 1984, p. 298. JSTOR, JSTOR, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017?seq=14#page_scan_tab_contents">https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017?seq=14#page_scan_tab_contents</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=778QAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA462">The Canadian spectator, Volume 1</a>. 1878. p. 462. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+spectator%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=462&rft.date=1878&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D778QAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_King_FairbankKwang-Ching_LiuDenis_Crispin_Twitchett1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&q=russians+secretly+feared++distant">Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911</a>. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7"><bdi>0-521-22029-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 January 2012. <q>The Russians, who secretly feared war at this point. . .The Russians finally acquiesced but negotiations progressed slowly. The Russians were in no position to wage a distant war, due to their depressed economy following the Turkish War of 1876–7 and their international isolation after the Congress of Berlin in 1878. The St Petersburg government was further restrained by fear of revolution at home, and concern that the adverse effect of war on trade might goad Europe and America into taking sides with China.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Ch%27ing%2C+1800%E2%80%931911&rft.pages=95&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-521-22029-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEfWaxPhdnIC%26q%3Drussians%2Bsecretly%2Bfeared%2B%2Bdistant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_King_FairbankKwang-Ching_LiuDenis_Crispin_Twitchett1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&q=hunan+officers+taiping+fame">Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911</a>. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22029-7"><bdi>0-521-22029-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 January 2012. <q>The court did not intend to precipitate a clash, but was pushed by literati-official sentiment into taking a stronger positions than it wanted. To prepare for the eventuality of war, it installed several Hunan army officers of Taiping fame in key positions, and through Robert Hart invited Charles Gordon to China to help with defence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Ch%27ing%2C+1800%E2%80%931911&rft.pages=94&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-521-22029-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEfWaxPhdnIC%26q%3Dhunan%2Bofficers%2Btaiping%2Bfame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anonymous1894-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Anonymous1894_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous1894" class="citation book cs1">Anonymous (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EAIoAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA270">Russia's March Towards India</a>. S. Low, Marston & Company. pp. 270–272. Retrieved 22 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+March+Towards+India&rft.pages=270-272&rft.pub=S.+Low%2C+Marston+%26+Company&rft.date=1894&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEAIoAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=anbXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA635">Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events</a>. D. Appleton. 1898. pp. 635–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Annual+Cyclopaedia+and+Register+of+Important+Events&rft.pages=635-&rft.pub=D.+Appleton.&rft.date=1898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DanbXAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QiPGBMGpBw0C&pg=PA635">Appletons' Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events: Embracing Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry</a>. Appleton. 1898. pp. 635–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Annual+Cyclopedia+and+Register+of+Important+Events%3A+Embracing+Political%2C+Military%2C+and+Ecclesiastical+Affairs%3B+Public+Documents%3B+Biography%2C+Statistics%2C+Commerce%2C+Finance%2C+Literature%2C+Science%2C+Agriculture%2C+and+Mechanical+Industry&rft.pages=635-&rft.pub=Appleton&rft.date=1898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQiPGBMGpBw0C%26pg%3DPA635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackhouseOtwayBland1914" class="citation book cs1">Backhouse, Sir Edmund; Otway, John; Bland, Percy (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/annalsmemoirsoft002081mbp">Annals & Memoirs of the Court of Peking: (from the 16th to the 20th Century)</a> (reprint ed.). Houghton Mifflin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/annalsmemoirsoft002081mbp/page/n241">209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annals+%26+Memoirs+of+the+Court+of+Peking%3A+%28from+the+16th+to+the+20th+Century%29&rft.pages=209&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Backhouse&rft.aufirst=Sir+Edmund&rft.au=Otway%2C+John&rft.au=Bland%2C+Percy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fannalsmemoirsoft002081mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj4wAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA779">The Atlantic, Volume 112</a>. Atlantic Monthly Company. 1913. p. 779.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlantic%2C+Volume+112&rft.pages=779&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Company&rft.date=1913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMj4wAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SGACAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA779">The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 112</a>. Atlantic Monthly Company. 1913. p. 779.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlantic+Monthly%2C+Volume+112&rft.pages=779&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Company&rft.date=1913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSGACAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhoads2000" class="citation book cs1">Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QiM2pF5PDR8C&pg=PA192">Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928</a> (illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0295980400" title="Special:BookSources/0295980400"><bdi>0295980400</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchus+and+Han%3A+Ethnic+Relations+and+Political+Power+in+Late+Qing+and+Early+Republican+China%2C+1861%E2%80%931928&rft.pages=192&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0295980400&rft.aulast=Rhoads&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQiM2pF5PDR8C%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhoads2000" class="citation book cs1">Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QiM2pF5PDR8C&pg=PA193">Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928</a> (illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0295980400" title="Special:BookSources/0295980400"><bdi>0295980400</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchus+and+Han%3A+Ethnic+Relations+and+Political+Power+in+Late+Qing+and+Early+Republican+China%2C+1861%E2%80%931928&rft.pages=193&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0295980400&rft.aulast=Rhoads&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQiM2pF5PDR8C%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgeraldKotker1969" class="citation book cs1">Fitzgerald, Charles Patrick; Kotker, Norman (1969). Kotker, Norman (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vPRxAAAAMAAJ&q=manchu+girls">The Horizon history of China</a> (illustrated ed.). American Heritage Pub. Co. p. 365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780828100052" title="Special:BookSources/9780828100052"><bdi>9780828100052</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horizon+history+of+China&rft.pages=365&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=American+Heritage+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780828100052&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Charles+Patrick&rft.au=Kotker%2C+Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvPRxAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmanchu%2Bgirls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afd. Letterkunde, Volume 4, Issues 1–2, by Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen. Afd. Letterkunde, a publication from 1904, now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> in the United States.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from Sectarianism and religious persecution in China: a page in the history of religions, Volume 2, by Jan Jakob Maria Groot, a publication from 1904, now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> in the United States.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from Accounts and papers of the House of Commons, by Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons, a publication from 1871, now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> in the United States.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from Encyclopædia of religion and ethics, Volume 8, by James Hastings, John Alexander Selbie, Louis Herbert Gray, a publication from 1916, now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> in the United States.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events, Volume 4, a publication from 1880, now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> in the United States.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from Translations of the Peking Gazette, a publication from 1880, now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> in the United States.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from The American annual cyclopedia and register of important events of the year ..., Volume 4, a publication from 1888, now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> in the United States.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from Appletons' annual cyclopedia and register of important events: Embracing political, military, and ecclesiastical affairs; public documents; biography, statistics, commerce, finance, literature, science, agriculture, and mechanical industry, Volume 19, a publication from 1886, now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> in the United States.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from The Chinese times, Volume 5, a publication from 1891, now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> in the United States.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from The Canadian spectator, Volume 1, a publication from 1878, now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> in the United States.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>General</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Hodong" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Hodong">Kim Hodong</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AtduqAtBzegC&dq=qilghan&pg=PA264">"Holy War in China: The Muslim Revolt and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864–1877"</a>. Stanford University Press (March 2004). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4884-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-4884-5">0-8047-4884-5</a>. (Searchable text available on Amazon.com)</li> <li>Bruce Elleman, "Modern Chinese Warfare (Warfare and History)". 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21474-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21474-2">0-415-21474-2</a>. (pp. 65-, the section on "The Tungan Rebellion, 1862–73").</li></ul> <dl><dt>Background, and the war in Shaanxi-Gansu</dt></dl> <ul><li>Jonathan N. Lipman, "Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China (Studies on Ethnic Groups in China)", University of Washington Press (February 1998), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-97644-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-97644-6">0-295-97644-6</a>. (Searchable text available on Amazon.com)</li></ul> <dl><dt>War in Xinjiang, and Russian involvement</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoulger1878" class="citation book cs1">Boulger, Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofyakoobbega00boulrich">The Life of Yakoob Beg: Athalik Ghazi, and Badaulet; Ameer of Kashgar</a>. London: W. H. Allen & Co. Retrieved 18 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Yakoob+Beg%3A+Athalik+Ghazi%2C+and+Badaulet%3B+Ameer+of+Kashgar&rft.place=London&rft.pub=W.+H.+Allen+%26+Co.&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Boulger&rft.aufirst=Demetrius+Charles+de+Kavanagh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofyakoobbega00boulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADungan+Revolt+%281862%E2%80%931877%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li>"Imperial Rivals: China, Russia, and Their Disputed Frontier", by Sarah C. M. Paine (1996) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56324-723-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56324-723-2">1-56324-723-2</a></li> <li>"The Ili Crisis: A Study of Sino-Russian Diplomacy, 1871-1881", by Immanuel Chung-yueh Hsü (1966)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930183639/http://new.hist.asu.ru/biblio/ruskit/03.html">V.A. Moiseev, "Muslim revolt in Xinjiang and Russia's policy (1864–1871)"</a>, in "Россия и Китай в Центральной Азии (вторая половина XIX в. – 1917 гг.)" (Russia and China in Central Asia (second half of the 19 c. thru 1917). <a href="/wiki/Barnaul" title="Barnaul">Barnaul</a>, Azbuka Publishers, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-93957-025-9" title="Special:BookSources/5-93957-025-9">5-93957-025-9</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Dungan emigration</dt></dl> <ul><li>Svetlana Rimsky-Korsakoff Dyer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070630174635/http://www.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/afs/pdf/a916.pdf">Karakunuz: An Early Settlement of the Chinese Muslims in Russia</a>, with an English translation of V. Tsibuzgin and A.Shmakov's work. "Asian Folklore Studies", Vol. 51 (1992), pp. 243–279.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060424085207/http://en.chinabroadcast.cn/1857/2004-7-9/53@130293.htm">The "Shaanxi Village" in Kazakhstan</a> (Chinabroadcast.cn)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dungan_revolt" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dungan revolt">Dungan revolt</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Qing_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Qing dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Qing_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Qing dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Qing_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Qing dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Qing_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="History of the Qing dynasty">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Early <div style="float: right;">(1616–1683)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_unification" title="Jurchen unification">Jurchen unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)" title="Later Jin (1616–1636)">Later Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Grievances" title="Seven Grievances">Seven Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Later Jin invasion of Joseon">Later Jin invasion of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Qing invasion of Joseon">Qing invasion of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">Transition from Ming to Qing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanhai_Pass" title="Battle of Shanhai Pass">Battle of Shanhai Pass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Clearance" title="Great Clearance">Great Clearance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penghu" title="Battle of Penghu">Battle of Penghu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories" title="Revolt of the Three Feudatories">Revolt of the Three Feudatories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Qing_era" title="High Qing era">High Qing</a> <div style="float: right;">(1683–1799)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">Dzungar–Qing Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Rites_controversy" title="Chinese Rites controversy">Chinese Rites controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Great_Campaigns" title="Ten Great Campaigns">Ten Great Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1735%E2%80%931736)" title="Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)">Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_riot_of_1750" title="Lhasa riot of 1750">Lhasa riot of 1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Altishahr_Khojas" title="Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas">Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afaqi_Khoja_revolts" title="Afaqi Khoja revolts">Afaqi Khoja revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Burmese_War" title="Sino-Burmese War">Sino-Burmese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Shuangwen_rebellion" title="Lin Shuangwen rebellion">Lin Shuangwen rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_H%E1%BB%93i-%C4%90%E1%BB%91ng_%C4%90a" title="Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa">Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepalese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1795%E2%80%931806)" title="Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)">Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Lotus_Rebellion" title="White Lotus Rebellion">White Lotus Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">19th century <div style="float: right;">(1801–1900)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Trigrams_uprising_of_1813" title="Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813">Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_war" title="Dogra–Tibetan war">Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nian_Rebellion" title="Nian Rebellion">Nian Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellion_(1854%E2%80%931856)" title="Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)">Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Swords_Society" title="Small Swords Society">Small Swords Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1854%E2%80%931873)" title="Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)">Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" title="Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)">Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthay_Rebellion" title="Panthay Rebellion">Panthay Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punti%E2%80%93Hakka_Clan_Wars" title="Punti–Hakka Clan Wars">Punti–Hakka Clan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement" title="Self-Strengthening Movement">Self-Strengthening Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_Restoration" title="Tongzhi Restoration">Tongzhi Restoration</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudan_incident" title="Mudan incident">Mudan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Massacre" title="Tianjin Massacre">Tianjin Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margary_Affair" title="Margary Affair">Margary Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Chinese_Famine_of_1876%E2%80%931879" title="Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879">Northern Chinese Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">Qing reconquest of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_expedition" title="Sikkim expedition">Sikkim expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindandao_incident" title="Jindandao incident">Jindandao incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongche_Shangshu_movement" title="Gongche Shangshu movement">Gongche Shangshu movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1895%E2%80%931896)" title="Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)">Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_Reform" title="Hundred Days' Reform">Hundred Days' Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_plague_pandemic" title="Third plague pandemic">Third plague pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lanterns_(Boxer_Uprising)" title="Red Lanterns (Boxer Uprising)">Red Lanterns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_decree_of_declaration_of_war_against_foreign_powers" title="Imperial decree of declaration of war against foreign powers">Declaration of war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">20th century <div style="float: right;">(1901–1912)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Qing_reforms" title="Late Qing reforms">Late Qing reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">British expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batang_uprising" title="Batang uprising">1905 Batang uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preparative_Constitutionalism" title="Preparative Constitutionalism">Preparative Constitutionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1909_Chinese_parliamentary_election" title="1909 Chinese parliamentary election">1909 Parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Chinese_provincial_elections" title="1909 Chinese provincial elections">1909 Provincial Assembly elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1910)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_plague" title="Manchurian plague">Manchurian plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Movement" title="Railway Protection Movement">Railway Protection Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuchang_Uprising" title="Wuchang Uprising">Wuchang Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Lhasa_turmoil" title="Xinhai Lhasa turmoil">Xinhai Lhasa turmoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1911">Mongolian Revolution of 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution_in_Xinjiang" title="1911 Revolution in Xinjiang">1911 Revolution in Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Edict_of_the_Abdication_of_the_Qing_Emperor" title="Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor">Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Favourable_Treatment_of_the_Great_Qing_Emperor_after_His_Abdication" title="Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Great Qing Emperor after His Abdication">Articles of Favourable Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Restoration" title="Manchu Restoration">Manchu Restoration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Government of the Qing dynasty">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Qing dynasty">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(late)#Qing_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors family tree (late)">Family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Advisory Council (Qing dynasty)">Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amban" title="Amban">Amban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Consultative Bureau">Consultative Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_of_Solid_Gold" title="Cup of Solid Gold">Cup of Solid Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_establishment_of_diplomatic_relations_with_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the Qing dynasty">Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da-Qing_Bank" title="Da-Qing Bank">Da-Qing Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_Council_of_Princes_and_Ministers" title="Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers">Deliberative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Qing dynasty">Diplomatic missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Flag of the Qing dynasty">Flag of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Grand Council (Qing dynasty)">Grand Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Legal_Code" title="Great Qing Legal Code">Great Qing Legal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Clan_Court" title="Imperial Clan Court">Imperial Clan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Commissioner_(China)" title="Imperial Commissioner (China)">Imperial Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Department" title="Imperial Household Department">Imperial Household Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Posts_and_Communications" title="Ministry of Posts and Communications">Ministry of Posts and Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Gates_Infantry_Commander" title="Nine Gates Infantry Commander">Nine Gates Infantry Commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coordinator_and_provincial_governor" title="Grand coordinator and provincial governor">Provincial governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_military_commander" title="Provincial military commander">Provincial military commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_the_Constitution_(1908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of the Constitution (1908)">Principles of the Constitution (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty">Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejen" title="Ejen">Ejen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Qing dynasty">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroys_in_China" title="Viceroys in China">Viceroys</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Zhili" title="Viceroy of Zhili">Zhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Shaan-Gan" title="Viceroy of Shaan-Gan">Shaan-Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Liangjiang" title="Viceroy of Liangjiang">Liangjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Huguang" title="Viceroy of Huguang">Huguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Sichuan" title="Viceroy of Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Min-Zhe" title="Viceroy of Min-Zhe">Min-Zhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Liangguang" title="Viceroy of Liangguang">Liangguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Yun-Gui" title="Viceroy of Yun-Gui">Yun-Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_the_Three_Eastern_Provinces" title="Viceroy of the Three Eastern Provinces">Three Eastern Provinces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zongli_Yamen" title="Zongli Yamen">Zongli Yamen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Military of the Qing dynasty">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Army" title="Beiyang Army">Beiyang Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Eight Banners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ever_Victorious_Army" title="Ever Victorious Army">Ever Victorious Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Standard_Army" title="Green Standard Army">Green Standard Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guards_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Imperial Guards (Qing dynasty)">Imperial Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_Battalion" title="Firearm Battalion">Firearm Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_Field_Force" title="Peking Field Force">Peking Field Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Army" title="New Army">New Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushenying" title="Hushenying">Hushenying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuishiying" title="Shuishiying">Shuishiying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuwei_Corps" title="Wuwei Corps">Wuwei Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong_Ying" title="Yong Ying">Yong Ying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Army" title="Chu Army">Chu Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huai_Army" title="Huai Army">Huai Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Army" title="Xiang Army">Xiang Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_Navy" title="Imperial Chinese Navy">Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Special regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Qing dynasty in Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Mongolia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mongolia_during_Qing" title="Administrative divisions of Mongolia during Qing">Administrative divisions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Qing_ambans_in_Tibet" title="List of Qing ambans in Tibet">List of ambans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Timeline of Xinjiang under Qing rule">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_Ili" title="General of Ili">General of Ili</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Qing_rule" title="Taiwan under Qing rule">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guest_House_of_Imperial_Envoys" title="Guest House of Imperial Envoys">Guest House of Imperial Envoys</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Palaces & mausoleums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengde_Mountain_Resort" title="Chengde Mountain Resort">Chengde Mountain Resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetu_Ala" title="Hetu Ala">Hetu Ala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Palace" title="Mukden Palace">Mukden Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Summer_Palace" title="Old Summer Palace">Old Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace" title="Summer Palace">Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qing_tombs" title="Eastern Qing tombs">Eastern Qing tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Qing_tombs" title="Western Qing tombs">Western Qing tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuling_Mausoleum" title="Fuling Mausoleum">Fuling Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Mausoleum_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)">Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Tombs_of_the_Ming_and_Qing_Dynasties" title="Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties">Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Society & culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou_School_of_Thought" title="Changzhou School of Thought">Changzhou School of Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_Classics_Collection_of_Ancient_China" title="Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China">Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibao" title="Dibao">Dibao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Economy of the Qing dynasty">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Qing_dynasty%27s_economic_performance" title="Criticism of Qing dynasty's economic performance">performance criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Wangs" title="Four Wangs">Four Wangs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">History of Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Dictionary" title="Kangxi Dictionary">Kangxi Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaozheng" title="Kaozheng">Kaozheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_inquisition" title="Literary inquisition">Literary inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Han_Imperial_Feast" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu Han Imperial Feast">Manchu Han Imperial Feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peiwen_Yunfu" title="Peiwen Yunfu">Peiwen Yunfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaglot_Dictionary" title="Pentaglot Dictionary">Pentaglot Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_official_headwear" title="Qing official headwear">Qing official headwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_poetry" title="Qing poetry">Qing poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_Tang_Poems" title="Complete Tang Poems">Complete Tang Poems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">Queue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Researches_on_Manchu_Origins" title="Researches on Manchu Origins">Researches on Manchu Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Edict_of_the_Kangxi_Emperor" title="Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor">Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Shamanism during the Qing dynasty">Shamanism during the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Islam during the Qing dynasty">Islam during the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siku_Quanshu" title="Siku Quanshu">Complete Library of the Four Treasuries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siku_Quanshu_Zongmu_Tiyao" title="Siku Quanshu Zongmu Tiyao">Annotated Bibliography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties_of_China_before_the_People%27s_Republic#Qing_dynasty" title="List of treaties of China before the People's Republic">Treaties</a> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kyakhta_(1727)" title="Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)">Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nerchinsk" title="Treaty of Nerchinsk">Treaty of Nerchinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaties" title="Unequal treaties">Unequal treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Protocol" title="Boxer Protocol">Boxer Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlingame_Treaty" title="Burlingame Treaty">Burlingame Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chefoo_Convention" title="Chefoo Convention">Chefoo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Between_Great_Britain_and_China_Respecting_Tibet" title="Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet">Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Extension_of_Hong_Kong_Territory" title="Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory">Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Peking" title="Convention of Peking">Convention of Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tientsin" title="Convention of Tientsin">Convention of Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%E2%80%93Lobanov_Treaty" title="Li–Lobanov Treaty">Li–Lobanov Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Portuguese_Treaty_of_Peking" title="Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking">Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aigun" title="Treaty of Aigun">Treaty of Aigun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Bogue" title="Treaty of the Bogue">Treaty of the Bogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Canton" title="Treaty of Canton">Treaty of Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kulja" title="Treaty of Kulja">Treaty of Kulja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1881)" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)">Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tarbagatai" title="Treaty of Tarbagatai">Treaty of Tarbagatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tientsin" title="Treaty of Tientsin">Treaty of Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wanghia" title="Treaty of Wanghia">Treaty of Wanghia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Whampoa" title="Treaty of Whampoa">Treaty of Whampoa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_coinage" title="Qing dynasty coinage">Coinage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhiqian" title="Zhiqian">Zhiqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Tongbao" title="Kangxi Tongbao">Kangxi Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Tongbao" title="Qianlong Tongbao">Qianlong Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongqian" title="Hongqian">Hongqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Copper_Coin" title="Great Qing Copper Coin">Great Qing Copper Coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Gold_Coin" title="Great Qing Gold Coin">Great Qing Gold Coin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Paper_money_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Paper money of the Qing dynasty">Paper money</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Treasure_Note" title="Great Qing Treasure Note">Great Qing Treasure Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubu_Guanpiao" title="Hubu Guanpiao">Hubu Guanpiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Da_Qing_Bank" title="Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank">Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisin_Gioro" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisin Gioro">Aisin Gioro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Qing_sentiment" title="Anti-Qing sentiment">Anti-Qing sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_System" title="Canton System">Canton System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuang_Guandong" title="Chuang Guandong">Chuang Guandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_History_of_Qing" title="Draft History of Qing">Draft History of Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Qing_(People%27s_Republic)" title="History of Qing (People's Republic)">History of Qing (People's Republic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_hunt_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty">Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Legacy of the Qing dynasty">Legacy of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Names of the Qing dynasty">Names of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Qing_History" title="New Qing History">New Qing History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_late_anti-Qing_rebellions" title="Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions">Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_ports" title="Treaty ports">Treaty ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_Palisade" title="Willow Palisade">Willow Palisade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862–1877)&oldid=1258704099">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862–1877)&oldid=1258704099</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_rebellions" title="Category:19th-century rebellions">19th-century rebellions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rebellions_in_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Category:Rebellions in the Qing dynasty">Rebellions in the Qing dynasty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Shaanxi" title="Category:Military history of Shaanxi">Military history of Shaanxi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Gansu" title="Category:Military history of Gansu">Military history of Gansu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Ningxia" title="Category:History of Ningxia">History of Ningxia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Xinjiang" title="Category:History of Xinjiang">History of Xinjiang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1860s_in_China" title="Category:1860s in China">1860s in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1870s_in_China" title="Category:1870s in China">1870s in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1862_in_China" title="Category:1862 in China">1862 in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1877_in_China" title="Category:1877 in China">1877 in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Death_marches" title="Category:Death marches">Death marches</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dungan" title="Category:Dungan">Dungan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muslim_rebellions" title="Category:Muslim rebellions">Muslim rebellions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_cleansing_in_Asia" title="Category:Ethnic cleansing in Asia">Ethnic cleansing in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples_in_Asia" title="Category:Genocide of indigenous peoples in Asia">Genocide of indigenous peoples in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_mass_murder_in_China" title="Category:19th-century mass murder in China">19th-century mass murder in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_military_history_of_China" title="Category:19th-century military history of China">19th-century military history of China</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese_(China)-language_sources_(zh-cn)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese (China)-language sources (zh-cn)">CS1 Chinese (China)-language sources (zh-cn)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)">CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_February_2016" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from February 2016">Articles with incomplete citations from February 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: year">CS1 maint: year</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">CS1 maint: others</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_cleanup_from_September_2022" title="Category:Articles needing cleanup from September 2022">Articles needing cleanup from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations_from_September_2022" title="Category:Articles with bare URLs for citations from September 2022">Articles with bare URLs for citations from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:All articles with bare URLs for citations">All articles with bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify_from_September_2022" title="Category:Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from September 2022">Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify" title="Category:All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify">All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2020">Use dmy dates from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text">Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text">Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Dungan-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Dungan-language text">Articles containing Dungan-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hatnote_templates_targeting_a_nonexistent_page" title="Category:Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page">Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_July_2014" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2014">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_March_2020" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from March 2020">Articles lacking reliable references from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 03:39 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-r8l5s","wgBackendResponseTime":171,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.013","walltime":"2.321","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12425,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":501229,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11249,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":25,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":653394,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1923.835 1 -total"," 54.35% 1045.595 1 Template:Reflist"," 37.89% 729.030 126 Template:Cite_book"," 6.48% 124.617 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 5.54% 106.489 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.47% 105.291 4 Template:Cite_web"," 5.19% 99.777 1 Template:Langx"," 4.69% 90.249 1 Template:History_of_Xinjiang"," 3.99% 76.774 2 Template:Pagetype"," 3.79% 72.901 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.246","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19724511,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","240","18.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","180","13.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","120","9.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","7.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","80","6.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","6.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","4.5"],["type","60","4.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","4.5"],["? \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/COinS:18\u003E","60","4.5"],["[others]","280","21.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.canary-84779d6bf6-wgwwp","timestamp":"20241122142449","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Dungan Revolt (1862\u20131877)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q889879","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q889879","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-03-24T19:34:52Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T03:39:32Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/ad\/Veselovski-1898-Yakub-Bek.jpg","headline":"Muslim minority revolt against Qing dynasty China"}</script> </body> </html>