Primary Sources with DBQs | Asia for Educators

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href="#">Japan</a></div> <div class="side-menu-2"><a href="#4000-1000">4000 - 1000 BCE</a></div> <div class="side-menu-2"><a href="#1000-300">1000 BCE - 300 CE</a></div> <div class="side-menu-2"><a href="#600-1000">600 - 1000</a></div> <div class="side-menu-2"><a href="#1000-1450">1000 - 1450</a></div> <div class="side-menu-2"><a href="#1450-1750">1450 - 1750</a></div> <div class="side-menu-2"><a href="#1750-1919">1750 - 1919</a></div> <div class="side-menu-2"><a href="#1900-1950">1900 - 1950</a></div> <div class="side-menu-2"><a href="#1950-2000">1950 - 2000</a></div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-8"> <div class="content-section-japan"> <h1>Primary Sources with DBQs—Japan<span id="top"></span></h1>  <h3>4000 - 1000 BCE<span id="4000-1000"></span></h3> <h4>Origin Myths in the <em>Kojiki</em> and <em>Nihon Shoki</em></h4> <p class="sa">  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_1000bce_originmyths.htm" target="_blank">The Legendary Past: The Age of the Gods</a> </p>  <h3>1000 BCE - 300 CE<span id="1000-300"></span></h3> <h4>Origin Myths in the <em>Kojiki</em> and <em>Nihon Shoki</em></h4> <p class="sa">  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_1000bce_originmyths.htm" target="_blank">The Legendary Past: The Age of the Gods</a> </p> <h4>Women Rulers: Pimiko, the Queen of Wa</h4> <p class="sa"><span class="kotime">History of the Kingdom of Wei (Wei Zhi), ca. 297 CE</span> <br>  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/wei_history_wa_pimiko.pdf" target="_blank">History of the Kingdom of Wei (Wei Zhi) [PDF]</a></p>   <h3>600 - 1000<span id="600-1000"></span></h3> <h4>Buddhism in Japan</h4> <p class="sa"><span class="kotime">Kukai, 774-835, founder of the Shingon or "True Word" school </span><br>  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/kukai_3teachings.pdf" target="_blank">"Indications of the Goals of the Three Teachings" (Sango Shiki) and "A School of Arts and Sciences" [PDF]</a><br> <br> <span class="kotime">Saicho, 767-822, founder of the Tendai (Tiantai) school </span><br>  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/saicho_selected.pdf" target="_blank">Selected Writings: "Prayer on Mount Hiei"; "On the Possibility of Enlightenment for All Men"; "Vow of the Uninterrupted Study of the <i>Lotus Sutra</i>"; The Mahayana Precepts in <i>Admonitions of the Fanwang Sutra</i>" [PDF]</a></p>  <h4>Remaking the Japanese Government after the Chinese Model</h4> <p class="sa"><span class="kotime">Prince Shôtoku, 573-621; Constitution, 604 CE </span><br>  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/shotoku.pdf" target="_blank">The Constitution of Prince Shôtoku [PDF]</a></p> <p class="sa"><span class="kotime">Emperor Kôtoku, 596-654; Reform Edict, 646 CE </span><br>  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/taika.pdf" target="_blank">The Reform Edict of Taika [PDF]</a></p> <p class="sa"><span class="kotime">Emperor Kammu, 737-806; Kondei System, 792 CE </span><br>  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/kondei.pdf" target="_blank">The Kondei System: An Official Order of the Council of State [PDF]</a> </p>  <h4>Literature</h4> <p class="sa"><span class="kotime">Manyôshû, compiled 7th century; Kokinshû, compiled 8th to 10th centuries </span><br>  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_600ce_manyoshu.htm" target="_blank">The <i>Manyôshû</i> and <i>Kokinshû</i> Poetry Collections</a></p> <p class="sa">  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_600ce_waka.htm" target="_blank">What Is a <i>waka</i>?</a> </p> <p class="sa"> <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_600ce_pillowbook.htm" target="_blank"><i>Excerpts from </i>The Pillow Book of Sei Shônagon</a></p>   <h3>1000 - 1450<span id="1000-1450"></span></h3> <h4>New Sects in Buddhism</h4> <p class="sa"><span class="kotime">Shinran, 1173-1263, founder of the Jodo Shinshu (The True Teaching of the Pure Land)</span><br>  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/shinran.pdf" target="_blank">Shinran's Lamentation and Self-Reflection [PDF]</a> </p> <p class="sa"><span class="kotime">Dôgen Zenji, 1200-1253, founder of the Soto Zen sect</span><br>  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/dogen.pdf" target="_blank">Dôgen's How to Practice Buddhism (Bendôwa) [PDF]</a></p> <p class="sa"><span class="kotime">Nichiren, 1222-1282, founder of the Nichiren sect</span><br>  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/nichiren.pdf" target="_blank">Nichiren's Rectification for the Peace of the Nation (Risshô Ankoku Ron) [PDF]</a> </p>  <h4>Government: Maintaining Order during Times of Political Transition</h4> <p class="sa"><span class="kotime">Minamoto Yoritomo, 1147-1199, and the Kamakura Bakufu</span><br>  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/kamakura_bakufu.pdf" target="_blank">Selected Documents of the Kamakura Bakufu [PDF]</a></p> <p class="sa"><span class="kotime">Ashikaga Takauji, 1305-1358</span><br>  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/kemmu_code.pdf" target="_blank">The Kemmu Shikimoku (Kemmu Code) [PDF]</a></p> <p class="sa"><span class="kotime">Imagawa Sadayo (Imagawa Ryôshun), 1325-1420</span><br>  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/imagawa.pdf" target="_blank">Articles of Admonition by Imagawa Ryôshun to His Son Nakaaki [PDF]</a></p> <p class="sa"><span class="kotime">Asakura Toshikage, 1428-14851</span><br>  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/asakura_law.pdf" target="_blank">The Seventeen-Article Injunction of Asakura Toshikage [PDF]</a> </p>  <h4>War Tales: <em>The Tale of the Heike</em></h4> <p class="sa"> <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_1000ce_heike.htm" target="_blank" class="ch">The Tale of the Heike</a></p>  <h4>Military: The Northern Song Defeated by the Jurchen Jin</h4> <p class="sa"><span class="kotime">Yue Fei, 1103-1142 </span><br>  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/china/full_river_yuefei.pdf" target="_blank">Poem to be Sung to the Tune of "Full River Red" [PDF]</a></p>  <h4>Literature: Ch么mei and Kenk么</h4> <p class="sa">  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_1000ce_chomei.htm" target="_blank">An Account of My Hut</a></p> <p class="sa">  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_1000ce_idleness.htm" target="_blank">Essays in Idleness</a></p>   <h3>1450 - 1750<span id="1450-1750"></span></h3> <h4>The Government of the Tokugawa Sh么gunate</h4> <p class="sa"><span class="kotime">Edicts of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 1536-1598</span><br>  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/tokugawa_edicts_christianity.pdf" target="_blank">The Edicts of Toyotomi Hideyoshi: <i>Excerpts from</i> Limitation on the Propagation of Christianity, 1587, and Expulsion of Missionaries, 1587 [PDF]</a> <br>  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/tokugawa_edicts_swords.pdf" target="_blank">The Edicts of Toyotomi Hideyoshi: <i>Excerpts from</i> Collection of Swords, 1588 [PDF]</a></p> <p class="sa"><span class="kotime">Edicts of the Tokugawa Shogunate</span><br>  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/tokugawa_edicts_military.pdf" target="_blank">The Edicts of the Tokugawa Shogunate: <i>Excerpts from</i> Laws of Military Households, 1615 [PDF]</a> <br>  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/tokugawa_edicts_foreigners.pdf" target="_blank">The Edicts of 1635 Ordering the Closing of Japan: Addressed to the Joint Bugyô of Nagasaki [PDF]</a> </p>  <h4>Social Hierarchy under the Tokugawa Sh么gunate</h4> <p class="sa"><span class="kotime">Tokugawa Ieyasu, 1543-1616</span><br>  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/ieyasu_four_classes.pdf" target="_blank">Tokugawa Ieyasu on Military Government and the Social Order [PDF]</a></p>  <h4>The Samurai Class</h4> <p class="sa"><span class="kotime">Yamaga Sokô, 1622-1685</span><br>  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/soko_samurai.pdf" target="_blank"><i>Excerpts from </i>The Way of the Samurai (Shîdo) [PDF]</a> </p> <p class="sa"><span class="kotime">Yamamoto Tsunetomo, 1659-1719</span><br>  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/hakagure.pdf" target="_blank"><i>Excerpts from </i>Hagakure (In the Shadow of Leaves) [PDF]</a> <br>  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/hakagure_wilson_version.pdf" target="_blank"><i>Excerpts from </i>Hagakure (In the Shadow of Leaves): On Death, Living in the Moment, Speaking, Etc. [PDF]</a> </p> <p class="sa">  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_1450_47ronin.htm" target="_blank">The Tale of the 47 Rônin</a></p>  <h4>The Merchant Class</h4> <p class="sa"> <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_1450_merchant.htm" target="_blank">The Prosperous Merchant in Tokugawa Society</a></p> <p class="sa"><span class="kotime">Shimai Sôshitsu, 1539-1615</span><br>  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/shimai_soshitsu.pdf" target="_blank">Codes of Merchant Houses: The Testament of Shimai Sôshitsu [PDF]</a></p>  <h4>Women</h4> <p class="sa"><span class="kotime">Kaibara Ekiken (Ekken), 1630-1714</span><br>  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/ekken_greaterlearning.pdf?menu=1&s=4" target="_blank"><i>Excerpts from </i>The Greater Learning for Women (Onna daigaku)</a></p>  <h4>Literature: Comic Novels, Comic Verse; Poetry of Matsuo Bash么; Drama</h4> <p class="sa"><span class="kotime">Ihara Saikaku, 1642-1693</span><br>  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_1450_saikaku.htm" target="_blank"><i>Excerpts from </i>"The Beauty Contest"</a> </p> <p class="sa"> <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_1450_haikai.htm" target="_blank">Haikai: Comic Linked Verse</a> </p> <p class="sa"> <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_1450_basho.htm" target="_blank">The Poetry of Bashô</a></p> <p class="sa"> <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_1450_basho_narrow.htm" target="_blank">Bashô's <i>Narrow Road to the Deep North</i></a></p> <p class="sa"><span class="kotime">Chikamatsu Monzaemon, 1653-1725</span><br>  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_1450_chika.htm" target="_blank">Chikamatsu: "Japan's Shakespeare"</a></p>   <h3>1750 - 1919<span id="1750-1919"></span></h3> <h4>Reflections on Encounters with "the West" and Japan's Modernization</h4> <p class="sa"><span class="kotime">Aizawa Seishisai, 1781-1863</span><br>  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/aizawa_seishisai_shinron.pdf" target="_blank"><i>Excerpts from </i>Shinron (New Theses): "The Barbarians' Nature" [PDF]</a></p> <p class="sa"><span class="kotime">Fukuzawa Yukichi, 1834-1901</span><br>  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/fukuzawa_yukichi.pdf" target="_blank"><i>Excerpts from </i>The Autobiography of Fukuzawa Yukichi [PDF]</a> </p>  <h4>The Meiji Government</h4> <p class="sa">  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/charter_oath_1868.pdf" target="_blank">The Charter Oath (of the Meiji Restoration), 1868 [PDF]</a></p> <p class="sa"> <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/meiji_constitution.pdf" target="_blank">The Meiji Constitution of 1889 [PDF]</a></p>  <h4>Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)</h4> <p class="sa"> <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/portsmouth.pdf" target="_blank">The Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)</a></p>  <h4>U.S. Forces Japan to "Open" Its Ports</h4> <p class="sa"><span class="kotime">Millard Fillmore, 1800-1874; Matthew Perry, 1794-1858</span><br>  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_1750_perry.htm" target="_blank">Commodore Perry and Japan (1853-1854)</a><br> On July 8, 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry of the United States Navy, commanding a squadron of two steamers and two sailing vessels, sailed into Tôkyô harbor aboard the frigate <i>Susquehanna</i> and forced Japan to enter into trade with the United States. This unit examines that historical exchange with an introductory essay and an examination of the <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/fillmore_perry_letters.pdf">three letters that President Fillmore and Commodore Perry wrote to the Japanese emperor [PDF]</a>.</p> <p class="sa"> <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/meiji_to_grant.pdf" target="_blank">Excerpts from the Letter from Emperor Meiji (Mutsuhito) to President Ulysses S. Grant, on the Iwakura Mission, 1871</a><br> "In 1871, the fledgling Meiji government dispatched a mission [the Iwakura Mission] of almost fifty high officials and scholars to travel around the world, including extended tours of the United States... The leaders of the mission also attempted to begin the renegotiation of the 'unequal treaties' — the exploitative diplomatic and economic agreements imposed by the Western powers on Japan in the 1850s... This letter from the Emperor Meiji was presented to U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant when the Iwakura Mission visited Washington, D.C."</p>  <h4>Codes of Merchant Houses, Late Tokugawa Period</h4> <p class="sa"> <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/okaya_house_code.pdf" target="_blank">Codes of Merchant Houses: The Code of the Okaya House (1836) [PDF]</a> <br> "Although merchants were accorded low social status in the Tokugawa order and the Confucian orthodoxy of the time, commerce thrived in early modern Japan. ... The Okaya house was based in Nagoya in central Japan and had its origins trading in hardware. This code was written by Okaya Sanezumi, under whose leadership the house prospered, in 1836."</p>   <h3>1900 - 1950<span id="1900-1950"></span></h3> <h4>Nationalism and Propaganda</h4> <p class="sa"> <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/kokutai.pdf" target="_blank">Kokutai no hongi (Fundamentals of Our National Polity), 1937 [PDF]</a></p>  <h4>Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905); World War I and Its Aftermath</h4> <p class="sa"> <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/portsmouth.pdf" target="_blank">The Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)</a></p> <p class="sa"><span class="kotime">Okuma Shigenobu, 1838-1922</span><br>  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/illusions.pdf" target="_blank">"Illusions of the White Race" (1921) [PDF]</a></p>  <h4>Japan and World War II; The Atomic Bomb; Allied/American Occupation of Japan</h4> <p class="sa"><span class="kotime">Nagai Ryutaro, 1881-1944</span><br>  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/questions_for_roosevelt.pdf" target="_blank">"Some Questions for President Roosevelt" (1939) [PDF]</a></p> <p class="sa"> <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/china/japanese_ambassador.pdf" target="_blank">Japanese Ambassador Hiroshi Saito on the Conflict in the Far East [PDF]</a> </p> <p class="sa"> <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_1900_bomb.htm" target="_blank">The Atomic Bomb</a><br> Background reading discussing some of the events that preceded the U.S. dropping of the atomic bomb and presenting some of the questions left about the necessity and results of the bombing. With three primary source documents with document-based questions [<a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/interim_committee.pdf" target="_blank">Report of the Interim Committee on the Military Use of the Atomic Bomb (May 1945) [PDF]</a>; <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/frank_committee.pdf" target="_blank">Report of the Franck Committee on the Social and Political Implications of a Demonstration of the Atomic Bomb (For a Non-Combat Demonstration) (June 1945) [PDF]</a>; <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/potsdam.pdf" target="_blank">The Potsdam Declaration (July 26, 1945) [PDF]</a>], plus activities for students.</p> <p class="sa">  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/stimson_harpers.pdf" target="_blank">"The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb," by Henry Lewis Stimson (February 1947) [PDF]</a></p> <p class="sa"> <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/constitution_1947.pdf" target="_blank">The Constitution of Japan (1947) [PDF]</a></p>   <h3>1950 - 2000<span id="1950-2000"></span></h3> <h4>Japan's Postwar Military Policy</h4> <p class="sa">  <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_1950_usjapan.htm" target="_blank">Article 9 and the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty</a><br> Both <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/constitution_1947.pdf">Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution [PDF]</a>, which prohibits Japan from maintaining military forces for settlement of international disputes, and the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, which allows the U.S. military to maintain bases on Japanese soil, have been at the center of controversy both in Japan and the United States. This unit includes an essay that explores the changing attitudes towards these two agreements, as well as two primary-source readings: the <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/bilateral_treaty.pdf">U.S.-Japan Security Treaty of 1951 [PDF]</a> and <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/mutual_cooperation_treaty.pdf">the revised security treaty of 1960 [PDF]</a>. With discussion questions for students.</p>  <h4>Literature: Kawabata Yasunari (1889-1972)</h4> <p class="sa"> <a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_1950_kawabata.htm" target="_blank">"The Pomegranate," by Kawabata Yasunari</a></p>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main>  <div class="footer-area section-gap"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm single-footer-widget"> <div class="col-lg-4 col-md-12 footer-social"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220315095750/https://www.facebook.com/asiaforeducators" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-facebook"></i></a> </div> <h5><a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/about-afe.htm">About Asia for Educators</a></h5> </div> <div class="col-sm single-footer-widget"> <h5><a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/main_pop/related/language.htm">Language Network</a></h5> <h5><a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/main_pop/related/travel.htm">Travel and School Exchanges</a></h5> <h5><a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/main_pop/related/education-awards.htm">Education Awards in Asian Studies</a></h5> <h5><a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/main_pop/related/asian.htm">Asian Studies Resource Sites</a></h5> <h5><a href="/web/20220315095750/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/main_pop/related/other.htm">Africa / Latin America / Middle East Resources</a></h5> </div> <div class="col-sm single-footer-widget"> <h5><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220315095750/http://nctasia.org/" target="_blank">National Consortium for Teaching about Asia (NCTA)</a></h5> <h5><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220315095750/https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/" target="_blank"><em>Education about Asia</em> Magazine</a></h5> <h5><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220315095750/https://www.tc.columbia.edu/arts-and-humanities/tcsol-certificate/" target="_blank">TCSOL: Teaching Chinese to Speakers of Other Languages</a></h5> </div> <div class="col-sm single-footer-widget"> <img src="/web/20220315095750im_/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/afe-css/afe-logo-2021-square-220w.png" width="220px" class="footer-logo" alt=""/> </div> </div> <div class="footer-text"> Copyright ©<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script> Columbia University Asia for Educators </div> </div> </div>  <script> $(document).ready(function () { $(document).click(function (event) { var click = $(event.target); var _open = $(".navbar-collapse").hasClass("show"); if (_open === true && !click.hasClass("navbar-toggler")) { $(".navbar-toggler").click(); } }); }); </script> </body> </html>

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