CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9136ba2b1a5b40aa',cH: 'TkCMVJoTKJHzfITbT0KZUQXeIRO2LyE1CMAo76O1JiI-1739805267-1.2.1.1-KgP3tlzJ3Aizp2OrPVMtFKvwhOgqGarm1z00sT06ddcKZC2akKN0fvWBkL5PCFOk',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=A.%20Date&__cf_chl_tk=bAbqapphZv0ZkeZIVq6QOKpV16aW2VBAXKBh16a3Z1c-1739805267-1.0.1.1-XhghmV0aghBnSp.vL2WRXjuGxITFW1uQBPukTGV6OwI",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1739805267',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=A.%20Date&__cf_chl_f_tk=bAbqapphZv0ZkeZIVq6QOKpV16aW2VBAXKBh16a3Z1c-1739805267-1.0.1.1-XhghmV0aghBnSp.vL2WRXjuGxITFW1uQBPukTGV6OwI",md: "CsEs9ouuk4W025qyqDwZOePM4KkWbU9dsaGnaMX0Fgk-1739805267-1.2.1.1-SsVE7Ztttffcsi._PUF0p02YQfq2jFdL3UPPIqeZwA4fXvVKYNSUMkPckvDdtdtbPzMM2ydofjfmXG7wmgVJQWFYNQ.FGw6x1nr8zOU7CG1sChBubqOOmSlB3bve3y40CqAT9GSjEUeNsD8OQLM3iufqPwXugStd9d89OTRIWQNGTw_pIWb79lyUODnhVspKB0k8N5cnrbQcSoi4sKzyAWdZp04H3U_RcHdDGnuX838hrPry4fsf.3FgZ3xKYKd3MK148yIUM7g8iBrKi5wKzIjb1PhDM_KUrsVufAl9jqvq.jMbOav5basl0sd2Z5gvmiRVKjkyoF06q6CNWZK0PpxxHeeBZ5dZOOyzxLZokAeqSSN1rcjcYwuEOqQHe_w7XvbHba95HC3KvDQaSCrt71ekVsLlNxIk_HQdD3kpxdlqj4VrUJZSfAk5FSBwjHnWcQeADwVQx0xhI7JEE_5qxFAB40P9TMcZGiOg2Fk_OqJdff.xrOGe_aBWZ8thQwUlogt36CWyCejCKEIfYCK7JuRTiJWELguimXUsMRM8HGGA4jVz4GUWeaX6vFay6eo8uyXH.jZ7RbhW8qKy_5ZM_jY4DyT53ONcsNyfXNv6BFUZvvOlsTOFIC9wbVw9VJMYvUswSGFMD2BjYYhxYzcGrzpr7gyaa_HEWiUkWwRXZ94mUt.YW0tyV74GnCBCQyNNEDCjjr1_3X_fiXCbjhz_KLXmwrjiY6tzSTVLotEVQjqIo04DUYPLYg_2QxYEJRjmg_sJoTU2Yf.G_6irxNfdoL1ou8m1LSXkWfuuqxVNK3rKJYg83GcR6Dq7ZMCmsNnsqBnL2Kuzqmm_PZW8T0gj8UEhJkjPn7yl6MwfXrN1boCeGkb1D39a8tqkTVEwLNnHLZ09N3KzU80i8Vxf78FvE5aNNfBNxCHPDPCxlZ.pFL_k85vPBsotB3yQYlj5ryJlaMytPmefPFg2AC02XgYdB5keeOZXQ0IvFIHXLZ7awp52EYEQlTMb8je6Lui7ZdZ5VR_qQZkfLpAmZ.vTympYir2wApT4gl_BAe2rpcf_xo7DkSdd0OCBpPNT8JAk.Z76kLbu9JJ4uAPDyJaU5.8rJ1fzTD51sfQG38cF6xNrm1g7Dl2VJqJQ2uS.xcMrefwvbf_nsNd.yTW4KILq.b_HDRnp1VZeKTz7Ntd0.rdLVIBMyAfV79KyR.ThiEuZ4FtrsvAPfKPL8WWkeQYa.wMxPt9jJB56AT4ATxhbmjPunAwsPrBlDqitRjxlp9dsC8TSDpy4bp.h9PppuI2.wKIo9ssAVzlylWDs8B_PBIqW7RtJQ3dHcO0blshZFo45o_WdXil_0NJCRYqbB7aL9NGbxFwDYwP.wF6f7yAGNPXJqUluekxi3W9Mi9LIWHHQfcJc3Fhfnc5hAiIHC0IEqY6JH_Gf14qYESwo6UoW4h7USY5axkO0ouDJc7gIgWumeOqDl03Vp5R.4slzeTyGN16D2ml2Rtmd8F07DtkjqKWxt3xVgK.u4qpiXrSFP0WqQcpMilhXjEEAUo2xaNalh1qW445GNAxECRYDeF48jTWYpDQAWBKSrTBVV1jcXzjm3tdXHbgZTizeGLdUuZed4_cpSqMt_2kpF82SCjcxA8nfdqmFMptcC2zlFhoEvMFpBZS1PwY7beC4uJ7TBhM7kt9NGSBjP41T8LftINCIL0isyNciXt0s9.LWv4vSePFCDrj8p6mzmLvGmxFFQsOmdzxG00vjRjqluoS1HVKiyHe9SOjRSZX.0q2hTB4ioM4fbfrDDiCngoztm.ShzyWbc63IwIIIYfwHiMXyoEiz5FjZjxaoGelHl6.Wy684.eNaCaFwbJbbMkm4JdbS0OZK5wfGBr98LwQQKvcSMCr3F5nfSdciqTSRjk4h.VgMF6muRSu5A.XJkBxHapd99.G21J8Lrw",mdrd: "3qdJYfSmgRvbKPsoSDGWdAhZ3UGERqIS62SrzZQiPmA-1739805267-1.2.1.1-7HwDVn7_Pl39b8LzHHwPiDFArfCbIvpLSfidS5Ug0ZfkaOlVIQgv_3RXYMVBIH6IkrJ2qZAaNo3p7GPHDAGm2gzTQoEbDPhZnuMmfihf13ucQ5NzdeUAN3TOVmxKSjcsglv2ItCcEWNNR3hSrCscOxXiKTMuAOMIlR1v2a1wwMAWHOEQyVpIXCQkQ0zYeCyqYsFQA1wAT4NoE_ZxTFmFyO5sKCfFvxqH1448sUjnWq2VUMJrTDvOzwQx3Dvdz9X1saitZD2a_rXKyKarKPxIaliGdOZG4kLdJwdLMvoNQ6ATpH4P9GX02DUwiMv460gwT1bPP6XgaUf2brxKq0h5aaLmCAwy0z.SZriK4jqdbyXC05sHgn7LYh8vfzv8aZK3R2i0BWkowR93T4P_Q1e3batmBbN_x0RPQSIj89k4WlFgtMcXSr2fotwe6qnp.cd5NrPE0_eN9ukYzhZekdqynr8zWySeJepX4I_A.8gbfUHeMspqF2WoRsTj1dBNBqMxspWTjRmfnRbRpE0_QIkwkqKsz_kGRNE1uwYVXUB3yuqW79uM9PkYW3rmIe7mzkrIC9fv1dhGyc4kyQwTF12jqHUCY8.1t4TQjlv1ywDy4tsr0qJCuC_hP9oTmsMDs14QIbf2ATFTPCRpGaxlk8ZfL8.77j91D78PIcFxcPJzYh3hlNhUJbq.Q.yx4_qG5XpoE0CWH_TMAjCZbNlGzLEt10yIRlDJdv_8aa1y1i4rmB35o6lMOyAbp2_1hr1VJZHvjZsB2vn_0MdFS96SmYUD5V8eKkLir9u0fQDtzbGzoGGyI8xEGLNV2mMR_BHbhYbhD7UpAyXdo_WHGEsd09mO5oayzSwNA2Fmas92avSLzMVP3_lhfIkhLptMcAfFJsPAMe6iaCZ6aQyrn7ngXFMrv_b2_8xnUtETBJg34FKO4d06qC2LF.61zVIk69eS9GUpHcuZl.DjY0tgKM4EBtw1G1EGvP5Ql1SmCZ4azmxSf9WVmVWZnTInUzYjNI4hPKnc7KdAX.eNp6JbHycfWbLJDMWimjusFxro3XdsM.rI9TTFnzj8O8zUscIpuEwcB2xbL1ofoE4c4X.fDAHt7qHjHfaMLa6rr0dpXSzMmYc_kxqk_jeQaCootn0E78.GgoSW1PbRDLKMaRYJrP6kFDfE6T0ncVmCbMBm6iSysk5F71_Y2ZBAiEP37gA3oYorMFG6IjZV4W3aRV4KUkLOKJyi6Qq0tpGZuEo.Yh9Xz3YxYwonS5npsqtT1fMe6HoAFka77aVOIOTujLlyauom1L1o45jrfZ3yaAbbKGreKkBkIhgYsfdSVy1yTkLCnUCf3C6O86NuNQoPG19mtAmd..K2EVMnvZOxwHb8168hosko.IRWh5FBseof5NGT5YWYVd4EhU0qstrJL.3pxwd6Ay_o6NQNl.6TVjxMhGbjcNQrPW91xIlTsoxghjUaov67l59K6X6jwH5_gRrVKnMdoBEOin4W6O3lt4iR_6RcghNIc2MCSZ7mAFC473C1HH46NoqJ4jJeIjFjisrgwBQmmKyQHyuGVoYHPx26cHIcD_qVU9mqz8M9L73Fi6i9zTFKR7P2urdwk8xzgVpwQxnkbMtU0oidivTqww.Y9rCLWWY7dr9GWH__w6gn1_ztjmZl7trlhiRcf6Vqo3sNKO6Ntn8C95s2waib7DpcOdsYLJhw2WHzS6Ehgdy6erJu0Do6J_XFDa2ZxP_nG8KtBJmSvy.C1cnxgj.6QTpjryygDf1yG0WmtHBl3KCWgGhLyxA2cAIEwA0tY9M1igQfnpOh8l92GHHrvI6NGdnRcAoJs91QijON_gU_qj8ldKSySw9FqwDxGmEFikPjUcBK7bVQPuZV6pNUMppcN4Pn1ZbffWr7KNevIHgyqKLYRwxJmMfvuZTrtUHLl3aUH.9wSvHcFeR5rhyRRocUpZQwDMHOfcIbnttB0RinFPOMO4yyX7ZkuBVeIyGHD0MdLLo8LXt8ZchjoA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9136ba2b1a5b40aa';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=A.%20Date&__cf_chl_rt_tk=bAbqapphZv0ZkeZIVq6QOKpV16aW2VBAXKBh16a3Z1c-1739805267-1.0.1.1-XhghmV0aghBnSp.vL2WRXjuGxITFW1uQBPukTGV6OwI" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>