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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_bar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_bar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Title bar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_bar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Title_bar_buttons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_bar_buttons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Title bar buttons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_bar_buttons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_bar_icon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_bar_icon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Title bar icon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_bar_icon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Document_status_icon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Document_status_icon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Document status icon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Document_status_icon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tiling_window_managers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tiling_window_managers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Tiling window managers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tiling_window_managers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_operating_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_operating_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>In popular operating systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_operating_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Window (computing)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%99nc%C9%99r%C9%99_(%C4%B0nformatika)" title="Pəncərə (İnformatika) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pəncərə (İnformatika)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finestra_(inform%C3%A0tica)" title="Finestra (informàtica) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Finestra (informàtica)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okno_(GUI)" title="Okno (GUI) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Okno (GUI)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenster_(Computer)" title="Fenster (Computer) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fenster (Computer)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventana_(inform%C3%A1tica)" title="Ventana (informática) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ventana (informática)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%87_(%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87)" title="پنجره (رایانه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پنجره (رایانه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fen%C3%AAtre_(informatique)" title="Fenêtre (informatique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fenêtre (informatique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuinneoga" title="Fuinneoga – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fuinneoga" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%BD_(%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85)" title="창 (컴퓨팅) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="창 (컴퓨팅)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluggi_(t%C3%B6lvur)" title="Gluggi (tölvur) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gluggi (tölvur)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finestra_(informatica)" title="Finestra (informatica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Finestra (informatica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F_(%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91)" title="חלון (מחשוב) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חלון (מחשוב)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5_(%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83)" title="Терезе (ақпараттану) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Терезе (ақпараттану)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirisha_(utarakilishi)" title="Dirisha (utarakilishi) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dirisha (utarakilishi)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5_(%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Терезе (информатика) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Терезе (информатика)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetingkap" title="Tetingkap – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tetingkap" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venster_(computer)" title="Venster (computer) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Venster (computer)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%A6" title="ウィンドウ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィンドウ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindu_(informatikk)" title="Vindu (informatikk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vindu (informatikk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A7%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0_(%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5)" title="Тӧрза (информатике) – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Тӧрза (информатике)" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okno_(informatyka)" title="Okno (informatyka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Okno (informatyka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janela_(inform%C3%A1tica)" title="Janela (informática) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Janela (informática)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE_(%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Окно (информатика) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Окно (информатика)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_(computing)" title="Window (computing) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Window (computing)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okno_(Windows)" title="Okno (Windows) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Okno (Windows)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikkuna_(tietojenk%C3%A4sittely)" title="Ikkuna (tietojenkäsittely) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ikkuna (tietojenkäsittely)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6nster_(datorgrafik)" title="Fönster (datorgrafik) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fönster (datorgrafik)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencere_(bilgisayar)" title="Pencere (bilgisayar) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pencere (bilgisayar)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE_(%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81)" title="Вікно (інтерфейс) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вікно (інтерфейс)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%86%D8%B2%D9%86%DB%95%D9%83" title="كۆزنەك – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كۆزنەك" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purnea_(%C3%A9ndjolike)" title="Purnea (éndjolike) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Purnea (éndjolike)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E7%AA%97" title="視窗 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="視窗" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E7%AA%97" title="視窗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="視窗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Visual area containing some kind of user interface</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the interface element. For the operating system, see <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Window_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Window (disambiguation)">Window (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>In computing, a <b>window</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_widget" title="Graphical widget">graphical control element</a>. It consists of a visual area containing some of the <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> of the program it belongs to and is framed by a <a href="#Window_decoration">window decoration</a>. It usually has a rectangular shape<sup id="cite_ref-ArsTechnica3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArsTechnica3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that can overlap with the area of other windows. It displays the <i>output</i> of and may allow <i>input</i> to one or more <a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">processes</a>. </p><p>Windows are primarily associated with graphical displays, where they can be manipulated with a <a href="/wiki/Pointer_(graphical_user_interfaces)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pointer (graphical user interfaces)">pointer</a> by employing some kind of <a href="/wiki/Pointing_device" title="Pointing device">pointing device</a>. Text-only displays can also support windowing, as a way to maintain multiple independent display areas, such as multiple buffers in <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">Emacs</a>. Text windows are usually controlled by keyboard, though some also respond to the mouse. </p><p>A graphical user interface (GUI) using windows as one of its main "<a href="/wiki/Interface_metaphor" title="Interface metaphor">metaphors</a>" is called a <a href="/wiki/Windowing_system" title="Windowing system">windowing system</a>, whose main components are the <a href="/wiki/Display_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Display server">display server</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Window_manager" title="Window manager">window manager</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Window_(computing)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Text_windowing_in_GNU_Emacs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/76/Text_windowing_in_GNU_Emacs.png/220px-Text_windowing_in_GNU_Emacs.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/76/Text_windowing_in_GNU_Emacs.png/330px-Text_windowing_in_GNU_Emacs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/76/Text_windowing_in_GNU_Emacs.png/440px-Text_windowing_in_GNU_Emacs.png 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="1033" /></a><figcaption>Example of windows on a text-only display. Each grey-bordered area is a separate window showing a different file.</figcaption></figure> <p>The idea was developed at the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Research Institute">Stanford Research Institute</a> (led by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ArsTechnica1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArsTechnica1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their earliest systems supported multiple windows, but there was no obvious way to indicate boundaries between them (such as window borders, <a href="/wiki/Title_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Title bar">title bars</a>, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-ArsTechnica2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArsTechnica2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research continued at <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a> Corporation's <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto</a> Research Center / <a href="/wiki/PARC_(company)" title="PARC (company)">PARC</a> (led by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Kay" title="Alan Kay">Alan Kay</a>). They used overlapping windows.<sup id="cite_ref-PARC_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PARC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1980s the term "<a href="/wiki/WIMP_(computing)" title="WIMP (computing)">WIMP</a>", which stands for window, icon, menu, pointer, was coined at PARC.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> had worked with PARC briefly at that time. Apple developed an interface based on PARC's interface. It was first used on <a href="/wiki/Apple_Lisa" title="Apple Lisa">Apple's Lisa</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Macintosh</a> computers.<sup id="cite_ref-ArsTechnica4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArsTechnica4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> was developing Office applications for the Mac at that time. Some speculate that this gave them access to Apple's OS before it was released and thus influenced the design of the windowing system in what would eventually be called <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ArsTechnica5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArsTechnica5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Window_(computing)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Windows are two dimensional objects arranged on a plane called the <a href="/wiki/Desktop_metaphor" title="Desktop metaphor">desktop metaphor</a>. In a modern full-featured windowing system they can be resized, moved, hidden, restored or closed. </p><p>Windows usually include other graphical objects, possibly including a menu-bar, toolbars, controls, icons and often a working area. In the working area, the document, image, folder contents or other main object is displayed. Around the working area, within the bounding window, there may be other smaller window areas, sometimes called panes or panels, showing relevant information or options. The working area of a <a href="/wiki/Single_document_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Single document interface">single document interface</a> holds only one main object. "Child windows" in <a href="/wiki/Multiple_document_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple document interface">multiple document interfaces</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tab_(interface)" title="Tab (interface)">tabs</a> for example in many web browsers, can make several similar documents or main objects available within a single main application window. Some windows in <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> have a feature called a drawer, which is a pane that slides out the side of the window and to show extra options. </p><p>Applications that can run either under a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> or in a <a href="/wiki/Text_user_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Text user interface">text user interface</a> may use different terminology. <a href="/wiki/GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a> uses the term "window" to refer to an area within its display while a traditional window, such as controlled by an <a href="/wiki/X11" class="mw-redirect" title="X11">X11</a> window manager, is called a "frame". </p><p>Any window can be split into the window decoration and the window's content, although some systems purposely eschew window decoration as a form of <a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(computing)" title="Minimalism (computing)">minimalism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Window_decoration">Window decoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Window_(computing)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Window decoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Window decoration" redirects here. For drapery, shades, shutters, etc., see <a href="/wiki/Window_covering" title="Window covering">Window covering</a>. For cover or modification of a window, see <a href="/wiki/Window_treatment" title="Window treatment">Window treatment</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Window_(windowing_system).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Window_%28windowing_system%29.svg/250px-Window_%28windowing_system%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Window_%28windowing_system%29.svg/330px-Window_%28windowing_system%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Window_%28windowing_system%29.svg/500px-Window_%28windowing_system%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Typical elements of a window. The window decoration is drawn by an OS-level process such as a window manager. The drawing of the content is the task of <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">application software</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>window decoration</b> is a part of a window in most <a href="/wiki/Windowing_system" title="Windowing system">windowing systems</a>. </p><p>Window decoration typically consists of a <b>title bar</b>, usually along the top of each window and a minimal border around the other three sides.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Microsoft Windows this is called "non-client area".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the predominant layout for modern window decorations, the top bar contains the title of that window and buttons which perform windowing-related actions such as: </p> <ul><li>Close</li> <li>Maximize</li> <li>Minimize</li> <li>Resize</li> <li>Roll-up</li></ul> <p>The border exists primarily to allow the user to resize the window, but also to create a visual separation between the window's contents and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Desktop_environment" title="Desktop environment">desktop environment</a>. </p><p>Window decorations are considered important for the design of the <a href="/wiki/Look_and_feel" title="Look and feel">look and feel</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> and some systems allow for customization of the colors, styles and animation effects used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Window_border">Window border</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Window_(computing)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Window border"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Window_border_in_the_compositing_and_stacking_window_managers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Window_border_in_the_compositing_and_stacking_window_managers.png/220px-Window_border_in_the_compositing_and_stacking_window_managers.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Window_border_in_the_compositing_and_stacking_window_managers.png/330px-Window_border_in_the_compositing_and_stacking_window_managers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Window_border_in_the_compositing_and_stacking_window_managers.png/440px-Window_border_in_the_compositing_and_stacking_window_managers.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stacking_window_manager" title="Stacking window manager">Stacking window managers</a> draw borders around the windows, while <a href="/wiki/Compositing_window_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Compositing window manager">compositing window managers</a> draw <a href="/wiki/Drop_shadow" title="Drop shadow">drop shadows</a> around the windows</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Window border</b> is a window decoration component provided by some window managers, that appears around the <a href="/wiki/Active_window" class="mw-redirect" title="Active window">active window</a>. Some window managers may also display a border around <a href="/w/index.php?title=Background_window&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Background window (page does not exist)">background windows</a>. Typically window borders enable the window to be resized or moved by dragging the border. Some window managers provide useless borders which are purely for decorative purposes and offer no window motion facility. These window managers do not allow windows to be resized by using a drag action on the border. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_bar">Title bar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Window_(computing)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Title bar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titlebar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Titlebar.png/220px-Titlebar.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Titlebar.png 1.5x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="24" /></a><figcaption>A title bar of <a href="/wiki/GNOME_Calculator" title="GNOME Calculator">GNOME Calculator</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>title bar</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_control_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphical control element">graphical control element</a> and part of the window decoration provided by some window managers. As a convention, it is located at the top of the window as a horizontal bar. The title bar is typically used to display the name of the application or the name of the open document, and may provide title bar buttons for minimizing, maximizing, closing or rolling up of application windows. These functions are typically placed in the top-right of the screen to allow fast and inaccurate inputs through <a href="/wiki/Barrier_pointing" title="Barrier pointing">barrier pointing</a>. Typically title bars can be used to provide window motion enabling the window to be moved around the screen by <a href="/wiki/Point-and-click" class="mw-redirect" title="Point-and-click">grabbing</a> the title bar and <a href="/wiki/Pointing_device_gesture" title="Pointing device gesture">dragging</a> it. Some window managers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2016)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> provide title bars which are purely for decorative purposes and offer no window motion facility. These window managers do not allow windows to be moved around the screen by using a drag action on the title bar. </p><p>Default title-bar text often incorporates the name of the application and/or of its developer. The name of the <a href="/wiki/Hostname" title="Hostname">host</a> running the application also appears frequently. Various methods (<a href="/wiki/Menu_(computing)" title="Menu (computing)">menu</a>-selections, <a href="/wiki/Escape_sequences" class="mw-redirect" title="Escape sequences">escape sequences</a>, setup parameters, <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line</a> options – depending on the computing environment) may exist to give the <a href="/wiki/End-user" class="mw-redirect" title="End-user">end-user</a> some control of title-bar text. Document-oriented applications like a <a href="/wiki/Text_editor" title="Text editor">text editor</a> may display the <a href="/wiki/Filename" title="Filename">filename</a> or <a href="/wiki/Path_(computing)" title="Path (computing)">path</a> of the document being edited. Most <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a> will <a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">render</a> the contents of the <a href="/wiki/HTML_element" title="HTML element">HTML element</a> <code>title</code> in their title bar, sometimes pre- or postfixed by the application name. <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a> and some versions of <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a> place their <a href="/wiki/Tabbed_browsing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabbed browsing">tabs</a> in the title bar. This makes it unnecessary to use the main window for the tabs, but usually results in the title becoming truncated. An asterisk at its beginning may be used to signify unsaved changes. </p><p>The title bar often contains <a href="/wiki/Graphical_widget" title="Graphical widget">widgets</a> for system commands relating to the window, such as a <i>maximize</i>, <i>minimize</i>, <i>rollup</i> and <i>close</i> buttons; and may include other content such as an application icon, a <a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">clock</a>, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Title_bar_buttons">Title bar buttons</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Window_(computing)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Title bar buttons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some window managers provide title bar buttons which provide the facility to minimize, maximize, roll-up or close application windows. Some window managers may display the title bar buttons in the task bar or task panel, rather than in the title bars. </p><p>The following buttons may appear in the title bar: </p> <ul><li>Close</li> <li>Maximize</li> <li>Minimize</li> <li>Resize</li> <li>Roll-up (or <a href="/wiki/WindowShade" title="WindowShade">WindowShade</a>)</li></ul> <p>Note that a <a href="/wiki/Context_menu" title="Context menu">context menu</a> may be available from some title bar buttons or by right-clicking. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Title_bar_icon">Title bar icon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Window_(computing)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Title bar icon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some window managers display a small icon in the title bar that may vary according to the application on which it appears. The title bar icon may behave like a menu button, or may provide a context menu facility. macOS applications commonly have a proxy <a href="/wiki/Icon_(computing)" title="Icon (computing)">icon</a> next to the window title that functions the same as the document's icon in the file manager. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Document_status_icon">Document status icon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Window_(computing)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Document status icon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some window managers display an icon or symbol to indicate that the contents of the window have not been saved or confirmed in some way: macOS displays a dot in the center of its close button; <a href="/wiki/RISC_OS" title="RISC OS">RISC OS</a> appends an <a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">asterisk</a> to the title. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tiling_window_managers">Tiling window managers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Window_(computing)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tiling window managers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Tiling_window_manager" title="Tiling window manager">tiling window managers</a> provide title bars which are purely for informative purposes and offer no controls or menus. These window managers do not allow windows to be moved around the screen by using a <a href="/wiki/Drag-and-drop" class="mw-redirect" title="Drag-and-drop">drag</a> action on the title bar and may also serve the purpose of a <a href="/wiki/Status_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Status line">status line</a> from stacking window managers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_popular_operating_systems">In popular operating systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Window_(computing)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In popular operating systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="font-size: 85%; text-align: center;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>OS </th> <th>Icon </th> <th>Send to Back </th> <th>Close </th> <th>Maximize </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Menu_bar" title="Menu bar">Menu bar</a> </th> <th>Minimize </th> <th>Pin (Keep on top) </th> <th>Resize </th> <th>Roll-up (Window shade) </th> <th>Status </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Context_menu" title="Context menu">Context menu</a> </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> with <a href="/wiki/X11" class="mw-redirect" title="X11">X11</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Many X window managers for Unix-like systems allow customization of the type and placement of buttons shown in the title bar. </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td>Buttons are on the left side of the title bar. Icon is a proxy for the document's filesystem representation. </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/RISC_OS" title="RISC OS">RISC OS</a> </th> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Icon is menu of window actions </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Window_(computing)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Client-Side_Decoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Client-Side Decoration">Client-Side Decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Display server">Display server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">Graphical user interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_interface_guidelines" title="Human interface guidelines">Human interface guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIMP_(computing)" title="WIMP (computing)">WIMP (computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_manager" title="Window manager">Window manager</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Window_(computing)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ArsTechnica3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ArsTechnica3_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReimer2005" class="citation web cs1">Reimer, Jeremy (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/old/content/2005/05/gui.ars/3">"A History of the GUI (Part 3)"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+GUI+%28Part+1%29&rft.pub=Ars+Technica&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Reimer&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fold%2Fcontent%2F2005%2F05%2Fgui.ars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindow+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArsTechnica2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ArsTechnica2_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReimer2005" class="citation web cs1">Reimer, Jeremy (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/old/content/2005/05/gui.ars/2">"A History of the GUI (Part 2)"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+GUI+%28Part+2%29&rft.pub=Ars+Technica&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Reimer&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fold%2Fcontent%2F2005%2F05%2Fgui.ars%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindow+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PARC-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PARC_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parc.com/about-parc/parc-history/">"PARC History - A Legacy Of Innovation And Inventing The Future"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>. <q>Xerox PARC debuts the first GUI, which uses icons, pop-up menus, and overlapping windows that can be controlled easily using a point-and-click technique.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PARC+History+-+A+Legacy+Of+Innovation+And+Inventing+The+Future&rft.pub=Palo+Alto+Research+Center+Incorporated&rft.date=2023-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parc.com%2Fabout-parc%2Fparc-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindow+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArsTechnica4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ArsTechnica4_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReimer2005" class="citation web cs1">Reimer, Jeremy (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/old/content/2005/05/gui.ars/4">"A History of the GUI (Part 4)"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+GUI+%28Part+4%29&rft.pub=Ars+Technica&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Reimer&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fold%2Fcontent%2F2005%2F05%2Fgui.ars%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindow+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArsTechnica5-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ArsTechnica5_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReimer2005" class="citation web cs1">Reimer, Jeremy (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/old/content/2005/05/gui.ars/5">"A History of the GUI (Part 5)"</a>. Ars Technica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090907012115/http://arstechnica.com/old/content/2005/05/gui.ars/5">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-09-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+GUI+%28Part+5%29&rft.pub=Ars+Technica&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Reimer&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fold%2Fcontent%2F2005%2F05%2Fgui.ars%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindow+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://markhobley.yi.org/glossary/windowdecorations.html">"Unknown"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarkhobley.yi.org%2Fglossary%2Fwindowdecorations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindow+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/gdi/nonclient-area">"Nonclient Area - Win32 apps"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603172534/https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/gdi/nonclient-area">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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