CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>American Society for Psychical Research - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"257a499d-1f4d-4c5d-8ea5-f5b07edbd967","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"American_Society_for_Psychical_Research","wgTitle":"American Society for Psychical Research","wgCurRevisionId":1255451665,"wgRevisionId":1255451665,"wgArticleId":8247072,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Organizations established in 1884","Paranormal organizations","William James","1884 establishments in New York (state)","Organizations based in New York City"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"American_Society_for_Psychical_Research","wgRelevantArticleId":8247072,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[], "wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q466815","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap", "ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="American Society for Psychical Research - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_for_Psychical_Research"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=American_Society_for_Psychical_Research&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_for_Psychical_Research"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-American_Society_for_Psychical_Research rootpage-American_Society_for_Psychical_Research skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=American+Society+for+Psychical+Research" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=American+Society+for+Psychical+Research" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=American+Society+for+Psychical+Research" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=American+Society+for+Psychical+Research" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Splinter_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Splinter_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Splinter group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Splinter_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Founders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">American Society for Psychical Research</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 6 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-6" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">6 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الجمعية الأمريكية للأبحاث النفسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجمعية الأمريكية للأبحاث النفسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Американско общество за изследване на психиката – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Американско общество за изследване на психиката" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="American Society for Psychical Research – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="American Society for Psychical Research" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="انجمن تحقیقات روان‌شناسی آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انجمن تحقیقات روان‌شناسی آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="American Society for Psychical Research – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="American Society for Psychical Research" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="American Society for Psychical Research – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="American Society for Psychical Research" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q466815#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:American_Society_for_Psychical_Research" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Psychical_Research"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Society_for_Psychical_Research&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Society_for_Psychical_Research&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Psychical_Research"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Society_for_Psychical_Research&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Society_for_Psychical_Research&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/American_Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/American_Society_for_Psychical_Research" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Society_for_Psychical_Research&oldid=1255451665" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Society_for_Psychical_Research&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=American_Society_for_Psychical_Research&id=1255451665&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAmerican_Society_for_Psychical_Research"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAmerican_Society_for_Psychical_Research"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=American_Society_for_Psychical_Research&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Society_for_Psychical_Research&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q466815" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"ASPR" redirects here. For the U.S. government agency, see <a href="/wiki/Administration_for_Strategic_Preparedness_and_Response" title="Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response">Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response</a>. For the former U.S. military regulation, see <a href="/wiki/Armed_Services_Procurement_Regulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Services Procurement Regulations">Armed Services Procurement Regulations</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">American Society for Psychical Research</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">ASPR</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1884</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Legal status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Non-profit_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit organization">Non-profit organization</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>5 West 73rd Street, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, 10023</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Region served </div></th><td class="infobox-data">North America</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Membership </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Psychical researchers</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main organ</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="Society for Psychical Research">Society for Psychical Research</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aspr.com/">www<wbr />.aspr<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>American Society for Psychical Research</b> (<b>ASPR</b>) is the oldest psychical research organization in the United States dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">parapsychology</a>. It maintains offices and a library, in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, which are open to both members and the general public. The society has an open membership, anyone with an interest in <a href="/wiki/Psychical_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychical research">psychical research</a> is invited to join. It maintains a website; and publishes the quarterly <i>Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Society_for_Psychical_Research&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Founders_of_the_ASPR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Founders_of_the_ASPR.png/200px-Founders_of_the_ASPR.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Founders_of_the_ASPR.png/300px-Founders_of_the_ASPR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Founders_of_the_ASPR.png/400px-Founders_of_the_ASPR.png 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption>Officers for the SPR (1884–1885)</figcaption></figure> <p>It was <a href="/wiki/William_F._Barrett" title="William F. Barrett">William Fletcher Barrett</a>'s visit to America that ultimately led to the formation of the American Society for Psychical Research in December, 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-Fichman_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fichman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barrett was invited by several members of the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>. He persuaded intellectuals such as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering">Edward Charles Pickering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pickering_Bowditch" title="Henry Pickering Bowditch">Henry Pickering Bowditch</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> that the claims of psychical phenomena should be investigated scientifically.<sup id="cite_ref-Fichman_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fichman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first meetings of the society were held in the rooms of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The founding members who were also the first Vice-Presidents were <a href="/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Stuart_Fullerton" title="George Stuart Fullerton">George Stuart Fullerton</a>, Edward Charles Pickering, Henry Pickering Bowditch and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sedgwick_Minot" title="Charles Sedgwick Minot">Charles Sedgwick Minot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-James_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other founding members were <a href="/wiki/Alpheus_Hyatt" title="Alpheus Hyatt">Alpheus Hyatt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Dana_Carlile_Hodges" title="Nathaniel Dana Carlile Hodges">N. D. C. Hodges</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hubbard_Scudder" title="Samuel Hubbard Scudder">Samuel Hubbard Scudder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mathematician Simon Newcomb was the first President.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other early members included the psychologists <a href="/wiki/James_Mark_Baldwin" title="James Mark Baldwin">James Mark Baldwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jastrow" title="Joseph Jastrow">Joseph Jastrow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christine_Ladd-Franklin" title="Christine Ladd-Franklin">Christine Ladd-Franklin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rutherford2010_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rutherford2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initial research findings were discouraging.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1890, members such as Baldwin, Hall, Jastrow and Ladd-Franklin had resigned from the society.<sup id="cite_ref-Rutherford2010_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rutherford2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hall and Jastrow became outspoken critics of parapsychology.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Morton_Prince" title="Morton Prince">Morton Prince</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Jackson_Putnam" title="James Jackson Putnam">James Jackson Putnam</a> left the ASPR in 1892 to form the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hodgson_(parapsychologist)" title="Richard Hodgson (parapsychologist)">Richard Hodgson</a> joined the ASPR in 1887 to serve as its secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1889, Fullerton, James and <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Josiah Royce</a> were Vice-Presidents and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pierpont_Langley" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Pierpont Langley">Samuel Pierpont Langley</a> served as President.<sup id="cite_ref-James_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1889, a financial crisis forced the ASPR to become a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="Society for Psychical Research">Society for Psychical Research</a>, and Simon Newcomb and others left.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the death of Hodgson in 1905 it achieved independence once more.<sup id="cite_ref-Seymour1982_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seymour1982-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1906, <a href="/wiki/James_H._Hyslop" title="James H. Hyslop">James H. Hyslop</a> took up the position as secretary of the recreated organization, with the work being done at his residence in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. He once wrote his son, "My work is missionary, not mercenary." The intended name for the new organization was, "The American Institute for Scientific Research" which Hyslop had organized into two sections for the investigation of two separate fields: "A" was to deal with <a href="/wiki/Psychopathology" title="Psychopathology">psychopathology</a> or <a href="/wiki/Abnormal" class="mw-redirect" title="Abnormal">abnormal</a> psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its Section "B" was to be concerned with what Hyslop called "supernormal psychology" or <a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">parapsychology</a>. Section "A" never got off the ground. But Section "B" became the new and reorganized ASPR. One of the Institute's aims was to organize and endow investigations into <a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">telepathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">clairvoyance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">mediumship</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychokinesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychokinesis">kinetic phenomena</a>. This work was to be carried out by "B."<sup id="cite_ref-Berger1988_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berger1988-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The society remained in New York, where it remains as of 2015. During this period the ASPR was heavily involved in the investigation of medium <a href="/wiki/Leonora_Piper" title="Leonora Piper">Leonora Piper</a> about whom <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> would famously declare in 1890: "To upset the conclusion that all crows are black, there is no need to seek demonstration that no crow is black; it is sufficient to produce one white crow; a single one is sufficient." Since his proclamation of Piper as his "one White Crow", the concept of the single "White Crow" has become a cliché in psychical re-search.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After evaluating sixty-nine reports of Piper's mediumship William James considered the hypothesis of <a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">telepathy</a> as well as Piper obtaining information about her sitters by natural means such as her memory recalling information. According to James the "spirit-control" hypothesis of her mediumship was "somewhat incoherent, ambiguous, irrelevant, and, in some cases, demonstrably false—at best only circumstantial."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a> believed Piper's mediumship had an entirely naturalistic explanation and no telepathy was involved. Hall and <a href="/wiki/Amy_Tanner" title="Amy Tanner">Amy Tanner</a>, who observed some of the trances, explained the phenomena in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Subconscious" title="Subconscious">subconscious mind</a> harboring various personalities that pretended to be spirits or controls. In their view, Piper had subconsciously absorbed information that she later regurgitated as messages from "spirits" in her trances.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 20, 1906, the ASPR had 170 members and by the end of November 1907, it had 677.<sup id="cite_ref-Berger1988_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berger1988-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hereward_Carrington" title="Hereward Carrington">Hereward Carrington</a> became a member of the ASPR in 1907 and an assistant to James Hyslop until 1908, during which time he established his reputation as an ASPR investigator. However his connection with the ASPR ceased due to lack of funds.<sup id="cite_ref-Berger1988_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berger1988-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carrington was the author the book <i>The Physical Phenomena of Spiritualism</i> which exposed the tricks of fraudulent mediums.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a>, Carrington was not popular with spiritualists.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James Hyslop died in 1920, and immediately strife broke out between the membership as the Society divided into two factions, one broadly pro-<a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a>, indeed often Spiritualists, and the other 'conservative' faction favoring <a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">telepathy</a> and skeptical of 'discarnate spirits' as an explanation for the phenomena studied, or simply skeptical of the phenomena's existence.<sup id="cite_ref-Chéroux2005_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chéroux2005-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1923 a prominent Spiritualist, Frederick Edwards, was appointed President, and the conservative faction led by <a href="/wiki/Gardner_Murphy" title="Gardner Murphy">Gardner Murphy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Franklin_Prince" title="Walter Franklin Prince">Walter Franklin Prince</a> declared that the Society was becoming less academic.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year the ASPR lost 108 members.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New members joined the society and <a href="/wiki/William_McDougall_(psychologist)" title="William McDougall (psychologist)">William McDougall</a> a past President and Prince both became alarmed at the number of "credulous spiritualists" that joined the ASPR.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1925 Edwards was reappointed President, and his support of the mediumistic claims of 'Margery' (<a href="/wiki/Mina_Crandon" title="Mina Crandon">Mina Crandon</a>) led to the 'conservative' faction leaving and forming the rival Boston Society for Psychical Research in May, 1925. From this point on the ASPR remained highly sympathetic to Spiritualism until 1941, when the Boston Society for Psychical Research was reintegrated into the ASPR.<sup id="cite_ref-Chéroux2005_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chéroux2005-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Splinter_group">Splinter group</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Society_for_Psychical_Research&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Splinter group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Boston Society for Psychical Research</b> (BSPR) was founded in April 1925 by former research officer <a href="/wiki/Walter_Franklin_Prince" title="Walter Franklin Prince">Walter Franklin Prince</a> of the ASPR. Other founding members were William McDougall, <a href="/wiki/Lydia_W._Allison" title="Lydia W. Allison">Lydia W. Allison</a> and Elwood Worcester. They were alarmed by the ASPR support for the purported medium Margery (<a href="/wiki/Mina_Crandon" title="Mina Crandon">Mina Crandon</a>) and suppressing any reports unfavourable to her.<sup id="cite_ref-Chéroux2005_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chéroux2005-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks_Rhine" title="Joseph Banks Rhine">Joseph Banks Rhine</a> claimed to have observed Crandon in fraud in a séance in 1926. According to Rhine during the séance she was free from control and kicked a megaphone to give the impression it was levitating.<sup id="cite_ref-Polidoro2001_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polidoro2001-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhine's report that documented the fraud was refused by the ASPR, so he published in it in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Abnormal_and_Social_Psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology">Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology</a></i>. In response, defenders of Crandon attacked Rhine. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a> published an article in a Boston Newspaper claiming "J. B. Rhine is an Ass."<sup id="cite_ref-Polidoro2001_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polidoro2001-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a significant split in the history of American psychical research: the American Society for Psychical Research had become dominated by those sympathetic to <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a>; the Boston Society favored a naturalistic explanation (such as <a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">telepathy</a>; yet telepathy within the laws of undiscovered physics) for purported mediumship and was critical of the purported mediumship of <a href="/wiki/Mina_Crandon" title="Mina Crandon">Mina Crandon</a> in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-Seymour1982_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seymour1982-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under President <a href="/wiki/Walter_Franklin_Prince" title="Walter Franklin Prince">Walter Franklin Prince</a> it organised the investigation of Mina during the Scientific American Prize dispute, and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a> worked with the group. BSPR investigators were involved in the uncovering of the alleged fraud of <a href="/wiki/Mina_Crandon" title="Mina Crandon">Mina Crandon</a>—including a number of revelations often credited to <a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a>, but actually discovered by other BSPR members. In 1923, Prince described the Crandon case as "the most ingenious, persistent, and fantastic complex of fraud in the history of psychic research."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BSPR fell into obscurity following exposure of <a href="/wiki/Mina_Crandon" title="Mina Crandon">Mina Crandon</a>, and was formally reincorporated into the American Society for Psychical Research in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1934 the BSPR published <i><a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_Perception_(book)" title="Extrasensory Perception (book)">Extrasensory Perception</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by their member <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks_Rhine" title="Joseph Banks Rhine">Joseph Banks Rhine</a>, who introduced the term <a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">ESP</a> to English, and the methodology of modern parapsychology, with its <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">quantitative research</a> and laboratory based approach, as distinct from the older psychical research. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Founders">Founders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Society_for_Psychical_Research&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Founders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V78_D628_Henry_Pickering_Bowditch.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Henry Pickering Bowditch"><img alt="Henry Pickering Bowditch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/PSM_V78_D628_Henry_Pickering_Bowditch.png/84px-PSM_V78_D628_Henry_Pickering_Bowditch.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/PSM_V78_D628_Henry_Pickering_Bowditch.png/126px-PSM_V78_D628_Henry_Pickering_Bowditch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/PSM_V78_D628_Henry_Pickering_Bowditch.png/169px-PSM_V78_D628_Henry_Pickering_Bowditch.png 2x" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="2213" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pickering_Bowditch" title="Henry Pickering Bowditch">Henry Pickering Bowditch</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:G._Stanley_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="G. Stanley Hall"><img alt="G. Stanley Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/G._Stanley_Hall.jpg/88px-G._Stanley_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/G._Stanley_Hall.jpg/132px-G._Stanley_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/G._Stanley_Hall.jpg/176px-G._Stanley_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V55_D469_Alpheus_Hyatt.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Alpheus Hyatt"><img alt="Alpheus Hyatt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/PSM_V55_D469_Alpheus_Hyatt.png/87px-PSM_V55_D469_Alpheus_Hyatt.png" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/PSM_V55_D469_Alpheus_Hyatt.png/130px-PSM_V55_D469_Alpheus_Hyatt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/PSM_V55_D469_Alpheus_Hyatt.png/174px-PSM_V55_D469_Alpheus_Hyatt.png 2x" data-file-width="878" data-file-height="1212" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_Hyatt" title="Alpheus Hyatt">Alpheus Hyatt</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_James_b1842c.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="William James"><img alt="William James" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/William_James_b1842c.jpg/94px-William_James_b1842c.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/William_James_b1842c.jpg/140px-William_James_b1842c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/William_James_b1842c.jpg/187px-William_James_b1842c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CharlesMinot_BSNH_Proceedings1920.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles Sedgwick Minot"><img alt="Charles Sedgwick Minot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/CharlesMinot_BSNH_Proceedings1920.png/83px-CharlesMinot_BSNH_Proceedings1920.png" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/CharlesMinot_BSNH_Proceedings1920.png/125px-CharlesMinot_BSNH_Proceedings1920.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/CharlesMinot_BSNH_Proceedings1920.png/166px-CharlesMinot_BSNH_Proceedings1920.png 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="522" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sedgwick_Minot" title="Charles Sedgwick Minot">Charles Sedgwick Minot</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Simon_Newcomb_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Simon Newcomb"><img alt="Simon Newcomb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Simon_Newcomb_01.jpg/93px-Simon_Newcomb_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Simon_Newcomb_01.jpg/140px-Simon_Newcomb_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Simon_Newcomb_01.jpg/187px-Simon_Newcomb_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3707" data-file-height="4753" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Charles_Pickering_1880s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edward Charles Pickering"><img alt="Edward Charles Pickering" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Edward_Charles_Pickering_1880s.jpg/90px-Edward_Charles_Pickering_1880s.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Edward_Charles_Pickering_1880s.jpg/135px-Edward_Charles_Pickering_1880s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Edward_Charles_Pickering_1880s.jpg/180px-Edward_Charles_Pickering_1880s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="987" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering">Edward Charles Pickering</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Hubbard_Scudder_1837-1911.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Samuel Hubbard Scudder"><img alt="Samuel Hubbard Scudder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Samuel_Hubbard_Scudder_1837-1911.jpg/92px-Samuel_Hubbard_Scudder_1837-1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Samuel_Hubbard_Scudder_1837-1911.jpg/138px-Samuel_Hubbard_Scudder_1837-1911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Samuel_Hubbard_Scudder_1837-1911.jpg/184px-Samuel_Hubbard_Scudder_1837-1911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="1146" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hubbard_Scudder" title="Samuel Hubbard Scudder">Samuel Hubbard Scudder</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Society_for_Psychical_Research&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Near-Death_Studies" title="International Association for Near-Death Studies">International Association for Near-Death Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_suisse_des_sciences_no%C3%A9tiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut suisse des sciences noétiques">Institut suisse des sciences noétiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychological_Association" title="Parapsychological Association">Parapsychological Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_parapsychology" title="Outline of parapsychology">Outline of parapsychology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Society_for_Psychical_Research&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aspr.com">American Society for Psychical Research</a> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fichman-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fichman_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fichman_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fichman, Martin. (2004). <i>An Elusive Victorian: The Evolution of Alfred Russel Wallace</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 111. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-24613-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-24613-2">0-226-24613-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferrari, Michel. <i>The Varieties of Religious Experience: Centenary Essays</i>. Imprint Academic. pp. 19–20. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907845-26-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-907845-26-6">0-907845-26-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-James_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">James, William</a>. (1986). <i>Essays in Psychical Research</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 381. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-26708-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-26708-7">0-674-26708-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/americanjournal333unkngoog#page/n95/mode/2up">"Miscellaneous Intelligence"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Science" title="American Journal of Science">American Journal of Science</a></i>. 1885, p. 83. "The Committee appointed consists of nine gentleman, viz: G. Stanley Hall (Chairman), E. C. Pickering, William James, Alpheus Hyatt, Samuel H. Scudder, H. P. Bowditch, C. S. Minot, William Watson, N. D. C. Hodges (Secretary)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, Eugene. (2009). <i>The Mystery of Personality: A History of Psychodynamic Theories</i>. Springer. p. 30. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-98103-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-98103-1">978-0-387-98103-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clegg, Joshua W. <i>Self-Observation in the Social Sciences</i>. Transaction Publishers. p. 53. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4949-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4949-4">978-1-4128-4949-4</a> "The American Society for Psychical Research (ASPR), which James helped found in 1884, was initially populated by a number of early psychologists. These included James's student G. Stanley Hall, as well as James Mark Baldwin, Joseph Jastrow, and Christine Ladd-Franklin."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rutherford2010-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rutherford2010_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rutherford2010_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pickren, Wade; Rutherford, Alexandra. (2010). <i>A History of Modern Psychology in Context</i>. Wiley. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-27609-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-27609-9">978-0-470-27609-9</a> "Psychologists Hall, Baldwin, Joseph Jastrow, and Christine Ladd-Franklin... had dropped their affiliation by 1890."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Misiroglu, Gina. (2015). <i>American Countercultures: An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists, Alternative Lifestyles, and Radical Ideas in U.S. History</i>. Routledge. p. 244. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-8060-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-8060-0">978-0-7656-8060-0</a> "The American Society took a more skeptical view of psychic phenomena than did its British counterpart, and, led by prominent men of science, was more open to mundane explanations. Still, initial research findings were disappointing, and the interest of many scientific members waned. Under the direction of nonscientists, the ASPR languished for many years."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kurtz" title="Paul Kurtz">Kurtz, Paul</a>. (1985). <i>A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology</i>. Prometheus Books. p. 551. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-300-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-300-9">978-0-87975-300-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ward, Steven. (2002). <i>Modernizing the Mind: Psychological Knowledge and the Remaking of Society</i>.Praeger. pp. 43–44. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97450-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97450-3">978-0-275-97450-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Ellen_Guiley" title="Rosemary Ellen Guiley">Rosemary Guiley</a>. (1994). <i>The Guinness Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits</i>. Guinness Publishing. p. 164. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85112-748-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85112-748-4">978-0-85112-748-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Blum" title="Deborah Blum">Deborah Blum</a>. (2006). <i>Ghost Hunters: William James and the Search for Scientific Proof of Life After Death</i>. Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303895-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303895-5">978-0-14-303895-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seymour1982-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seymour1982_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seymour1982_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mauskopf, Seymour. (1982). <i>Psychical Research in America</i>. In <a href="/wiki/Ivor_Grattan-Guinness" title="Ivor Grattan-Guinness">Ivor Grattan-Guinness</a>. <i>Psychical Research: A Guide to Its History, Principles & Practices</i>. Aquarian Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85030-316-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85030-316-2">978-0-85030-316-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyslop1907" class="citation journal cs1">Hyslop, James (1907). "Editorial". <i>Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research</i>: 1, 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Society+for+Psychical+Research&rft.atitle=Editorial&rft.pages=1%2C+38&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Hyslop&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Society+for+Psychical+Research" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berger1988-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berger1988_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berger1988_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berger1988_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Berger. (1988). <i>Lives and Letters in American Parapsychology: A Biographical History, 1850–1987</i>. McFarland & Company. pp. 51–55 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89950-345-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89950-345-5">978-0-89950-345-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton2001" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J. Gordon (2001). <i>Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology</i> (5th ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group, Inc. p. 822.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Occultism+and+Parapsychology&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+MI&rft.pages=822&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Gale+Group%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Society+for+Psychical+Research" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francesca Bordogna. (2008). <i>William James at the Boundaries: Philosophy, Science, and the Geography of Knowledge</i>. University Of Chicago Press. p. 127. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06652-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06652-3">978-0-226-06652-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Amy_Tanner" title="Amy Tanner">Amy Tanner</a>. (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028952153#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Studies in Spiritism</i></a>. New York: Appleton.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hereward_Carrington" title="Hereward Carrington">Hereward Carrington</a>. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/physicalphenomen00carr#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>The Physical Phenomena of Spiritualism</i></a>. Herbert B. Turner & Co.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Polidoro" title="Massimo Polidoro">Massimo Polidoro</a>. (2001). <i>Final Séance: The Strange Friendship Between Houdini and Conan Doyle</i>. Prometheus Books. p. 143. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-896-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-896-0">978-1-57392-896-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chéroux2005-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chéroux2005_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chéroux2005_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chéroux2005_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clément Chéroux. (2005). <i>The Perfect Medium: Photography and the Occult</i>. Yale University Press. pp. 217-234 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11136-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11136-1">978-0-300-11136-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Ellen_Guiley" title="Rosemary Ellen Guiley">Rosemary Guiley</a>. (1994). <i>The Guinness Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits</i>. Guinness Publishing. pp. 48–50. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85112-748-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85112-748-4">978-0-85112-748-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Hess. (1993). <i>Science In The New Age: The Paranormal, Its Defenders & Debunkers, (Science & Literature)</i>. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 25. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-13824-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-13824-0">978-0-299-13824-0</a> "A sharp divide between Spiritualists and psychical researchers had already occurred in 1923, when pro-Spiritualist forces gained control of the American Society for Psychical Research (ASPR), ousted President William McDougall, and demoted Hyslop's chosen successor, the psychologist Walter Franklin Prince, who resigned in 1925. The ASPR lost 108 members in 1923, and the controversy over the claimed physical effects of the medium named "Margery" sealed the division."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Laurence Moore. (1977). <i>In Search of White Crows: Spiritualism, Parapsychology, and American Culture</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 176. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502259-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502259-9">978-0-19-502259-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, William F. (2000). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_of_Pseudoscience:_From_Alien_Abductions_to_Zone_Therapy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy (page does not exist)">Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy</a></i>. Routledge. p. 40. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57958-207-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-57958-207-9">1-57958-207-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polidoro2001-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Polidoro2001_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polidoro2001_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Polidoro" title="Massimo Polidoro">Massimo Polidoro</a>. (2001). <i>Final Séance: The Strange Friendship Between Houdini and Conan Doyle</i>. Prometheus Books. pp. 202–203. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-896-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-896-0">978-1-57392-896-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/C._E._M._Hansel" title="C. E. M. Hansel">C. E. M. Hansel</a>. (1989). <i>The Search for Psychic Power: ESP and Parapsychology Revisited</i>. Prometheus Books. p. 245. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-533-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-533-1">978-0-87975-533-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Tietze. (1973). <i>Margery</i>. Harper & Row. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-068235-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-068235-4">978-0-06-068235-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks_Rhine" title="Joseph Banks Rhine">Joseph Banks Rhine</a>. (1934) <i>Extra-Sensory Perception</i>. Boston: Boston Society for Psychic Research.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Society_for_Psychical_Research&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anonymous. (1885–1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofame18589amer#page/n11/mode/2up"><i>Formation of the Society</i></a>. Proceedings of the American Society for Psychical Research. 1: 1–2.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgess_McHargue" title="Georgess McHargue">Georgess McHargue</a>. (1972). <i>Facts, Frauds, and Phantasms: A Survey of the Spiritualist Movement</i>. Doubleday. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-05305-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-05305-1">978-0-385-05305-1</a></li> <li>Robert Laurence Moore. (1977). <i>In Search of White Crows: Spiritualism, Parapsychology, and American Culture</i>. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502259-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502259-9">978-0-19-502259-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Society_for_Psychical_Research&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aspr.com/">ASPR home page</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parapsychology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parapsychology" title="Template:Parapsychology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parapsychology" title="Template talk:Parapsychology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parapsychology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parapsychology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Parapsychology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_parapsychology" title="Outline of parapsychology">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparitional_experience" title="Apparitional experience">Apparitional experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" title="Aura (paranormal)">Auras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilocation" title="Bilocation">Bilocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">Clairvoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathbed_phenomena" title="Deathbed phenomena">Deathbed phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermo-optical_perception" title="Dermo-optical perception">Dermo-optical perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_telepathy" title="Dream telepathy">Dream telepathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoplasm_(paranormal)" title="Ectoplasm (paranormal)">Ectoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">Extrasensory perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganzfeld_experiment" title="Ganzfeld experiment">Ganzfeld experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitation_(paranormal)" title="Levitation (paranormal)">Levitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialization_(paranormal)" title="Materialization (paranormal)">Materialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_experience" title="Near-death experience">Near-death experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orb_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orb (paranormal)">Orb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pam_Reynolds_case" title="Pam Reynolds case">Pam Reynolds case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology_research_at_SRI" title="Parapsychology research at SRI">Parapsychology research at SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Past_life_regression" title="Past life regression">Past life regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_perception_(paranormal)" title="Plant perception (paranormal)">Plant perception (paranormal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltergeist" title="Poltergeist">Poltergeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precognition" title="Precognition">Precognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">Psychic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_detective" title="Psychic detective">Psychic detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_reading" title="Psychic reading">Psychic reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_surgery" title="Psychic surgery">Psychic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometry_(paranormal)" title="Psychometry (paranormal)">Psychometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrokinesis" title="Pyrokinesis">Pyrokinesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_viewing" title="Remote viewing">Remote viewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrocognition" title="Retrocognition">Retrocognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_sight" class="mw-redirect" title="Second sight">Second sight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_leakage" title="Sensory leakage">Sensory leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoon_bending" title="Spoon bending">Spoon bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superconscious" title="Superconscious">Superconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekinesis" title="Telekinesis">Telekinesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">Telepathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoughtography" title="Thoughtography">Thoughtography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoglossy" title="Xenoglossy">Xenoglossy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zener_cards" title="Zener cards">Zener cards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Society for Psychical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Anomalous_Phenomena" title="Association for the Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena">Association for the Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Psychic_Studies" title="College of Psychic Studies">College of Psychic Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_M%C3%A9tapsychique_International" title="Institut Métapsychique International">Institut Métapsychique International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Noetic_Sciences" title="Institute of Noetic Sciences">Institute of Noetic Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Near-Death_Studies" title="International Association for Near-Death Studies">International Association for Near-Death Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koestler_Parapsychology_Unit" title="Koestler Parapsychology Unit">Koestler Parapsychology Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychological_Association" title="Parapsychological Association">Parapsychological Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology_Foundation" title="Parapsychology Foundation">Parapsychology Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_Research_Center" title="Rhine Research Center">Rhine Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="Society for Psychical Research">Society for Psychical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_Club" title="The Ghost Club">The Ghost Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Psychical_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="American Psychical Institute">American Psychical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_College_of_Psychic_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="British College of Psychic Science">British College of Psychic Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Ghost_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Ghost Society">Cambridge Ghost Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Psychical_Research" title="International Institute for Psychical Research">International Institute for Psychical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Dialectical_Society" title="London Dialectical Society">London Dialectical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Psychical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Psychical Society">Metropolitan Psychical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Laboratory_of_Psychical_Research" title="National Laboratory of Psychical Research">National Laboratory of Psychical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Phasmatological_Society" title="Oxford Phasmatological Society">Oxford Phasmatological Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Engineering_Anomalies_Research_Lab" title="Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Lab">Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Study_of_Supernormal_Pictures" title="Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures">Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parapsychologists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of parapsychologists">List of parapsychologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeptics_of_parapsychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptics of parapsychology">Skeptics of parapsychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Experiment_with_Time" title="An Experiment with Time">An Experiment with Time</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_Perception_(book)" title="Extrasensory Perception (book)">Extrasensory Perception</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irreducible_Mind" title="Irreducible Mind">Irreducible Mind</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Near-Death_Studies" title="Journal of Near-Death Studies">Journal of Near-Death Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Parapsychology" title="Journal of Parapsychology">Journal of Parapsychology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Scientific_Exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Scientific Exploration">Journal of Scientific Exploration</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_After_Life_(Moody_book)" title="Life After Life (Moody book)">Life After Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_Before_Life" title="Life Before Life">Life Before Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mental_Radio" title="Mental Radio">Mental Radio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Souls_(book)" title="Old Souls (book)">Old Souls: The Scientific Evidence for Past Lives</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology:_Frontier_Science_of_the_Mind" title="Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind">Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Roots_of_Coincidence" title="The Roots of Coincidence">The Roots of Coincidence</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Cases_Suggestive_of_Reincarnation" title="Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation">Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Anomalous_Experience" title="Varieties of Anomalous Experience">Varieties of Anomalous Experience</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Parapsychology" title="Category:Parapsychology">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Parapsychology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Parapsychology"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466815#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466815#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466815#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120343594">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/140474561">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50063591">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122124713">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122124713">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="American Society for Psychical Research"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0135669&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007303601005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030777011">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Society_for_Psychical_Research&oldid=1255451665">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Society_for_Psychical_Research&oldid=1255451665</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organizations_established_in_1884" title="Category:Organizations established in 1884">Organizations established in 1884</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paranormal_organizations" title="Category:Paranormal organizations">Paranormal organizations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:William_James" title="Category:William James">William James</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1884_establishments_in_New_York_(state)" title="Category:1884 establishments in New York (state)">1884 establishments in New York (state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organizations_based_in_New_York_City" title="Category:Organizations based in New York City">Organizations based in New York City</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 November 2024, at 00:57<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Society_for_Psychical_Research&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-khxd6","wgBackendResponseTime":150,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.440","walltime":"0.568","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7001,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":54827,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5472,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":104550,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 491.555 1 -total"," 39.04% 191.910 1 Template:Reflist"," 24.69% 121.371 25 Template:ISBN"," 18.14% 89.179 1 Template:Parapsychology"," 17.62% 86.627 1 Template:Navbox"," 17.56% 86.326 1 Template:Infobox_organization"," 16.40% 80.597 1 Template:Infobox"," 15.47% 76.062 25 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"," 10.17% 50.008 1 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.70% 47.680 1 Template:Authority_control"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.231","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5346086,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-zb57f","timestamp":"20241123114341","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"American Society for Psychical Research","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Society_for_Psychical_Research","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q466815","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q466815","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-12-03T11:48:10Z","dateModified":"2024-11-05T00:57:09Z","headline":"US Non-profit organization"}</script> </body> </html>