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id="toc-Allergens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allergens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Allergens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allergens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_Staphylococcus_aureus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_Staphylococcus_aureus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Role of Staphylococcus aureus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_Staphylococcus_aureus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hard_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hard_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Hard water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hard_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathophysiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathophysiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Pathophysiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Diagnosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Prevention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Treatments </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Treatments subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Treatments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moisturisers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moisturisers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Moisturisers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moisturisers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Medication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Topical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Systemic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Diet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifestyle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifestyle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Lifestyle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifestyle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Self-management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Light </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Alternative medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Impact </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Impact subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Humanistic_burden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanistic_burden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Humanistic burden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanistic_burden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_and_economic_burden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_and_economic_burden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Clinical and economic burden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_and_economic_burden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Productivity_loss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Productivity_loss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Productivity loss </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Productivity_loss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burden_of_disease_in_the_Middle_East_and_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burden_of_disease_in_the_Middle_East_and_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Burden of disease in the Middle East and Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burden_of_disease_in_the_Middle_East_and_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Epidemiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conspiracy_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conspiracy_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Conspiracy theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conspiracy_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Atopic dermatitis</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" > 45 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="التهاب الجلد التأتبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التهاب الجلد التأتبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopik_ekzema" title="Atopik ekzema – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Atopik ekzema" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopijski_dermatitis" title="Atopijski dermatitis – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Atopijski dermatitis" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatitis_at%C3%B2pica" title="Dermatitis atòpica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dermatitis atòpica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8rneeksem" title="Børneeksem – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Børneeksem" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopisches_Ekzem" title="Atopisches Ekzem – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Atopisches Ekzem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatitis_at%C3%B3pica" title="Dermatitis atópica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dermatitis atópica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopia_dermatito" title="Atopia dermatito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Atopia dermatito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatitis_atopiko" title="Dermatitis atopiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dermatitis atopiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="درماتیت آتوپیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درماتیت آتوپیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopiskt_eksem" title="Atopiskt eksem – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Atopiskt eksem" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatite_atopique" title="Dermatite atopique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dermatite atopique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%86%A0%ED%94%BC_%ED%94%BC%EB%B6%80%EC%97%BC" title="아토피 피부염 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아토피 피부염" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A2" title="Ատոպիկ մաշկաբորբ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ատոպիկ մաշկաբորբ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopijski_dermatitis" title="Atopijski dermatitis – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Atopijski dermatitis" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatitis_atopik" title="Dermatitis atopik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dermatitis atopik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatite_atopica" title="Dermatite atopica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dermatite atopica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA" title="דלקת עור אטופית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דלקת עור אטופית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Нейродермит – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нейродермит" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopiskais_dermat%C4%ABts" title="Atopiskais dermatīts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Atopiskais dermatīts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodermitas" title="Neurodermitas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Neurodermitas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatite_atopica" title="Dermatite atopica – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Dermatite atopica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%B3pi%C3%A1s_dermatitis" title="Atópiás dermatitis – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Atópiás dermatitis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Атопичен дерматит – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Атопичен дерматит" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="അടോപിക് ഡെർമറ്റൈറ്റിസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അടോപിക് ഡെർമറ്റൈറ്റിസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutioneel_eczeem" title="Constitutioneel eczeem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Constitutioneel eczeem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%88%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E6%80%A7%E7%9A%AE%E8%86%9A%E7%82%8E" title="アトピー性皮膚炎 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アトピー性皮膚炎" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopisk_eksem" title="Atopisk eksem – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Atopisk eksem" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8" title="ଆଟୋପିକ ଡର୍ମାଟାଇଟିସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଟୋପିକ ଡର୍ମାଟାଇଟିସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopik_dermatit" title="Atopik dermatit – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Atopik dermatit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B8" title="ਐਟੌਪਿਕ ਡਰਮੇਟਾਇਟਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਟੌਪਿਕ ਡਰਮੇਟਾਇਟਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopowe_zapalenie_sk%C3%B3ry" title="Atopowe zapalenie skóry – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Atopowe zapalenie skóry" data-language-autonym="Polski" 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data-title="Атопический дерматит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatiti_atopik" title="Dermatiti atopik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dermatiti atopik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Атопијски екцем – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Атопијски екцем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atooppinen_ihottuma" 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopik_dermatit" title="Atopik dermatit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Atopik dermatit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Атопічний дерматит – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Атопічний дерматит" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AF_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B4" title="جلد کی سوزش – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جلد کی سوزش" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the most common type of eczema. For other types and related skin conditions, see <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">Dermatitis</a>.</div><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Long-term form of skin inflammation</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Atopic dermatitis</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Atopic eczema, infantile eczema, prurigo Besnier, allergic eczema, neurodermatitis<a href="#cite_note-Wil2000-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Atopy2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Atopy2010.JPG/220px-Atopy2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Atopy2010.JPG/330px-Atopy2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Atopy2010.JPG/440px-Atopy2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3110" data-file-height="2660" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Atopic dermatitis of the inside crease of the elbow</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">Dermatology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Clinical Immunology and Allergy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pruritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pruritus">Itchy</a>, red, swollen, cracked skin<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Skin_infection" title="Skin infection">Skin infections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hay_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Hay fever">hay fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a><a href="#cite_note-NIH2013-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usual onset</th><td class="infobox-data">Childhood<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Toll2014-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">Unknown<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Toll2014-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Family_history_(medicine)" title="Family history (medicine)">Family history</a>, living in a city, dry climate<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Based on symptoms after ruling out other possible causes<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Toll2014-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">Contact dermatitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">psoriasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seborrheic_dermatitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Seborrheic dermatitis">seborrheic dermatitis</a><a href="#cite_note-Toll2014-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data">Avoiding things that worsen the condition, daily bathing followed by <a href="/wiki/Moisturising_cream" class="mw-redirect" title="Moisturising cream">moisturising cream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">steroid</a> creams for flares<a href="#cite_note-Toll2014-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">~20% at some time<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thom2014-4">[4]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as atopic eczema, is a long-term type of inflammation of the skin.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013-2">[2]</a> AD is also often called simply eczema but the same term is also used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">dermatitis</a>, the larger group of skin conditions.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> AD results in <a href="/wiki/Puritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritis">itchy</a>, red, swollen, and cracked skin.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013-2">[2]</a> Clear fluid may come from the affected areas, which can thicken over time.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013-2">[2]</a> Atopic dermatitis affects about 20% of people at some point in their lives.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thom2014-4">[4]</a> It is more common in younger children.<a href="#cite_note-Toll2014-3">[3]</a> Females are affected slightly more often than males.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Many people outgrow the condition.<a href="#cite_note-Toll2014-3">[3]</a> While the condition may occur at any age, it typically starts in childhood, with changing severity over the years.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Toll2014-3">[3]</a> In children under one year of age, the face and limbs and much of the body may be affected.<a href="#cite_note-Toll2014-3">[3]</a> As children get older, the areas on the insides of the knees and folds of the elbows and around the neck are most commonly affected.<a href="#cite_note-Toll2014-3">[3]</a> In adults, the hands and feet are commonly affected.<a href="#cite_note-Toll2014-3">[3]</a> Scratching the affected areas worsens the eczema and increases the risk of <a href="/wiki/Skin_infection" title="Skin infection">skin infections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013-2">[2]</a> Many people with atopic dermatitis develop <a href="/wiki/Hay_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Hay fever">hay fever</a> or <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013-2">[2]</a> The cause is unknown but believed to involve <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> dysfunction, environmental exposures, and difficulties with the <a href="/wiki/Semipermeable_membrane" title="Semipermeable membrane">permeability</a> of the skin.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Toll2014-3">[3]</a> If one <a href="/wiki/Identical_twin" class="mw-redirect" title="Identical twin">identical twin</a> is affected, the other has an 85% chance of having the condition.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Those who live in cities and dry climates are more commonly affected.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013-2">[2]</a> Exposure to certain chemicals or frequent hand washing makes symptoms worse.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013-2">[2]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">emotional stress</a> may make the symptoms worse, it is not a cause.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013-2">[2]</a> The disorder is not <a href="/wiki/Contagious_disease" title="Contagious disease">contagious</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013-2">[2]</a> A diagnosis is typically based on the signs, symptoms and <a href="/wiki/Family_history_(medicine)" title="Family history (medicine)">family history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Toll2014-3">[3]</a> Treatment involves avoiding things that make the condition worse, enhancing the skin barrier through skin care and treating the underlying skin inflammation. <a href="/wiki/Moisturising_cream" class="mw-redirect" title="Moisturising cream">Moisturising creams</a> are used to make the skin less dry and prevent AD flare-ups. Anti-inflammatory <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroid</a> creams are used to control flares-ups.<a href="#cite_note-Toll2014-3">[3]</a> Creams based on <a href="/wiki/Calcineurin_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcineurin inhibitors">calcineurin inhibitors</a> (tacrolimus or pimecrolimus) may also be used to control flares if other measures are not effective.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carr2013-8">[8]</a> Certain <a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">antihistamine</a> pills might help with itchiness.<a href="#cite_note-Toll2014-3">[3]</a> Things that commonly make it worse include <a href="/wiki/House_dust_mite" title="House dust mite">house dust mite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">stress</a> and seasonal factors.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phototherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Phototherapy">Phototherapy</a> may be useful in some people.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013-2">[2]</a> Antibiotics (either by mouth or topically) are usually not helpful unless there is secondary bacterial infection or the person is unwell.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elimination_diet" title="Elimination diet">Dietary exclusion</a> does not benefit most people and it is only needed if food allergies are suspected.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> More severe AD cases may need systemic medicines such as <a href="/wiki/Ciclosporin" title="Ciclosporin">cyclosporin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">methotrexate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dupilumab" title="Dupilumab">dupilumab</a> or <a href="/wiki/Baricitinib" title="Baricitinib">baricitinib</a>. Other names of the condition include "infantile eczema", "flexural eczema", "prurigo Besnier", "allergic eczema", and "neurodermatitis".<a href="#cite_note-Wil2000-1">[1]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atopic_dermatitis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Child_with_Eczema_(34034003933).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Child_with_Eczema_%2834034003933%29.jpg/220px-Child_with_Eczema_%2834034003933%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Child_with_Eczema_%2834034003933%29.jpg/330px-Child_with_Eczema_%2834034003933%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Child_with_Eczema_%2834034003933%29.jpg/440px-Child_with_Eczema_%2834034003933%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14162" data-file-height="10729" /></a><figcaption>Child with atopic dermatitis</figcaption></figure> Symptoms refer to the sensations that people with AD feel, whereas signs refers to a description of the visible changes that result from AD.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pattern_of_atopic_eczema_varies_with_age.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Pattern_of_atopic_eczema_varies_with_age.png/220px-Pattern_of_atopic_eczema_varies_with_age.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Pattern_of_atopic_eczema_varies_with_age.png/330px-Pattern_of_atopic_eczema_varies_with_age.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Pattern_of_atopic_eczema_varies_with_age.png/440px-Pattern_of_atopic_eczema_varies_with_age.png 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="1905" /></a><figcaption>The pattern of atopic eczema varies with age.</figcaption></figure>The main symptom of AD is <a href="/wiki/Itch" title="Itch">itching</a> which can be intense. Some people experience burning or soreness or <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013-2">[2]</a> People with AD often have a generally dry skin that can look greyish in people with darker skin tones of colour. Areas of AD are not well defined, and they are typically inflamed (red in a light coloured skin or purple or dark brown in people with dark skin of colour).<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Surface changes include: <ul><li>scaling cracking (<a href="/wiki/Skin_fissure" title="Skin fissure">skin fissures</a>)</li> <li>swelling (<a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">oedema</a>)</li> <li>scratch marks (excoriation)</li> <li>bumpiness (<a href="/wiki/Papule" title="Papule">papulation</a>)</li> <li>oozing of clear fluid</li> <li>thickening of the skin (<a href="/wiki/Lichenification" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichenification">lichenification</a>) where the AD has been present for a long time.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013-2">[2]</a></li></ul> Eczema often starts on the cheeks and outer limbs and body in infants and frequently settles in the folds of the skin such as behind the knees, folds of the elbows, around the neck, wrists and under the buttock folds as the child grows.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Any part of the body can be affected by AD.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> AD commonly affects the eyelids, where an extra prominent crease can form under the eyelid due to skin swelling known as <a href="/wiki/Dennie%E2%80%93Morgan_fold" title="Dennie–Morgan fold">Dennie-Morgan infraorbital folds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_infra-auricular_fissure:_a_beds-15">[15]</a> Cracks can form under the ears which can be painful (infra-auricular fissure).<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_infra-auricular_fissure:_a_beds-15">[15]</a> The inflammation from AD often leaves "footprints" known as <a href="/wiki/Postinflammatory_hypopigmentation" title="Postinflammatory hypopigmentation">postinflammatory pigmentation</a> that can be lighter than the normal skin or darker. These marks are not scars and eventually go back to normal over a period of months providing the underlying AD is treated effectively.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> People with AD often have dry and scaly skin that spans the entire body, except perhaps the diaper area, and intensely itchy red, splotchy, raised <a href="/wiki/Lesion" title="Lesion">lesions</a> to form in the bends of the arms or legs, face, and neck.<a href="#cite_note-AFP-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-MSR-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-symp13-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atopic_dermatitis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Causes">edit</a>]</div> The cause of AD is not known, although some evidence indicates environmental, immunologic, and potential genetic factors.<a href="#cite_note-GreyMaguiness2016-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollution">Pollution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atopic_dermatitis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pollution">edit</a>]</div> Since 1970, the rates of atopic dermatitis in the US and UK have increased 3-6 fold.<a href="#cite_note-wwwniaidnihgov-2023-24">[24]</a> Even today, people who migrate from <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing nations</a> before the age of 4 years to <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">industrialized nations</a> experience a dramatic rise in the risk of atopic dermatitis and have an additional risk when living in <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urbanized areas</a> of the industrial nation.<a href="#cite_note-Zeldin-2023-25">[25]</a> Recent work has shed light on these and other data strongly suggesting that early life industrial exposures may cause atopic dermatitis.<a href="#cite_note-wwwniaidnihgov-2023-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-NBC_News-2023-26">[26]</a> Chemicals such as <a href="/wiki/Isocyanate" title="Isocyanate">(di)isocyanates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xylene" title="Xylene">xylene</a> prevent the skin bacteria from producing <a href="/wiki/Ceramide" title="Ceramide">ceramide</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sphingolipid" title="Sphingolipid">sphingolipid</a> family <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wwwniaidnihgov-2023-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-NBC_News-2023-26">[26]</a> Early life deficiency in these lipids predictive which children will go on to develop atopic dermatitis.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berdyshev-2023-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> These chemicals also directly activate an itch receptor in the skin known as <a href="/wiki/TRPA1" title="TRPA1">TRPA1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The industrial manufacturing and use of both xylene and diisocyanates greatly increased starting in 1970, which greatly expanded the average exposure to these substances. For example, these chemicals are components of several exposures known to increase the risk of atopic dermatitis or worsen symptoms including: wildfires, <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">automobile exhaust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallpaper_paste" title="Wallpaper paste">wallpaper adhesives</a>, paints, non-latex foam furniture, cigarette smoke, and are elements of fabrics like <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">spandex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zeldin-2023-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-wwwniaidnihgov-2023-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-NBC_News-2023-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atopic_dermatitis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> Low <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a>, and low <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> increase the prevalence and risk of flares in patients with atopic dermatitis.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atopic_dermatitis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</a>]</div> Genes that may contribute to AD are mainly those responsible for immune response (e.g. TH2 cytokine and JAK-STAT pathway genes) and skin barrier (e.g. filaggrin, claudin-1, loricrin). Immune response: Many people with AD have a family history or a personal history of <a href="/wiki/Atopy" title="Atopy">atopy</a>. Atopy is a term used to describe individuals who produce substantial amounts of <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E" title="Immunoglobulin E">IgE</a>. Such individuals have an increased tendency to develop <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allergic_rhinitis" title="Allergic rhinitis">hay fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">eczema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hives" title="Hives">urticaria</a> and allergic rhinitis.<a href="#cite_note-AFP-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-MSR-19">[19]</a> Up to 80% of people with atopic dermatitis have elevated total or allergen-specific IgE levels.<a href="#cite_note-Stander-33">[33]</a> Skin barrier: About 30% of people with AD have mutations in the gene for the production of <a href="/wiki/Filaggrin" title="Filaggrin">filaggrin</a> (FLG), which increase the risk for early onset of atopic dermatitis and developing asthma.<a href="#cite_note-ParkPak2016-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> However, expression of filaggrin protein or breakdown products offer no predictive utility in atopic dermatitis risk.<a href="#cite_note-Berdyshev-2023-28">[28]</a> AD patients also have decreased expression of <a href="/wiki/Tight_junction_proteins" title="Tight junction proteins">tight junction protein</a> <a href="/wiki/CLDN1" title="CLDN1">Claudin-1</a>, which deteriorates the <a href="/wiki/Developmental_bioelectricity" title="Developmental bioelectricity">bioelectric</a> barrier function in the epidermis.<a href="#cite_note-:0-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hygiene_hypothesis">Hygiene hypothesis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atopic_dermatitis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hygiene hypothesis">edit</a>]</div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Hygiene_hypothesis" title="Hygiene hypothesis">hygiene hypothesis</a>, early childhood exposure to certain microorganisms (such as <a href="/wiki/Gut_flora" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut flora">gut flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helminth" class="mw-redirect" title="Helminth">helminth</a> parasites) protects against <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergic</a> diseases by contributing to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CleaningUpHygieneHypothesis-37">[37]</a> This exposure is limited in a modern "sanitary" environment, and the incorrectly developed immune system is prone to develop allergies to harmless substances. Some support exists for this hypothesis with respect to AD.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Those exposed to dogs while growing up have a lower risk of atopic dermatitis.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Also, epidemiological studies support a protective role for helminths against AD.<a href="#cite_note-epid-40">[40]</a> Likewise, children with poor hygiene are at a lower risk for developing AD, as are children who drink <a href="/wiki/Raw_milk" title="Raw milk">unpasteurized milk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-epid-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allergens">Allergens</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atopic_dermatitis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Allergens">edit</a>]</div> In a small percentage of cases, atopic dermatitis is caused by sensitization to foods<a href="#cite_note-diMauroBernardin2016-41">[41]</a> such as milk, but there is growing consensus that <a href="/wiki/Food_allergy" title="Food allergy">food allergy</a> most likely arises as a result of skin barrier dysfunction resulting from AD, rather than food allergy causing the skin problems.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Atopic dermatitis sometimes appears associated with <a href="/wiki/Celiac_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Celiac disease">coeliac disease</a> and non-coeliac gluten sensitivity. Because a <a href="/wiki/Gluten-free_diet" title="Gluten-free diet">gluten-free diet</a> (GFD) improves symptoms in these cases, <a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">gluten</a> seems to be the cause of AD in these cases.<a href="#cite_note-FasanoSapone2015-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-MansuetoSeidita2014-44">[44]</a> A diet high in fruits seems to have a protective effect against AD, whereas the opposite seems true for heavily <a href="/wiki/Convenience_food" title="Convenience food">processed foods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-epid-40">[40]</a> Exposure to <a href="/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen">allergens</a>, either from food or the environment, can exacerbate existing atopic dermatitis.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Exposure to <a href="/wiki/House_dust_mite" title="House dust mite">dust mites</a>, for example, is believed to contribute to the risk of developing AD.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_Staphylococcus_aureus">Role of Staphylococcus aureus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atopic_dermatitis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Role of Staphylococcus aureus">edit</a>]</div> Colonization of the skin by the bacterium <a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">S. aureus</a> is extremely prevalent in those with atopic dermatitis.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Abnormalities in the skin barrier of persons with AD are exploited by S. aureus to trigger cytokine expression, thus aggravating the condition.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> However, atopic dermatitis is <a href="/wiki/Non-communicable_disease" title="Non-communicable disease">non-communicable</a> and therefore could not be directly caused by a highly <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infectious</a> organism. Furthermore, there is insufficient evidence for the effectiveness of anti-staphylococcal treatments for treating S. aureus in infected or uninfected eczema.<a href="#cite_note-George-2019-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hard_water">Hard water</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atopic_dermatitis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hard water">edit</a>]</div> The prevalence of atopic dermatitis in children may be linked to the level of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> or "<a href="/wiki/Hard_water" title="Hard water">hardness</a>" of household drinking water.<a href="#cite_note-Sengupta2013-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-JabbarLopez-2021-51">[51]</a> Living in areas with hard water may also play a part in the development of AD in early life. However, when AD is already established, using <a href="/wiki/Water_softening" title="Water softening">water softeners</a> at home does not reduce the severity of the symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-JabbarLopez-2021-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIHR_Evidence-2024-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atopic_dermatitis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pathophysiology">edit</a>]</div> Excessive <a href="/wiki/Type_2_inflammation" title="Type 2 inflammation">type 2 inflammation</a> underlies the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Disruption of the epidermal barrier is thought to play an integral role in the <a href="/wiki/Pathogenesis" title="Pathogenesis">pathogenesis</a> of AD.<a href="#cite_note-Stander-33">[33]</a> Disruptions of the epidermal barrier allows allergens to penetrate the epidermis to deeper layers of the skin. This leads to activation of <a href="/wiki/Dendritic_cell" title="Dendritic cell">epidermal inflammatory dendritic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Innate_lymphoid_cell" title="Innate lymphoid cell">innate lymphoid cells</a> which subsequently attracts <a href="/wiki/T_helper_cell" title="T helper cell">Th2 CD4+ helper T cells</a> to the skin.<a href="#cite_note-Stander-33">[33]</a> This dysregulated Th2 inflammatory response is thought to lead to the eczematous lesions.<a href="#cite_note-Stander-33">[33]</a> The Th2 helper T cells become activated, leading to the release of inflammatory cytokines including <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_4" title="Interleukin 4">IL-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_13" title="Interleukin 13">IL-13</a> and <a href="/wiki/IL-31" class="mw-redirect" title="IL-31">IL-31</a> which activate downstream <a href="/wiki/Janus_kinase" title="Janus kinase">Janus kinase (Jak)</a> pathways. The active Jak pathways lead to inflammation and downstream activation of <a href="/wiki/Plasma_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma cells">plasma cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/B_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="B cells">B lymphocytes</a> which release antigen specific <a href="/wiki/IgE" class="mw-redirect" title="IgE">IgE</a> contributing to further inflammation.<a href="#cite_note-Stander-33">[33]</a> Other CD4+ helper T-cell pathways thought to be involved in atopic dermatitis inflammation include the Th1, <a href="/wiki/T_helper_17_cell" title="T helper 17 cell">Th17</a>, and Th22 pathways.<a href="#cite_note-Stander-33">[33]</a> Some specific CD4+ helper T-cell inflammatory pathways are more commonly activated in specific ethnic groups with AD (for example, the Th-2 and Th-17 pathways are commonly activated in Asian people) possibly explaining the differences in phenotypic presentation of atopic dermatitis in specific populations.<a href="#cite_note-Stander-33">[33]</a> Mutations in the filaggrin gene, FLG, also cause impairment in the skin barrier that contributes to the pathogenesis of AD.<a href="#cite_note-Stander-33">[33]</a> Filaggrin is produced by epidermal skin cells (<a href="/wiki/Keratinocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Keratinocytes">keratinocytes</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Stratum_corneum" title="Stratum corneum">horny layer</a> of the epidermis. Filaggrin stimulates skin cells to release moisturizing factors and lipid matrix material, which cause adhesion of adjacent keratinocytes and contributes to the skin barrier.<a href="#cite_note-Stander-33">[33]</a> A loss-of-function mutation of filaggrin causes loss of this lipid matrix and external moisturizing factors, subsequently leading to disruption of the skin barrier. The disrupted skin barrier leads to transdermal water loss (leading to the <a href="/wiki/Xerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerosis">xerosis</a> or dry skin commonly seen in AD) and antigen and allergen penetration of the epidermal layer.<a href="#cite_note-Stander-33">[33]</a> Filaggrin mutations are also associated with a decrease in natural antimicrobial peptides found on the skin; subsequently leading to disruption of skin flora and bacterial overgrowth (commonly <a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a> overgrowth or colonization).<a href="#cite_note-Stander-33">[33]</a> AD is also associated with the release of pruritogens (molecules that stimulate <a href="/wiki/Pruritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pruritus">pruritus</a> or itching) in the skin.<a href="#cite_note-Stander-33">[33]</a> Keratinocytes, <a href="/wiki/Mast_cell" title="Mast cell">mast cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eosinophil" title="Eosinophil">eosinophils</a> and <a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T-cells</a> release pruritogens in the skin; leading to activation of <a href="/wiki/Group_A_nerve_fiber" title="Group A nerve fiber">Aδ fibers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Group_C_nerve_fiber" title="Group C nerve fiber">Group C nerve fibers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">epidermis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermis</a> contributing to sensations of pruritus and pain.<a href="#cite_note-Stander-33">[33]</a> The pruritogens include the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-13, IL-31, histamine, and various neuropeptides.<a href="#cite_note-Stander-33">[33]</a> Mechanical stimulation from scratching lesions can also lead to the release of pruritogens contributing to the itch-scratch cycle whereby there is increased pruritus or itch after scratching a lesion.<a href="#cite_note-Stander-33">[33]</a> Chronic scratching of lesions can cause thickening or <a href="/wiki/Lichenification" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichenification">lichenification</a> of the skin or <a href="/wiki/Prurigo_nodularis" title="Prurigo nodularis">prurigo nodularis</a> (generalized nodules that are severely itchy).<a href="#cite_note-Stander-33">[33]</a> Another factor in the barrier failure and immunological dysregulation in AD patients may be due to decreases in <a href="/wiki/Tight_junction_proteins" title="Tight junction proteins">tight junction protein</a> <a href="/wiki/CLDN1" title="CLDN1">Claudin-1</a>. Inhibiting Claudin-1 expression in human keratinocytes has been show to both reduce <a href="/wiki/Tight_junction" title="Tight junction">tight junction</a> function, as well as increase keratinocyte proliferation in vitro. It has also been discovered that this deteriorates the <a href="/wiki/Developmental_bioelectricity" title="Developmental bioelectricity">bioelectric</a> barrier function in the epidermis.<a href="#cite_note-:0-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atopic_dermatitis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Diagnosis">edit</a>]</div> AD is typically <a href="/wiki/Clinical_diagnosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical diagnosis">diagnosed clinically</a>, meaning it is based on signs and symptoms alone, without special testing.<a href="#cite_note-EichenfieldSec1-55">[55]</a> Several different criteria developed for research have also been validated to aid in diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-Brenninkmeijer-2008-56">[56]</a> Of these, the UK Diagnostic Criteria, based on the work of Hanifin and <a href="/wiki/Georg_Rajka" title="Georg Rajka">Rajka</a>, has been the most widely validated.<a href="#cite_note-Brenninkmeijer-2008-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Williams-1994-57">[57]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>UK diagnostic criteria<a href="#cite_note-Williams-1994-57">[57]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>People must have <a href="/wiki/Itch" title="Itch">itchy skin</a>, or evidence of rubbing or scratching, plus three or more of: </th></tr> <tr> <td>Skin creases are involved - flexural dermatitis of fronts of <a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">ankles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cubital_fossa" title="Cubital fossa">antecubital fossae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Popliteal_fossa" title="Popliteal fossa">popliteal fossae</a>, skin around eyes, or neck, (or cheeks for children under 10) </td></tr> <tr> <td>History of <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> or <a href="/wiki/Allergic_rhinitis" title="Allergic rhinitis">allergic rhinitis</a> (or family history of these conditions if patient is a child ≤4 years old) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Symptoms began before age 2 (can only be applied to patients ≥4 years old) </td></tr> <tr> <td>History of <a href="/wiki/Xeroderma" title="Xeroderma">dry skin</a> (within the past year) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">Dermatitis</a> is visible on flexural surfaces (patients ≥age 4) or on the cheeks, forehead, and extensor surfaces (patients<age 4) </td></tr></tbody></table> Other diseases that must be excluded before making a diagnosis include <a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">contact dermatitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">psoriasis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seborrheic_dermatitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Seborrheic dermatitis">seborrheic dermatitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Toll2014-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atopic_dermatitis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Prevention">edit</a>]</div> There are no established <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">clinical methods</a> using dietary or <a href="/wiki/Topical_medication" title="Topical medication">topical</a> strategies to inhibit or prevent atopic dermatitis. Specific dietary plans during pregnancy and in early childhood, such as eating fatty fish (or taking <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3</a> supplements), are not effective.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Taking <a href="/wiki/Probiotic" title="Probiotic">probiotics</a> (for example <a href="/wiki/Lacticaseibacillus_rhamnosus" title="Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus">Lactobacillus rhamnosus</a>) during pregnancy and feeding probiotics to infants are strategies under research, with only preliminary evidence that they may be preventative.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Using <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis#Moisturizers" title="Dermatitis">moisturizers</a> daily in infants during the first year of life does not help to prevent atopic dermatitis, and might even increase the risk of skin infections.<a href="#cite_note-NIHR_Evidence-2024-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatments">Treatments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atopic_dermatitis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Treatments">edit</a>]</div> No cure for AD is known, although treatments may reduce the severity and frequency of flares.<a href="#cite_note-AFP-18">[18]</a> The most commonly used topical treatments for AD are topical corticosteroids (to get control of flare-ups) and <a href="/wiki/Moisturizer" title="Moisturizer">moisturisers</a> (emollients) to help keep control.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Clinical trials often measure the efficacy of treatments with a severity scale such as the <a href="/wiki/SCORAD" title="SCORAD">SCORAD</a> index or the <a href="/wiki/Eczema_Area_and_Severity_Index" title="Eczema Area and Severity Index">Eczema Area and Severity Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EichenfieldSec1-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moisturisers">Moisturisers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atopic_dermatitis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Moisturisers">edit</a>]</div> Daily basic care is intended to stabilize the barrier function of the skin to mitigate its sensitivity to irritation and penetration of allergens. Affected persons often report that improvement of skin hydration parallels with improvement in AD symptoms. <a href="/wiki/Moisturizer" title="Moisturizer">Moisturisers</a> (or emollients) can improve skin comfort and may reduce disease flares.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> They can be used as leave-on treatments, bath additives or <a href="/wiki/Soap_substitute" title="Soap substitute">soap substitutes</a>. There are many different products but the majority of leave-on treatments (least to most greasy) are <a href="/wiki/Lotion" title="Lotion">lotions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cream_(pharmacy)" title="Cream (pharmacy)">creams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gel" title="Gel">gels</a> or <a href="/wiki/Topical_medication" title="Topical medication">ointments</a>. All of the different types of moisturisers are equally effective so people need to choose one or more products based on what suits them, according to their age, body site effected, climate/season and personal preference.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Non-medicated prescription moisturisers may also be no more effective than <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">over-the-counter</a> moisturisers.<a href="#cite_note-Chu-2023a-66">[66]</a> The use of emollient bath additives does not provide any additional benefits.<a href="#cite_note-NIHR_Evidence-2024-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medication">Medication</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atopic_dermatitis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Medication">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Topical">Topical</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atopic_dermatitis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Topical">edit</a>]</div> Creams and ointments containing <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroids</a> applied directly on skin (<a href="/wiki/Topical_steroid" title="Topical steroid">topical</a>) are effective in managing atopic dermatitis.<a href="#cite_note-Chu-2023a-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lax-2022-69">[69]</a> Newer (second generation) corticosteroids, such as <a href="/wiki/Fluticasone_propionate" title="Fluticasone propionate">fluticasone propionate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mometasone" title="Mometasone">mometasone furoate</a>, are more effective and safer than older ones. Strong and moderate corticosteroids work better than weaker ones. They are also generally safe and do not cause <a href="/wiki/Steroid-induced_skin_atrophy" title="Steroid-induced skin atrophy">skin thinning</a> when used in intermittently to treat AD flare-ups. They are also safe when used twice a week for preventing flares (also known as weekend treatment).<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chu-2023a-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Applying once daily is as effective as twice or more daily application.<a href="#cite_note-Lax-2022-69">[69]</a> In addition to topical corticosteroids, topical <a href="/wiki/Calcineurin_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcineurin inhibitor">calcineurin inhibitors</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Tacrolimus" title="Tacrolimus">tacrolimus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pimecrolimus" title="Pimecrolimus">pimecrolimus</a>, are also recommended as first-line therapies for managing atopic dermatitis.<a href="#cite_note-Chu-2023a-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chu-2024-72">[72]</a> Both tacrolimus and pimecrolimus are effective and safe to use in AD.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Crisaborole" title="Crisaborole">Crisaborole</a>, an inhibitor of <a href="/wiki/Phosphodiesterase-4_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor">PDE-4</a>, is also effective and safe as a topical treatment for mild-to-moderate AD.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruxolitinib" title="Ruxolitinib">Ruxolitinib</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Janus_kinase_inhibitor" title="Janus kinase inhibitor">Janus kinase inhibitor</a>, has uncertain efficacy and safety.<a href="#cite_note-Chu-2023a-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chu-2024-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Systemic">Systemic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atopic_dermatitis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Systemic">edit</a>]</div> When topical (on skin) treatments fail to control severe AD flares, medications taken by mouth (systemic treatment) can be used.<a href="#cite_note-NIHR_Evidence-2024-52">[52]</a> Conventional oral medications for AD include systemic <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug" title="Immunosuppressive drug">immunosuppressants</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Ciclosporin" title="Ciclosporin">ciclosporin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">methotrexate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azathioprine" title="Azathioprine">azathioprine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mycophenolic_acid" title="Mycophenolic acid">mycophenolate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davis-2024-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIHR_Evidence-2024-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">naltrexone</a> may be used to control pruritus (itchiness).<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Newer medications, such as <a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody" title="Monoclonal antibody">monoclonal antibodies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Janus_kinase_inhibitor" title="Janus kinase inhibitor">JAK inhibitors</a>, are highly effective for managing atopic dermatitis, but modestly increase the risk of <a href="/wiki/Conjunctivitis" title="Conjunctivitis">conjunctivitis</a>. These include <a href="/wiki/Dupilumab" title="Dupilumab">dupilumab</a> (Dupixent), <a href="/wiki/Tralokinumab" title="Tralokinumab">tralokinumab</a> (Adtralza, Adbry), <a href="/wiki/Abrocitinib" title="Abrocitinib">abrocitinib</a> (Cibinqo), <a href="/wiki/Baricitinib" title="Baricitinib">baricitinib</a> (Olumiant) and <a href="/wiki/Upadacitinib" title="Upadacitinib">upadacitinib</a> (Rinvoq).<a href="#cite_note-Davis-2024-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chu-2024-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chu-2023b-81">[81]</a> Among monoclonal antibodies, <a href="/wiki/Dupilumab" title="Dupilumab">dupilumab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tralokinumab" title="Tralokinumab">tralokinumab</a> are approved to treat moderate-to-severe eczema in the US and the EU.<a href="#cite_note-FDA-Dupilumab-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adtralza_EPAR-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FDA-Adbry-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lebrikizumab" title="Lebrikizumab">Lebrikizumab</a> is also approved in the EU for treating moderate-to-severe AD<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> but in the US its approval was declined due to manufacturing issues.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abrocitinib" title="Abrocitinib">Abrocitinib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upadacitinib" title="Upadacitinib">upadacitinib</a> have also been approved in the US for the treatment of moderate-to-severe eczema.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antileukotriene" title="Antileukotriene">Leukotriene receptor antagonists</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Montelukast" title="Montelukast">montelukast</a>, might be a useful for the treatment of AD but their effectiveness has not yet been proven by research.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Allergen_immunotherapy" title="Allergen immunotherapy">Allergen immunotherapy</a> may be effective in relieving symptoms of AD, but it also comes with an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Adverse_event" title="Adverse event">adverse events</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> This treatment consists of a series of injections or drops under the tongue of a solution containing the allergen.<a href="#cite_note-Tam2016-94">[94]</a> The skin of people with AD can easily get infected, most commonly by the bacteria <a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a>. Signs of this include oozing fluid, a yellow crust on the skin, worsening eczema symptoms and fever. Antibiotics are commonly used to target overgrowth of S. aureus but their benefit is limited, and they increase the risk of <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance" title="Antimicrobial resistance">antimicrobial resistance</a>. For these reasons, they are only recommended for people who not only present symptoms on the skin but feel systematically unwell.<a href="#cite_note-NIHR_Evidence-2024-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-George-2019-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atopic_dermatitis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Diet">edit</a>]</div> The role of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a> on atopic dermatitis is not clear, but vitamin D supplementation may improve its symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-DebinskaSikorskaSzaflik2015-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-KimBae2016-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> There is no clear benefit for pregnant mothers taking <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega 3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid</a> (LCPUFA) in preventing the development of AD in their child.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Several <a href="/wiki/Probiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Probiotics">probiotics</a> seem to have a positive effect, with a roughly 20% reduction in the rate of AD.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Probiotics containing multiple <a href="/wiki/Strain_(biology)" title="Strain (biology)">strains</a> of bacteria seem to work the best.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In people with <a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">celiac disease</a> or <a href="/wiki/Non-celiac_gluten_sensitivity" title="Non-celiac gluten sensitivity">nonceliac gluten sensitivity</a>, a gluten-free diet improves their symptoms and prevents the occurrence of new outbreaks.<a href="#cite_note-FasanoSapone2015-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-MansuetoSeidita2014-44">[44]</a> Use of blood specific <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E" title="Immunoglobulin E">IgE</a> or <a href="/wiki/Skin_allergy_test" title="Skin allergy test">skin prick tests</a> to guide dietary exclusions with the aim of improving disease severity or control is controversial. Clinicians vary in their use of these tests for this purpose, and there are very limited evidence of any benefit.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifestyle">Lifestyle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atopic_dermatitis&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Lifestyle">edit</a>]</div> Health professionals often recommend that people with AD bathe regularly in lukewarm baths, especially in salt water, to moisten their skin.<a href="#cite_note-MSR-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-NP-106">[106]</a> Dilute <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite_washes" title="Sodium hypochlorite washes">bleach baths</a> may be helpful for people with moderate and severe eczema, but only for patients with Staphylococcus aureus.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Avoiding large-diameter <a href="/wiki/Woolen" title="Woolen">woolen</a> clothing or scratchy fibres is usually recommended for people with AD as they can trigger a flare.<a href="#cite_note-Jaros-2020-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Safe alternatives are clothes made from fabrics with smaller diameters and smooth fibers. These include super- and ultrafine <a href="/wiki/Merino" title="Merino">merino wool</a> and fabrics with anti-microbial textile finishes. Wearing <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> is also safe but does not improve symptoms of AD.<a href="#cite_note-Jaros-2020-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIHR_Evidence-2024-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-management">Self-management</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atopic_dermatitis&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Self-management">edit</a>]</div> Living with AD requires a high level of self-management (for example avoiding triggers) and <a href="/wiki/Adherence_(medicine)" title="Adherence (medicine)">adherence</a> to treatments (regularly applying medication). Good self-management contributes to better disease outcomes and quality of life.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Teasdale-2021-112">[112]</a> However, worries about topical treatments, misconceptions about the condition, unclear information and unsuitable communication from doctors can make living with AD more difficult.<a href="#cite_note-NIHR_Evidence-2024-52">[52]</a> People with AD often do not regard eczema as long-term condition and hope they will outgrow or cure it. This can cause worse adherence to the necessary long-term treatment. Doctors should not imply that it is a short-term condition and should emphasise that even though it cannot be cured it can be controlled effectively.<a href="#cite_note-NIHR_Evidence-2020-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Teasdale-2021-112">[112]</a> Appropriate communication from doctors can support self-management. Doctors need to address concerns about treatments and provide clear and consistent information about the condition.<a href="#cite_note-NIHR_Evidence-2020-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Teasdale-2021-112">[112]</a> Treatment regimens can be confusing, and written action plans may support people in knowing which treatments to use where and when.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> A website supporting self-management has been shown to improve AD symptoms for parents, children, adolescents and young adults.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Light">Light</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atopic_dermatitis&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Light">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Light_therapy" title="Light therapy">Phototherapic</a> treatment involves exposure to broad- or narrow-band <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> (UV) light. UV radiation exposure has been found to have a localized immunomodulatory effect on affected tissues and may be used to decrease the severity and frequency of flares.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Among the different types of phototherapies only narrowband (NB) ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure might help with the severity of AD and ease itching.<a href="#cite_note-Chu-2023b-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> However, UV radiation has also been implicated in various types of skin cancer, and thus UV treatment is not without risk.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phototherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Phototherapy">UV phototherapy</a> is not indicated in young adults and children due to this risk of <a href="/wiki/Skin_cancer" title="Skin cancer">skin cancer</a> with prolonged use or exposure.<a href="#cite_note-Stander-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_medicine">Alternative medicine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atopic_dermatitis&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Alternative medicine">edit</a>]</div> While several <a href="/wiki/Chinese_herbal_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese herbal medicine">Chinese herbal medicines</a> are intended for treating atopic eczema, there is no evidence showing that these treatments, taken by mouth or applied topically, reduce the severity of eczema in children or adults.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atopic_dermatitis&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Impact">edit</a>]</div> Atopic dermatitis significantly impairs the <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life_(healthcare)" title="Quality of life (healthcare)">quality of life</a> of affected individuals.<a href="#cite_note-Fasseeh-2022-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Page-2021-123">[123]</a> The impact of AD extends beyond physical symptoms, encompassing substantial humanistic and <a href="/wiki/Psychosocial" title="Psychosocial">psychosocial</a> effects. Its <a href="/wiki/Disease_burden" title="Disease burden">burden</a> is significant, especially given the high indirect costs and psychological impacts on quality of life.<a href="#cite_note-Fasseeh-2022-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Global_Burden_of_Disease_Study" title="Global Burden of Disease Study">Global Burden of Disease Study</a>, AD is the skin disease with the highest <a href="/wiki/Disability-adjusted_life_year" title="Disability-adjusted life year">disability-adjusted life year</a> burden and ranks in the top 15 of all nonfatal diseases. In comparison with other dermatological conditions like psoriasis and urticaria, AD presents a significantly higher burden.<a href="#cite_note-Page-2021-123">[123]</a> While AD remains incurable, reducing its severity can significantly alleviate its burden. Understanding the extent of the burden of AD can aid in better resource allocation and prioritization of interventions, benefiting both patients and healthcare systems.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humanistic_burden">Humanistic burden</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atopic_dermatitis&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Humanistic burden">edit</a>]</div> AD significantly decreases the quality of life by affecting various aspects of people's lives. The psychological impact, often resulting in conditions like <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety</a>, is a major factor leading to decreased <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>. Sleep disturbances, commonly reported in people with AD, further contribute to the humanistic burden, affecting daily productivity and concentration.<a href="#cite_note-Fasseeh-2022-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clinical_and_economic_burden">Clinical and economic burden</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atopic_dermatitis&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Clinical and economic burden">edit</a>]</div> Economically, AD imposes a substantial burden on healthcare systems, with the average direct cost per patient estimated at 4411 USD and the average indirect cost reaching 9068 USD annually.<a href="#cite_note-Fasseeh-2022-122">[122]</a> These figures highlight the considerable financial impact of the disease on healthcare systems and people with the condition.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Productivity_loss">Productivity loss</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atopic_dermatitis&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Productivity loss">edit</a>]</div> AD also has a marked impact on productivity. The total number of days lost annually due to these factors is about 68.8 days for the general AD population, with <a href="/wiki/Presenteeism" title="Presenteeism">presenteeism</a> accounting for the majority of these days.<a href="#cite_note-Fasseeh-2022-122">[122]</a> The impact on productivity varies significantly with the severity of AD, with more severe cases resulting in higher numbers of days lost.<a href="#cite_note-Fasseeh-2022-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burden_of_disease_in_the_Middle_East_and_Africa">Burden of disease in the Middle East and Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atopic_dermatitis&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Burden of disease in the Middle East and Africa">edit</a>]</div> Atopic dermatitis leads to the highest loss in <a href="/wiki/Disability-adjusted_life_year" title="Disability-adjusted life year">disability-adjusted life years</a> compared to other skin diseases in the Middle East and Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Elezbawy-2023-129">[129]</a> Patients with AD in these regions lose approximately 0.19 <a href="/wiki/Quality-adjusted_life_year" title="Quality-adjusted life year">quality-adjusted life years</a> (QALYs) annually due to the disease. Egypt experiences the highest QALY loss and Kuwait the lowest.<a href="#cite_note-Elezbawy-2023-129">[129]</a> The average annual healthcare cost per patient varies is highest in the United Arab Emirates, estimated at US $3569, and lowest in Algeria at US $312. These costs are influenced by the economic status of each country and the cost of healthcare. Advanced treatments like targeted therapies and phototherapy are among the main cost drivers.<a href="#cite_note-Elezbawy-2023-129">[129]</a> Indirect costs, primarily due to productivity loss from <a href="/wiki/Absenteeism" title="Absenteeism">absenteeism</a> and presenteeism average about 67% in these countries. Indirect costs in Saudi Arabia are the highest in the area, estimated at US $364 million.<a href="#cite_note-Elezbawy-2023-129">[129]</a> Factors like mental health impact, side effects of treatments, and other indirect costs such as personal care products are not fully accounted for in these estimates, suggesting that the actual burden might be even higher.<a href="#cite_note-Elezbawy-2023-129">[129]</a> To mitigate the burden of AD, experts recommend strategic actions across five key domains: capacity building, guidelines, research, public awareness, and patient support and education. Key measures include increasing the number of dermatologists, establishing evidence-based treatment guidelines, investing in patient education, and enhancing public awareness to reduce stigma.<a href="#cite_note-Elezbawy-2024-130">[130]</a> Improving access to effective treatments and conducting further research on AD's impact are also crucial for reducing the disease's clinical, economic, and humanistic burdens in the MEA.<a href="#cite_note-Elezbawy-2024-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atopic_dermatitis&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Epidemiology">edit</a>]</div> Since the beginning of the 20th century, many inflammatory skin disorders have become more common; AD is a classic example of such a disease. Although AD was previously considered primarily a childhood disease, it is now recognized as highly prevalent in adults, with an estimated adult prevalence of 3-5% globally.<a href="#cite_note-Fasseeh-2022-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Page-2021-123">[123]</a> It now affects 15–30% of children and 2–10% of adults in developed countries, and in the United States has nearly tripled in the past 30–40 years.<a href="#cite_note-MSR-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-saito-131">[131]</a> Over 15 million American adults and children have AD.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atopic_dermatitis&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conspiracy_theories">Conspiracy theories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atopic_dermatitis&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Conspiracy theories">edit</a>]</div> A number of false and conspiratorial claims about AD have emerged on the internet and have been amplified by social media. These <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a> include, among others, claims that AD is caused by <a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> in food, <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a>, and topical steroids. Various unproven theories also claim that <a href="/wiki/Vegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan">vegan</a> diets, <a href="/wiki/Apple_cider_vinegar" title="Apple cider vinegar">apple cider vinegar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calendula" title="Calendula">calendula</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Witch-hazel" title="Witch-hazel">witch hazel</a> can cure AD and that <a href="/wiki/Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">air purifiers</a> reduce the risk of developing AD.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atopic_dermatitis&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweat_allergy" title="Sweat allergy">Sweat allergy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atopic_dermatitis&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wil2000-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wil2000_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wil2000_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2000" class="citation journal cs1">Williams HC (October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q8OZ4O_gjQUC&pg=PA10">"Epidemiology of atopic dermatitis"</a>. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 25 (7). 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q268667" class="extiw" title="d:Q268667">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/L20">L20</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=691.8">691.8</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/603165">603165</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D003876">D003876</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb4113.htm">4113</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000853.htm">000853</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/emerg/130-overview">emerg/130</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic38.htm#">derm/38</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic2567.htm#">ped/2567</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/oph/topic479.htm#">oph/479</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Atopic_dermatitis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Atopic dermatitis">Atopic dermatitis</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Atopic_Dermatitis/default.asp">NIH Handout on Health: Atopic Dermatitis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eczemacareonline.org.uk/">Eczema Care Online</a>. Toolkit for managing eczema.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isad.org/">International Society of Atopic Dermatitis</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/primaryhealthcare/resources/moisturiser-decision-aid/#d.en.592367">Moisturiser Decision Aid</a>. University of Bristol.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/groups/cebd/projects/1eczema/the-dragon-in-my-skin.aspx">The Dragon In My Skin</a>. Book, animation, and resource pack for schools.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology" title="Template:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology" title="Template talk:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Growths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">Epidermal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wart" title="Wart">Wart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callus" title="Callus">Callus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seborrheic_keratosis" title="Seborrheic keratosis">Seborrheic keratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_tag" title="Skin tag">Acrochordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molluscum_contagiosum" title="Molluscum contagiosum">Molluscum contagiosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinic_keratosis" title="Actinic keratosis">Actinic keratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">Squamous-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basal-cell_carcinoma" title="Basal-cell carcinoma">Basal-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkel-cell_carcinoma" title="Merkel-cell carcinoma">Merkel-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevus_sebaceous" title="Nevus sebaceous">Nevus sebaceous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichoepithelioma" title="Trichoepithelioma">Trichoepithelioma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pigmented</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freckle" title="Freckle">Freckles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentigo" title="Lentigo">Lentigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melasma" title="Melasma">Melasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevus" title="Nevus">Nevus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">Melanoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">Dermal</a> and subcutaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidermoid_cyst" title="Epidermoid cyst">Epidermal inclusion cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemangioma" title="Hemangioma">Hemangioma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_fibrous_histiocytoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign fibrous histiocytoma">Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keloid" title="Keloid">Keloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipoma" title="Lipoma">Lipoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurofibroma" title="Neurofibroma">Neurofibroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthoma" title="Xanthoma">Xanthoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantile_digital_fibromatosis" title="Infantile digital fibromatosis">Infantile digital fibromatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_cell_tumor" title="Granular cell tumor">Granular cell tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiomyoma" title="Leiomyoma">Leiomyoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphangioma_circumscriptum" title="Lymphangioma circumscriptum">Lymphangioma circumscriptum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxoid_cyst" title="Myxoid cyst">Myxoid cyst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rash" title="Rash">Rashes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">With epidermal involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eczematous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">Contact dermatitis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atopic dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seborrhoeic_dermatitis" title="Seborrhoeic dermatitis">Seborrheic dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_dermatitis" title="Stasis dermatitis">Stasis dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_simplex_chronicus" title="Lichen simplex chronicus">Lichen simplex chronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darier%27s_disease" title="Darier's disease">Darier's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagonoma_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucagonoma syndrome">Glucagonoma syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langerhans_cell_histiocytosis" title="Langerhans cell histiocytosis">Langerhans cell histiocytosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_sclerosus" title="Lichen sclerosus">Lichen sclerosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemphigus" title="Pemphigus">Pemphigus foliaceus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiskott%E2%80%93Aldrich_syndrome" title="Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome">Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_deficiency" title="Zinc deficiency">Zinc deficiency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scale_(dermatology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scale (dermatology)">Scaling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">Psoriasis</a></li> <li>Tinea (<a href="/wiki/Tinea_corporis" title="Tinea corporis">Corporis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_cruris" title="Tinea cruris">Cruris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athlete%27s_foot" title="Athlete's foot">Pedis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_manuum" title="Tinea manuum">Manuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_faciei" title="Tinea faciei">Faciei</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_rosea" title="Pityriasis rosea">Pityriasis rosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">Secondary syphilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycosis_fungoides" title="Mycosis fungoides">Mycosis fungoides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_rubra_pilaris" title="Pityriasis rubra pilaris">Pityriasis rubra pilaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsoriasis" title="Parapsoriasis">Parapsoriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosis" title="Ichthyosis">Ichthyosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blister" title="Blister">Blistering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herpes" title="Herpes">Herpes simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_zoster" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes zoster">Herpes zoster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickenpox" title="Chickenpox">Varicella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impetigo" title="Impetigo">Bullous impetigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">Acute contact dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemphigus_vulgaris" title="Pemphigus vulgaris">Pemphigus vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullous_pemphigoid" title="Bullous pemphigoid">Bullous pemphigoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatitis_herpetiformis" title="Dermatitis herpetiformis">Dermatitis herpetiformis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyria_cutanea_tarda" title="Porphyria cutanea tarda">Porphyria cutanea tarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_simplex" title="Epidermolysis bullosa simplex">Epidermolysis bullosa simplex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papule" title="Papule">Papular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scabies" title="Scabies">Scabies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_bites_and_stings" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect bites and stings">Insect bite reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_planus" title="Lichen planus">Lichen planus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miliaria" title="Miliaria">Miliaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratosis_pilaris" title="Keratosis pilaris">Keratosis pilaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_spinulosus" title="Lichen spinulosus">Lichen spinulosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transient_acantholytic_dermatosis" title="Transient acantholytic dermatosis">Transient acantholytic dermatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_nitidus" title="Lichen nitidus">Lichen nitidus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_lichenoides_et_varioliformis_acuta" title="Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta">Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pustule" class="mw-redirect" title="Pustule">Pustular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acne_vulgaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Acne vulgaris">Acne vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosacea" title="Rosacea">Rosacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folliculitis" title="Folliculitis">Folliculitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impetigo" title="Impetigo">Impetigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidiasis" title="Candidiasis">Candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae">Gonococcemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatophyte" title="Dermatophyte">Dermatophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccidioidomycosis" title="Coccidioidomycosis">Coccidioidomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcorneal_pustular_dermatosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcorneal pustular dermatosis">Subcorneal pustular dermatosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hypopigmented</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_versicolor" title="Tinea versicolor">Tinea versicolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitiligo" title="Vitiligo">Vitiligo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_alba" title="Pityriasis alba">Pityriasis alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postinflammatory_hyperpigmentation" title="Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation">Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberous_sclerosis" title="Tuberous sclerosis">Tuberous sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_guttate_hypomelanosis" title="Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis">Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">Leprosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycosis_fungoides" title="Mycosis fungoides">Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Without epidermal involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Red" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Red</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blanchable <a href="/wiki/Erythema" title="Erythema">Erythema</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Generalized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_eruption" title="Drug eruption">Drug eruptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exanthem" title="Exanthem">Viral exanthems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_toxicum_neonatorum" title="Erythema toxicum neonatorum">Toxic erythema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Localized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulitis" title="Cellulitis">Cellulitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">Abscess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boil" title="Boil">Boil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_nodosum" title="Erythema nodosum">Erythema nodosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinoid_syndrome" title="Carcinoid syndrome">Carcinoid syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_drug_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed drug eruption">Fixed drug eruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticaria">Urticaria</a></li> <li>Erythema (<a href="/wiki/Erythema_multiforme" title="Erythema multiforme">Multiforme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_chronicum_migrans" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythema chronicum migrans">Migrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_gyratum_repens" title="Erythema gyratum repens">Gyratum repens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_annulare_centrifugum" title="Erythema annulare centrifugum">Annulare centrifugum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_ab_igne" title="Erythema ab igne">Ab igne</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonblanchable Purpura</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Macular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thrombocytopenic_purpura" title="Thrombocytopenic purpura">Thrombocytopenic purpura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_purpura" title="Solar purpura">Actinic/solar purpura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Papular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disseminated_intravascular_coagulation" title="Disseminated intravascular coagulation">Disseminated intravascular coagulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasculitis" title="Vasculitis">Vasculitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indurated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scleroderma" title="Scleroderma">Scleroderma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Morphea" title="Morphea">morphea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granuloma_annulare" title="Granuloma annulare">Granuloma annulare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_sclerosus" title="Lichen sclerosus">Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrobiosis_lipoidica" title="Necrobiosis lipoidica">Necrobiosis lipoidica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ulcer_(dermatology)" title="Ulcer (dermatology)">Ulcers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hair</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telogen_effluvium" title="Telogen effluvium">Telogen effluvium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androgenic_alopecia" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgenic alopecia">Androgenic alopecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alopecia_areata" title="Alopecia areata">Alopecia areata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_capitis" title="Tinea capitis">Tinea capitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loose_anagen_syndrome" title="Loose anagen syndrome">Loose anagen syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_planopilaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichen planopilaris">Lichen planopilaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folliculitis_decalvans" title="Folliculitis decalvans">Folliculitis decalvans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudofolliculitis_barbae" title="Pseudofolliculitis barbae">Acne keloidalis nuchae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Nail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onychomycosis" title="Onychomycosis">Onychomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">Psoriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paronychia" title="Paronychia">Paronychia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrown_nail" title="Ingrown nail">Ingrown nail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">Mucous membrane</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphthous_stomatitis" title="Aphthous stomatitis">Aphthous stomatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_candidiasis" title="Oral candidiasis">Oral candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_planus" title="Lichen planus">Lichen planus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukoplakia" title="Leukoplakia">Leukoplakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemphigus" title="Pemphigus">Pemphigus vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane_pemphigoid" title="Mucous membrane pemphigoid">Mucous membrane pemphigoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicatricial_pemphigoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicatricial pemphigoid">Cicatricial pemphigoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpesviridae" title="Herpesviridae">Herpesvirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coxsackievirus" title="Coxsackievirus">Coxsackievirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">Syphilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histoplasmosis" title="Histoplasmosis">Systemic histoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">Squamous-cell carcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Allergic_conditions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hypersensitivity_disease_by_system" title="Template:Hypersensitivity disease by system"><abbr title="View this 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title="Asthma">Asthma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity_pneumonitis" title="Hypersensitivity pneumonitis">Hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_pneumonia" title="Eosinophilic pneumonia">Eosinophilic pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_granulomatosis_with_polyangiitis" title="Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis">Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_bronchopulmonary_aspergillosis" title="Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis">Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%27s_lung" title="Farmer's lung">Farmer's lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_animal_allergy" title="Laboratory animal allergy">Laboratory animal allergy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">Skin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">Angioedema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticaria">Urticaria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atopic dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">Allergic contact dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity_vasculitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypersensitivity vasculitis">Hypersensitivity vasculitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">Blood and immune system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serum_sickness" title="Serum sickness">Serum sickness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">Anaphylaxis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">Coeliac disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_gastroenteritis" title="Eosinophilic gastroenteritis">Eosinophilic gastroenteritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_esophagitis" title="Eosinophilic esophagitis">Eosinophilic esophagitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_allergy" title="Food allergy">Food allergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_allergy" title="Corn allergy">corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_allergy" title="Egg allergy">eggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_allergy" title="Fish allergy">fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_allergy" title="Fruit allergy">fruits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_allergy" title="Garlic allergy">garlic</a></li> <li>meat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_allergy" title="Poultry allergy">poultry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-gal_allergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-gal allergy">red meat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_allergy" title="Milk allergy">milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peanut_allergy" title="Peanut allergy">peanuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_allergy" title="Rice allergy">rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame_allergy" title="Sesame allergy">sesame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellfish_allergy" title="Shellfish allergy">shellfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_allergy" title="Soy allergy">soy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_nut_allergy" title="Tree nut allergy">tree nuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_allergy" title="Wheat allergy">wheat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_meningitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eosinophilic meningitis">Eosinophilic meningitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">Genitourinary system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_nephritis" title="Interstitial nephritis">Acute interstitial nephritis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_allergy" title="Drug allergy">Drug allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_conjunctivitis" title="Allergic conjunctivitis">Allergic conjunctivitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex_allergy" title="Latex allergy">Latex allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_mite_allergy" title="Dust mite allergy">Dust mite allergy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dermatitis_and_eczema" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dermatitis_and_eczema" title="Template:Dermatitis and eczema"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dermatitis_and_eczema" title="Template talk:Dermatitis and eczema"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dermatitis_and_eczema" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dermatitis and eczema"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dermatitis_and_eczema" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">Dermatitis</a> and eczema</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atopic dermatitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prurigo_gestationis" title="Prurigo gestationis">Prurigo gestationis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweat_allergy" title="Sweat allergy">Sweat allergy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seborrhoeic_dermatitis" title="Seborrhoeic dermatitis">Seborrheic dermatitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_simplex_capillitii" class="mw-redirect" title="Pityriasis simplex capillitii">Pityriasis simplex capillitii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_cap" title="Cradle cap">Cradle cap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">Contact dermatitis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Allergic_contact_dermatitis" title="Allergic contact dermatitis">allergic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irritant_contact_dermatitis" title="Irritant contact dermatitis">irritant</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>plants: <a href="/wiki/Urushiol-induced_contact_dermatitis" title="Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis">Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_blackwood_dermatitis" class="mw-redirect" title="African blackwood dermatitis">African blackwood dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_fingers" title="Tulip fingers">Tulip fingers</a></li></ul> <ul><li>other: <a href="/wiki/Abietic_acid_dermatitis" title="Abietic acid dermatitis">Abietic acid dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaper_rash" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaper rash">Diaper rash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbag_dermatitis" title="Airbag dermatitis">Airbag dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baboon_syndrome" title="Baboon syndrome">Baboon syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_stomatitis" title="Contact stomatitis">Contact stomatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_allergy" title="Metal allergy">Metal allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_contact_dermatitis" title="Protein contact dermatitis">Protein contact dermatitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">Eczema</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_estrogen_dermatitis" title="Autoimmune estrogen dermatitis">Autoimmune estrogen dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_progesterone_dermatitis" title="Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis">Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breast_eczema" title="Breast eczema">Breast eczema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_eczema" title="Ear eczema">Ear eczema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyelid_dermatitis" title="Eyelid dermatitis">Eyelid dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical_steroid_withdrawal" title="Topical steroid withdrawal">Topical steroid withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_eczema" title="Hand eczema">Hand eczema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyshidrosis" title="Dyshidrosis">Dyshidrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperkeratotic_hand_dermatitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperkeratotic hand dermatitis">Hyperkeratotic hand dermatitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autosensitization_dermatitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosensitization dermatitis">Autosensitization dermatitis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Id_reaction" title="Id reaction">Id reaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candidid" title="Candidid">Candidid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatophytid" title="Dermatophytid">Dermatophytid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molluscum_dermatitis" title="Molluscum dermatitis">Molluscum dermatitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumostomy_eczema" title="Circumostomy eczema">Circumostomy eczema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenile_plantar_dermatosis" title="Juvenile plantar dermatosis">Juvenile plantar dermatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nummular_eczema" class="mw-redirect" title="Nummular eczema">Nummular eczema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_deficiency_eczema" title="Nutritional deficiency eczema">Nutritional deficiency eczema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulzberger%E2%80%93Garbe_syndrome" title="Sulzberger–Garbe syndrome">Sulzberger–Garbe syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerotic_eczema" title="Xerotic eczema">Xerotic eczema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pruritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pruritus">Pruritus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Itch" title="Itch">Itch</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Prurigo" title="Prurigo">Prurigo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_simplex_chronicus" title="Lichen simplex chronicus">Lichen simplex chronicus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Prurigo_nodularis" title="Prurigo nodularis">Prurigo nodularis</a></li></ul> <ul><li>by location: <a href="/wiki/Pruritus_ani" title="Pruritus ani">Pruritus ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruritus_scroti" title="Pruritus scroti">Pruritus scroti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruritus_vulvae" title="Pruritus vulvae">Pruritus vulvae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalp_pruritus" title="Scalp pruritus">Scalp pruritus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug-induced_pruritus" title="Drug-induced pruritus">Drug-induced pruritus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyethyl_starch-induced_pruritus" title="Hydroxyethyl starch-induced pruritus">Hydroxyethyl starch-induced pruritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senile_pruritus" title="Senile pruritus">Senile pruritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquagenic_pruritus" title="Aquagenic pruritus">Aquagenic pruritus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquadynia" title="Aquadynia">Aquadynia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_blaschkitis" title="Adult blaschkitis">Adult blaschkitis</a></li> <li>due to liver disease <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biliary_pruritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Biliary pruritus">Biliary pruritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholestatic_pruritus" title="Cholestatic pruritus">Cholestatic pruritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prion_pruritus" title="Prion pruritus">Prion pruritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prurigo_pigmentosa" title="Prurigo pigmentosa">Prurigo pigmentosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prurigo_simplex" title="Prurigo simplex">Prurigo simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puncta_pruritica" title="Puncta pruritica">Puncta pruritica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uremic_pruritus" title="Uremic pruritus">Uremic pruritus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>substances taken internally: <a href="/wiki/Bromoderma" title="Bromoderma">Bromoderma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_drug_reaction" title="Fixed drug reaction">Fixed drug reaction</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nummular_dermatitis" title="Nummular dermatitis">Nummular dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_alba" title="Pityriasis alba">Pityriasis alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuloerythroderma_of_Ofuji" title="Papuloerythroderma of Ofuji">Papuloerythroderma of Ofuji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hypersensitivity_and_autoimmune_diseases" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hypersensitivity_disease_by_cause" title="Template:Hypersensitivity disease by cause"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hypersensitivity_disease_by_cause" title="Template talk:Hypersensitivity disease by cause"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hypersensitivity_disease_by_cause" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hypersensitivity disease by cause"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hypersensitivity_and_autoimmune_diseases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity" title="Hypersensitivity">Hypersensitivity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">autoimmune diseases</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Type_I_hypersensitivity" title="Type I hypersensitivity">Type I</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Atopy" title="Atopy">atopy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E" title="Immunoglobulin E">IgE</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_asthma" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic asthma">Allergic asthma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic urticaria">Allergic urticaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_rhinitis" title="Allergic rhinitis">Allergic rhinitis</a> (Hay fever)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">Anaphylaxis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atopic dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_allergy" title="Food allergy">Food allergy</a> <ul><li>common allergies include: <a href="/wiki/Egg_allergy" title="Egg allergy">Egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_allergy" title="Milk allergy">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peanut_allergy" title="Peanut allergy">Peanut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_allergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafood allergy">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_allergy" title="Soy allergy">Soy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_nut_allergy" title="Tree nut allergy">Tree nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_allergy" title="Wheat allergy">Wheat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_effects_of_penicillin" title="Side effects of penicillin">Penicillin allergy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autoimmune</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_urticaria" title="Autoimmune urticaria">Autoimmune urticaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_esophagitis" title="Eosinophilic esophagitis">Eosinophilic esophagitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Type_II_hypersensitivity" title="Type II hypersensitivity">Type II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Antibody-dependent_cellular_cytotoxicity" title="Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity">ADCC</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G" title="Immunoglobulin G">IgG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_M" title="Immunoglobulin M">IgM</a></li></ul></li></ul></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn">Hemolytic disease of the newborn</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autoimmune</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cytotoxicity" title="Cytotoxicity">Cytotoxic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_hemolytic_anemia" title="Autoimmune hemolytic anemia">Autoimmune hemolytic anemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullous_pemphigoid" title="Bullous pemphigoid">Bullous pemphigoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodpasture_syndrome" title="Goodpasture syndrome">Goodpasture syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome" title="Guillain–Barré syndrome">Guillain–Barré syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_thrombocytopenic_purpura" title="Immune thrombocytopenic purpura">Immune thrombocytopenic purpura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemphigus_vulgaris" title="Pemphigus vulgaris">Pemphigus vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">Rheumatic fever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity#Type_V" title="Hypersensitivity">Type V</a>"/<a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">receptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graves%27_disease" title="Graves' disease">Graves' disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myasthenia_gravis" title="Myasthenia gravis">Myasthenia gravis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pernicious_anemia" title="Pernicious anemia">Pernicious anemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Type_III_hypersensitivity" title="Type III hypersensitivity">Type III</a> (<a href="/wiki/Immune_complex" title="Immune complex">Immune complex</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthus_reaction" title="Arthus reaction">Arthus reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%27s_lung" title="Farmer's lung">Farmer's lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henoch%E2%80%93Sch%C3%B6nlein_purpura" title="Henoch–Schönlein purpura">Henoch–Schönlein purpura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_small-vessel_vasculitis" title="Cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis">Hypersensitivity vasculitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_proliferative_glomerulonephritis" title="Acute proliferative glomerulonephritis">Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_arthritis" title="Reactive arthritis">Reactive arthritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serum_sickness" title="Serum sickness">Serum sickness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autoimmune</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lupus" title="Lupus">Lupus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">Rheumatoid arthritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subacute_bacterial_endocarditis" title="Subacute bacterial endocarditis">Subacute bacterial endocarditis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Type_IV_hypersensitivity" title="Type IV hypersensitivity">Type IV</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cell-mediated_immunity" title="Cell-mediated immunity">cell-mediated</a> (<a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cells</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_contact_dermatitis" title="Allergic contact dermatitis">Allergic contact dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantoux_test" title="Mantoux test">Mantoux test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autoimmune</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">Coeliac disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_cell_arteritis" title="Giant cell arteritis">Giant cell arteritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashimoto%27s_thyroiditis" title="Hashimoto's thyroiditis">Hashimoto's thyroiditis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">Multiple sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postorgasmic_illness_syndrome" title="Postorgasmic illness syndrome">Postorgasmic illness syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_arthritis" title="Reactive arthritis">Reactive arthritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_1_diabetes" title="Type 1 diabetes">Type 1 diabetes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Graft-versus-host_disease" title="Graft-versus-host disease">GVHD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion-associated_graft-versus-host_disease" title="Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease">Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unknown/ multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity_pneumonitis" title="Hypersensitivity pneumonitis">Hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_bronchopulmonary_aspergillosis" title="Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis">Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex_allergy" title="Latex allergy">Latex allergy</a> (I+IV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transplant_rejection" title="Transplant rejection">Transplant rejection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autoimmune</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addison%27s_disease" title="Addison's disease">Autoimmune adrenalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_hepatitis" title="Autoimmune hepatitis">Autoimmune hepatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_polyendocrine_syndrome" title="Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome">Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_polyendocrine_syndrome_type_1" title="Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1">APS1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_polyendocrine_syndrome_type_2" title="Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2">APS2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren_syndrome" title="Sjögren syndrome">Sjögren syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">Systemic autoimmune disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control 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