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aria-label="Listen" data-testid="audioPlayButton" class="af fk ah ai aj ak al md an ao ap ex me mf lu mg mh mi mj mk s ml mm mn mo mp mq mr u ms mt mu"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M3 12a9 9 0 1 1 18 0 9 9 0 0 1-18 0m9-10C6.477 2 2 6.477 2 12s4.477 10 10 10 10-4.477 10-10S17.523 2 12 2m3.376 10.416-4.599 3.066a.5.5 0 0 1-.777-.416V8.934a.5.5 0 0 1 .777-.416l4.599 3.066a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .832" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><div class="j i d"><p class="bf b bg z du">Listen</p></div></button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false" aria-describedby="postFooterSocialMenu" aria-labelledby="postFooterSocialMenu"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button aria-controls="postFooterSocialMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Share Post" data-testid="headerSocialShareButton" class="af fk ah ai aj ak al md an ao ap ex me mf lu mg mh mi mj mk s ml mm mn mo mp mq mr u ms mt mu"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M15.218 4.931a.4.4 0 0 1-.118.132l.012.006a.45.45 0 0 1-.292.074.5.5 0 0 1-.3-.13l-2.02-2.02v7.07c0 .28-.23.5-.5.5s-.5-.22-.5-.5v-7.04l-2 2a.45.45 0 0 1-.57.04h-.02a.4.4 0 0 1-.16-.3.4.4 0 0 1 .1-.32l2.8-2.8a.5.5 0 0 1 .7 0l2.8 2.79a.42.42 0 0 1 .068.498m-.106.138.008.004v-.01zM16 7.063h1.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v10a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-11c-1.1 0-2-.9-2-2v-10a2 2 0 0 1 2-2H8a.5.5 0 0 1 .35.15.5.5 0 0 1 .15.35.5.5 0 0 1-.15.35.5.5 0 0 1-.35.15H6.4c-.5 0-.9.4-.9.9v10.2a.9.9 0 0 0 .9.9h11.2c.5 0 .9-.4.9-.9v-10.2c0-.5-.4-.9-.9-.9H16a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><div class="j i d"><p class="bf b bg z du">Share</p></div></button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p id="db5d" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">I see the same mistake happen over and over again.</p><p id="7e8b" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">Developers discover Clean Architecture, get excited about its principles, and then… they turn the famous Clean Architecture diagram into a project structure.</p><p id="64d5" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">But here’s the thing: <strong class="mx hk">Clean Architecture is not about folders</strong>. It’s about dependencies.</p><p id="ec4c" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">Simon Brown wrote a “missing chapter” for Uncle Bob’s Clean Architecture book that addresses exactly this issue. Yet somehow, this crucial message got lost along the way.</p><p id="a811" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">Today, I’ll show you what Uncle Bob’s Clean Architecture diagram really means and how you should actually organize your code. We’ll look at practical examples that you can use in your projects right now.</p><p id="24e8" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">Let’s clear up this common misconception once and for all.</p><h1 id="e8b5" class="nt nu hj bf nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq bk">The Problem With Traditional Layering</h1><p id="d12f" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my or na nb nc os ne nf ng ot ni nj nk ou nm nn no ov nq nr ns gn bk">Almost every .NET developer has built a solution that looks like this:</p><ul class=""><li id="7b4e" class="mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns ow ox oy bk"><code class="cx oz pa pb pc b">MyApp.Web</code> for controllers and views</li><li id="9776" class="mv mw hj mx b my pd na nb nc pe ne nf ng pf ni nj nk pg nm nn no ph nq nr ns ow ox oy bk"><code class="cx oz pa pb pc b">MyApp.Business</code> for services and business logic</li><li id="2755" class="mv mw hj mx b my pd na nb nc pe ne nf ng pf ni nj nk pg nm nn no ph nq nr ns ow ox oy bk"><code class="cx oz pa pb pc b">MyApp.Data</code> for repositories and data access</li></ul><p id="b4af" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">It’s the default approach. It’s what we see in tutorials. It’s what we teach juniors.</p><p id="2b72" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">And it’s completely wrong.</p><h1 id="5a6f" class="nt nu hj bf nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq bk">Why Layer-Based Organization Fails</h1><p id="6d8c" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my or na nb nc os ne nf ng ot ni nj nk ou nm nn no ov nq nr ns gn bk">When you organize code by technical layers, you scatter related components across multiple projects. A single feature, like managing policies, ends up spread across your entire codebase:</p><ul class=""><li id="b009" class="mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns ow ox oy bk">Policies controller in the Web layer</li><li id="5d42" class="mv mw hj mx b my pd na nb nc pe ne nf ng pf ni nj nk pg nm nn no ph nq nr ns ow ox oy bk">Policy service in the Business layer</li><li id="89a1" class="mv mw hj mx b my pd na nb nc pe ne nf ng pf ni nj nk pg nm nn no ph nq nr ns ow ox oy bk">Policy repository in the Data layer</li></ul><p id="245d" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">Here’s what you’ll see when looking at the folder structure:</p><pre class="pi pj pk pl pm pn pc po bp pp bb bk"><span id="6fe2" class="pq nu hj pc b bg pr ps l pt pu">📁 MyApp.Web<br/>|__ 📁 Controllers<br/> |__ #️⃣ PoliciesController.cs<br/>📁 MyApp.Business<br/>|__ 📁 Services<br/> |__ #️⃣ PolicyService.cs<br/>📁 MyApp.Data<br/>|__ 📁 Repositories<br/> |__ #️⃣ PolicyRepository.cs</span></pre><p id="9ac1" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">Here’s a visual representation of the layer-based architecture:</p><figure class="pi pj pk pl pm ha gs gt paragraph-image"><div class="gs gt pv"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*kaTNGjE1kt_e_abSOVkHuQ.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*kaTNGjE1kt_e_abSOVkHuQ.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*kaTNGjE1kt_e_abSOVkHuQ.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*kaTNGjE1kt_e_abSOVkHuQ.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*kaTNGjE1kt_e_abSOVkHuQ.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*kaTNGjE1kt_e_abSOVkHuQ.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:980/format:webp/1*kaTNGjE1kt_e_abSOVkHuQ.png 980w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 490px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*kaTNGjE1kt_e_abSOVkHuQ.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*kaTNGjE1kt_e_abSOVkHuQ.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*kaTNGjE1kt_e_abSOVkHuQ.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*kaTNGjE1kt_e_abSOVkHuQ.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*kaTNGjE1kt_e_abSOVkHuQ.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*kaTNGjE1kt_e_abSOVkHuQ.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:980/1*kaTNGjE1kt_e_abSOVkHuQ.png 980w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 490px"/><img alt="" class="bh hf hg c" width="490" height="1247" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/></picture></div></figure><p id="196a" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">This fragmentation creates several problems:</p><ol class=""><li id="527f" class="mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns pw ox oy bk"><strong class="mx hk">Violates Common Closure Principle</strong> — Classes that change together should stay together. When your “Policies” feature changes, you’re touching three different projects.</li><li id="8dce" class="mv mw hj mx b my pd na nb nc pe ne nf ng pf ni nj nk pg nm nn no ph nq nr ns pw ox oy bk"><strong class="mx hk">Hidden dependencies</strong> — Public interfaces everywhere make it possible to bypass layers. Nothing stops a controller from directly accessing a repository.</li><li id="68ca" class="mv mw hj mx b my pd na nb nc pe ne nf ng pf ni nj nk pg nm nn no ph nq nr ns pw ox oy bk"><strong class="mx hk">No business intent</strong> — Opening your solution tells you nothing about what the application does. It only shows technical implementation details.</li><li id="528b" class="mv mw hj mx b my pd na nb nc pe ne nf ng pf ni nj nk pg nm nn no ph nq nr ns pw ox oy bk"><strong class="mx hk">Harder maintenance</strong> — Making changes requires jumping between multiple projects.</li></ol><p id="b3ca" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">The worst part? This approach doesn’t even achieve what it promises. Despite the separate projects, you often end up with a “big ball of mud” because public access modifiers allow any class to reference any other class.</p><h1 id="f194" class="nt nu hj bf nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq bk">The Real Intent of Layers</h1><p id="64e7" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my or na nb nc os ne nf ng ot ni nj nk ou nm nn no ov nq nr ns gn bk">Clean Architecture’s circles were never meant to represent projects or folders. They represent different levels of policy, with dependencies pointing inward toward business rules.</p><p id="be5f" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">You can achieve this without splitting your code into artificial technical layers.</p><p id="2457" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">Let me show you a better way.</p><h1 id="96e4" class="nt nu hj bf nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq bk">Better Approaches to Code Organization</h1><p id="8768" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my or na nb nc os ne nf ng ot ni nj nk ou nm nn no ov nq nr ns gn bk">Instead of splitting your code by technical layers, you have two better options: <strong class="mx hk">package by feature</strong> or <strong class="mx hk">package by component</strong>.</p><p id="f635" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">Let’s look at both.</p><h1 id="93e2" class="nt nu hj bf nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq bk">Package by Feature</h1><p id="dc32" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my or na nb nc os ne nf ng ot ni nj nk ou nm nn no ov nq nr ns gn bk">Organizing by feature is a solid option. Each feature gets its own namespace and contains everything needed to implement that feature.</p><pre class="pi pj pk pl pm pn pc po bp pp bb bk"><span id="975e" class="pq nu hj pc b bg pr ps l pt pu">📁 MyApp.Policies<br/>|__ 📁 RenewPolicy<br/> |__ #️⃣ RenewPolicyCommand.cs<br/> |__ #️⃣ RenewPolicyHandler.cs<br/> |__ #️⃣ PolicyValidator.cs<br/> |__ #️⃣ PolicyRepository.cs<br/>|__ 📁 ViewPolicyHistory<br/> |__ #️⃣ PolicyHistoryQuery.cs<br/> |__ #️⃣ PolicyHistoryHandler.cs<br/> |__ #️⃣ PolicyHistoryViewModel.cs</span></pre><p id="2d5d" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">Here’s a diagram representing this structure:</p><figure class="pi pj pk pl pm ha gs gt paragraph-image"><div class="gs gt pv"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*FXuiQqLWAJgpHnPgCuzeJw.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*FXuiQqLWAJgpHnPgCuzeJw.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*FXuiQqLWAJgpHnPgCuzeJw.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*FXuiQqLWAJgpHnPgCuzeJw.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*FXuiQqLWAJgpHnPgCuzeJw.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*FXuiQqLWAJgpHnPgCuzeJw.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:980/format:webp/1*FXuiQqLWAJgpHnPgCuzeJw.png 980w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 490px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*FXuiQqLWAJgpHnPgCuzeJw.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*FXuiQqLWAJgpHnPgCuzeJw.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*FXuiQqLWAJgpHnPgCuzeJw.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*FXuiQqLWAJgpHnPgCuzeJw.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*FXuiQqLWAJgpHnPgCuzeJw.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*FXuiQqLWAJgpHnPgCuzeJw.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:980/1*FXuiQqLWAJgpHnPgCuzeJw.png 980w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 490px"/><img alt="" class="bh hf hg c" width="490" height="1247" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/></picture></div></figure><p id="bf5e" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">This approach:</p><ul class=""><li id="9443" class="mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns ow ox oy bk">Makes features explicit</li><li id="6e33" class="mv mw hj mx b my pd na nb nc pe ne nf ng pf ni nj nk pg nm nn no ph nq nr ns ow ox oy bk">Keeps related code together</li><li id="3069" class="mv mw hj mx b my pd na nb nc pe ne nf ng pf ni nj nk pg nm nn no ph nq nr ns ow ox oy bk">Simplifies navigation</li><li id="9c2c" class="mv mw hj mx b my pd na nb nc pe ne nf ng pf ni nj nk pg nm nn no ph nq nr ns ow ox oy bk">Makes it easier to maintain and modify features</li></ul><p id="55ee" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">If you want to learn more, check out my article about <a class="af px" href="https://www.milanjovanovic.tech/blog/vertical-slice-architecture" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><strong class="mx hk">vertical slice architecture</strong></a>.</p><h1 id="6be5" class="nt nu hj bf nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq bk">Package by Component</h1><p id="9146" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my or na nb nc os ne nf ng ot ni nj nk ou nm nn no ov nq nr ns gn bk">A component is a cohesive group of related functionality with a well-defined interface. Component-based organization is more coarse-grained than feature folders. Think of it as a mini application that handles one specific business capability.</p><p id="e847" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">This is very similar to how I define modules in a <a class="af px" href="https://www.milanjovanovic.tech/blog/what-is-a-modular-monolith" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><strong class="mx hk">modular monolith</strong></a>.</p><p id="f960" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">Here’s what a component-based organization looks like:</p><pre class="pi pj pk pl pm pn pc po bp pp bb bk"><span id="a590" class="pq nu hj pc b bg pr ps l pt pu">📁 MyApp.Web<br/>|__ 📁 Controllers<br/> |__ #️⃣ PoliciesController.cs<br/>📁 MyApp.Policies<br/>|__ #️⃣ PoliciesComponent.cs // Public interface<br/>|__ #️⃣ PolicyService.cs // Implementation detail<br/>|__ #️⃣ PolicyRepository.cs // Implementation detail</span></pre><p id="4384" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">The key difference? Only <code class="cx oz pa pb pc b">PoliciesComponent</code> is public. Everything else is internal to the component.</p><figure class="pi pj pk pl pm ha gs gt paragraph-image"><div class="gs gt py"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*zuwAo-QqkARFELWp1EDTwg.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*zuwAo-QqkARFELWp1EDTwg.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*zuwAo-QqkARFELWp1EDTwg.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*zuwAo-QqkARFELWp1EDTwg.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*zuwAo-QqkARFELWp1EDTwg.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*zuwAo-QqkARFELWp1EDTwg.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:982/format:webp/1*zuwAo-QqkARFELWp1EDTwg.png 982w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 491px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*zuwAo-QqkARFELWp1EDTwg.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*zuwAo-QqkARFELWp1EDTwg.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*zuwAo-QqkARFELWp1EDTwg.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*zuwAo-QqkARFELWp1EDTwg.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*zuwAo-QqkARFELWp1EDTwg.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*zuwAo-QqkARFELWp1EDTwg.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:982/1*zuwAo-QqkARFELWp1EDTwg.png 982w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 491px"/><img alt="" class="bh hf hg c" width="491" height="1247" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/></picture></div></figure><p id="a16e" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">This means:</p><ul class=""><li id="9928" class="mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns ow ox oy bk">No bypassing layers</li><li id="c6b2" class="mv mw hj mx b my pd na nb nc pe ne nf ng pf ni nj nk pg nm nn no ph nq nr ns ow ox oy bk">Clear dependencies</li><li id="b64c" class="mv mw hj mx b my pd na nb nc pe ne nf ng pf ni nj nk pg nm nn no ph nq nr ns ow ox oy bk">Real encapsulation</li><li id="18ba" class="mv mw hj mx b my pd na nb nc pe ne nf ng pf ni nj nk pg nm nn no ph nq nr ns ow ox oy bk">Business intent visible in the structure</li></ul><h1 id="eb81" class="nt nu hj bf nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq bk">Which One Should You Choose?</h1><p id="b0a3" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my or na nb nc os ne nf ng ot ni nj nk ou nm nn no ov nq nr ns gn bk">Choose <strong class="mx hk">Package by Feature</strong> when:</p><ul class=""><li id="6e8c" class="mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns ow ox oy bk">You have many small, independent features</li><li id="f364" class="mv mw hj mx b my pd na nb nc pe ne nf ng pf ni nj nk pg nm nn no ph nq nr ns ow ox oy bk">Your features don’t share much code</li><li id="189e" class="mv mw hj mx b my pd na nb nc pe ne nf ng pf ni nj nk pg nm nn no ph nq nr ns ow ox oy bk">You want maximum flexibility</li></ul><p id="f647" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">Choose <strong class="mx hk">Package by Component</strong> when:</p><ul class=""><li id="a11e" class="mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns ow ox oy bk">You have clear business capabilities</li><li id="3503" class="mv mw hj mx b my pd na nb nc pe ne nf ng pf ni nj nk pg nm nn no ph nq nr ns ow ox oy bk">You want strong encapsulation</li><li id="af40" class="mv mw hj mx b my pd na nb nc pe ne nf ng pf ni nj nk pg nm nn no ph nq nr ns ow ox oy bk">You might split into microservices later</li></ul><p id="7324" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">Both approaches achieve what Clean Architecture really wants: proper dependency management and business focus.</p><p id="a63c" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">Here’s a side-by-side comparison of these architectural approaches:</p><figure class="pi pj pk pl pm ha gs gt paragraph-image"><div role="button" tabindex="0" class="hb hc fj hd bh he"><div class="gs gt pz"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*PyTrdyob7ARoi0E4xYKchg.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*PyTrdyob7ARoi0E4xYKchg.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*PyTrdyob7ARoi0E4xYKchg.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*PyTrdyob7ARoi0E4xYKchg.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*PyTrdyob7ARoi0E4xYKchg.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*PyTrdyob7ARoi0E4xYKchg.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*PyTrdyob7ARoi0E4xYKchg.png 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*PyTrdyob7ARoi0E4xYKchg.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*PyTrdyob7ARoi0E4xYKchg.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*PyTrdyob7ARoi0E4xYKchg.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*PyTrdyob7ARoi0E4xYKchg.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*PyTrdyob7ARoi0E4xYKchg.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*PyTrdyob7ARoi0E4xYKchg.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*PyTrdyob7ARoi0E4xYKchg.png 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"/><img alt="" class="bh hf hg c" width="700" height="452" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/></picture></div></div><figcaption class="qa ff qb gs gt qc qd bf b bg z du">Greyed-out types are internal to the defining assembly.</figcaption></figure><p id="d443" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">In the Missing Chapter of Clean Architecture, Simon Brown argues strongly for package by component. The key insight is that components are the natural way to slice a system. They represent complete business capabilities, not just technical features.</p><p id="1633" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">My recommendation? Start with package by component. Within the component, organize around features.</p><h1 id="5e83" class="nt nu hj bf nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq bk">Practical Examples</h1><p id="57f4" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my or na nb nc os ne nf ng ot ni nj nk ou nm nn no ov nq nr ns gn bk">Let’s transform a typical layered application into a clean, component-based structure. We’ll use an insurance policy system as an example.</p><h1 id="e338" class="nt nu hj bf nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq bk">The Traditional Way</h1><p id="01de" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my or na nb nc os ne nf ng ot ni nj nk ou nm nn no ov nq nr ns gn bk">Here’s how most developers structure their solution:</p><pre class="pi pj pk pl pm pn pc po bp pp bb bk"><span id="8193" class="pq nu hj pc b bg pr ps l pt pu">// MyApp.Data<br/>public interface IPolicyRepository<br/>{<br/> Task<Policy> GetByIdAsync(string policyNumber);<br/> Task SaveAsync(Policy policy);<br/>}<br/><br/>// MyApp.Business<br/>public class PolicyService : IPolicyService<br/>{<br/> private readonly IPolicyRepository _repository;<br/><br/> public PolicyService(IPolicyRepository repository)<br/> {<br/> _repository = repository;<br/> }<br/><br/> public async Task RenewPolicyAsync(string policyNumber)<br/> {<br/> var policy = await _repository.GetByIdAsync(policyNumber);<br/> // Business logic here<br/> await _repository.SaveAsync(policy);<br/> }<br/>}<br/><br/>// MyApp.Web<br/>public class PoliciesController : ControllerBase<br/>{<br/> private readonly IPolicyService _policyService;<br/><br/> public PoliciesController(IPolicyService policyService)<br/> {<br/> _policyService = policyService;<br/> }<br/><br/> [HttpPost("renew/{policyNumber}")]<br/> public async Task<IActionResult> RenewPolicy(string policyNumber)<br/> {<br/> await _policyService.RenewPolicyAsync(policyNumber);<br/> return Ok();<br/> }<br/>}</span></pre><p id="a2e3" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">The problem? Everything is public. Any class can bypass the service and go straight to the repository.</p><h1 id="2161" class="nt nu hj bf nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq bk">The Clean Way</h1><p id="6d78" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my or na nb nc os ne nf ng ot ni nj nk ou nm nn no ov nq nr ns gn bk">Here’s the same functionality organized as a proper component:</p><pre class="pi pj pk pl pm pn pc po bp pp bb bk"><span id="13bb" class="pq nu hj pc b bg pr ps l pt pu">// The only public contract<br/>public interface IPoliciesComponent<br/>{<br/> Task RenewPolicyAsync(string policyNumber);<br/>}<br/><br/>// Everything below is internal to the component<br/>internal class PoliciesComponent : IPoliciesComponent<br/>{<br/> private readonly IRenewPolicyHandler _renewPolicyHandler;<br/><br/> // Public constructor for DI<br/> public PoliciesComponent(IRenewPolicyHandler renewPolicyHandler)<br/> {<br/> _renewPolicyHandler = renewPolicyHandler;<br/> }<br/><br/> public async Task RenewPolicyAsync(string policyNumber)<br/> {<br/> await _renewPolicyHandler.HandleAsync(policyNumber);<br/> }<br/>}<br/><br/>internal interface IRenewPolicyHandler<br/>{<br/> Task HandleAsync(string policyNumber);<br/>}<br/><br/>internal class RenewPolicyHandler : IRenewPolicyHandler<br/>{<br/> private readonly IPolicyRepository _repository;<br/><br/> internal RenewPolicyHandler(IPolicyRepository repository)<br/> {<br/> _repository = repository;<br/> }<br/><br/> public async Task HandleAsync(string policyNumber)<br/> {<br/> var policy = await _repository.GetByIdAsync(policyNumber);<br/> // Business logic for policy renewal here<br/> await _repository.SaveAsync(policy);<br/> }<br/>}<br/><br/>internal interface IPolicyRepository<br/>{<br/> Task<Policy> GetByIdAsync(string policyNumber);<br/> Task SaveAsync(Policy policy);<br/>}</span></pre><p id="4365" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">The key improvements are:</p><ol class=""><li id="7433" class="mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns pw ox oy bk"><strong class="mx hk">Single public interface</strong> — Only <code class="cx oz pa pb pc b">IPoliciesComponent</code> is public. Everything else is internal.</li><li id="1af4" class="mv mw hj mx b my pd na nb nc pe ne nf ng pf ni nj nk pg nm nn no ph nq nr ns pw ox oy bk"><strong class="mx hk">Protected dependencies</strong> — No way to bypass the component and access the repository directly.</li><li id="7cdd" class="mv mw hj mx b my pd na nb nc pe ne nf ng pf ni nj nk pg nm nn no ph nq nr ns pw ox oy bk"><strong class="mx hk">Clear dependencies</strong> — All dependencies flow inward through the component.</li><li id="0030" class="mv mw hj mx b my pd na nb nc pe ne nf ng pf ni nj nk pg nm nn no ph nq nr ns pw ox oy bk"><strong class="mx hk">Proper encapsulation</strong> — Implementation details are truly hidden.</li></ol><p id="5171" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">This is how you would register the services with dependency injection:</p><pre class="pi pj pk pl pm pn pc po bp pp bb bk"><span id="4006" class="pq nu hj pc b bg pr ps l pt pu">services.AddScoped<IPoliciesComponent, PoliciesComponent>();<br/>services.AddScoped<IRenewPolicyHandler, RenewPolicyHandler>();<br/>services.AddScoped<IPolicyRepository, SqlPolicyRepository>();</span></pre><p id="9b76" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">This structure enforces Clean Architecture principles through compiler-checked boundaries, not just conventions.</p><p id="63a9" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">The compiler won’t let you bypass the component’s public interface. That’s much stronger than hoping developers follow the rules.</p><h1 id="a794" class="nt nu hj bf nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq bk">Best Practices and Limitations</h1><p id="5418" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my or na nb nc os ne nf ng ot ni nj nk ou nm nn no ov nq nr ns gn bk">Let’s discuss something that is often overlooked: the practical limitations of enforcing Clean Architecture in .NET.</p><h2 id="3cde" class="qe nu hj bf nv qf qg dy nz qh qi ea od ng qj qk ql nk qm qn qo no qp qq qr qs bk">The Limits of Encapsulation</h2><p id="1964" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my or na nb nc os ne nf ng ot ni nj nk ou nm nn no ov nq nr ns gn bk">The <code class="cx oz pa pb pc b">internal</code> keyword in .NET provides protection within a single assembly. Here's what that means in practice:</p><pre class="pi pj pk pl pm pn pc po bp pp bb bk"><span id="449e" class="pq nu hj pc b bg pr ps l pt pu">// In a single project:<br/>public interface IPoliciesComponent { } // Public contract<br/>internal class PoliciesComponent : IPoliciesComponent { }<br/>internal class PolicyRepository { }<br/><br/>// Someone could still do this:<br/>public class BadPoliciesComponent : IPoliciesComponent<br/>{<br/> public BadPoliciesComponent()<br/> {<br/> // Nothing stops them from creating a bad implementation<br/> }<br/>}</span></pre><p id="a8d5" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">While <code class="cx oz pa pb pc b">internal</code> helps, it doesn't prevent all architectural violations.</p><h2 id="93ed" class="qe nu hj bf nv qf qg dy nz qh qi ea od ng qj qk ql nk qm qn qo no qp qq qr qs bk">The Trade-offs</h2><p id="24c1" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my or na nb nc os ne nf ng ot ni nj nk ou nm nn no ov nq nr ns gn bk">Some teams split their code into separate assemblies for stronger encapsulation:</p><pre class="pi pj pk pl pm pn pc po bp pp bb bk"><span id="e3ea" class="pq nu hj pc b bg pr ps l pt pu">MyCompany.Policies.Core.dll<br/>MyCompany.Policies.Infrastructure.dll<br/>MyCompany.Policies.Api.dll</span></pre><p id="c219" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">This comes with trade-offs:</p><ol class=""><li id="d0b9" class="mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns pw ox oy bk"><strong class="mx hk">More complex build process</strong> — Multiple projects need to be compiled and referenced.</li><li id="8019" class="mv mw hj mx b my pd na nb nc pe ne nf ng pf ni nj nk pg nm nn no ph nq nr ns pw ox oy bk"><strong class="mx hk">Harder navigation</strong> — Jumping between assemblies in the IDE is slower.</li><li id="1a40" class="mv mw hj mx b my pd na nb nc pe ne nf ng pf ni nj nk pg nm nn no ph nq nr ns pw ox oy bk"><strong class="mx hk">Deployment complexity</strong> — More DLLs to manage and deploy.</li></ol><h2 id="fad6" class="qe nu hj bf nv qf qg dy nz qh qi ea od ng qj qk ql nk qm qn qo no qp qq qr qs bk">A Pragmatic Approach</h2><p id="62cc" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my or na nb nc os ne nf ng ot ni nj nk ou nm nn no ov nq nr ns gn bk">Here’s what I recommend:</p><ol class=""><li id="5708" class="mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns pw ox oy bk"><strong class="mx hk">Use a single assembly</strong></li></ol><ul class=""><li id="299c" class="mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns ow ox oy bk">Keep related code together</li><li id="2e14" class="mv mw hj mx b my pd na nb nc pe ne nf ng pf ni nj nk pg nm nn no ph nq nr ns ow ox oy bk">Use <code class="cx oz pa pb pc b">internal</code> for implementation details</li><li id="ea12" class="mv mw hj mx b my pd na nb nc pe ne nf ng pf ni nj nk pg nm nn no ph nq nr ns ow ox oy bk">Make only the component interfaces public</li><li id="63dc" class="mv mw hj mx b my pd na nb nc pe ne nf ng pf ni nj nk pg nm nn no ph nq nr ns ow ox oy bk">Add <code class="cx oz pa pb pc b">sealed</code> to prevent inheritance when possible</li></ul><p id="f605" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk"><strong class="mx hk">2. Enforce through architecture testing</strong></p><ul class=""><li id="c8f6" class="mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns ow ox oy bk">Add architecture tests to verify dependencies</li><li id="d7ca" class="mv mw hj mx b my pd na nb nc pe ne nf ng pf ni nj nk pg nm nn no ph nq nr ns ow ox oy bk">Automatically check for architectural violations</li><li id="6b43" class="mv mw hj mx b my pd na nb nc pe ne nf ng pf ni nj nk pg nm nn no ph nq nr ns ow ox oy bk">Fail the build if someone bypasses the rules</li></ul><pre class="pi pj pk pl pm pn pc po bp pp bb bk"><span id="eb3f" class="pq nu hj pc b bg pr ps l pt pu">[Fact]<br/>public void Controllers_Should_Only_Depend_On_Component_Interfaces()<br/>{<br/> var result = Types.InAssembly(Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly())<br/> .That()<br/> .ResideInNamespace("MyApp.Controllers")<br/> .Should()<br/> .OnlyDependOn(type =><br/> type.Name.EndsWith("Component") ||<br/> type.Name.StartsWith("IPolicy"))<br/> .GetResult();<br/><br/> result.IsSuccessful.Should().BeTrue();<br/>}</span></pre><p id="d235" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">Want to learn more about enforcing architecture through testing? Check out my article on <a class="af px" href="https://www.milanjovanovic.tech/blog/enforcing-software-architecture-with-architecture-tests" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><strong class="mx hk">architecture testing</strong></a>.</p><p id="8c14" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">Remember: Clean Architecture is about managing dependencies, not about achieving perfect encapsulation. Use the tools the language gives you, but don’t over-complicate things chasing an impossible ideal.</p><h1 id="5556" class="nt nu hj bf nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq bk">Conclusion</h1><p id="fe14" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my or na nb nc os ne nf ng ot ni nj nk ou nm nn no ov nq nr ns gn bk">Clean Architecture isn’t about projects, folders, or perfect encapsulation.</p><p id="814a" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">It’s about:</p><ul class=""><li id="9508" class="mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns ow ox oy bk">Organizing code around business capabilities</li><li id="4ad0" class="mv mw hj mx b my pd na nb nc pe ne nf ng pf ni nj nk pg nm nn no ph nq nr ns ow ox oy bk">Managing dependencies effectively</li><li id="ce0a" class="mv mw hj mx b my pd na nb nc pe ne nf ng pf ni nj nk pg nm nn no ph nq nr ns ow ox oy bk">Keeping related code together</li><li id="5449" class="mv mw hj mx b my pd na nb nc pe ne nf ng pf ni nj nk pg nm nn no ph nq nr ns ow ox oy bk">Making boundaries explicit</li></ul><p id="f3f2" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">Start with a single project. Use components. Make interfaces public and implementations internal. Add architecture tests if you need more control.</p><p id="6471" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">And remember: <strong class="mx hk">pragmatism beats purism</strong>. Your architecture should help you ship features faster, not slow you down with artificial constraints.</p><p id="5212" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">Want to learn more? Check out my <a class="af px" href="https://www.milanjovanovic.tech/pragmatic-clean-architecture" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><strong class="mx hk">Pragmatic Clean Architecture</strong></a> course, where I’ll show you how to build maintainable applications with proper boundaries, clear dependencies, and business-focused components.</p><p id="fde2" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk">That’s all for today. Stay awesome, and I’ll see you next week.</p></div></div></div><div class="ab cb qt qu qv qw" role="separator"><span class="qx by bm qy qz ra"></span><span class="qx by bm qy qz ra"></span><span class="qx by bm qy qz"></span></div><div class="gn go gp gq gr"><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><p id="5eed" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk"><em class="rb">Originally published at </em><a class="af px" href="https://www.milanjovanovic.tech/blog/clean-architecture-the-missing-chapter" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><em class="rb">https://www.milanjovanovic.tech</em></a><em class="rb"> on November 2, 2024.</em></p><p id="4fa6" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw hj mx b my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns gn bk"><strong class="mx hk">P.S. 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and business focus.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:da827fc7da1f_70":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"da827fc7da1f_70","name":"a63c","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Here’s a side-by-side comparison of these architectural approaches:","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"ImageMetadata:1*PyTrdyob7ARoi0E4xYKchg.png":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*PyTrdyob7ARoi0E4xYKchg.png","originalHeight":1247,"originalWidth":1934,"focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Paragraph:da827fc7da1f_71":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"da827fc7da1f_71","name":"7186","type":"IMG","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*PyTrdyob7ARoi0E4xYKchg.png"},"text":"Greyed-out types are internal to the defining 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The key insight is that components are the natural way to slice a system. They represent complete business capabilities, not just technical features.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:da827fc7da1f_73":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"da827fc7da1f_73","name":"1633","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"My recommendation? Start with package by component. Within the component, organize around features.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:da827fc7da1f_74":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"da827fc7da1f_74","name":"5e83","type":"H3","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Practical Examples","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:da827fc7da1f_75":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"da827fc7da1f_75","name":"57f4","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Let’s transform a typical layered application into a clean, component-based structure. 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Everything is public. 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