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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A5%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="شرق إغريقي وغرب لاتيني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شرق إغريقي وغرب لاتيني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orient_grec_i_Occident_llat%C3%AD" title="Orient grec i Occident llatí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Orient grec i Occident llatí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%94%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Βυζάντιο και Δύση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βυζάντιο και Δύση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="شرق یونانی و غرب لاتین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شرق یونانی و غرب لاتین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%B0%A9_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84%EC%99%80_%EC%84%9C%EB%B0%A9_%EB%9D%BC%ED%8B%B4_%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84" title="동방 그리스 세계와 서방 라틴 세계 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동방 그리스 세계와 서방 라틴 세계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur_Yunani_dan_Barat_Latin" title="Timur Yunani dan Barat Latin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Timur Yunani dan Barat Latin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E3%81%A8%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="東方ギリシア世界と西方ラテン世界 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="東方ギリシア世界と西方ラテン世界" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leste_grego_e_Oeste_latino" title="Leste grego e Oeste latino – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leste grego e Oeste latino" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Грчки Исток и латински Запад – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грчки Исток и латински Запад" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Hy_L%E1%BA%A1p_v%C3%A0_T%C3%A2y_ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Latinh" title="Đông phương Hy Lạp và Tây phương Latinh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đông phương Hy Lạp và Tây phương Latinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Greek_East_and_Latin_West" title="Special:EditPage/Greek East and Latin West">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Greek+East+and+Latin+West%22">"Greek East and Latin West"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Greek+East+and+Latin+West%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Greek+East+and+Latin+West%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Greek+East+and+Latin+West%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Greek+East+and+Latin+West%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Greek+East+and+Latin+West%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Greek East</b> <b>and</b> <b>Latin West</b> are terms used to distinguish between the two parts of the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">medieval Christendom</a>, specifically the eastern regions where <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> was the <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, the southern <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>) and the western parts where <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> filled this role (<a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, the northern Balkans, territories in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>). </p><p>Greek had spread as a result of previous <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a>, whereas Latin was the official administrative language of the Roman state, stimulating <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a>. In the east, where both languages co-existed within the Roman administration for several centuries, the use of Latin ultimately declined as the role of Greek was further encouraged by administrative changes in the empire's structure between the 3rd and 7th centuries, which led to the split between the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, the collapse of the latter, and failed attempts to restore unity by the former. This Greek–Latin divide continued with the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a> of the Christian world during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_with_regard_to_the_Roman_Empire">Use with regard to the Roman Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_East_and_Latin_West&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Use with regard to the Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_330_CE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Roman_Empire_330_CE.png/350px-Roman_Empire_330_CE.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Roman_Empire_330_CE.png/525px-Roman_Empire_330_CE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Roman_Empire_330_CE.png/700px-Roman_Empire_330_CE.png 2x" data-file-width="2602" data-file-height="1393" /></a><figcaption>The Roman Empire in 330 AD.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical context</a>, "Greek East" refers to the provinces and client states of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in which the <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> was primarily <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This region included the whole Greek peninsula with some other northern parts in the Balkans, the provinces around the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, those of the Bosphorus, all of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> (in the loosest possible sense, to include <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(Roman_province)" title="Cappadocia (Roman province)">Cappadocia</a> and extending to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Armenia Minor</a>), <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> (southern part of the Italian peninsula and Sicily), and the other provinces along the eastern rim of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iudaea_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Iudaea Province">Judea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Egypt</a>). These Roman provinces had been <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek colonies">Greek colonies</a> or Greek-ruled states during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, i.e. until the Roman conquests.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the start of <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>, beginning with the reorganization of the empire's provincial divisions during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> (ruled 284–305), the concept of the <i>Greek East</i> developed to stand in contradistinction to the <i>Latin West</i>. Thereafter, <i>Greek East</i> refers to the Greek-speaking provinces mentioned above (after 395 mostly in the Greek-speaking <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>) in contradistinction to the provinces in Western Europe, <a href="/wiki/Italia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italia (Roman province)">Italia</a> (excluding the <a href="/wiki/Catepanate_of_Italy" title="Catepanate of Italy">Catepanate of Italy</a>, where they still spoke Greek) and Northwest Africa (after 395 in the Latin-speaking <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Fishwick never defines 'Greek East', nor dates its origins. p. 244 states '...a practice current in the Greek east since Hellenistic times...', suggesting there was already a 'Greek East' before Rome conquered it in the 2nd century BCE. (June 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_with_regard_to_Christianity">Use with regard to Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_East_and_Latin_West&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Use with regard to Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></div> <p>"Greek East" and "Latin West" are terms used also to divide <a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian Christianity</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Greek_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek (language)">Greek</a>-speaking, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> peoples of the Eastern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a>, centered on the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic</a> peoples of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouth20073_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouth20073-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, <i>Latin West</i> applies to regions that were formerly part of the Western Roman Empire, specifically <a href="/wiki/Italia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italia">Italia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gallia</a> (Gaul), <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Africa">Northwest Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a>, but also to areas that had never been part of the Empire but which later came under the culture sphere of the Latin West, such as <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Magna Germania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hibernia" title="Hibernia">Hibernia</a> (Ireland), <a href="/wiki/Caledonia" title="Caledonia">Caledonia</a> (Scotland). In this sense, the term "Latin" came to refer to the liturgical and scholarly language of Western Europe, since many of these countries did not actually speak Latin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Modern scholars agree that by the 12th century, theological debate (or <i>disputatio</i>) between Christians of the Greek East and Latin West was focused on three Christian doctrines: 'the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">filioque</a></i> controversy regarding the <a href="/wiki/Procession_of_the_Holy_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Procession of the Holy Spirit">procession of the Holy Spirit</a>, leavened or <a href="/wiki/Unleavened_bread" title="Unleavened bread">unleavened bread</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">primacy of the pope</a>.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubaker2018614_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubaker2018614-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is not known when or how this began. </p><p>British philosopher <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sherrard" title="Philip Sherrard">Philip Sherrard</a> (1959) claimed that the cause of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>'s split into a Greek East and a Latin West was differing conceptions of <i>sacerdotium</i> and <i>regnum</i>, leading the Orthodox Patriarchate in Constantinople to never lay claim to secular power, but submit to the Byzantine emperor and later the Ottoman sultan (supposedly the reason for the 'eastern submission to autocracy'), while the Catholic Papacy persistently laid claim to have authority over the secular princes of Western Europe (allegedly 'the roots of modern democracy').<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> E. Evans (1960) panned Sherrard's book, writing: '...it must be said that unless the obscurity of the writer's language has dulled the reader's intelligence, neither the <i>Filioque</i> clause nor the developments of modern international politics are really shown to depend on the western as opposed to the eastern, the Latin as opposed to the Greek, doctrine of God and of creation: the argument, if there is one, is <i>per saltum</i>, and need amount to no more than an <i>a posteriori</i> interpretation of historical facts in the light of preconceived ideas.'<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to English theologian <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Louth" title="Andrew Louth">Andrew Louth</a> (2007), the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine/Roman Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Early_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Church">early Church</a> constituted a multilingual and 'multi-cultural civilization' until the 7th century, but after a period of transition, which he dated from 681 (<a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a>) to 1071 (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a>), Christendom had split into a "Greek East" and "Latin West", which he considered 'two Christian civilizations' in reference to <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of Civilizations</a> thesis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouth20073_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouth20073-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louth primarily attributed this purported 'transition from multi-cultural Byzantium to Greek East and Latin West [to] the rise of Islam and the Arab destruction of the stability of the Mediterranean world in the seventh century.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouth20074_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouth20074-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the transition was a slow and complicated process with many factors rather than a single historic event, which 'set the two halves of Christianity on their gradually diverging tracks', as Byzantine literature professor Alexander Alexakis (2010) summarised Louth's analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexakis_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexakis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included observations that the Byzantine church-state dualism remained intact after the Western Roman Empire's collapse, while bishops and eventually the pope in the West sometimes wielded secular power, but the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian monarchs' <i>renovatio</i></a> also promoted theological thought at a time when the pope was embroiled in worldly affairs (8th–9th century), that the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a> controversy caused 'the first rift between Rome and Constantinople', and that the simultaneous <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">missionary efforts to convert the Slavs</a> led to a 'second point of contention between Rome and Constantinople', especially <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">in Bulgaria</a> (9th–10th century).<sup id="cite_ref-Alexakis_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexakis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louth agreed with 'the prevailing (and more plausible) theory that assigns no particular importance to the events of 1054' (the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a>) 'as far as the people of that era were concerned', and that the schism only became significant during the preliminaries to the 1245 and 1274 <a href="/wiki/Councils_of_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Councils of Lyon">Councils of Lyon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexakis_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexakis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "Greek" varies in how it is applied. In the most narrow sense, after the rise of the Roman Empire it is only applied to the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the author it may also be applied to: </p> <ul><li>Areas where the Greek language was the common scholarly and religious language during classical Roman times and the early Middle Ages, including Syria, Egypt, Palestine, etc.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Areas that have historically been in communion with the (formerly Byzantine) <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and much of Eastern Europe, but largely excludes Egypt, Syria, Armenia, etc. which largely opposed the influence of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> having formed what are now called the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a>. The Romanians speak a Romance language but follow the (formerly Byzantine) Eastern Church.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Areas that were heavily culturally influenced by the Eastern Roman/Byzantine Empire, directly or indirectly, during the Middle Ages, including Eastern Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Islamic Empires</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <ul><li>note: among <a href="/wiki/Muslim_historians" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim historians">Muslim historians</a>, "Greek" and "Roman" are often categories specifically associated with <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>. Though the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rome</a> and, later, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> would adopt Roman titles and describe themselves as rulers of "Rome," this was a geographic designation, much in the same way that the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Delhi">Delhi Sultans</a> would be known as rulers of "<a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a>." <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p>The term "Latin" has survived much longer as a unifying term for the West because the Latin language survived until relatively recently as a scholarly and liturgical language despite the fragmentation and religious changes in Western Europe. The Greek language, by contrast, died out somewhat quickly in the Arab lands, and the Orthodox Slavic nations never fully embraced the language despite their long religious affiliation with the Eastern Romans/Byzantines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greek_among_Roman_Emperors">Greek among Roman Emperors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_East_and_Latin_West&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Greek among Roman Emperors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roman Emperors who spoke Latin tended to learn Greek but not vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> mastered Greek to such an extent that he published the <i><a href="/wiki/Meditations" title="Meditations">Meditations</a></i> (circa 170) in Greek. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a> would <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)#Works" title="Julian (emperor)">write in Greek</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_East_and_Latin_West&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jire%C4%8Dek_Line" title="Jireček Line">Jireček Line</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_East_and_Latin_West&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cf</i>. Fishwick, Duncan. <i>The imperial cult in the Latin West: studies in the ruler cult of the Western provinces of the Roman Empire</i>. BRILL, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sherrard, Philip. <i>The Greek East and the Latin West: a study in the Christian tradition</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1959; reprinted Limni [Greece]: Denise Harvey & Company, 1992 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/960-7120-04-3" title="Special:BookSources/960-7120-04-3">960-7120-04-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELouth20073-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouth20073_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouth20073_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLouth2007">Louth 2007</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubaker2018614-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubaker2018614_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrubaker2018">Brubaker 2018</a>, p. 614.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1960" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, E. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/scottish-journal-of-theology/article/abs/greek-east-and-the-latin-west-a-study-in-the-christian-tradition-by-philip-sherrard-oup-1959-pp202-25s/47A4DCBD1854952AA1CCC5E1BDB85904">"The Greek East and the Latin West. A Study in the Christian Tradition. By Philip Sherrard. O.U.P., 1959. Pp.202. 25s"</a>. <i>Scottish Journal of Theology</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 200–202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0036930600052662">10.1017/S0036930600052662</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Journal+of+Theology&rft.atitle=The+Greek+East+and+the+Latin+West.+A+Study+in+the+Christian+Tradition.+By+Philip+Sherrard.+O.U.P.%2C+1959.+Pp.202.+25s&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=200-202&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0036930600052662&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fscottish-journal-of-theology%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fgreek-east-and-the-latin-west-a-study-in-the-christian-tradition-by-philip-sherrard-oup-1959-pp202-25s%2F47A4DCBD1854952AA1CCC5E1BDB85904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+East+and+Latin+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELouth20074-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouth20074_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLouth2007">Louth 2007</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexakis-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alexakis_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexakis_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexakis_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexakis2010" class="citation journal cs1">Alexakis, Alexander (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27866892">"Reviewed Work: Greek East and Latin West: The Church, AD 681–1071. (The Church in History, 3.) by Andrew Louth"</a>. <i>Speculum</i>. <b>85</b> (2): 425–427. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0038713410000473">10.1017/S0038713410000473</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27866892">27866892</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=Reviewed+Work%3A+Greek+East+and+Latin+West%3A+The+Church%2C+AD+681%E2%80%931071.+%28The+Church+in+History%2C+3.%29+by+Andrew+Louth&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=425-427&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0038713410000473&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27866892%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Alexakis&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27866892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+East+and+Latin+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taverna-meteora.de/index.php/griechische-kueche">"The Byzantine Empire"</a> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Empire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taverna-meteora.de%2Findex.php%2Fgriechische-kueche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+East+and+Latin+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecollector.com/what-language-did-the-ancient-romans-speak/">"What Language Did the Ancient Romans Speak?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Language+Did+the+Ancient+Romans+Speak%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecollector.com%2Fwhat-language-did-the-ancient-romans-speak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+East+and+Latin+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_East_and_Latin_West&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrubaker2018" class="citation journal cs1">Brubaker, Jeff (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/me/24/5-6/article-p613_6.xml">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"You are the Heretics!" Dialogue and Disputation between the Greek East and the Latin West after 1204"</a>. <i>Medieval Encounters</i>. <b>24</b> (5–6): 613–630. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15700674-12340033">10.1163/15700674-12340033</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166795372">166795372</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medieval+Encounters&rft.atitle=%22You+are+the+Heretics%21%22+Dialogue+and+Disputation+between+the+Greek+East+and+the+Latin+West+after+1204&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=613-630&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15700674-12340033&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166795372%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brubaker&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fme%2F24%2F5-6%2Farticle-p613_6.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+East+and+Latin+West" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouth2007" class="citation book cs1">Louth, Andrew (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WlpPjOlVzQwC"><i>Greek East and Latin West: The Church AD 691–1071</i></a>. Crestwood, New York: St Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 382. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881413205" title="Special:BookSources/9780881413205"><bdi>9780881413205</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+East+and+Latin+West%3A+The+Church+AD+691%E2%80%931071&rft.place=Crestwood%2C+New+York&rft.pages=382&rft.pub=St+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780881413205&rft.aulast=Louth&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWlpPjOlVzQwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+East+and+Latin+West" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_world" title="Template:Western world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_world" title="Template talk:Western world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_world_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Roman legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">European Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">high</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Revolution" title="Age of Revolution">Age of Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post–Cold War era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">Diet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_tradition" title="Classical tradition">Classical tradition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion" title="History of Western fashion">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dance_(Europe_and_North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western dance (Europe and North America)">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_education" title="Western education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_astrology" title="Western astrology">Astrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_folklore" title="European folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Western_world" title="Immigration to the Western world">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurolinguistics" title="Eurolinguistics">Eurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Average_European" title="Standard Average European">Standard Average European</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_media" title="Western media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_folk_music_traditions" title="List of European folk music traditions">Folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="European mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_Western_painting" title="20th-century Western painting">contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_(Western_philosophy)" title="Values (Western philosophy)">Values</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_physical_culture" title="Western physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_sports" title="Western sports">Sport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Christianity_in_the_Western_world" title="Decline of Christianity in the Western world">Decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient Roman philosophy">Ancient Roman philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Tolerance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_tolerance" title="Paradox of tolerance">Paradox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peritrope" title="Peritrope">Peritrope</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism" title="Sovereigntism">Sovereigntism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_values" title="Western values">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_values" title="European values">European</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary<br />integration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABCANZ_Armies" title="ABCANZ Armies">ABCANZ Armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_European_Regions" title="Assembly of European Regions">AER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Portuguese Alliance">Anglo-Portuguese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUK" title="ANZUK">ANZUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUSCANNZUKUS" title="AUSCANNZUKUS">AUSCANNZUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Assembly" title="Baltic Assembly">Baltic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">BSEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Nine" title="Bucharest Nine">Bucharest Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CANZUK" title="CANZUK">CANZUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States" title="Council of the Baltic Sea States">CBSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">CEFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craiova_Group" title="Craiova Group">Craiova Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Group" title="Eastern European Group">Eastern European Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">EPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">EU Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">EU–UK TCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Treaties" title="Lancaster House Treaties">Lancaster House Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Triangle" title="Lublin Triangle">Lublin Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">OAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_the_Progress_and_Integration_of_South_America" title="Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America">PROSUR/PROSUL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Seas_Initiative" title="Three Seas Initiative">Three Seas Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UKUSA_Agreement" title="UKUSA Agreement">UKUSA Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">USMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nordic_Council" title="West Nordic Council">West Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_and_Others_Group" title="Western European and Others Group">Western European and Others Group</a></li> <li><a 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