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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description_of_excavation_site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description of excavation site</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description_of_excavation_site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artifacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artifacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Artifacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artifacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inhabitants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inhabitants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Inhabitants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inhabitants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Khirbet_Qana&params=32.821367_N_35.303278_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°49′17″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°18′12″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.821367°N 35.303278°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.821367; 35.303278</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archaeological site in Upper Galilee, Israel</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Khirbet Qana</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname">חורבת קנה <span class="languageicon">(in Hebrew)</span><br /> خربة قانا <span class="languageicon">(in Arabic)</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Khirbet_Qana_-_Columbarium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Khirbet_Qana_-_Columbarium.jpg/220px-Khirbet_Qana_-_Columbarium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Khirbet_Qana_-_Columbarium.jpg/330px-Khirbet_Qana_-_Columbarium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Khirbet_Qana_-_Columbarium.jpg/440px-Khirbet_Qana_-_Columbarium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Columbarium at Khirbet Qana</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:150px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:150px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:150px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khirbet Qana is located in Israel"><img alt="Khirbet Qana is located in Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Israel_relief_location_map.jpg/150px-Israel_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Israel_relief_location_map.jpg/225px-Israel_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Israel_relief_location_map.jpg/300px-Israel_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="1141" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:16.138%;left:61.642%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Khirbet Qana"><img alt="Khirbet Qana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Israel</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Settlement</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultures</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Associated with</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">Ruined</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ownership</th><td class="infobox-data">Public</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Public access</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Khirbet Qana</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">خربة قانا</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">archaeological site</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Galilee" title="Lower Galilee">Lower Galilee</a> of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. It has remains of a settlement from the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> to the Early Arab period. Findings including <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_coinage" title="Hasmonean coinage">Hasmonean coins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ostracon" title="Ostracon">ostraca</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Jewish script</a> indicate its population in ancient times was predominantly <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a>. </p><p>Khirbet Qana has been identified with the ancient village of <a href="/wiki/Cana" title="Cana">Cana</a>, site of <a href="/wiki/Wedding_at_Cana" title="Wedding at Cana">Wedding at Cana</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, and referenced by <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. Over the years, various locations such as <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Kanna" title="Kafr Kanna">Kafr Kanna</a> in Galilee and <a href="/wiki/Qana" title="Qana">Qana</a> in Lebanon have also been proposed as Cana. However, recent excavations have established Khirbet Qana as the most likely site.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identification_with_biblical_Cana">Identification with biblical Cana</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khirbet_Qana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Identification with biblical Cana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Khirbet Qana (<a href="/wiki/Palestine_grid" title="Palestine grid">grid</a>: 178/247) is one of the locations in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> that researchers consider as a possibility for the biblical town of <a href="/wiki/Cana" title="Cana">Cana</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where Jesus turned water into wine at the <a href="/wiki/Wedding_at_Cana" title="Wedding at Cana">Wedding at Cana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schuler2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schuler2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Crusader</a> maps have been cited as evidence, as they identify Khirbet Qana with the biblical Cana. The writings of <a href="/wiki/Burchard_of_Mount_Sion" title="Burchard of Mount Sion">Burchard of Mount Sion</a> have also linked Khirbet Qana with Cana.<sup id="cite_ref-Richardson2006_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, texts from Christian pilgrims reveal Khirbet Qana was associated with the biblical Cana during that period,<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards2002_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the account of the English merchant <a href="/wiki/Saewulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Saewulf">Saewulf</a> in the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Quaresmius" title="Franciscus Quaresmius">Francesco Quaresmio</a> concluded that <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Kanna" title="Kafr Kanna">Kafr Kanna</a> was the biblical Cana, as it had a church, while Khirbet Qana did not. However, the fact that the main road from <a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Sepphoris</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> passed Kafr Kanna rather than Khirbet Qana, may have been a factor in this decision. Historical geographer, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Klein_(scholar)" title="Samuel Klein (scholar)">Samuel Klein</a>, also thought that the ancient Cana was to be identified with the Arab village of Kafr Kanna, but that the nearby ruin of <i>Khirbet Qana</i> (which bears the same name) was actually a different village, which Klein thought to be <i><a href="/wiki/Garis_(Galilee)" title="Garis (Galilee)">Kefar 'Aris</a></i> (Heb. <b>כבר עריס</b>) mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a> (<i>Kelim Baba-Metsia</i> 11:2), and said to be mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i> under the name <i>Garis</i>, a town situated not far from <a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Sepphoris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek word used in this toponym is <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Γαρεις</span>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Gamma_(Greek_letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma (Greek letter)">Gamma</a></i> said to be of the same ancient usage as found in Greek transcriptions of <i><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a></i> = <b>עזה</b> and <i><a href="/wiki/Arraba,_Israel" title="Arraba, Israel">Gabara</a></i> = <b>ערב</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruin is situated about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) east of Sepphoris. Today, scholars are again focusing on Khirbet Qana as the site for the biblical Cana.<sup id="cite_ref-Richardson2006_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description_of_excavation_site">Description of excavation site</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khirbet_Qana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description of excavation site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_of_Cana_according_to_Edward_Robinson.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Location_of_Cana_according_to_Edward_Robinson.png/400px-Location_of_Cana_according_to_Edward_Robinson.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Location_of_Cana_according_to_Edward_Robinson.png 1.5x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Map illustrating the location of Cana at Khirbet Qana (top), with <a href="/wiki/Kefr_Kenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Kefr Kenna">Kefr Kenna</a> (bottom), according to <a href="/wiki/Edward_Robinson_(scholar)" title="Edward Robinson (scholar)">Edward Robinson</a>'s 1841 <i><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Researches_in_Palestine" title="Biblical Researches in Palestine">Biblical Researches in Palestine</a></i>. Robinson wrote that "The monks of the present day, and all recent travellers, find the Cana of the New Testament, where Jesus converted the water into wine, at <a href="/wiki/Kefr_Kenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Kefr Kenna">Kefr Kenna</a>... Now as far as the prevalence of an ancient name among the common people, is any evidence for the identity of an ancient site, — and I hold it to be the strongest of all testimony, when, as here, not subject to extraneous influences, but rather in opposition to them, — so far is the weight of evidence in favour of this northern Kana el-Jelil, as the true site of the ancient Cana of Galilee. The name is identical, and stands the same in the Arabic version of the New Testament; while the form Kefr Kenna can only be twisted by force into a like shape".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Khirbet Qana is located on a 100-meter hill, on the north side of <a href="/wiki/Beit_Netofa_Valley" title="Beit Netofa Valley">Beth Netofa valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Richardson2006_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excavations have shown that Khirbet Qana was used as a settlement from the Hellenistic to the Early Arab period, with housing in use from the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Komnenos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty">Byzantine</a> period. Khirbet Qana was a densely populated, but small, rural village that relied mainly on agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-Richardson2002_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson2002-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Excavations at Khirbet Qana have revealed that the unwalled city was partially built into the area's hillsides, resulting in terraced houses on the hill, with larger houses arranged around a courtyard in the flatter areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Schuler2007_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schuler2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers have identified 3 types of houses at Khirbet Qana; terraced housing, side courtyard houses, and central courtyard houses. Terraced houses were located on the steep eastern and western slopes of the hill, while side courtyard houses were located in the flatter area to the north. Courtyard houses were located in the flattest areas of the village, on the hilltop, and featured large central courtyards.<sup id="cite_ref-Richardson2002_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson2002-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to residential housing, Khirbet Qana includes a Jewish <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a>, a later Byzantine complex (possibly a “veneration cave”), and a series of tombs.<sup id="cite_ref-Schuler2007_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schuler2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also some evidence of a monumental building of some kind on the hilltop, perhaps a synagogue, at which a fragment of <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> was found during the excavations of the site.<sup id="cite_ref-Richardson2002_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson2002-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khirbet_Qana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the Jewish synagogue, there is evidence of a Christian place of worship in the form of a “veneration cave” which is a series of four connected caves. The main cave has plaster walls and floors, which include graffiti and inscriptions, of which some are Christian. The main cave also features benches along the walls, and a possible altar on the north side of the cave, which is partially formed by a <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> lid that features at least one cross.<sup id="cite_ref-Richardson2002_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson2002-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plastered in place atop the sarcophagus lid were at least two stone vessels, with one still <i><a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a></i>, while the imprint of the second vessel remains in the plaster.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards2002_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dating">Carbon dating</a> from inside the caves associated with Christian worship have revealed that the main cave underwent renovation during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>- a bench was added to the west side of the cave, the floor was plastered, and the walls were re-plastered. This period, which carbon dating dates from 1024 to 1217 would have been the last phase of considerable use. The altar or table made of the sarcophagus lid with the two stone vessels on its top, along with the carbon dating which places the major renovations at the time of the Crusaders, provide some evidence that the cave complex may have been used as a <a href="/wiki/Reliquary" title="Reliquary">reliquary</a> to celebrate Jesus's turning of water into wine.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards2002_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artifacts">Artifacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khirbet_Qana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Artifacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both coins and pottery shards have been found in the excavations of Khirbet Qana. The coins found at Khirbet Qana are <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_coinage" title="Hasmonean coinage">Hasmonean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards2002_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One particular pottery shard found at the site, a fragment of a cooking pot, proved to be an <a href="/wiki/Ostracon" title="Ostracon">ostracon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a>, which is considered to be the language spoken in the region of Galilee at the time of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ostracon contains three letters in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Jewish script</a>, dating back to the late first or early second century AD, featuring the letters ב,ג,ד. As per the publisher, this marks the first occurrence of an <a href="/wiki/Abecedarium" title="Abecedarium">abecedarium</a> in a Jewish village in the Galilee, potentially linked to a scribal exercise or a form of magical incantation.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry">Industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khirbet_Qana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khirbet_Qana_-_Water_hole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Khirbet Qana - Water hole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Khirbet_Qana_-_Water_hole.jpg/220px-Khirbet_Qana_-_Water_hole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Khirbet_Qana_-_Water_hole.jpg/330px-Khirbet_Qana_-_Water_hole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Khirbet_Qana_-_Water_hole.jpg/440px-Khirbet_Qana_-_Water_hole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Khirbet Qana - Waterhole </figcaption></figure> <p>Industrial buildings were found on the outskirts of the town, including facilities for breeding doves, olive presses, fabric dying, and glass making.<sup id="cite_ref-Schuler2007_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schuler2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 60 <a href="/wiki/Cisterns" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisterns">cisterns</a> for water storage have been found throughout the excavation site as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards2002_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pottery found at Khirbet Qana from nearby <a href="/wiki/Shikhin" title="Shikhin">Shikhin</a> and Kefar Hananya show that trade at Khirbet Kana would have been largely local or regional. Fields for cultivation on the west side of Khirbet Qana, along with tax records detailing taxes on crops from the 16th century serve as evidence that Khirbet Qana relied in part on agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards2002_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inhabitants">Inhabitants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khirbet_Qana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Inhabitants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The excavations of both a Jewish Synagogue and a Christian place of pilgrimage and worship reveal that Khirbet Qana was an important location for both religious groups, with a population of primarily Jewish inhabitants in earlier periods, such as the Roman and Hellenistic periods.<sup id="cite_ref-Schuler2007_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schuler2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coins found at the site serve as evidence that the Khirbet Qana was under <a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabean</a> influence by the 1st century BC, though at this time no Maccabean buildings have been found at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards2002_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the period of the Crusades, Christian pilgrims visited Khirbet Qana,<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards2002_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it is unclear if they ever lived there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_later_years">In later years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khirbet_Qana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A lack of coinage from the late 4th to early 5th centuries may indicate a decline in Khirbet Qana, but the town shows signs of expansion and growth during the Late Byzantine period (late 5th to 7th centuries). The latest date for a coin found at Khirbet Qana is 613, and it was likely abandoned during the first half of the 7th century, during which time Galilee underwent invasion (614) and re-conquest (628) from Persia, prior to the Arab conquest (639).<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards2002_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">acropolis</a> at Khirbet Qana, however, was again occupied most likely from the late 7th century through the early 8th century, as evidenced by Arab pottery found across the area, as well as renovations to the public building on the acropolis, and an early Islamic fragment of pottery.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards2002_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khirbet_Qana&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft/page/112/mode/1up">PEF Names List</a>, page 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2004" class="citation cs2">Richardson, Peter (2004-01-01), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/9789047406501/B9789047406501_s009.xml">"Khirbet Qana (and Other Villages) as a Context for Jesus"</a>, <i>Building Jewish in the Roman East</i>, Brill, p. 55, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789047406501_009">10.1163/9789047406501_009</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-0650-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-0650-1"><bdi>978-90-474-0650-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-09</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Building+Jewish+in+the+Roman+East&rft.atitle=Khirbet+Qana+%28and+Other+Villages%29+as+a+Context+for+Jesus&rft.pages=55&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789047406501_009&rft.isbn=978-90-474-0650-1&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2F9789047406501%2FB9789047406501_s009.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhirbet+Qana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbright1922" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_F._Albright" title="William F. Albright">Albright, W.F.</a> (1922). "Contribution to the Historical Geography of Palestine". <i>Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>. <b>2–3</b>: 29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3768450">10.2307/3768450</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3768450">3768450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Contribution+to+the+Historical+Geography+of+Palestine&rft.volume=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=29&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3768450&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3768450%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Albright&rft.aufirst=W.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhirbet+Qana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schuler2007-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schuler2007_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schuler2007_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schuler2007_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schuler2007_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schuler2007_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schuler, Mark <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctsfw.net/media/pdfs/schulerrecentarchaeology.pdf">"Recent archaeology of Galilee and the interpretation of texts from the Galilean Ministry of Jesus"</a>, <i>Corcordia Theological Quarterly</i>, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/world/tunnels-where-jesus-turned-water-into-wine-found/articleshow/65628092.cms">"Tunnels 'where Jesus turned water into wine' found"</a>. <i>Mumbai Mirror</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mumbai+Mirror&rft.atitle=Tunnels+%E2%80%98where+Jesus+turned+water+into+wine%E2%80%99+found&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmumbaimirror.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Ftunnels-where-jesus-turned-water-into-wine-found%2Farticleshow%2F65628092.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhirbet+Qana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richardson2006-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson2006_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson2006_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson2006_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richardson, Peter. "Khirbet Qana (and Other Villages) as a Context for Jesus", <i>Jesus and Archaeology</i> ed. James H. Charlesworth. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2006. pg 120-144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edwards2002-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edwards2002_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edwards2002_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edwards2002_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edwards2002_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edwards2002_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edwards2002_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edwards2002_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edwards2002_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edwards2002_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edwards2002_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwards,Douglas R. "Khirbet Qana: from Jewish Village to Christian Pilgrimage site", <i>The Roman and Byzantine Near East</i>, vol 3. Portsmouth, R.I.: Journal of Roman Archaeology, ed. Humphrey, John H. 2002. pg 101-132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janin, Hunt <i>Four Paths to Jerusalem: Jewish, Christian, Muslim, and Secular Pilgrimages, 1000 BCE to 2001 CE</i>, McFarland & Company, Inc. Publishers, 2004. pg 95-97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>The Jewish War</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148%3Abook%3D3%3Awhiston+chapter%3D6%3Awhiston+section%3D3">3.127</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148%3Abook%3D5%3Awhiston+chapter%3D11%3Awhiston+section%3D5">5:473</a>; and in <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Flavius_Josephus" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Flavius Josephus">Vita</a></i> §71)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel Klein, (1930). "On Topography" (לטופוגרפיה), in: <i><a href="/wiki/Tarbi%E1%BA%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarbiẕ">Tarbiẕ</a></i> (1930), Jerusalem, pp. 127–131 (Hebrew)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="//archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft/page/n221/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:biblicalresearch03robiuoft/page/n221/mode/2up">Biblical Researches in Palestine</a>, 1841, p.204-208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richardson2002-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson2002_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson2002_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson2002_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson2002_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richardson, Peter "What has Cana to do with Capernaum?" <i>New Testament Studies</i> 48, no. 3, 2002 pp. 314-331</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eshel, Esther & Douglas R. Edwards, "Language and writing in early Roman Galilee: social location of a potter’s abcedary from Khirbet Qana", in <i>Religion and Society in Roman Palestine: old questions, new approaches</i> New York: Routledge. 2004. pg 49-55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110715774-099/html">"XCI. Cana (mod. Ḥ. Qana)"</a>, <i>Volume 5/Part 1 Galilaea and Northern Regions: 5876-6924</i>, De Gruyter, pp. 681–684, 2023-03-20, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110715774-099%2Fhtml">10.1515/9783110715774-099/html</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-071577-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-071577-4"><bdi>978-3-11-071577-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-07</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Volume+5%2FPart+1+Galilaea+and+Northern+Regions%3A+5876-6924&rft.atitle=XCI.+Cana+%28mod.+%E1%B8%A4.+Qana%29&rft.pages=681-684&rft.date=2023-03-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110715774-099%2Fhtml&rft.isbn=978-3-11-071577-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110715774-099%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhirbet+Qana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khirbet_Qana&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerer2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lerer, Yoav (2012-08-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=2048&mag_id=119">"Horbat Qana, Survey"</a> (124). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Horbat+Qana%2C+Survey&rft.issue=124&rft.date=2012-08-19&rft.aulast=Lerer&rft.aufirst=Yoav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hadashot-esi.org.il%2Freport_detail_eng.aspx%3Fid%3D2048%26mag_id%3D119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhirbet+Qana" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nwda.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv35134">Douglas R. Edwards papers 1920-2007</a> Collection includes field notes and reports, excavation reports, artifact lists, and photos from the excavation site.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/excavators-at-kafr-kana-find-2-000-year-old-jugs-linked-to-the-great-revolt-1.184187">Article from Haaretz</a> Provides more information on the debate over the location of Cana.</li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Khirbet_Qana&params=32.821367_N_35.303278_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°49′17″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°18′12″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.821367°N 35.303278°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.821367; 35.303278</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khirbet_Qana&oldid=1253701089">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khirbet_Qana&oldid=1253701089</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament_cities" title="Category:New Testament cities">New Testament cities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_Israel" title="Category:Archaeological sites in Israel">Archaeological sites in Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="Category:Ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Jewish_settlements_of_Galilee" title="Category:Ancient Jewish settlements of Galilee">Ancient Jewish settlements of Galilee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lower_Galilee" title="Category:Lower Galilee">Lower Galilee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wedding_at_Cana" title="Category:Wedding at Cana">Wedding at Cana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_sites_in_Asia" title="Category:Byzantine sites in Asia">Byzantine sites in Asia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Hebrew-language_sources_(he)" title="Category:Articles with Hebrew-language sources (he)">Articles with Hebrew-language sources (he)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Arabic-language_sources_(ar)" title="Category:Articles with Arabic-language sources (ar)">Articles with Arabic-language sources (ar)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 October 2024, at 12:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; 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