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id="toc-First_penal_settlement_(1788–1814)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_penal_settlement_(1788–1814)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 First penal settlement (1788–1814) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_penal_settlement_(1788–1814)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_penal_settlement_(1824–1856)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_penal_settlement_(1824–1856)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Second penal settlement (1824–1856) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_penal_settlement_(1824–1856)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlement_by_Pitcairn_Islanders_(1856–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlement_by_Pitcairn_Islanders_(1856–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Settlement by Pitcairn Islanders (1856–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlement_by_Pitcairn_Islanders_(1856–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reduced_autonomy_2016" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduced_autonomy_2016"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.3 Reduced autonomy 2016 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduced_autonomy_2016-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Flora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_endemic_and_extirpated_native_birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_endemic_and_extirpated_native_birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 List of endemic and extirpated native birds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_endemic_and_extirpated_native_birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structure_of_the_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_of_the_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Structure of the population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_of_the_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Country_of_birth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country_of_birth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Country of birth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Country_of_birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitutional_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Constitutional status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration_and_citizenship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_and_citizenship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Immigration and citizenship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration_and_citizenship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Health care </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defence_and_law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence_and_law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Defence and law enforcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defence_and_law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Courts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Census </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postal_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postal_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Postal service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postal_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_and_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_and_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Economy and infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy_and_infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy and infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy_and_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Taxes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Communications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electricity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Electricity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electricity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Norfolk Island</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 122 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-122" aria-hidden="true" > 122 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulo_Norfolk" title="Pulo Norfolk – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Pulo Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolkeiland" title="Norfolkeiland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Norfolkeiland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%96%E1%88%AD%E1%8D%88%E1%8A%AD_%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%B4%E1%89%B5" title="ኖርፈክ ደሴት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኖርፈክ ደሴት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA" title="नॉर्फोक द्वीप – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="नॉर्फोक द्वीप" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D9%83" title="جزيرة نورفولك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جزيرة نورفولك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Norfolk" title="Isla Norfolk – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Isla Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ila_Norfolk" title="Ila Norfolk – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ila Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islla_Norfolk" title="Islla Norfolk – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Islla Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_adas%C4%B1" title="Norfolk adası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Norfolk adası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AA" title="নরফোক দ্বীপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নরফোক দ্বীপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk-t%C3%B3" title="Norfolk-tó – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Norfolk-tó" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA_(%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83)" title="Норфолк (утрау) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Норфолк (утрау)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Востраў Норфалк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Востраў Норфалк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Востраў Норфалк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Востраў Норфалк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islang_Norfolk" title="Islang Norfolk – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Islang Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2)" title="Норфолк (остров) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Норфолк (остров)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrvo_Norfolk" title="Ostrvo Norfolk – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ostrvo Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enez_Norfolk" title="Enez Norfolk – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Enez Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illa_Norfolk" title="Illa Norfolk – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Illa Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Norfolk Island" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_(ostrov)" title="Norfolk (ostrov) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Norfolk (ostrov)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynys_Norfolk" title="Ynys Norfolk – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ynys Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Norfolk Island" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolkinsel" title="Norfolkinsel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Norfolkinsel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolki_saare_ala" title="Norfolki saare ala – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Norfolki saare ala" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF_%CE%9D%CF%8C%CF%81%CF%86%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BA" title="Νησί Νόρφολκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νησί Νόρφολκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Norfolk" title="Isla Norfolk – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Isla Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolkinsulo" title="Norfolkinsulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Norfolkinsulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_uhartea" title="Norfolk uhartea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Norfolk uhartea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81%DA%A9" title="جزیره نورفک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جزیره نورفک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Norfolk" title="Île Norfolk – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Île Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_(eil%C3%A2n)" title="Norfolk (eilân) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Norfolk (eilân)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oile%C3%A1n_Norfolk" title="Oileán Norfolk – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oileán Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellan_Norfolk" title="Ellan Norfolk – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ellan Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Adas%C4%B1" title="Norfolk Adası – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Norfolk Adası" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illa_Norfolk" title="Illa Norfolk – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Illa Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk-t%C3%B3" title="Norfolk-tó – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Norfolk-tó" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%ED%8D%BD%EC%84%AC" title="노퍽섬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노퍽섬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D6%86%D5%B8%D5%AC%D6%84_%D5%AF%D5%B2%D5%A6%D5%AB" title="Նորֆոլք կղզի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նորֆոլք կղզի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA" title="नॉर्फ़ोक द्वीप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नॉर्फ़ोक द्वीप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_(otok)" title="Norfolk (otok) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Norfolk (otok)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulo_Norfolk" title="Insulo Norfolk – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Insulo Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="নরফোক দ্বীপমালা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="নরফোক দ্বীপমালা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Norfolk" title="Pulau Norfolk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pulau Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfuk_Ailen" title="Norfuk Ailen – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Norfuk Ailen" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolkeyja" title="Norfolkeyja – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Norfolkeyja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isola_Norfolk" title="Isola Norfolk – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Isola Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A7_(%D7%90%D7%99)" title="נורפוק (אי) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נורפוק (אי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulo_Norfolk" title="Pulo Norfolk – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pulo Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulu_ning_Norfolk" title="Pulu ning Norfolk – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Pulu ning Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98)" title="ნორფოლკი (კუნძული) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნორფოლკი (კუნძული)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Норфолк аралы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Норфолк аралы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynys_Norfolk" title="Ynys Norfolk – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ynys Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibirwa_bya_Norufoluki" title="Ibirwa bya Norufoluki – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ibirwa bya Norufoluki" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisiwa_cha_Norfolk" title="Kisiwa cha Norfolk – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kisiwa cha Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zil_Norfolk" title="Zil Norfolk – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Zil Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Норфолк аралы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Норфолк аралы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Норфолк ошмаоты – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Норфолк ошмаоты" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula_Norfolcia" title="Insula Norfolcia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Insula Norfolcia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolkas_Sala" title="Norfolkas Sala – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Norfolkas Sala" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolkas_(sala)" title="Norfolkas (sala) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Norfolkas (sala)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoa_Norfolk" title="Isoa Norfolk – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Isoa Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolkeilandj" title="Norfolkeilandj – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Norfolkeilandj" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk-sziget" title="Norfolk-sziget – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Norfolk-sziget" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Остров Норфолк – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Остров Норфолк" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="നോർഫോക് ദ്വീപ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നോർഫോക് ദ്വീപ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motu_N%C5%8Dpoke" title="Motu Nōpoke – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Motu Nōpoke" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA" title="नॉरफोक द्वीप – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नॉरफोक द्वीप" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98)" title="ნორფოლკი (კოკი) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნორფოლკი (კოკი)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D9%83" title="جزيرة نورفولك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جزيرة نورفولك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9" title="نورفولک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نورفولک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Norfolk" title="Pulau Norfolk – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pulau Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_D%C5%8D%CC%A4" title="Norfolk Dō̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Norfolk Dō̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Норфолк Арал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Норфолк Арал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="နော်ဖောကျွန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နော်ဖောကျွန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_(eiland)" title="Norfolk (eiland) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Norfolk (eiland)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81" title="नरफक टापु – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नरफक टापु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E5%B3%B6" title="ノーフォーク島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノーフォーク島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk-Eilun" title="Norfolk-Eilun – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Norfolk-Eilun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfuk_Ailen" title="Norfuk Ailen – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Norfuk Ailen" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk%C3%B8ya" title="Norfolkøya – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Norfolkøya" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk%C3%B8ya" title="Norfolkøya – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Norfolkøya" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illa_de_Norfolk" title="Illa de Norfolk – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Illa de Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_oroli" title="Norfolk oroli – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Norfolk oroli" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%82" title="ਨਾਰਫ਼ੋਕ ਟਾਪੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਾਰਫ਼ੋਕ ਟਾਪੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81%DA%A9_%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81" title="نورفک جزیرہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نورفک جزیرہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_(terytorium)" title="Norfolk (terytorium) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Norfolk (terytorium)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilha_Norfolque" title="Ilha Norfolque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ilha Norfolque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula_Norfolk" title="Insula Norfolk – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Insula Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Остров Норфолк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Остров Норфолк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nopoki" title="Nopoki – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Nopoki" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Norfolk Island" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Csula_Norfolk" title="Ìsula Norfolk – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ìsula Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="Norfolk Island" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Norfolk Island" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_(ostrov)" title="Norfolk (ostrov) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Norfolk (ostrov)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%86%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%86%D9%84%DA%A9" title="دوورگەی نۆرفۆلک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دوورگەی نۆرفۆلک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Острво Норфок – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Острво Норфок" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otok_Norfolk" title="Otok Norfolk – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Otok Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulo_Norfolk" title="Pulo Norfolk – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pulo Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolkinsaari" title="Norfolkinsaari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Norfolkinsaari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk%C3%B6n" title="Norfolkön – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Norfolkön" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulo_ng_Norfolk" title="Pulo ng Norfolk – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pulo ng Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="நோர்போக் தீவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நோர்போக் தீவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigzirt_n_Nu%E1%B9%9Bfulk" title="Tigzirt n Nuṛfulk – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tigzirt n Nuṛfulk" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA_%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Норфолк утравы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Норфолк утравы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B0%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%AF%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA_%E1%81%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%BE%E1%80%AF%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89" title="မူႇၵုၼ် ၼေႃႇၾုၵ်ႉ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မူႇၵုၼ် ၼေႃႇၾုၵ်ႉ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81" title="เกาะนอร์ฟอล์ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกาะนอร์ฟอล์ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motu_N%C5%8Dfoliki" title="Motu Nōfoliki – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Motu Nōfoliki" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Adas%C4%B1" title="Norfolk Adası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Norfolk Adası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Острів Норфолк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Острів Норфолк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81%DA%A9" title="جزیرہ نورفک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جزیرہ نورفک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D9%83_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="نورفوك ئارىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نورفوك ئارىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3o_Norfolk" title="Đảo Norfolk – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đảo Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolki_saar" title="Norfolki saar – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Norfolki saar" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E7%A6%8F%E5%85%8B%E5%B3%B6" title="諾福克島 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="諾福克島" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puro_han_Norfolk" title="Puro han Norfolk – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Puro han Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunu_Norfolk" title="Dunu Norfolk – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Dunu Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E7%A6%8F%E5%85%8B%E5%B2%9B" title="诺福克岛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="诺福克岛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er%C3%A9k%C3%B9%E1%B9%A3%C3%B9_Norfolk" title="Erékùṣù Norfolk – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Erékùṣù Norfolk" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E7%A6%8F%E5%B3%B6" title="諾福島 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="諾福島" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Norfolk_Island&params=29_02_S_167_57_E_type:isle_region:NF_dim:10000">29°02′S 167°57′E / 29.033°S 167.950°E / -29.033; 167.950</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">External territory of Australia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For Norfolk Island in Ecuador, see <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Island_(Gal%C3%A1pagos)" title="Santa Cruz Island (Galápagos)">Santa Cruz Island</a>. 'NFK' redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/NFK_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="NFK (disambiguation)">NFK (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">External territory in Australia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192207">.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;width:23em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div td,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-above{font-size:1.25em;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-official-below{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-other{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-caption{padding-top:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-motto{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-elevation{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-pol-div vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Norfolk Island</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">External territory</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-pol-div-official-below"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Territory of Norfolk Island <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Teratri a' Norf'k Ailen (<a href="/wiki/Pitcairn-Norfolk_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitcairn-Norfolk language">Pitcairn-Norfolk</a>)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Norfolk Island"><img alt="Flag of Norfolk Island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg/130px-Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg/195px-Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg/260px-Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="460" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Norfolk_Island" title="Flag of Norfolk Island">Flag</a></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Norfolk_Island.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Norfolk Island"><img alt="Official seal of Norfolk Island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_Norfolk_Island.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Norfolk_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_Norfolk_Island.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Norfolk_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_Norfolk_Island.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Norfolk_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="876" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Norfolk_Island" title="Coat of arms of Norfolk Island">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-pol-div-motto nickname">"Inasmuch"<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/Advance_Australia_Fair" title="Advance Australia Fair">Advance Australia Fair</a>" <audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="64" data-mwtitle="Advance_Australia_Fair.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Advance_Australia_Fair.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/Advance_Australia_Fair.ogg/Advance_Australia_Fair.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAdvance_Australia_Fair.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAdvance_Australia_Fair.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAdvance_Australia_Fair.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Territorial anthems: "<a href="/wiki/Come_Ye_Blessed" title="Come Ye Blessed">Come Ye Blessed</a>" "<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a>" <audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="64" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga/United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=nb&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nb" label="norsk bokmål ‪(nb)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-cn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-CN" label="中文（中国大陆） ‪(zh-cn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_on_the_globe_(Norfolk_Island_special)_(small_islands_magnified)_(Polynesia_centered).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Norfolk Island"><img alt="Location of Norfolk Island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Australia_on_the_globe_%28Norfolk_Island_special%29_%28small_islands_magnified%29_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg/250px-Australia_on_the_globe_%28Norfolk_Island_special%29_%28small_islands_magnified%29_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Australia_on_the_globe_%28Norfolk_Island_special%29_%28small_islands_magnified%29_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg/375px-Australia_on_the_globe_%28Norfolk_Island_special%29_%28small_islands_magnified%29_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Australia_on_the_globe_%28Norfolk_Island_special%29_%28small_islands_magnified%29_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg/500px-Australia_on_the_globe_%28Norfolk_Island_special%29_%28small_islands_magnified%29_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="861" /></a><div class="ib-pol-div-caption">Location of Norfolk Island</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Separation from <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 November 1856</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Transfer to Australia</th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1914</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Howard,_Duchess_of_Norfolk_(died_1773)" title="Mary Howard, Duchess of Norfolk (died 1773)">Mary Howard, Duchess of Norfolk</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Norfolk_Island" title="Kingston, Norfolk Island">Kingston</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Norfolk_Island&params=29.056_S_167.961_E_type:city_region:NF">29°03′22″S 167°57′40″E / 29.056°S 167.961°E / -29.056; 167.961</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest town</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Burnt_Pine" title="Burnt Pine">Burnt Pine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="English Language">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Norfuk_language" title="Norfuk language">Norfuk</a><a href="#cite_note-language_act-3">[3]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-pol-div-ethnic"> (<a href="/wiki/2016_Australian_census" title="2016 Australian census">2016</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Islanders" title="Norfolk Islanders">Norfolk Islanders</a> <a href="/wiki/Australian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian people">Australian people</a> <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islanders" title="Pitcairn Islanders">Pitcairn Islander</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealanders" title="New Zealanders">New Zealander</a> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> <a href="/wiki/Fijian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Fijian people">Fijian</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-pol-div-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (56%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a> (35.7%)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Islanders" title="Norfolk Islanders">Norfolk Islander</a><a href="#cite_note-demonym-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Norfolk_Island" title="Politics of Norfolk Island">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Direct_rule" title="Direct rule">Directly</a> administered <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependency</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarch</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Mostyn" title="Sam Mostyn">Sam Mostyn</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_Norfolk_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrator of Norfolk Island">Administrator</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Plant_(public_servant)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Plant (public servant) (page does not exist)">George Plant</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">represented by <a href="/wiki/List_of_senators_from_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="List of senators from the Australian Capital Territory">ACT senators</a> (since 2016)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives (Australia)">House of Representatives</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">included in the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Bean" title="Division of Bean">Division of Bean</a> (since 2018)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Norfolk_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Norfolk Island">Area</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">34.6 km2 (13.4 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">negligible</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-pol-div-elevation"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">319 m (1,047 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Norfolk_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Norfolk Island">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• 2021 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,188<a href="#cite_note-ABS2021-7">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">not ranked</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">61.9/km2 (160.3/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">not ranked</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2016 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">US$60,209,320<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Australian dollar</a> (AU$) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">AUD</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B11:00" title="UTC+11:00">UTC+11:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Australia#External_territories" title="Time in Australia">NFT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B12:00" title="UTC+12:00">UTC+12:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Australia#External_territories" title="Time in Australia">NFDT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Driving side</a></th><td class="infobox-data">left</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Norfolk_Island" title="Telephone numbers in Norfolk Island">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Norfolk_Island" title="Telephone numbers in Norfolk Island">+672</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_Australia#External_territories" title="Postcodes in Australia">Postcode</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="postal-code">NSW 2899</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:NF" title="ISO 3166-2:NF">NF</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.nf" title=".nf">.nf</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Norfolk Island (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈnɔːrfək/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">NOR-fək</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>locally <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈnɔːrfoʊk/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">NOR-fohk</a>;<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norfuk_language" title="Norfuk language">Norfuk</a>: Norf'k Ailen<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>) is an <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">external territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> located in the Pacific Ocean between <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, approximately 1,412 kilometres (877 mi) east of Australia's <a href="/wiki/Evans_Head,_New_South_Wales" title="Evans Head, New South Wales">Evans Head</a> and about 900 kilometres (560 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Lord_Howe_Island" title="Lord Howe Island">Lord Howe Island</a>. Together with the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Island_(Norfolk_Island)" title="Phillip Island (Norfolk Island)">Phillip Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepean_Island_(Norfolk_Island)" title="Nepean Island (Norfolk Island)">Nepean Island</a>, the three islands collectively form the Territory of Norfolk Island.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/2021_Australian_census" title="2021 Australian census">2021 census</a>, it had 2,188 inhabitants living on a total land area of about 35 km2 (14 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-ABS2021-7">[7]</a> Its capital and administrative seat is <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Norfolk_Island" title="Kingston, Norfolk Island">Kingston</a>, while its main town and largest settlement is <a href="/wiki/Burnt_Pine" title="Burnt Pine">Burnt Pine</a>. <div class="mw-kartographer-container thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 360px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme" style="width: 360px; height: 360px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="360" data-height="360" data-zoom="11" data-overlays="["_0bb229278cf32e2efd8b3fcf86f3457bf0744282"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,11,a,a,360x360.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Norfolk_Island&revid=1256149376&groups=_0bb229278cf32e2efd8b3fcf86f3457bf0744282" width="360" height="360" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,11,a,a,360x360@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Norfolk_Island&revid=1256149376&groups=_0bb229278cf32e2efd8b3fcf86f3457bf0744282 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">Norfolk Island is the main island in a group comprising the Australian <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">external territory</a> of Norfolk Island, situated in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> between <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> approximately 692 km (430 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>.</div></div></div> East <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesians</a> were the first to settle Norfolk Island, but they had already departed when <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> settled it as part of its 1788 colonisation of Australia. The island served as a <a href="/wiki/Penal_colony" title="Penal colony">convict penal settlement</a> from 6 March 1788 until 5 May 1855, except for an 11-year hiatus between 15 February 1814 and 6 June 1825,<a href="#cite_note-:4-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-13">[13]</a> when it lay abandoned. On 8 June 1856, permanent civilian residence on the island began when descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Mutiny_on_the_Bounty" title="Mutiny on the Bounty">Bounty mutineers</a> were relocated from <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Island</a>. In 1914, the UK handed Norfolk Island over to Australia to administer as an <a href="/wiki/Department_of_External_Territories_(1941%E2%80%9351)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of External Territories (1941–51)">external territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts-Wray-14">[14]</a> Native to the island, the evergreen <a href="/wiki/Araucaria_heterophylla" title="Araucaria heterophylla">Norfolk Island pine</a> is a symbol of the island and is pictured on its <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Norfolk_Island" title="Flag of Norfolk Island">flag</a>. The pine is a key export for Norfolk Island, being a popular ornamental tree in Australia (where two related species grow), and also worldwide. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Norfolk_Island" title="History of Norfolk Island">History of Norfolk Island</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_settlement">Early settlement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early settlement">edit</a>]</div> Norfolk Island was uninhabited when first settled by Europeans, but evidence of earlier habitation was obvious. Archaeological investigation suggests that in the 13th or 14th century the island was settled by East <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesian</a> seafarers, either from the <a href="/wiki/Kermadec_Islands" title="Kermadec Islands">Kermadec Islands</a> north of mainland New Zealand, or from the <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a> of New Zealand. However, both Polynesian and <a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesian</a> artefacts have been found, so it is possible that people from <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, relatively close to the north, also reached Norfolk Island. Human occupation must have ceased at least a few hundred years before Europeans arrived in the late 18th century. Ultimately, the relative isolation of the island, and its poor <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticultural</a> environment, were not favourable to long-term settlement.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_penal_settlement_(1788–1814)">First penal settlement (1788–1814)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First penal settlement (1788–1814)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_Foundation_Day" title="Norfolk Island Foundation Day">Norfolk Island Foundation Day</a></div> The first European known to have sighted and landed on the island was Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a>, on 10 October 1774,<a href="#cite_note-:4-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-13">[13]</a> on his second voyage to the South Pacific on <a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a>. He named it after <a href="/wiki/Mary_Howard,_Duchess_of_Norfolk_(died_1773)" title="Mary Howard, Duchess of Norfolk (died 1773)">Mary Howard, Duchess of Norfolk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Call" title="John Call">John Call</a> argued the advantages of Norfolk Island in that it was uninhabited and that <a href="/wiki/Phormium" title="Phormium">New Zealand flax</a> grew there. After the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> in 1775 halted <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">penal transportation</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>, British prisons started to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison_overcrowding_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prison overcrowding in the United Kingdom (page does not exist)">overcrowd</a>. Several stopgap measures proved ineffective, and the government announced in December 1785 that it would send convicts to parts of what is now known as Australia. In 1786, it included Norfolk Island as an auxiliary settlement, as proposed by John Call, in its plan for colonisation of the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">Colony of New South Wales</a>. The decision to settle Norfolk Island was taken after Empress <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II of Russia</a> restricted the sale of <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> At the time, practically all the hemp and flax required by the Royal Navy for cordage and sailcloth was imported from Russia. When the <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> arrived at <a href="/wiki/Port_Jackson" title="Port Jackson">Port Jackson</a> in January 1788, Governor <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Phillip" title="Arthur Phillip">Arthur Phillip</a> ordered Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Philip_Gidley_King" title="Philip Gidley King">Philip Gidley King</a> to lead a party of 15 convicts and seven free men to take control of Norfolk Island, and prepare for its commercial development. They arrived on 6 March. During the first year of the settlement, which was also called "Sydney" like its parent, more convicts and soldiers were sent to the island from New South Wales. Robert Watson, harbourmaster, arrived with the First Fleet as quartermaster of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Sirius_(1786)" title="HMS Sirius (1786)">HMS Sirius</a>, and was still serving in that capacity when the ship was wrecked at Norfolk Island in 1790. Next year, he obtained and cultivated a grant of 60 acres (24 ha) on the island.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> As early as 1794, Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales <a href="/wiki/Francis_Grose_(British_Army_officer)" title="Francis Grose (British Army officer)">Francis Grose</a> suggested its closure as a penal settlement, as it was too remote and difficult for shipping and too costly to maintain.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The first group of people left in February 1805, and by 1808, only about 200 remained, forming a small settlement until the remnants were removed in 1813. A small party remained to slaughter stock and destroy all buildings, so that there would be no inducement for anyone, especially from other European powers, to visit and lay claim to the place. From February 1814 until June 1825, the island was uninhabited. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norfolk_Island_jail1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Norfolk_Island_jail1.jpg/220px-Norfolk_Island_jail1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Norfolk_Island_jail1.jpg/330px-Norfolk_Island_jail1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Norfolk_Island_jail1.jpg/440px-Norfolk_Island_jail1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>The Old Military Barracks in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Norfolk_Island" title="Kingston, Norfolk Island">Kingston</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_penal_settlement_(1824–1856)">Second penal settlement (1824–1856)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second penal settlement (1824–1856)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norfolk_Island_jail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Norfolk_Island_jail.jpg/220px-Norfolk_Island_jail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Norfolk_Island_jail.jpg/330px-Norfolk_Island_jail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Norfolk_Island_jail.jpg/440px-Norfolk_Island_jail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption>Remains of Norfolk Island <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">gaol</a></figcaption></figure> In 1824, the British government instructed the Governor of New South Wales, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brisbane" title="Thomas Brisbane">Thomas Brisbane</a>, to reoccupy Norfolk Island as a place to send "the worst description of convicts". Its remoteness, previously seen as a disadvantage, was now viewed as an asset for the detention of recalcitrant male prisoners. The convicts detained have long been assumed to be hardcore recidivists, or 'doubly-convicted capital respites' – that is, men transported to Australia who committed fresh crimes in the colony for which they were sentenced to death, but were spared the gallows on condition of life on Norfolk Island. However, a 2011 study, using a database of 6,458 Norfolk Island convicts, has demonstrated that the reality was somewhat different: More than half were detained on Norfolk Island without ever receiving a colonial conviction, and only 15% had been reprieved from a death sentence. Furthermore, the overwhelming majority of convicts sent to Norfolk Island had committed non-violent property offences, and the average length of detention there was three years.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Nonetheless, Norfolk Island went through periods of unrest with convicts staging a number of <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_convict_mutinies" title="Norfolk Island convict mutinies">uprisings and mutinies</a> between 1826 and 1846, all of which failed.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The British government began to wind down the second penal settlement after 1847, and the last convicts were removed to <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> in May 1855. The island was abandoned because transportation from the United Kingdom to <a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a> (Tasmania) had ceased in 1853, to be replaced by <a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">penal servitude</a> in the UK. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlement_by_Pitcairn_Islanders_(1856–present)">Settlement by Pitcairn Islanders (1856–present)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Settlement by Pitcairn Islanders (1856–present)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Descendants_of_the_mutineers,_1862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Descendants_of_the_mutineers%2C_1862.jpg/220px-Descendants_of_the_mutineers%2C_1862.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Descendants_of_the_mutineers%2C_1862.jpg/330px-Descendants_of_the_mutineers%2C_1862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Descendants_of_the_mutineers%2C_1862.jpg/440px-Descendants_of_the_mutineers%2C_1862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>Descendants of the mutineers John Adams and Matthew Quintal on Norfolk Island, 1862. From Left to right:John Adams 1827–1897 son of George Adams; John Quintal 1820–1912 son of Arthur Quintal; George Adams 1804–1873 son of John Adams; Arthur Quintal 1795–1873 son of Matthew Quintal</figcaption></figure> The next settlement began on 8 June 1856, as the descendants of Tahitians and the <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bounty" title="HMS Bounty">HMS Bounty</a> mutineers, including those of <a href="/wiki/Fletcher_Christian" title="Fletcher Christian">Fletcher Christian</a>, were resettled from the <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a>, which had become too small for their growing number. On 3 May 1856, 193 people left Pitcairn Islands aboard the Morayshire.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> On 8 June 194 people arrived, a baby having been born in transit.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The Pitcairners occupied many of the buildings remaining from the penal settlements, and gradually established traditional farming and whaling industries on the island. Although some families decided to return to Pitcairn in 1858 and 1863, the island's population continued to grow. They accepted additional settlers, who often arrived on whaling vessels. The island was a regular resort for whaling vessels in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">age of sail</a>. The first such ship was the Britannia in November 1793. The last on record was the Andrew Hicks in August–September 1907.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> They came for water, wood and provisions, and sometimes they recruited islanders to serve as crewmen on their vessels. In 1867, the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Mission" title="Melanesian Mission">Melanesian Mission</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> was established on the island. In 1920, the Mission was relocated from Norfolk Island to the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> to be closer to the focus of population. Norfolk Island was the subject of several experiments in administration during the century. It began the 19th century as part of the Colony of New South Wales. On 29 September 1844, Norfolk Island was transferred from the Colony of New South Wales to the Colony of Van Diemen's Land.<a href="#cite_note-Norfolk_Island_Act_1913-25">[25]</a>: Recital 2  On 1 November 1856 Norfolk Island was separated from the Colony of Tasmania (formerly Van Diemen's Land) and constituted as a "distinct and separate Settlement, the affairs of which should until further Order in that behalf by Her Majesty be administered by a Governor to be for that purpose appointed".<a href="#cite_note-Australian_Waste_Lands_Act-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-1856_Order_in_Council-27">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales" title="Governor of New South Wales">Governor of New South Wales</a> was constituted as the Governor of Norfolk Island.<a href="#cite_note-Norfolk_Island_Act_1913-25">[25]</a>: Recital 3  On 19 March 1897, the office of the Governor of Norfolk Island was abolished and responsibility for the administration of Norfolk Island was vested in the Governor of the Colony of New South Wales. Yet, the island was not made a part of New South Wales and remained separate. The Colony of New South Wales ceased to exist upon the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January 1901, and from that date responsibility for the administration of Norfolk Island was vested in the Governor of the State of New South Wales.<a href="#cite_note-Norfolk_Island_Act_1913-25">[25]</a>: Recitals 7 and 8  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20th_century">20th century</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norfolk_Island_Act_1913_Proclamation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Norfolk_Island_Act_1913_Proclamation.jpg/300px-Norfolk_Island_Act_1913_Proclamation.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Norfolk_Island_Act_1913_Proclamation.jpg/450px-Norfolk_Island_Act_1913_Proclamation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Norfolk_Island_Act_1913_Proclamation.jpg/600px-Norfolk_Island_Act_1913_Proclamation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="1044" /></a><figcaption>Norfolk Island Act 1913 Proclamation, effective 1 July 1914</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia">Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia</a> accepted the territory by the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth),<a href="#cite_note-Roberts-Wray-14">[14]</a>: p 886 <a href="#cite_note-Norfolk_Island_Act_1913-25">[25]</a> subject to British agreement; the Act received royal assent on 19 December 1913. In preparation for the handover, a proclamation by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales" title="Governor of New South Wales">Governor of New South Wales</a> on 23 December 1913 (in force when gazetted on 24 December) repealed "all laws heretofore in force in Norfolk Island" and replaced them by re-enacting a list of such laws.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Among those laws was the Administration Law 1913 (NSW), which provided for appointment of an Administrator of Norfolk Island and of magistrates, and contained a code of criminal law.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> British agreement was expressed on 30 March 1914, in a UK <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">Order in Council</a><a href="#cite_note-Proclamation:_Norfolk_Island_Act_1913-30">[30]</a> made pursuant to the Australian Waste Lands Act 1855 (Imp).<a href="#cite_note-Australian_Waste_Lands_Act-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-Wray-14">[14]</a>: p 886  A proclamation by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General of Australia</a> on 17 June 1914 gave effect to the Act and the Order as from 1 July 1914.<a href="#cite_note-Proclamation:_Norfolk_Island_Act_1913-30">[30]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the island became a key <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_Airport" title="Norfolk Island Airport">airbase</a> and refuelling depot between <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and between <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>. The airstrip was constructed by Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen during 1942.<a href="#cite_note-:2-31">[31]</a> Since Norfolk Island fell within New Zealand's area of responsibility, it was garrisoned by a <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Army" title="New Zealand Army">New Zealand Army</a> unit known as <a href="/wiki/N_Force" title="N Force">N Force</a> at a large army camp that had the capacity to house a 1,500-strong force. N Force relieved a company of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Australian_Imperial_Force" title="Second Australian Imperial Force">Second Australian Imperial Force</a>. The island proved too remote to come under attack during the war, and N Force left the island in February 1944. In 1979, Norfolk Island was granted limited self-government by Australia, under which the island elected a government that ran most of the island's affairs.<a href="#cite_note-Norfolk_Island_Act_1979-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="21st_century">21st century</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> In 2006, a formal review process took place in which the Australian government considered revising the island's model of government. The review was completed on 20 December 2006, when it was decided that there would be no changes in the governance of Norfolk Island.<a href="#cite_note-ag-33">[33]</a> Financial problems and a reduction in tourism led to Norfolk Island's administration appealing to the Australian federal government for assistance in 2010. In return, the islanders were to pay income tax for the first time but would be eligible for greater welfare benefits.<a href="#cite_note-ABC_News-34">[34]</a> However, by May 2013, agreement had not been reached and islanders were having to leave to find work and welfare.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> An agreement was finally signed in Canberra on 12 March 2015 to replace self-government with a local council but against the wishes of the Norfolk Island government.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> A majority of Norfolk Islanders objected to the Australian plan to make changes to Norfolk Island without first consulting them and allowing their say, with 68% of voters against forced changes.<a href="#cite_note-Radio_New_Zealand-38">[38]</a> An example of growing friction between Norfolk Island and increased Australian rule was featured in a 2019 episode of Discovery Channel's annual <a href="/wiki/Shark_Week" title="Shark Week">Shark Week</a>. The episode featured Norfolk Island's policy of culling growing cattle populations by killing older cattle and feeding the carcasses to <a href="/wiki/Tiger_shark" title="Tiger shark">tiger sharks</a> well off the coast. This is done to help prevent tiger sharks from coming further toward shore in search of food. Norfolk Island holds one of the largest populations of tiger sharks in the world. Australia has banned the culling policy as cruelty to animals. Norfolk Islanders fear this will lead to increased shark attacks and damage an already waning tourist industry. On 4 October 2015, the time zone for Norfolk Island was changed from <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B11:30" title="UTC+11:30">UTC+11:30</a> to <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B11:00" title="UTC+11:00">UTC+11:00</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reduced_autonomy_2016">Reduced autonomy 2016</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reduced autonomy 2016">edit</a>]</div> In March 2015, the Australian Government announced comprehensive reforms for Norfolk Island.<a href="#cite_note-Norfolk_Island_reform-40">[40]</a> The action was justified on the grounds it was necessary "to address issues of sustainability which have arisen from the model of self-government requiring Norfolk Island to deliver local, state and federal functions since 1979".<a href="#cite_note-Norfolk_Island_reform-40">[40]</a> On 17 June 2015, the Norfolk Island Legislative Assembly was abolished, with the territory becoming run by an Administrator and an advisory council. Elections for a new Regional Council were held on 28 May 2016, with the new council taking office on 1 July 2016.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> From that date, most Australian Commonwealth laws were extended to Norfolk Island. This means that taxation, social security, immigration, customs and health arrangements apply on the same basis as in mainland Australia.<a href="#cite_note-Norfolk_Island_reform-40">[40]</a> Travel between Norfolk Island and mainland Australia became domestic travel on 1 July 2016.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> For the <a href="/wiki/2016_Australian_federal_election" title="2016 Australian federal election">2016 Australian federal election</a>, 328 people on Norfolk Island voted in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">ACT</a> <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Canberra" title="Division of Canberra">electorate of Canberra</a>, out of 117,248 total votes.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Since 2018, Norfolk Island is covered by the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Bean" title="Division of Bean">electorate of Bean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> There is opposition to the reforms, led by Norfolk Island People for Democracy Inc., an association appealing to the United Nations to include the island on its list of "<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_list_of_non-self-governing_territories" title="United Nations list of non-self-governing territories">non-self-governing territories</a>".<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> There has also been movement to join New Zealand since the autonomy reforms.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In October 2019, the Norfolk Island People For Democracy advocacy group conducted a survey of 457 island residents (about one quarter of the entire population) and found that 37% preferred <a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">free association</a> with New Zealand, 35% preferred free association with Australia, 25% preferred <a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">full independence</a>, and 3% preferred full integration with Australia.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Norfolk_Island" title="Special:EditPage/Norfolk Island">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Norfolk+Island%22">"Norfolk Island"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Norfolk+Island%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Norfolk+Island%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Norfolk+Island%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Norfolk+Island%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Norfolk+Island%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (June 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norfolk_Island_Philip_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Norfolk_Island_Philip_Island.jpg/260px-Norfolk_Island_Philip_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Norfolk_Island_Philip_Island.jpg/390px-Norfolk_Island_Philip_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Norfolk_Island_Philip_Island.jpg/520px-Norfolk_Island_Philip_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>View across to <a href="/wiki/Nepean_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepean Island">Nepean Island</a> (foreground) and <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Island_(Norfolk_Island)" title="Phillip Island (Norfolk Island)">Phillip Island</a></figcaption></figure> The Territory of Norfolk Island is located in the South Pacific Ocean, east of the Australian mainland. Norfolk Island itself is the main island of the island group that the territory encompasses and is located at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Norfolk_Island&params=29_02_S_167_57_E_">29°02′S 167°57′E / 29.033°S 167.950°E / -29.033; 167.950</a>. It has an area of 34.6 square kilometres (13.4 sq mi), with no large-scale internal bodies of water and 32 km (20 mi) of coastline. Norfolk was formed from several volcanic eruptions between 3.1 and 2.3 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norfolk_Island-CIA_WFB_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Norfolk_Island-CIA_WFB_Map.png/220px-Norfolk_Island-CIA_WFB_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Norfolk_Island-CIA_WFB_Map.png 1.5x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Norfolk Island</figcaption></figure> The island's highest point is <a href="/wiki/Mount_Bates" title="Mount Bates">Mount Bates</a> reaching 319 metres (1,047 feet) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>, located in the northwest quadrant of the island. The majority of the terrain is suitable for farming and other agricultural uses. Phillip Island, the second largest island of the territory, is located at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Norfolk_Island&params=29_07_S_167_57_E_">29°07′S 167°57′E / 29.117°S 167.950°E / -29.117; 167.950</a>, seven kilometres (4.3 miles) south of the main island. The coastline of Norfolk Island consists, to varying degrees, of cliff faces. A downward slope exists towards Slaughter Bay and Emily Bay, the site of the original colonial settlement of Kingston. There are no safe harbour facilities on Norfolk Island, with loading <a href="/wiki/Jetty" title="Jetty">jetties</a> existing at Kingston and Cascade Bay. All goods not domestically produced are brought in by ship, usually to Cascade Bay. Emily Bay, protected from the Pacific Ocean by a small coral reef, is the only safe area for recreational swimming, although surfing waves can be found at Anson and Ball Bays. The climate is subtropical and mild, with little seasonal differentiation. The island is the eroded remnant of a <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basaltic</a> <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a> active around 2.3 to 3 million years ago,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> with inland areas now consisting mainly of rolling plains. It forms the highest point on the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Ridge" title="Norfolk Ridge">Norfolk Ridge</a>, part of the submerged continent <a href="/wiki/Zealandia_(continent)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealandia (continent)">Zealandia</a>. The area surrounding Mount Bates is preserved as the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_National_Park" title="Norfolk Island National Park">Norfolk Island National Park</a>. The park, covering around 10% of the land of the island, contains remnants of the forests which originally covered the island, including stands of subtropical <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Government_House,_Norfolk_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Government_House%2C_Norfolk_Island.jpg/220px-Government_House%2C_Norfolk_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Government_House%2C_Norfolk_Island.jpg/330px-Government_House%2C_Norfolk_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Government_House%2C_Norfolk_Island.jpg/440px-Government_House%2C_Norfolk_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Government House, 2015</figcaption></figure> The park also includes the two smaller islands to the south of Norfolk Island, <a href="/wiki/Nepean_Island_(Norfolk_Island)" title="Nepean Island (Norfolk Island)">Nepean Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Island_(Norfolk_Island)" title="Phillip Island (Norfolk Island)">Phillip Island</a>. The vegetation of Phillip Island was devastated due to the introduction during the penal era of pest animals such as pigs and rabbits, giving it a red-brown colour as viewed from Norfolk; however, <a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">pest control</a> and remediation work by park staff has recently brought some improvement to the Phillip Island environment. The major settlement on Norfolk Island is <a href="/wiki/Burnt_Pine" title="Burnt Pine">Burnt Pine</a>, located predominantly along Taylors Road, where the shopping centre, post office, bottle shop, telephone exchange and community hall are located. Settlement also exists over much of the island, consisting largely of widely separated homesteads. <a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Norfolk_Island" title="Government House, Norfolk Island">Government House</a>, the official residence of the Administrator, is located on Quality Row in what was the penal settlement of Kingston. Other government buildings, including the court, Legislative Assembly and Administration, are also located there. Kingston's role is largely a ceremonial one, however, with most of the economic impetus coming from Burnt Pine. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> Norfolk Island has a maritime-influenced <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: Cfa) with warm, humid summers and very mild, rainy winters. The highest recorded temperature is 28.5 °C (83.3 °F) on 23 January 2024, whilst the lowest is 6.2 °C (43.2 °F) on 29 July 1953.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The island has moderate rainfall 1,109.9 millimetres (43.70 in), with a maximum in winter, and 52.8 clear days annually.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_Airport" title="Norfolk Island Airport">Norfolk Island Airport</a> (29º03'S, 167º56'E, 112 m AMSL) (1991-2020 normals, extremes 1939-2024) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5 (83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4 (83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4 (83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9 (82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1 (77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0 (71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8 (71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8 (74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 (75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5 (79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2 (82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">28.5 (83.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8 (76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3 (77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5 (76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0 (73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1 (70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6 (65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5 (65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4 (68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9 (71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6 (74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5 (67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2 (68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5 (67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0 (64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5 (61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9 (58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0 (57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5 (56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3 (57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2 (59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4 (61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2 (64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 (53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8 (55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 (53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 (49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 (43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 (44.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 (43.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 (44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 (45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 (46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 (47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 (52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.2 (43.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.3 (3.16) </td> <td style="background: #71FF71; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.8 (3.42) </td> <td style="background: #5FFF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">106.8 (4.20) </td> <td style="background: #6CFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95.4 (3.76) </td> <td style="background: #67FF67; color:#000000;" class="notheme">101.5 (4.00) </td> <td style="background: #45FF45; color:#000000;" class="notheme">120.6 (4.75) </td> <td style="background: #48FF48; color:#000000;" class="notheme">122.5 (4.82) </td> <td style="background: #6AFF6A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99.6 (3.92) </td> <td style="background: #86FF86; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.4 (3.09) </td> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.0 (2.44) </td> <td style="background: #90FF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.0 (2.83) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.9 (3.30) </td> <td style="background: #72FF72; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,109.9 (43.70) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #7B7BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.0 </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.6 </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 </td> <td style="background: #ACACFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">117.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average afternoon <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">69 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6 (63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2 (64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8 (62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4 (59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6 (56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 (54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 (52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 (51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 (53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6 (54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8 (56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2 (61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.2 (57.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">238.7 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">203.4 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">204.6 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">198.0 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">189.1 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">168.0 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">186.0 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">223.2 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">219.0 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">241.8 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">249.0 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">241.8 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,562.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFF4B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF43; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF53; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF43; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF70; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF53; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">58 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Bureau of Meteorology</a> (1991-2020 normals, extremes 1939-2024)<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Environment">edit</a>]</div> Norfolk Island is part of the <a href="/wiki/Interim_Biogeographic_Regionalisation_for_Australia" title="Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia">Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia</a> region "Pacific Subtropical Islands" (PSI), and forms subregion PSI02, with an area of 3,908 hectares (9,660 acres).<a href="#cite_note-IBRA7-56">[56]</a> The country is home to the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_subtropical_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk Island subtropical forests">Norfolk Island subtropical forests</a> terrestrial ecoregion.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flora">Flora</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Flora">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KermadecNikau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/KermadecNikau.jpg/170px-KermadecNikau.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/KermadecNikau.jpg/255px-KermadecNikau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/KermadecNikau.jpg/340px-KermadecNikau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rhopalostylis_baueri" title="Rhopalostylis baueri">Rhopalostylis baueri</a>, a native palm</figcaption></figure> Norfolk Island has 174 native plants; 51 of them are <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a>. At least 18 of the endemic species are rare or threatened.<a href="#cite_note-Eoearth-58">[58]</a> The Norfolk Island palm (<a href="/wiki/Rhopalostylis_baueri" title="Rhopalostylis baueri">Rhopalostylis baueri</a>) and the smooth tree-fern (<a href="/wiki/Cyathea_brownii" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyathea brownii">Cyathea brownii</a>), the tallest tree-fern in the world,<a href="#cite_note-Eoearth-58">[58]</a> are common in the Norfolk Island National Park but rare elsewhere on the island. Before European colonisation, most of Norfolk Island was covered with subtropical rain forest, the canopy of which was made of <a href="/wiki/Araucaria_heterophylla" title="Araucaria heterophylla">Araucaria heterophylla</a> (Norfolk Island pine) in exposed areas, and the <a href="/wiki/Palmaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmaceae">palm</a> Rhopalostylis baueri and <a href="/wiki/Tree_fern" title="Tree fern">tree ferns</a> Cyathea brownii and <a href="/wiki/Cyathea_australis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyathea australis">C. australis</a> in moister protected areas. The <a href="/wiki/Understory" title="Understory">understory</a> was thick with <a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">lianas</a> and ferns covering the forest floor. Only one small tract, 5 km2 (1.9 sq mi), of rainforest remains, which was declared as the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_National_Park" title="Norfolk Island National Park">Norfolk Island National Park</a> in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-Eoearth-58">[58]</a> This forest has been infested with several <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced plants</a>. The cliffs and steep slopes of Mount Pitt supported a community of shrubs, <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">herbaceous plants</a>, and climbers. A few tracts of cliff top and seashore vegetation have been preserved. The rest of the island has been cleared for pasture and housing. Grazing and introduced weeds currently threaten the native flora, displacing it in some areas. In fact, there are more weed species than native species on Norfolk Island.<a href="#cite_note-Eoearth-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fauna">Fauna</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fauna">edit</a>]</div> As a relatively small and isolated oceanic island, Norfolk has few land birds but a high degree of endemicity among them. Norfolk Island is home to a radiation of about 40 endemic snail species.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Many of the endemic bird species and subspecies have become <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a> as a result of massive clearance of the island's native vegetation of <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a> for agriculture, hunting and persecution as agricultural pests. The birds have also suffered from the introduction of mammals such as <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a>, cats, foxes, pigs and goats, as well as from introduced competitors such as <a href="/wiki/Common_blackbird" title="Common blackbird">common blackbirds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimson_rosella" title="Crimson rosella">crimson rosellas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-birdlife15-61">[61]</a> Although the island is politically part of Australia, many of Norfolk Island's native birds show affinities to those of neighbouring New Zealand, such as the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_k%C4%81k%C4%81" title="Norfolk kākā">Norfolk kākā</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_pigeon" title="Norfolk pigeon">Norfolk pigeon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_boobook" title="Norfolk boobook">Norfolk boobook</a>. Extinctions include that of the endemic Norfolk kākā, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_ground_dove" title="Norfolk ground dove">Norfolk ground dove</a> and Norfolk pigeon, while of the endemic subspecies the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_starling" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk starling">starling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_triller" title="Norfolk triller">triller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_thrush" title="Norfolk thrush">thrush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_boobook" title="Norfolk boobook">boobook owl</a> are extinct, although the latter's genes persist in a hybrid population descended from the last female. Other endemic birds are the <a href="/wiki/White-chested_white-eye" title="White-chested white-eye">white-chested white-eye</a>, which may be extinct, the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_parakeet" title="Norfolk parakeet">Norfolk parakeet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_gerygone" title="Norfolk gerygone">Norfolk gerygone</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Slender-billed_white-eye" title="Slender-billed white-eye">slender-billed white-eye</a> and endemic subspecies of the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_Pacific_robin" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk Island Pacific robin">Pacific robin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_golden_whistler" title="Norfolk golden whistler">golden whistler</a>. Subfossil bones indicate that a species of <a href="/wiki/Coenocorypha" class="mw-redirect" title="Coenocorypha">Coenocorypha</a> snipe was also found on the island and is now extinct, but the taxonomic relationships of this are unclear and have not been scientifically described yet.<a href="#cite_note-birdlife15-61">[61]</a> The Norfolk Island Group <a href="/wiki/Nepean_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepean Island">Nepean Island</a> is also home to breeding seabirds. The <a href="/wiki/Providence_petrel" title="Providence petrel">providence petrel</a> was hunted to local extinction by the beginning of the 19th century but has shown signs of returning to breed on <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Island_(Norfolk_Island)" title="Phillip Island (Norfolk Island)">Phillip Island</a>. Other seabirds breeding there include the <a href="/wiki/White-necked_petrel" title="White-necked petrel">white-necked petrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kermadec_petrel" title="Kermadec petrel">Kermadec petrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wedge-tailed_shearwater" title="Wedge-tailed shearwater">wedge-tailed shearwater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australasian_gannet" title="Australasian gannet">Australasian gannet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red-tailed_tropicbird" title="Red-tailed tropicbird">red-tailed tropicbird</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grey_ternlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey ternlet">grey ternlet</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sooty_tern" title="Sooty tern">sooty tern</a> (known locally as the whale bird) has traditionally been subject to seasonal egg harvesting by Norfolk Islanders.<a href="#cite_note-ANBG082-63">[63]</a> Norfolk Island, with neighbouring Nepean Island, has been identified by <a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Important_Bird_Area" title="Important Bird Area">Important Bird Area</a> because it supports the entire populations of white-chested and slender-billed white-eyes, Norfolk parakeets and Norfolk gerygones, as well as over 1% of the world populations of wedge-tailed shearwaters and red-tailed tropicbirds. Nearby Phillip Island is treated as a separate IBA.<a href="#cite_note-birdlife15-61">[61]</a> Norfolk Island also has a botanical garden, which is home to a sizeable variety of plant species.<a href="#cite_note-ANBG082-63">[63]</a> However, the island has only one native mammal, <a href="/wiki/Gould%27s_wattled_bat" title="Gould's wattled bat">Gould's wattled bat</a> (Chalinolobus gouldii). It is very rare, and may already be extinct on the island. The <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_swallowtail" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk swallowtail">Norfolk swallowtail</a> (Papilio amynthor) is a species of butterfly that is found on Norfolk Island and the <a href="/wiki/Loyalty_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyalty Islands">Loyalty Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-butterflies-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cetacean" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetacean">Cetaceans</a> were historically abundant around the island as commercial hunts on the island were operating until 1956. Today, numbers of larger whales have disappeared, but even today many species such <a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">humpback whale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minke_whale" title="Minke whale">minke whale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sei_whale" title="Sei whale">sei whale</a>, and dolphins can be observed close to shore, and scientific surveys have been conducted regularly. <a href="/wiki/Southern_right_whale" title="Southern right whale">Southern right whales</a> were once regular migrants to Norfolk,<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> but were severely depleted by historical hunts, and further by recent illegal Soviet and Japanese whaling,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> resulting in none or very few, if remnants still live, right whales in these regions along with <a href="/wiki/Lord_Howe_Island" title="Lord Howe Island">Lord Howe Island</a>. <a href="/wiki/Whale_shark" title="Whale shark">Whale sharks</a> can be encountered off the island, too. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Norfolk_Island_Gannet_chick.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gannet"><img alt="Gannet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Norfolk_Island_Gannet_chick.jpg/235px-Norfolk_Island_Gannet_chick.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Norfolk_Island_Gannet_chick.jpg/353px-Norfolk_Island_Gannet_chick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Norfolk_Island_Gannet_chick.jpg/470px-Norfolk_Island_Gannet_chick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="995" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gannet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Norfolk_Island_masked_boobies.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Masked boobies"><img alt="Masked boobies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Norfolk_Island_masked_boobies.jpg/237px-Norfolk_Island_masked_boobies.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Norfolk_Island_masked_boobies.jpg/355px-Norfolk_Island_masked_boobies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Norfolk_Island_masked_boobies.jpg/473px-Norfolk_Island_masked_boobies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="907" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Masked boobies</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Norfolk_Island_white_turn_chick.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="White tern"><img alt="White tern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Norfolk_Island_white_turn_chick.jpg/252px-Norfolk_Island_white_turn_chick.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Norfolk_Island_white_turn_chick.jpg/379px-Norfolk_Island_white_turn_chick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Norfolk_Island_white_turn_chick.jpg/504px-Norfolk_Island_white_turn_chick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="929" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">White tern</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Norfolk_Island_Emily_Bay.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emily Bay"><img alt="Emily Bay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Norfolk_Island_Emily_Bay.jpg/272px-Norfolk_Island_Emily_Bay.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Norfolk_Island_Emily_Bay.jpg/409px-Norfolk_Island_Emily_Bay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Norfolk_Island_Emily_Bay.jpg/544px-Norfolk_Island_Emily_Bay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="645" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emily Bay</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Norfolk-Island-Pines.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Norfolk Island pines"><img alt="Norfolk Island pines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Norfolk-Island-Pines.jpg/295px-Norfolk-Island-Pines.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Norfolk-Island-Pines.jpg/443px-Norfolk-Island-Pines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Norfolk-Island-Pines.jpg/589px-Norfolk-Island-Pines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3036" data-file-height="2010" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Norfolk Island pines</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Norfolk_Island_Captain_Cook_lookout.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Captain Cook Lookout"><img alt="Captain Cook Lookout" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Norfolk_Island_Captain_Cook_lookout.jpg/282px-Norfolk_Island_Captain_Cook_lookout.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Norfolk_Island_Captain_Cook_lookout.jpg/424px-Norfolk_Island_Captain_Cook_lookout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Norfolk_Island_Captain_Cook_lookout.jpg/564px-Norfolk_Island_Captain_Cook_lookout.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="692" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Captain Cook Lookout</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Norfolk_Island_Bird_Rock.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bird Rock (off the north coast)"><img alt="Bird Rock (off the north coast)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Norfolk_Island_Bird_Rock.jpg/303px-Norfolk_Island_Bird_Rock.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Norfolk_Island_Bird_Rock.jpg/455px-Norfolk_Island_Bird_Rock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Norfolk_Island_Bird_Rock.jpg/606px-Norfolk_Island_Bird_Rock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="699" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bird Rock (off the north coast)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Norfolk_Island_Cathedral_Rock2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cathedral Rock (off the north coast)"><img alt="Cathedral Rock (off the north coast)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Norfolk_Island_Cathedral_Rock2.jpg/301px-Norfolk_Island_Cathedral_Rock2.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Norfolk_Island_Cathedral_Rock2.jpg/452px-Norfolk_Island_Cathedral_Rock2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Norfolk_Island_Cathedral_Rock2.jpg/601px-Norfolk_Island_Cathedral_Rock2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="649" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cathedral Rock (off the north coast)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="List_of_endemic_and_extirpated_native_birds">List of endemic and extirpated native birds</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: List of endemic and extirpated native birds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Norfolk_Island" title="List of birds of Norfolk Island">List of birds of Norfolk Island</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_parakeet" title="Norfolk parakeet">Norfolk parakeet</a>, Cyanoramphus cookii (endangered)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_k%C4%81k%C4%81" title="Norfolk kākā">Norfolk kākā</a>, Nestor productus (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_goshawk" title="Brown goshawk">Brown goshawk</a>, Accipiter fasciatus (extirpated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_pigeon" title="Norfolk pigeon">Norfolk pigeon</a>, Hemiphaga novaseelandiae spadicea (extinct, subspecies of NZ pigeon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_ground_dove" title="Norfolk ground dove">Norfolk ground dove</a>, Aloepecoenas norfolkensis (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_snipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norfolk snipe (page does not exist)">Norfolk snipe</a>, Coenocorypha spp. (extinct, undescribed)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_rail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norfolk rail (page does not exist)">Norfolk rail</a>, Gallirallus spp. (extinct, undescribed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_robin" title="Norfolk robin">Norfolk robin</a>, Petroica multicolor (endangered)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_golden_whistler" title="Norfolk golden whistler">Norfolk golden whistler</a>, Pachycephala pectoralis xanthoprocta (vulnerable, subspecies of golden whistler)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_triller" title="Norfolk triller">Norfolk triller</a>, Lalage leucopyga leucopyga (extinct, nominate subspecies of long-tailed triller)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_thrush" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk Island thrush">Norfolk Island thrush</a>, Turdus poliocephalus poliocephalus (extinct, nominate subspecies of Island thrush)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_starling" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk Island starling">Norfolk Island starling</a>, Aplonis fusca fusca (extinct, nominate subspecies of extinct Tasman starling)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_boobook" title="Norfolk boobook">Norfolk boobook</a>, Ninox novaeseelandiae undulata (extinct except for hybrids with nominate subspecies, subspecies of Morepork\Southern boobook)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-chested_white-eye" title="White-chested white-eye">White-chested white-eye</a>, Zosterops albogularis (critically endangered, possibly extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slender-billed_white-eye" title="Slender-billed white-eye">Slender-billed white-eye</a>, Zosterops tenuirostris (near threatened)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_gerygone" title="Norfolk gerygone">Norfolk gerygone</a>, Gerygone modesta (near threatened)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_grey_fantail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norfolk grey fantail (page does not exist)">Norfolk grey fantail</a>, Rhiphidura albiscapa pelzelni (least concern, subspecies of grey fantail)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_petrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norfolk petrel (page does not exist)">Norfolk petrel</a>, Pterodroma spp. (extinct, undescribed)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Islanders" title="Norfolk Islanders">Norfolk Islanders</a></div> The population of Norfolk Island was 2,188 in the 2021 census,<a href="#cite_note-ABS2021-7">[7]</a> which had declined from a high of 2,601 in 2001. In 2011, residents were 78% of the census count, with the remaining 22% being visitors. 16% of the population were 14 years and under, 54% were 15 to 64 years, and 24% were 65 years and over. The figures showed an ageing population, with many people aged 20–34 having moved away from the island.<a href="#cite_note-2011census-67">[67]</a> Most islanders are of either <a href="/wiki/European_Australians" title="European Australians">European</a>-only (mostly British) or combined European-<a href="/wiki/Tahitians" title="Tahitians">Tahitian</a> ancestry, being descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Mutiny_on_the_Bounty" title="Mutiny on the Bounty">Bounty mutineers</a> as well as more recent arrivals from Australia and New Zealand. About half of the islanders can trace their roots back to <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-68">[68]</a> This common heritage has led to a limited number of surnames among the islanders – a limit constraining enough that the island's telephone directory also includes nicknames for many subscribers, such as Carrots, Dar Bizziebee, Diddles, Geek, Lettuce Leaf, Possum, Pumpkin, Smudgie, Truck and Wiggy.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure_of_the_population">Structure of the population</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Structure of the population">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#EEBC35;">Population by sex and age group (Census 09.VIII.2011): <a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="80pt">Age group </th> <th width="80pt">Male </th> <th width="80pt">Female </th> <th width="80pt">Total </th> <th width="80pt">% </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">Total </td> <td align="right">1 082 </td> <td align="right">1 220 </td> <td align="right">2 302 </td> <td align="right">100 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">0–4 </td> <td align="right">53 </td> <td align="right">53 </td> <td align="right">106 </td> <td align="right">4.60 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">5–9 </td> <td align="right">63 </td> <td align="right">60 </td> <td align="right">123 </td> <td align="right">5.34 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">10–14 </td> <td align="right">69 </td> <td align="right">63 </td> <td align="right">132 </td> <td align="right">5.73 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">15–19 </td> <td align="right">35 </td> <td align="right">38 </td> <td align="right">73 </td> <td align="right">3.17 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">20–24 </td> <td align="right">20 </td> <td align="right">21 </td> <td align="right">41 </td> <td align="right">1.78 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">25–29 </td> <td align="right">19 </td> <td align="right">41 </td> <td align="right">60 </td> <td align="right">2.61 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">30–34 </td> <td align="right">48 </td> <td align="right">52 </td> <td align="right">100 </td> <td align="right">4.34 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">35–39 </td> <td align="right">56 </td> <td align="right">71 </td> <td align="right">127 </td> <td align="right">5.52 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">40–44 </td> <td align="right">64 </td> <td align="right">82 </td> <td align="right">146 </td> <td align="right">6.34 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">45–49 </td> <td align="right">81 </td> <td align="right">86 </td> <td align="right">167 </td> <td align="right">7.25 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">50–54 </td> <td align="right">86 </td> <td align="right">94 </td> <td align="right">180 </td> <td align="right">7.82 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">55–59 </td> <td align="right">103 </td> <td align="right">129 </td> <td align="right">232 </td> <td align="right">10.08 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">60–64 </td> <td align="right">120 </td> <td align="right">142 </td> <td align="right">262 </td> <td align="right">11.38 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">65–69 </td> <td align="right">99 </td> <td align="right">106 </td> <td align="right">205 </td> <td align="right">8.91 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">70–74 </td> <td align="right">70 </td> <td align="right">72 </td> <td align="right">142 </td> <td align="right">6.17 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">75–79 </td> <td align="right">49 </td> <td align="right">47 </td> <td align="right">96 </td> <td align="right">4.17 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">80–84 </td> <td align="right">24 </td> <td align="right">34 </td> <td align="right">58 </td> <td align="right">2.52 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">85+ </td> <td align="right">23 </td> <td align="right">29 </td> <td align="right">52 </td> <td align="right">2.26 </td></tr> <tr> <th width="50">Age group </th> <th width="80pt">Male </th> <th width="80">Female </th> <th width="80">Total </th> <th width="50">Percent </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">0–14 </td> <td align="right">185 </td> <td align="right">176 </td> <td align="right">361 </td> <td align="right">15.68 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">15–64 </td> <td align="right">632 </td> <td align="right">756 </td> <td align="right">1 388 </td> <td align="right">60.30 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">65+ </td> <td align="right">265 </td> <td align="right">288 </td> <td align="right">553 </td> <td align="right">24.02 </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></div> Population <ul><li>1748 (as of the 2016 census)</li></ul> Population growth rate <ul><li>0.01%</li></ul> Ancestry<a href="#cite_note-:0-71">[71]</a> <ul><li>Australian (22.8%)</li> <li>English (22.4%)</li> <li>Pitcairn Islander (20%)</li> <li>Scottish (6%)</li> <li>Irish (5.2%)</li></ul> Citizenship (as of the 2011 census) <ul><li>Australia 79.5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 13.3%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> 2.5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> 1.1%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> 1%</li> <li>Other 1.8%</li> <li>Unspecified 0.8%</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> 62% of the islanders are Christians. After the death of the first chaplain <a href="/wiki/George_Hunn_Nobbs" title="George Hunn Nobbs">Rev G. H. Nobbs</a> in 1884, a <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> church was formed, followed in 1891 by a <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a> congregation led by one of Nobbs' sons. Some unhappiness with G. H. Nobbs, the more organised and formal ritual of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> service arising from the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Mission" title="Melanesian Mission">Melanesian Mission</a>, decline in spirituality, the influence of visiting American whalers, literature sent by Christians overseas impressed by the Pitcairn story, and the adoption of Seventh-day Adventism by the descendants of the mutineers still on Pitcairn, all contributed to these developments. The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> began an ongoing presence on Norfolk Island in 1957.<a href="#cite_note-:1-72">[72]</a> In the late 1990s, a group left the former Methodist (then Uniting Church) and formed a <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">charismatic</a> fellowship. In the 2021 Census, 22% of the ordinary residents identified as <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Australia" title="Anglican Church of Australia">Anglican</a> (compared to 34% in 2011), 13% as <a href="/wiki/Uniting_Church_in_Australia" title="Uniting Church in Australia">Uniting Church</a>, 11% as Roman Catholic and 3% as Seventh-day Adventist. 9% were from other religions. 35.7% had no religion (up from 24% in 2011), and 14.7% did not indicate a religion.<a href="#cite_note-2011census-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Typical ordinary congregations in any church do not exceed 30 local residents as of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit">[update]</a>. The three older denominations have good facilities. Ministers are usually short-term visitors. There are two Anglican churches on Norfolk Island, being All Saints Kingston (established 1870)<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> and St Barnabas Chapel (establish 1880 as the Melanesian Mission)<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> which are both part of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Sydney" title="Anglican Diocese of Sydney">Diocese of Sydney, Anglican Church of Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> There is one Roman Catholic church on Norfolk Island, the Church of <a href="/wiki/Philip_Howard,_13th_Earl_of_Arundel" title="Philip Howard, 13th Earl of Arundel">St Philip Howard</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Sydney" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney">Archdiocese of Sydney</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-72">[72]</a> Statistics in 2016 Census:<a href="#cite_note-CIAPAPUANEWGUINEA-77">[77]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> 46.8% <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Australia" title="Anglican Church of Australia">Anglican</a> 29.2%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniting_Church_in_Australia" title="Uniting Church in Australia">Uniting Church in Australia</a> 9.8%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-Day_Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-Day Adventist">Seventh-Day Adventist</a> 2.7%</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> 12.6%</li> <li>Other 1.4%</li> <li>None 26.7%</li> <li>Unspecified 9.5%</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Country_of_birth">Country of birth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Country of birth">edit</a>]</div> All information below is from the 2016 Census.<a href="#cite_note-:0-71">[71]</a> <ul><li>Australia (39.7%)</li> <li>Norfolk Island (22.1%)</li> <li>New Zealand (17.6%)</li> <li>Fiji (2.7%)</li> <li>England (2.6%)</li> <li>Philippines (2.3%)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norfolk_Island" title="Languages of Norfolk Island">Languages of Norfolk Island</a></div> Islanders speak both English and a <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole language</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Norfuk_language" title="Norfuk language">Norfuk</a>, a blend of 18th-century English and <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Pitkern_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitkern language">Pitkern</a>. The Norfuk language is decreasing in popularity as more tourists visit the island, and more young people leave for work and education. However, efforts are being made to keep it alive via dictionaries and the renaming of some tourist attractions to their Norfuk equivalents. In 2004, an act of the Norfolk Island Assembly made Norfuk a co-official language of the island.<a href="#cite_note-language_act-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The act is long-titled: "An Act to recognise the Norfolk Island Language (Norf'k) as an official language of Norfolk Island". The "language known as 'Norf'k'" is described as the language "that is spoken by descendants of the first free settlers of Norfolk Island who were descendants of the settlers of Pitcairn Island". The act recognises and protects use of the language but does not require it; in official use, it must be accompanied by an accurate translation into English.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> 32% of the total population reported speaking a language other than English in the 2011 census, and just under three-quarters of the ordinarily resident population could speak Norfuk.<a href="#cite_note-2011census-67">[67]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Languages of Norfolk Island most frequently spoken at home in given census year<a href="#cite_note-:0-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Language </th> <th>2016 </th> <th>2021 </th></tr> <tr> <td>English </td> <td>45.5% </td> <td>52.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Norfuk </td> <td>40.9% </td> <td>30.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fijian </td> <td>2.0% </td> <td>1.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tagalog </td> <td>1.0% </td> <td>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Filipino </td> <td>0.8% </td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mandarin Chinese </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>0.5% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NorfolkIslandCentral_School1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NorfolkIslandCentral_School1.jpg/220px-NorfolkIslandCentral_School1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NorfolkIslandCentral_School1.jpg/330px-NorfolkIslandCentral_School1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NorfolkIslandCentral_School1.jpg/440px-NorfolkIslandCentral_School1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Norfolk Island Central School</figcaption></figure> The sole school on the island, Norfolk Island Central School, provides education from <a href="/wiki/Pre-primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-primary">kindergarten</a> through to Year 12. The school had a <a href="/wiki/Contractual" class="mw-redirect" title="Contractual">contractual</a> arrangement referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_Understanding" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorandum of Understanding">Memorandum of Understanding</a> with the New South Wales <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(New_South_Wales)" title="Department of Education (New South Wales)">Department of Education</a> regarding the provision of education services at the school, the latest of which took effect in January 2015.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In 2015 enrolment at the Norfolk Island Central School was 282 students.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> As of January, 2022, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Queensland)" title="Department of Education (Queensland)">The Department of Education (Queensland)</a> took over the running of the Norfolk Island Central School in line with the transition of state services from the New South Wales Government to the Queensland Government. The NSW curriculum will continue to be utilised until the end of the 2023 school year.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Children on the island learn English as well as Norfuk, in efforts to revive the language.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> No public tertiary education infrastructure exists on the island. The Norfolk Island Central School works in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Registered_training_organisation" title="Registered training organisation">registered training organisations</a> (RTOs) and local employers to support students accessing <a href="/wiki/Registered_training_organisation#Vocational_Education_and_Training_(VET)_Quality_Framework" title="Registered training organisation">Vocational Education and Training</a> (VET) courses.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Norfolk_Island" title="Special:EditPage/Norfolk Island">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Norfolk+Island%22">"Norfolk Island"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Norfolk+Island%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Norfolk+Island%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Norfolk+Island%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Norfolk+Island%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Norfolk+Island%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (December 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> While there was no "indigenous" culture on the island at the time of settlement, the Tahitian influence of the Pitcairn settlers has resulted in some aspects of Polynesian culture being adapted to that of Norfolk, including the <a href="/wiki/Hula" title="Hula">hula</a> dance. Local cuisine also shows influences from the same region. Islanders traditionally spend a lot of time outdoors, with fishing and other aquatic pursuits being common pastimes, an aspect which has become more noticeable as the island becomes more accessible to tourism. Most island families have at least one member involved in primary production in some form. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norfolk_Island_Philip_Island3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Norfolk_Island_Philip_Island3.jpg/220px-Norfolk_Island_Philip_Island3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Norfolk_Island_Philip_Island3.jpg/330px-Norfolk_Island_Philip_Island3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Norfolk_Island_Philip_Island3.jpg/440px-Norfolk_Island_Philip_Island3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>View across to Phillip Island</figcaption></figure> Religious observance remains an important part of life for some islanders, particularly the older generations, but actual attendance is about 8% of the resident population plus some tourists. In the 2006 census, 19.9% had no religion<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> compared with 13.2% in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Businesses are closed on Wednesday and Saturday afternoons and Sundays.<a href="#cite_note-:2-31">[31]</a> One of the island's long-term residents was the novelist <a href="/wiki/Colleen_McCullough" title="Colleen McCullough">Colleen McCullough</a>, whose works include <a href="/wiki/The_Thorn_Birds" title="The Thorn Birds">The Thorn Birds</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Masters_of_Rome" title="Masters of Rome">Masters of Rome</a> series as well as <a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s_Run" title="Morgan's Run">Morgan's Run</a>, set, in large part, on Norfolk Island. <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Park" title="Ruth Park">Ruth Park</a>, notable author of <a href="/wiki/The_Harp_in_the_South" title="The Harp in the South">The Harp in the South</a> and many other works of fiction, also lived on the island for several years after the death of her husband, writer D'Arcy Niland. Actress/singer <a href="/wiki/Helen_Reddy" title="Helen Reddy">Helen Reddy</a> also moved to the island in 2002, and maintained a house there.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> American novelist <a href="/wiki/James_A._Michener" title="James A. Michener">James A. Michener</a>, who served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> during World War II, set one of the chapters of his episodic novel <a href="/wiki/Tales_of_the_South_Pacific" title="Tales of the South Pacific">Tales of the South Pacific</a> on Norfolk Island. The island is one of the few locations outside North America to celebrate the holiday of <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving" title="Thanksgiving">Thanksgiving</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Norfolk Island has a number of museums and heritage organisations, including <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_Museum" title="Norfolk Island Museum">Norfolk Island Museum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bounty_Museum" title="Bounty Museum">Bounty Museum</a>. The former has five sites within the <a href="/wiki/Kingston_and_Arthur%27s_Vale_Historic_Area" title="Kingston and Arthur's Vale Historic Area">Kingston and Arthur's Vale Historic Area</a>, a World Heritage Site also linked to the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Convict_Sites" title="Australian Convict Sites">Australian Convict Sites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> The cuisine of Norfolk Island is very similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a>, as Norfolk Islanders trace their origins to Pitcairn. The local cuisine is a blend of <a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British cuisine</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahitian_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahitian cuisine (page does not exist)">Tahitian cuisine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Recipes from Norfolk Island of Pitcairn origin include mudda (green banana dumplings) and kumara pilhi.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The island's cuisine also includes foods not found on Pitcairn, such as chopped salads and fruit pies.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Norfolk_Island" title="Politics of Norfolk Island">Politics of Norfolk Island</a></div> Norfolk Island was the only non-mainland <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">Australian territory</a> to have had self-governance. The <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_Act_1979" title="Norfolk Island Act 1979">Norfolk Island Act 1979</a>, passed by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a> in 1979, is the Act under which the island was governed until the passing of the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015 (Cth).<a href="#cite_note-Norfolk_Island_Legislation_Amendment_Act_2015-100">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">Australian government</a> maintains authority on the island through an <a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_heads_of_Norfolk_Island" title="List of administrative heads of Norfolk Island">Administrator</a>, currently George Plant.<a href="#cite_note-hutchinson-101">[101]</a> From 1979 to 2015, a <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_Legislative_Assembly" title="Norfolk Island Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a> was elected by popular vote for terms of not more than three years, although legislation passed by the Australian Parliament could extend its laws to the territory at will, including the power to override any laws made by the assembly. The Assembly consisted of nine seats, with electors casting nine equal votes, of which no more than two could be given to any individual candidate. It is a method of voting called a "weighted <a href="/wiki/First_past_the_post" class="mw-redirect" title="First past the post">first past the post</a> system". Four of the members of the Assembly formed the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_(Commonwealth_countries)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Council (Commonwealth countries)">Executive Council</a>, which devised policy and acted as an advisory body to the Administrator. The last Chief Minister of Norfolk Island was <a href="/wiki/Lisle_Snell" title="Lisle Snell">Lisle Snell</a>. Other ministers included: Minister for Tourism, Industry and Development; Minister for Finance; Minister for Cultural Heritage and Community Services; and Minister for Environment. All seats were held by independent candidates. Norfolk Island did not embrace party politics. In 2007, a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> was formed on Norfolk Island, with the aim of reforming the system of government. Since 2018, residents of Norfolk Island have been required to enroll in the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Bean" title="Division of Bean">Division of Bean</a>. As is the case for all Australian citizens, enrolment and voting for Norfolk Islanders is compulsory.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Disagreements over the island's relationship with Australia were put in sharper relief by a 2006 review undertaken by the Australian government.<a href="#cite_note-ag-33">[33]</a> Under the more radical of two models proposed in the review, the island's legislative assembly would have been reduced to the status of a <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia" title="Local government in Australia">local council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-68">[68]</a> However, in December 2006, citing the "significant disruption" that changes to the governance would impose on the island's economy, the Australian government ended the review leaving the existing governance arrangements unaltered.<a href="#cite_note-review-103">[103]</a> In a move that apparently surprised many islanders, the Chief Minister of Norfolk Island, David Buffett, announced on 6 November 2010 that the island would voluntarily surrender its self-government status in return for a financial bailout from the federal government to cover significant debts.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> It was announced on 19 March 2015 that self-governance for the island would be revoked by the Commonwealth and replaced by a local council with the state of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> providing services to the island. A reason given was that the island had never gained self-sufficiency and was being heavily subsidised by the Commonwealth, being given $12.5 million in 2015 alone. It meant that residents would have to start paying Australian income tax, but they would also be covered by Australian welfare schemes such as Centrelink and Medicare.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The Norfolk Island Legislative Assembly decided to hold a <a href="/wiki/2015_Norfolk_Island_status_referendum" title="2015 Norfolk Island status referendum">referendum</a> on the proposal. On 8 May 2015, voters were asked if Norfolk Islanders should freely determine their political status and their economic, social and cultural development, and to "be consulted at referendum or plebiscite on the future model of governance for Norfolk Island before such changes are acted upon by the Australian parliament".<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> 68% out of 912 voters voted in favour. The Norfolk Island Chief Minister, Lisle Snell, said that "the referendum results blow a hole in Canberra's assertion that the reforms introduced before the Australian Parliament that propose abolishing the Legislative Assembly and Norfolk Island Parliament were overwhelmingly supported by the people of Norfolk Island".<a href="#cite_note-Radio_New_Zealand-38">[38]</a> The Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015 passed the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Parliament">Australian Parliament</a> on 14 May 2015 (assented on 26 May 2015), abolishing self-government on Norfolk Island and transferring Norfolk Island into a <a href="/wiki/Council" title="Council">council</a> as part of New South Wales law.<a href="#cite_note-Norfolk_Island_Legislation_Amendment_Act_2015-100">[100]</a> Between 1 July 2016 and 1 January 2022, New South Wales provided state-based services. Since 1 January 2022, Queensland has provided state-based services directly for Norfolk Island.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The island's official capital is <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Norfolk_Island" title="Kingston, Norfolk Island">Kingston</a>; it is, however, more a centre of government than a sizeable settlement. The largest settlement is at <a href="/wiki/Burnt_Pine" title="Burnt Pine">Burnt Pine</a>. The most important local holiday is <a href="/wiki/Bounty_Day" title="Bounty Day">Bounty Day</a>, celebrated on 8 June, in memory of the arrival of the Pitcairn Islanders in 1856. Local ordinances and acts apply on the island, where most laws are based on the Australian legal system. Australian common law applies when not covered by either Australian or Norfolk Island law. <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a> is universal at age eighteen. As a territory of Australia, Norfolk Island does not have diplomatic representation abroad, or within the territory, and is also not a participant in any international organisations, other than sporting organisations. The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Norfolk_Island" title="Flag of Norfolk Island">flag</a> is three vertical bands of green, white, and green with a large green Norfolk Island pine tree centred in the slightly wider white band. The <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_Regional_Council" title="Norfolk Island Regional Council">Norfolk Island Regional Council</a> was established in July 2016 to govern the territory at the local level in line with <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia" title="Local government in Australia">local governments in mainland Australia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_status">Constitutional status</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Constitutional status">edit</a>]</div> From 1788 until 1844, Norfolk Island was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">Colony of New South Wales</a>. In 1844, it was severed from New South Wales and annexed to the Colony of <a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Norfolk_Island_Act_1913-25">[25]</a>: Recital 2  With the demise of the third settlement and in contemplation that the inhabitants of Pitcairn Island would move to Norfolk Island,<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Commission_1976-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newbery-109">[109]</a> the Australian Waste Lands Act 1855 (Imp), gave the Queen in Council the power to "separate Norfolk Island from the Colony of Van Diemen's Land and to make such provision for the government of Norfolk Island as might seem expedient".<a href="#cite_note-Australian_Waste_Lands_Act-26">[26]</a> In 1856, the Queen in Council ordered that Norfolk Island be a distinct and separate settlement, appointing the Governor of New South Wales to also be the Governor of Norfolk Island with "full power and authority to make laws for the order, peace, and good government" of the island.<a href="#cite_note-1856_Order_in_Council-27">[27]</a> Under these arrangements Norfolk Island was effectively self-governing,<a href="#cite_note-Kerr_2009-110">[110]</a> Although Norfolk Island was a colony acquired by settlement, it was never within the British Settlements Act.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts-Wray-14">[14]</a>: p 885 <a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The constitutional status of Norfolk Island was revisited in 1894 when the British government appointed an inquiry into the administration of justice on the island.<a href="#cite_note-Kerr_2009-110">[110]</a> By this time, there had been steps in Australia <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Australia#Towards_federation" title="Constitutional history of Australia">towards federation</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(Australia)#1891_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Convention (Australia)">1891 constitutional convention</a>. There was a correspondence between the Governor of Norfolk Island, the British colonial office and the Governor of New Zealand as to how the island should be governed and by whom. Even within NSW, it was felt that "the laws and system of government in the Colony of New South Wales would not prove suitable to the Island Community".<a href="#cite_note-Kerr_2009-110">[110]</a> In 1896, the Governor of New Zealand wrote "I am advised that, as far as my Ministers can ascertain, if any change is to take place in the government of Norfolk Island, the Islanders, while protesting against any change, would prefer to come under the control of New Zealand rather than that of New South Wales".<a href="#cite_note-Kerr_2009-110">[110]</a> The British government decided not to annex Norfolk Island to the Colony of NSW and instead that the affairs of Norfolk Island would be administered by the Governor of NSW in that capacity rather than having a separate office as Governor of Norfolk Island. The order-in-council contemplated the future annexation of Norfolk Island to the Colony of NSW or to any federal body of which NSW form part.<a href="#cite_note-Kerr_2009-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Norfolk Island was not a part of NSW and residents of Norfolk Island were not entitled to have their names placed on the NSW electoral roll.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Norfolk Island was accepted as a territory of Australia, separate from any state, by the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth),<a href="#cite_note-Norfolk_Island_Act_1913-25">[25]</a> passed under the territories power,<a href="#cite_note-s122-114">[114]</a> and made effective in 1914.<a href="#cite_note-Proclamation:_Norfolk_Island_Act_1913-30">[30]</a> Norfolk Island was given a limited form of self-government by the Norfolk Island Act 1979 (Cth).<a href="#cite_note-Norfolk_Island_Act_1979-32">[32]</a> There have been four challenges to the constitutional validity of the Australian Government's authority to administer Norfolk Island: <ul><li>In 1939, Samuel Hadley argued that the only valid laws in Norfolk Island were those made under the 1856 Order in Council and that all subsequent laws were invalid; his case was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1939_jersey_bull-115">[115]</a></li> <li>In 1965, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Norfolk_Island" title="Supreme Court of Norfolk Island">Supreme Court of Norfolk Island</a> rejected Henry Newbery's appeal against conviction for failing to apply to be enrolled to vote in Norfolk Island Council elections. He had argued that in 1857 Norfolk Island had a constitution and a legislature such that the Crown could not abolish the legislature nor place Norfolk Island under the authority of Australia. In the Supreme Court, Eggleston J considered the constitutional history of Norfolk Island and concluded that the Australian Waste Lands Act 1855 (Imp) authorised any form of government, representative or non-representative, and that this included placing Norfolk Island under the authority of Australia.<a href="#cite_note-Newbery-109">[109]</a></li> <li>As a result of the Australian Government's decision in 1972 to prevent Norfolk Island from being used as a tax haven, Berwick Ltd claimed to be resident in Norfolk Island but was convicted of failing to lodge a tax return. One of the arguments for Berwick Ltd was that Norfolk Island, as an external territory, was not part of Australia in the constitutional sense. In 1976, the High Court unanimously rejected this argument, approving the Newbery decision and holding that Norfolk Island was a part of Australia.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></li> <li>In 2004 the Australian Government amended the Norfolk Island Act 1979 (Cth) to remove the right for non-Australian citizens to enrol and stand for election to the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The validity of the amendments was challenged in the High Court, arguing that as an external territory Norfolk Island was not part of Australia in the constitutional sense and that disenfranchising residents of Norfolk Island who were not Australian citizens was inconsistent with self-government. In 2007, the High Court of Australia rejected these arguments, again approving the Newbery decision and holding that Norfolk Island was part of Australia and that self-government did not require residency rather than citizenship to determine the entitlement to vote.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></li></ul> The Government of Australia thus holds that: <dl><dd>Norfolk Island has been an integral part of the Commonwealth of Australia since 1914, when it was accepted as an Australian territory under section 122 of the Constitution. The Island has no international status independent of Australia.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></dd></dl> Much of the self-government under the 1979 legislation was repealed with effect from 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Norfolk_Island_Legislation_Amendment_Act_2015-100">[100]</a> The reforms included, to the chagrin of some of the locals of Norfolk Island, a repeal of the preambular sections of the Act which originally were 3–4 pages recognising the particular circumstances in the history of Norfolk Island.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Consistent with the Australian position, the United Nations Decolonization Committee<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> does not include Norfolk Island on its list of <a href="/wiki/Non-self-governing_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-self-governing territories">non-self-governing territories</a>. This legal position is disputed by some residents on the island. Some islanders claim that Norfolk Island was actually granted independence at the time <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> granted permission to Pitcairn Islanders to re-settle on the island.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Following reforms to the status of Norfolk Island, there were mass protests by the local population.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In 2015, it was reported that Norfolk Island was taking its argument for self-governance to the United Nations.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> A campaign to preserve the island's autonomy was formed, named Norfolk's Choice.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> A formal petition was lodged with the United Nations by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Robertson" title="Geoffrey Robertson">Geoffrey Robertson</a> on behalf of the local population on 25 April 2016.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Various suggestions for retaining the island's self-government have been proposed. In 2006, a UK MP, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Rosindell" title="Andrew Rosindell">Andrew Rosindell</a>, raised the possibility of the island becoming a self-governing <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="British Overseas Territory">British Overseas Territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> In 2013, the island's last chief minister, <a href="/wiki/Lisle_Snell" title="Lisle Snell">Lisle Snell</a>, suggested independence, to be supported by income from fishing, offshore banking and foreign aid.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The laws of Norfolk Island were in a transitional state, under the Norfolk Island Applied Laws Ordinance 2016 (Cth), from 2016 until 2018.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Laws of New South Wales as applying in Norfolk Island were suspended (with five major exceptions, which the 2016 Ordinance itself amended) until the end of June 2018. From 1 July 2018, all laws of New South Wales apply in Norfolk Island and, as "applied laws", are subject to amendment, repeal or suspension by federal ordinance.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The Local Government Act 1993 (NSW) has been amended for application to Norfolk Island.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration_and_citizenship">Immigration and citizenship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Immigration and citizenship">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Resident_of_Norfolk_Island_visa" title="Permanent Resident of Norfolk Island visa">Permanent Resident of Norfolk Island visa</a></div> The island was subject to separate immigration controls from the remainder of Australia. Before 1 July 2016, immigration to Norfolk Island, even by other Australian citizens was heavily restricted.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> In 2012, immigration controls were relaxed with the introduction of an Unrestricted Entry Permit<a href="#cite_note-FS59-135">[135]</a> for all Australian and New Zealand citizens upon arrival and the option to apply for residency; the only criteria were to pass a police check and be able to pay into the local health scheme.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> From 1 July 2016, the Australian migration system <a href="/wiki/Australian_migration_zone#Bringing_Norfolk_Island_within_the_zone" title="Australian migration zone">replaced</a> the immigration arrangements previously maintained by the Norfolk Island Government.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Holders of Australian visas who travelled to Norfolk Island would have departed the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Migration_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Migration Zone">Australian Migration Zone</a> before 1 July 2016. Unless they held a multiple-entry visa, the visa would have ceased; in which case they would require another visa to re-enter mainland Australia.<a href="#cite_note-FS59-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Australian citizens and residents from other parts of the nation now have an automatic right of residence on the island after meeting these criteria (Immigration (Amendment No. 2) Act 2012). Australian citizens can carry either a passport or a form of photo identification to travel to Norfolk Island. The <a href="/wiki/Document_of_Identity_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Document of Identity (Australia)">Document of Identity</a>, which is no longer issued, is also acceptable within its validity period. Citizens of all other nations must carry a passport to travel to Norfolk Island even if arriving from other parts of Australia. Non-Australian citizens who are permanent residents of Norfolk Island may apply for Australian citizenship after meeting normal residence requirements and are eligible to take up residence in mainland Australia at any time through the use of a Confirmatory (Residence) visa (subclass 808).<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Children born on Norfolk Island are Australian citizens as specified by <a href="/wiki/Australian_nationality_law" title="Australian nationality law">Australian nationality law</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_care">Health care</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Health care">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norfolk Island Hospital (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island Hospital</a> is the only medical centre on the island. Since 1 July 2016, medical treatment on Norfolk Island has been covered by <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(Australia)" title="Medicare (Australia)">Medicare</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_Benefits_Scheme" title="Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme">Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme</a> as it is in Australia. Emergency medical treatment is covered by Medicare or a private health insurer.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Although the hospital can perform minor surgery, serious medical conditions are not permitted to be treated on the island and patients are flown back to mainland Australia. Air charter transport can cost as much as <a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">A$</a>30,000, which is covered by the Australian Government. For serious emergencies, <a href="/wiki/Medical_evacuation" title="Medical evacuation">medical evacuations</a> were provided by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a>; currently this service is provided by Australian Retrieval Services. The island has one ambulance, staffed by one employed St John Officer and a group of <a href="/wiki/St_John_Ambulance_Australia" title="St John Ambulance Australia">St John Ambulance Australia</a> volunteers. The lack of medical facilities available in most remote communities has a major impact on the health care of Norfolk Islanders.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> As is consistent with other extremely remote regions, many older residents move to New Zealand or Australia to access the required medical care. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defence_and_law_enforcement">Defence and law enforcement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Defence and law enforcement">edit</a>]</div> Defence is the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Australian Defence Force</a>. There are no active military installations or defence personnel on Norfolk Island. The Administrator may request the assistance of the Australian Defence Force if required. As part of "Operation Resolute", the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_Border_Force" title="Australian Border Force">Australian Border Force</a> deploy <a href="/wiki/Cape-class_patrol_boat" title="Cape-class patrol boat">Cape</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armidale-class_patrol_boat" title="Armidale-class patrol boat">Armidale-class</a> patrol boats to carry out civil maritime security operations in Australian mainland and offshore territories including Norfolk Island, the <a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Island" title="Macquarie Island">Macquarie Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Howe_Island" title="Lord Howe Island">Lord Howe Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> In part to carry out this mission, as of 2023, the Navy's Armidale-class boats are in the process of being replaced by larger <a href="/wiki/Arafura-class_offshore_patrol_vessel" title="Arafura-class offshore patrol vessel">Arafura-class offshore patrol vessels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In 2023, Australian and American forces conducted joint <a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">military exercises</a> in the vicinity of Norfolk Island signifying the island's potential as a staging base for peacekeeping, disaster-relief and other operations in the South Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Civilian law enforcement and community policing are provided by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Federal_Police" title="Australian Federal Police">Australian Federal Police</a>. The normal deployment to the island is one <a href="/wiki/Sergeant" title="Sergeant">sergeant</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Constable" title="Constable">constables</a>. These are augmented by five local Special Members who have police powers but are not AFP employees. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courts">Courts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Courts">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_Court_of_Petty_Sessions" title="Norfolk Island Court of Petty Sessions">Norfolk Island Court of Petty Sessions</a> is the equivalent of a <a href="/wiki/Australian_court_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian court hierarchy">Magistrates Court</a> and deals with minor criminal, civil or regulatory matters. The Chief Magistrate of Norfolk Island is usually the current Chief Magistrate of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a>. Three local <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice of the Peace">Justices of the Peace</a> have the powers of a Magistrate to deal with minor matters. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Norfolk_Island" title="Supreme Court of Norfolk Island">Supreme Court of Norfolk Island</a> deals with more serious criminal offences, more complex civil matters, administration of deceased estates and federal laws as they apply to the Territory. The Judges of the Supreme Court of Norfolk Island are generally appointed from among Justices of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Court of Australia">Federal Court of Australia</a> and may sit on the Australian mainland or convene a <a href="/wiki/Circuit_court" title="Circuit court">circuit court</a>. Appeals are to the Federal Court of Australia. As stated by the Legal Profession Act 1993,<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> "a resident practitioner must hold a Norfolk Island practising certificate." As of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit">[update]</a>, only one lawyer maintained a full-time legal practice on Norfolk Island.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Census">Census</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Census">edit</a>]</div> Until 2016, Norfolk Island took its own censuses, separate from those taken by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a> for the remainder of Australia.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postal_service">Postal service</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Postal service">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Norfolk_Island" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Norfolk Island">Postage stamps and postal history of Norfolk Island</a></div> Prior to 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_Postal_Service" title="Norfolk Island Postal Service">Norfolk Island Postal Service</a> was responsible for mail receipt and delivery on the island and issued its own postage stamps. With the merger of Norfolk Island as a regional council, the Norfolk Island Postal Service ceased to exist and all postage is now handled by <a href="/wiki/Australia_Post" title="Australia Post">Australia Post</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Australia Post sends and receives mail from Norfolk Island with the postcode 2899. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy_and_infrastructure">Economy and infrastructure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Economy and infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> Tourism, the primary economic activity, has steadily increased over the years. As Norfolk Island prohibits the importation of fresh fruit and vegetables, most produce is grown locally. Beef is both produced locally and imported. The island has one winery, <a href="/wiki/Two_Chimneys_Wines" title="Two Chimneys Wines">Two Chimneys Wines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> The Australian government controls the <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a> (EEZ) and revenue from it extending 200 nautical miles (370 km) around Norfolk Island equating to roughly 428,000 km2 (165,000 sq mi), and territorial sea claims to 3 nautical miles (5.6 km) from the island. There is a strong belief on the island that some of the revenue generated from Norfolk's EEZ should be available to provide services such as health and infrastructure on the island, which the island has been responsible for, similar to how the Northern Territory is able to access revenue from their mineral resources.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> The exclusive economic zone provides the Islanders with fish, its only major natural resource. Norfolk Island has no direct control over any marine areas but has an agreement with the Commonwealth through the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Fisheries_Management_Authority" title="Australian Fisheries Management Authority">Australian Fisheries Management Authority</a> (AFMA) to fish "recreationally" in a small section of the EEZ known locally as "the Box". While there is speculation that the zone may include oil and gas deposits, this is not proven.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-68">[68]</a> There are no major arable lands or permanent farmlands, though about 25 percent of the island is a permanent pasture. There is no irrigated land. The island uses the Australian dollar as its currency. In 2015, a company in Norfolk Island was granted a licence to export medicinal cannabis.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> The medicinal cannabis industry has been viewed by some as a means of reinvigorating the economy of Norfolk Island. The Commonwealth stepped in to overturn the decision, with the island's administrator, former Liberal MP Gary Hardgrave revoking the local licence to grow the crop.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> (Legislation to allow the cultivation of cannabis in Australia for medical or scientific purposes passed Federal Parliament in February 2016.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The Victorian Government will be undertaking a small-scale, strictly controlled cannabis cultivation trial at a Victorian research facility.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a>) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxes">Taxes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Taxes">edit</a>]</div> Formerly, residents of Norfolk Island did not pay Australian federal taxes,<a href="#cite_note-abc-factfile-156">[156]</a> which created a <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">tax haven</a> for locals and visitors alike. There was no <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> so the island's legislative assembly raised money through an <a href="/wiki/Import_duty" class="mw-redirect" title="Import duty">import duty</a>, fuel levy, medicare levy, <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_services_tax_(Australia)" title="Goods and services tax (Australia)">goods and services tax</a> of 12%, and local/international phone calls.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-abc-factfile-156">[156]</a> The Chief Minister of Norfolk Island, David Buffett, announced on 6 November 2010 that the island would voluntarily surrender its tax-free status in return for a financial bailout from the federal government to cover significant debts. The introduction of income taxation came into effect on 1 July 2016. Prior to these reforms, residents of Norfolk Island were not entitled to social services.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> The reforms extend to private persons, companies and trustees.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communications">Communications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Communications">edit</a>]</div> As of 2004<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit">[update]</a>, 2532 telephone main lines were in use, a mix of analogue (2500) and digital (32) circuits.<a href="#cite_note-demonym-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications services</a> are planned.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> The island has two locally based radio stations (<a href="/wiki/Radio_Norfolk_89.9FM" title="Radio Norfolk 89.9FM">Radio Norfolk</a>), a government run station broadcasting on both AM and FM frequencies and an independent station 87.6 FM owned by the Bounty Museum Trust.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Norfolk Island does not have its own dedicated <a href="/wiki/ABC_Local_Radio" title="ABC Local Radio">ABC Local Radio</a> station but the island is covered by <a href="/wiki/ABC_Western_Plains" title="ABC Western Plains">ABC Western Plains</a> which broadcasts on 95.9 FM from its studios in <a href="/wiki/Dubbo" title="Dubbo">Dubbo</a> in mainland Australia. There is also one television station, Norfolk TV, featuring local programming, plus transmitters for Australian channels <a href="/wiki/ABC_(Australian_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC (Australian TV channel)">ABC</a>, <a href="/wiki/SBS_(Australian_TV_channel)" title="SBS (Australian TV channel)">SBS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nine_Network" title="Nine Network">Nine</a> (through <a href="/wiki/Imparja_Television" title="Imparja Television">Imparja Television</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Seven_Network" title="Seven Network">Seven</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Agency2003-162">[162]</a> The Internet <a href="/wiki/Country_code" title="Country code">country code</a> <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">top-level domain</a> (<a href="/wiki/CcTLD" class="mw-redirect" title="CcTLD">ccTLD</a>) is <a href="/wiki/.nf" title=".nf">.nf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> A small <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> (2G) mobile network operates on the island across three towers, however no data transmission is available on this network. An eight-tower 4G/LTE 1800 MHz network was installed in November 2018, improving data service significantly on the island.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norfolk_Island_jetty2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Norfolk_Island_jetty2.jpg/220px-Norfolk_Island_jetty2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Norfolk_Island_jetty2.jpg/330px-Norfolk_Island_jetty2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Norfolk_Island_jetty2.jpg/440px-Norfolk_Island_jetty2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>Jetty at Kingston, Norfolk Island</figcaption></figure> There are no railways, waterways, ports or harbours on the island.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Loading <a href="/wiki/Jetty" title="Jetty">jetties</a> are located at Kingston and Cascade, but ships cannot get close to either of them. When a supply ship arrives, it is <a href="/wiki/Lightering" title="Lightering">emptied by whaleboats</a> towed by launches, five tonnes at a time. A mobile crane picks up the freight using nets and straps and lifts the freight onto the pier. Which jetty is used depends on the prevailing weather of the day; the jetty on the leeward side of the island is often used. If the wind changes significantly during unloading/loading, the ship will move around to the other side. Visitors often gather to watch the activity when a supply ship arrives.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Norfolk Forwarding Services is the primary Freight Forwarding service for Norfolk Island handling both sea and airfreight. In 2017 Norfolk Forwarding Services shipped most of the freight for the Cascade Pier Project over a period of 18 months.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The island hosts 80 kilometres (50 mi) of roads, of which 53 km (33 mi) are paved and 27 km (17 mi) unpaved. As with the rest of Australia, driving is on the left side of the road. Uniquely, local law gives livestock right of way.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-68">[68]</a> Speed limits are lower than most mainland Australian roads; the general speed limit is 50 km/h (31 mph), reducing to 40 km/h (25 mph) in town and 30 km/h (19 mph) near schools. Drivers on the island wave to other passing vehicles, this tradition is nicknamed the "Norfolk wave".<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> There is one airport, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_Airport" title="Norfolk Island Airport">Norfolk Island Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-demonym-6">[6]</a> Qantas operates direct flights to <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Air_Chathams" title="Air Chathams">Air Chathams</a> flies to Auckland. A local airline, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_Airlines" title="Norfolk Island Airlines">Norfolk Island Airlines</a>, ran flights to Auckland and Brisbane until 2018.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> In mid 2018, Air Chathams announced it was looking to re-establish flights between Auckland and Norfolk Island.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> It began a weekly service between Auckland and Norfolk Island on 6 September 2019 using a <a href="/wiki/Convair_580" class="mw-redirect" title="Convair 580">Convair 580</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Since the reopening of the Trans-Tasman bubble in 2021,<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> the Air Chathams Auckland service operates on Thursdays using a 36-seater <a href="/wiki/Saab_340" title="Saab 340">Saab 340</a> aircraft. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electricity">Electricity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Electricity">edit</a>]</div> Electricity is provided by diesel generators operated by Norfolk Island Electricity, a government organisation. Some electricity is also provided by privately owned rooftop solar panels.<a href="#cite_note-Electricity-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> Norfolk Island competes at the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_at_the_Commonwealth_Games" title="Norfolk Island at the Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a>, and has won two bronze medals, both in <a href="/wiki/Lawn_bowls" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawn bowls">lawn bowls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pender_2022-172">[172]</a> The territory also competes in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Games" title="Pacific Games">Pacific Games</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Mini_Games" title="Pacific Mini Games">Pacific Mini Games</a>. The island supports national <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_national_rugby_league_team" title="Norfolk Island national rugby league team">rugby league</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_national_cricket_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk Island national cricket team">cricket</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_national_netball_team" title="Norfolk Island national netball team">netball</a> teams. It is a member of <a href="/wiki/World_Athletics" title="World Athletics">World Athletics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-worldathletics.org-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/28px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/42px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/56px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/32px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/48px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/64px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="617" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceania" title="Portal:Oceania">Oceania portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Norfolk_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of Norfolk Island">Bibliography of Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">List of islands of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Australia" title="List of volcanoes in Australia">List of volcanoes in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Norfolk_Island" title="Outline of Norfolk Island">Outline of Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Buffett, Alice, An Encyclopædia of the Norfolk Island Language, 1999 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218020341/http://norfolkislandgovernment.com/">"The Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norfolkislandgovernment.com/">the original</a> on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Legislative+Assembly+of+Norfolk+Island&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norfolkislandgovernment.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-language_act-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-language_act_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-language_act_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725040011/http://www.info.gov.nf/legislation/NumberedActs/2004/NorfolkIslandLanguage(Norf%27k)Act2004.doc">"Norfolk Island Language (Norf'k) Act 2004"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.info.gov.nf/legislation/NumberedActs/2004/NorfolkIslandLanguage(Norf%27k)Act2004.doc">the original</a> on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 6 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norfolk+Island+Language+%28Norf%27k%29+Act+2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.info.gov.nf%2Flegislation%2FNumberedActs%2F2004%2FNorfolkIslandLanguage%28Norf%2527k%29Act2004.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC90004?opendocument">2016 Census QuickStats</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171002215750/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC90004?opendocument">Archived</a> 2 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Norfolk Island – Ancestry, top responses </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL90004">"2021 Norfolk Island, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221101225958/https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL90004">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2021+Norfolk+Island%2C+Census+All+persons+QuickStats+%26%23124%3B+Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus%2Ffind-census-data%2Fquickstats%2F2021%2FSAL90004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-demonym-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-demonym_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-demonym_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-demonym_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/norfolk-island/">"Norfolk Island"</a>. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 16 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118050134/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/norfolk-island/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Norfolk+Island&rft.date=2012-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fnorfolk-island%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABS2021-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABS2021_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABS2021_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABS2021_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Bureau_of_Statistics2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a> (28 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL90004">"Norfolk Island (Suburbs and Localities)"</a>. 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 7 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2021+Census+QuickStats&rft.atitle=Norfolk+Island+%28Suburbs+and+Localities%29&rft.date=2022-06-28&rft.au=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus%2Ffind-census-data%2Fquickstats%2F2021%2FSAL90004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31057#P4093" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKPMG2019" class="citation book cs1">KPMG (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.regional.gov.au/territories/norfolk_island/norfolk-island-economy/files/Monitoring_the_Norfolk_Island_Economy.pdf">Monitoring the Norfolk Island Economy</a> (PDF). Norfolk Islands: Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Cities and Regional Development. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809095625/https://www.regional.gov.au/territories/norfolk_island/norfolk-island-economy/files/Monitoring_the_Norfolk_Island_Economy.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monitoring+the+Norfolk+Island+Economy&rft.place=Norfolk+Islands&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Department+of+Infrastructure%2C+Transport%2C+Cities+and+Regional+Development&rft.date=2019&rft.au=KPMG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.regional.gov.au%2Fterritories%2Fnorfolk_island%2Fnorfolk-island-economy%2Ffiles%2FMonitoring_the_Norfolk_Island_Economy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111113235258/http://www.info.gov.nf/adminforms/immigration/Passenger%20Arrival%20Card.pdf">"NI Arrival Card"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.info.gov.nf/adminforms/immigration/Passenger%20Arrival%20Card.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NI+Arrival+Card&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.info.gov.nf%2Fadminforms%2Fimmigration%2FPassenger%2520Arrival%2520Card.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2018C00196">"Norfolk Island Act 1979"</a>. Federal Register of Legislation. 23 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190716194101/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2018C00196/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register+of+Legislation&rft.atitle=Norfolk+Island+Act+1979&rft.date=2018-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.au%2FDetails%2FC2018C00196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> Schedule 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712011608/http://www.norfolkonlinenews.com/History.html">"History and Culture on Norfolk Island"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.norfolkonlinenews.com/History.html">the original</a> on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+and+Culture+on+Norfolk+Island&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norfolkonlinenews.com%2FHistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.janesoceania.com/norfolk_history/index.htm">"Norfolk Island: A Short History"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307191652/http://www.janesoceania.com/norfolk_history/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norfolk+Island%3A+A+Short+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.janesoceania.com%2Fnorfolk_history%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts-Wray-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts-Wray_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts-Wray_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts-Wray_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts-Wray_14-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts-Wray1966" class="citation book cs1">Roberts-Wray, Kenneth (1966). Commonwealth and Colonial Law. London: Stevens.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commonwealth+and+Colonial+Law&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Stevens&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Roberts-Wray&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonWhite2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Atholl_Anderson" title="Atholl Anderson">Anderson, Atholl</a>; White, Peter (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093613/http://australianmuseum.net.au/uploads/journals/17923/1348_complete.pdf">"Prehistoric Settlement on Norfolk Island and its Oceanic Context"</a> (PDF). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/agd.nsf/Page/TerritoriesofAustralia_NorfolkIsland_NorfolkIslandGovernanceandAdministration">the original</a> on 20 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Governance+%26+Administration&rft.pub=Attorney-General%27s+Department&rft.date=2008-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ag.gov.au%2Fwww%2Fagd%2Fagd.nsf%2FPage%2FTerritoriesofAustralia_NorfolkIsland_NorfolkIslandGovernanceandAdministration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC_News-34"><a href="#cite_ref-ABC_News_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2011/s3122485.htm">"Norfolk Island is about to undergo a dramatic change in order to secure a financial lifeline"</a>. ABC News 7.30 Report. 26 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110221060610/http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2011/s3122485.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norfolk+Island+is+about+to+undergo+a+dramatic+change+in+order+to+secure+a+financial+lifeline&rft.pub=ABC+News+7.30+Report&rft.date=2011-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2F7.30%2Fcontent%2F2011%2Fs3122485.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/political-news/welfare-fight-forces-families-from-island-20130504-2izls.html">"Welfare fight forces families from island"</a>. The Sydney Morning Herald. 5 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130507011421/http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/political-news/welfare-fight-forces-families-from-island-20130504-2izls.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Welfare+fight+forces+families+from+island&rft.date=2013-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fopinion%2Fpolitical-news%2Fwelfare-fight-forces-families-from-island-20130504-2izls.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/mar/19/norfolk-island-self-government-to-be-revoked-and-replaced-by-local-council">"Norfolk Island self-government to be revoked and replaced by local council"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norfolk+Island+standard+time+changes+4+October+2015&rft.pub=Administrator+of+Norfolk+Island&rft.date=2015-09-03&rft.aulast=Hardgrave&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fregional.gov.au%2Fterritories%2Fnorfolk_island%2Fadministrator%2Fmedia%2F2015%2Fni-a-mr-201526.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norfolk_Island_reform-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norfolk_Island_reform_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norfolk_Island_reform_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norfolk_Island_reform_40-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://regional.gov.au/territories/norfolk_island/reforms/index.aspx">"Norfolk Island reform"</a>. 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Minister.infrastructure.gov.au. 3 June 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minister.infrastructure.gov.au/pf/releases/2016/June/pf060_2016.aspx">the original</a> on 15 July 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norfolk+Island+elects+its+inaugural+council&rft.pub=Minister.infrastructure.gov.au&rft.date=2016-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminister.infrastructure.gov.au%2Fpf%2Freleases%2F2016%2FJune%2Fpf060_2016.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development – Factsheet: Domestic travel between Norfolk Island and mainland Australia, website. 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Retrieved 15 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tally+room%2C+Canberra+ACT&rft.pub=Australian+Electoral+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresults.aec.gov.au%2F20499%2FWebsite%2FHouseDivisionPage-20499-101.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhyte2018" class="citation news cs1">Whyte, Sally (6 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/act/act-s-new-federal-electorates-revealed-20180406-p4z82l.html">"ACT's new federal electorates revealed"</a>. The Sydney Morning Herald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515041014/https://www.smh.com.au/national/act/act-s-new-federal-electorates-revealed-20180406-p4z82l.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=ACT%27s+new+federal+electorates+revealed&rft.date=2018-04-06&rft.aulast=Whyte&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnational%2Fact%2Fact-s-new-federal-electorates-revealed-20180406-p4z82l.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/306686/norfolk-pleads-for-canberra-to-delay-nsw-absorption">"Norfolk pleads for Canberra to delay NSW absorption"</a>. Radionz.co.nz. 18 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160723234527/http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/306686/norfolk-pleads-for-canberra-to-delay-nsw-absorption">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norfolk+pleads+for+Canberra+to+delay+NSW+absorption&rft.pub=Radionz.co.nz&rft.date=2016-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radionz.co.nz%2Finternational%2Fpacific-news%2F306686%2Fnorfolk-pleads-for-canberra-to-delay-nsw-absorption&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/302552/norfolk-islanders-seeking-un-oversight">"Norfolk Islanders seeking UN oversight"</a>. RNZ. Radionz.co.nz. 28 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160723234522/http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/302552/norfolk-islanders-seeking-un-oversight">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RNZ&rft.atitle=Norfolk+Islanders+seeking+UN+oversight&rft.date=2016-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radionz.co.nz%2Finternational%2Fpacific-news%2F302552%2Fnorfolk-islanders-seeking-un-oversight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2017" class="citation news cs1">Roy, Eleanor Ainge (23 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/aug/23/norfolk-island-should-become-part-of-new-zealand-says-former-chief-minister">"Norfolk Island should become part of New Zealand, says former chief minister"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Australia" title="Guardian Australia">Guardian Australia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170924015612/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/aug/23/norfolk-island-should-become-part-of-new-zealand-says-former-chief-minister">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guardian+Australia&rft.atitle=Norfolk+Island+should+become+part+of+New+Zealand%2C+says+former+chief+minister&rft.date=2017-08-23&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Eleanor+Ainge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Faustralia-news%2F2017%2Faug%2F23%2Fnorfolk-island-should-become-part-of-new-zealand-says-former-chief-minister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulia_Hollingsworth2019" class="citation web cs1">Julia Hollingsworth (30 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/norfolk-island-governance-intl-hnk-scli/index.html">"Norfolk Island: Why residents want to ditch Australia for New Zealand"</a>. 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Retrieved 13 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Norfolk+Island%3A+Why+residents+want+to+ditch+Australia+for+New+Zealand&rft.date=2019-10-30&rft.au=Julia+Hollingsworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Fnorfolk-island-governance-intl-hnk-scli%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024111635/https://www.norfolkschoice.com/survey-reveals-over-96-of-people-on-norfolk-island-are-opposed-to-the-current-governance-regime-imposed-by-australia/">"Survey reveals over 96% of people on Norfolk Island are opposed to the current governance regime imposed by Australia. – Norfolk Island People for Democracy"</a>. 24 October 2019. 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Retrieved 13 April 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080907084428/http://www.norfolkisland.com.au/environment/geological_origins.cfm">Archived</a> 7 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_200288_All.shtml">"Norfolk Island Aero Climate Statistics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Bureau of Meteorology</a>. Retrieved 22 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norfolk+Island+Aero+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_200288_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=200288&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1991-2020&tablesizebutt=normal">"Norfolk Island Aero Climate Statistics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Bureau of Meteorology</a>. Retrieved 22 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norfolk+Island+Aero+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fjsp%2Fncc%2Fcdio%2Fcvg%2Fav%3Fp_stn_num%3D200288%26p_prim_element_index%3D0%26p_comp_element_index%3D0%26redraw%3Dnull%26p_display_type%3Dfull_statistics_table%26normals_years%3D1991-2020%26tablesizebutt%3Dnormal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=200288&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1991-2020&tablesizebutt=normal">"Norfolk Island Aero Climate Statistics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Bureau of Meteorology</a>. Retrieved 22 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norfolk+Island+Aero+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fjsp%2Fncc%2Fcdio%2Fcvg%2Fav%3Fp_stn_num%3D200288%26p_prim_element_index%3D0%26p_comp_element_index%3D0%26redraw%3Dnull%26p_display_type%3Dfull_statistics_table%26normals_years%3D1991-2020%26tablesizebutt%3Dnormal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_200288_All.shtml">"Norfolk Island Aero Climate Statistics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Bureau of Meteorology</a>. 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Commonwealth of Australia. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130131214300/http://environment.gov.au/parks/nrs/science/bioregion-framework/ibra/ibracode7.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Sustainability%2C+Environment%2C+Water%2C+Population+and+Communities&rft.atitle=Interim+Biogeographic+Regionalisation+for+Australia+%28IBRA7%29+regions+and+codes&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.gov.au%2Fparks%2Fnrs%2Fscience%2Fbioregion-framework%2Fibra%2Fibracode7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-57"><a href="#cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.info.gov.nf/reports/Census/Census_2006.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norfolk+Island+Census%2C+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.info.gov.nf%2Freports%2FCensus%2FCensus_2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035632/http://www.info.gov.nf/reports/Census/Book1996.pdf">"Norfolk Island Census, 1996"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.info.gov.nf/reports/Census/Book1996.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norfolk+Island+Census%2C+1996&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.info.gov.nf%2Freports%2FCensus%2FBook1996.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.probussouthpacific.org/557045e8/Helen_Reddy_My_island_home">"Helen Reddy: My island home"</a>. Probus South Pacific. 12 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140226235855/http://www.probussouthpacific.org/557045e8/Helen_Reddy_My_island_home">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Probus+South+Pacific&rft.atitle=Helen+Reddy%3A+My+island+home&rft.date=2013-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.probussouthpacific.org%2F557045e8%2FHelen_Reddy_My_island_home&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111127035617/http://www.qppstudio.net/publicholidays2011/norfolk_island.htm">"Norfolk Island Public Holidays 2011 (Oceania)"</a>. qppstudio.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qppstudio.net/publicholidays2011/norfolk_island.htm">the original</a> on 27 November 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=qppstudio.net&rft.atitle=Norfolk+Island+Public+Holidays+2011+%28Oceania%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qppstudio.net%2Fpublicholidays2011%2Fnorfolk_island.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/australia/new-south-wales/norfolk-island/attractions/bounty-folk-museum/a/poi-sig/1160219/362277">"Bounty Folk Museum | Norfolk Island, Australia & Pacific | Attractions"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lonely+Planet&rft.atitle=Bounty+Folk+Museum+%7C+Norfolk+Island%2C+Australia+%26+Pacific+%7C+Attractions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Faustralia%2Fnew-south-wales%2Fnorfolk-island%2Fattractions%2Fbounty-folk-museum%2Fa%2Fpoi-sig%2F1160219%2F362277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://norfolkislandmuseum.com.au/">"Norfolk Island Museum | Norfolk Island Museum"</a>. norfolkislandmuseum.com.au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121010012744/http://norfolkislandmuseum.com.au/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=norfolkislandmuseum.com.au&rft.atitle=Norfolk+Island+Museum+%7C+Norfolk+Island+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnorfolkislandmuseum.com.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentre" class="citation web cs1">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1306/">"Australian Convict Sites"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231029203618/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1306">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2023. 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Retrieved 26 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homegrown%3A+Norfolk+Island&rft.date=2013-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Ffood%2Farticle%2F2013%2F07%2F05%2Fhomegrown-norfolk-island&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norfolk_Island_Legislation_Amendment_Act_2015-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norfolk_Island_Legislation_Amendment_Act_2015_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norfolk_Island_Legislation_Amendment_Act_2015_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norfolk_Island_Legislation_Amendment_Act_2015_100-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/nilaa2015350/">Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015</a> (Cth). </li> <li id="cite_note-hutchinson-101"><a href="#cite_ref-hutchinson_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.miragenews.com/norfolk-island-administrator-appointment-1004127/">"Norfolk Island Administrator appointment"</a>. The Mirage. 11 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230603142329/https://www.miragenews.com/norfolk-island-administrator-appointment-1004127/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mirage&rft.atitle=Norfolk+Island+Administrator+appointment&rft.date=2023-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.miragenews.com%2Fnorfolk-island-administrator-appointment-1004127%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aec.gov.au/Enrolling_to_vote/Special_Category/Norfolk_Island_electors.htm">"Australian Electoral Commission: Norfolk Island electors"</a>. Medicare. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190123/http://www.aec.gov.au/Enrolling_to_vote/special_category/Norfolk_Island_electors.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+Electoral+Commission%3A+Norfolk+Island+electors&rft.pub=Medicare&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aec.gov.au%2FEnrolling_to_vote%2FSpecial_Category%2FNorfolk_Island_electors.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-review-103"><a href="#cite_ref-review_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071031092253/http://ministers.dotars.gov.au/jl/releases/2006/December/L173_2006.htm">"Norfolk Island Governance Arrangements"</a> (Press release). 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The Australian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101105211720/http://www.news.com.au/national/mutineer-descendants-opt-for-bounty/comments-e6frfkvr-1225948125397">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=Mutineer+descendants+opt+for+bounty&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Ean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Fnational%2Fmutineer-descendants-opt-for-bounty%2Fcomments-e6frfkvr-1225948125397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShalailah_Medhora2015" class="citation web cs1">Shalailah Medhora (19 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/mar/19/norfolk-island-self-government-to-be-revoked-and-replaced-by-local-council">"Norfolk Island self-government to be replaced by local council"</a>. 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Retrieved 26 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=news.com.au&rft.atitle=Why+island+paradise+is+switching+states&rft.date=2021-10-26&rft.aulast=Druce&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Fnational%2Fqueensland%2Fnews%2Fnorfolk-island-to-switch-from-nsw-to-qld-jurisdiction-under-new-federal-funding-deal%2Fnews-story%2F922e79ae54bbcb621190c0689eaf3654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Royal_Commission_1976-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Commission_1976_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/sites/default/files/public/documents/ANIReports/ExternalReports/1976%20Royal%20Commission%20Nimmo.pdf">"Ch 5 Historical outline"</a> (PDF), Report of the Royal Commission into matters relating to Norfolk Island, Australian Government, October 1976, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181112043756/http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/sites/default/files/public/documents/ANIReports/ExternalReports/1976%20Royal%20Commission%20Nimmo.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2018, retrieved 7 June 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch+5+Historical+outline&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Royal+Commission+into+matters+relating+to+Norfolk+Island&rft.pub=Australian+Government&rft.date=1976-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norfolkisland.gov.nf%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublic%2Fdocuments%2FANIReports%2FExternalReports%2F1976%2520Royal%2520Commission%2520Nimmo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newbery-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newbery_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newbery_109-1">b</a> Newbery v The Queen (1965) 7 <a href="/wiki/Federal_Law_Reports" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Law Reports">FLR</a> 34 (25 March 1965), <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Norfolk_Island" title="Supreme Court of Norfolk Island">Supreme Court of Norfolk Island</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kerr_2009-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kerr_2009_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kerr_2009_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kerr_2009_110-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kerr_2009_110-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kerr_2009_110-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr2009" class="citation book cs1">Kerr, A (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://regional.gov.au/territories/publications/files/A_Federation_in_These_Seas_Part_2.pdf">"Ch 6: Norfolk Island"</a> (PDF). 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No. 222. 19 March 1897. pp. 1968–9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230215223249/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/222342410">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2023. 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Retrieved 12 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Norfolk+Island&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.place=NSW&rft.pages=3995&rft.pub=Legislative+Assembly&rft.date=1898-12-22&rft.au=George+Reid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.nsw.gov.au%2Fapi%2Fhansard%2Fsearch%2Fdaily%2Fsearchablepdf%2FHANSARD-290296563-11312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142154/https://api.parliament.nsw.gov.au/api/hansard/search/daily/searchablepdf/HANSARD-290296563-11312">Archived</a> 12 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-s122-114"><a href="#cite_ref-s122_114-0">^</a> Constitution (Cth) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/s122.html">s 122</a> Government of territories. </li> <li id="cite_note-1939_jersey_bull-115"><a href="#cite_ref-1939_jersey_bull_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article231509159">"Six judges in case on jersey bull"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(Sydney)" title="The Sun (Sydney)">The Sun</a>. 27 November 1939. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230215223336/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/231509159">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2023. 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Retrieved 27 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Norfolk+Island+residents+petition+UN+over+Australian+%27re-colonisation%27&rft.date=2016-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Ffederal-politics%2Fpolitical-news%2Fnorfolk-island-residents-petition-un-over-australian-recolonisation-20160426-gofozv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTable_Office,_House_of_Commons" class="citation web cs1">Table Office, House of Commons. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmordbk1/60621w01.htm">"UK Parliament, written questions 21 June 2006"</a>. 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Federal Legislative Register. 20 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171208231552/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2017C00069">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2017. 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Australian Government: Department of Infrastructure, Regional Development and Cities. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190321232210/https://regional.gov.au/territories/norfolk_island/governance/legislation-updates.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2019. 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Federal Register of Legislation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210129103420/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2016L01117/Explanatory%20Statement/Text">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2021. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamiebriggs.com.au/MayoMedia/Media/tabid/64/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/1516/Speech-Second-Reading-Norfolk-Island-Reform-Thursday-26-March-2015.aspx">the original</a> on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jamiebriggs.com.au&rft.atitle=Speech+%E2%80%93+Second+Reading%2C+Norfolk+Island+Reform+%E2%80%93+Thursday%2C+26+March+2015+%3E+Jamie+Briggs+MP+%3E+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamiebriggs.com.au%2FMayoMedia%2FMedia%2Ftabid%2F64%2FarticleType%2FArticleView%2FarticleId%2F1516%2FSpeech-Second-Reading-Norfolk-Island-Reform-Thursday-26-March-2015.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCities" class="citation web cs1">Cities, Department of Infrastructure, Regional Development and. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://regional.gov.au/territories/norfolk_island/reforms/domestic-travel.aspx">"Factsheet: Domestic travel between Norfolk Island and mainland Australia"</a>. 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Retrieved 6 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Infrastructure+and+Regional+Development&rft.atitle=Factsheet%3A+Domestic+travel+between+Norfolk+Island+and+mainland+Australia&rft.aulast=Cities&rft.aufirst=Department+of+Infrastructure%2C+Regional+Development+and&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fregional.gov.au%2Fterritories%2Fnorfolk_island%2Freforms%2Fdomestic-travel.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa-1/808-">Confirmatory (Residence) visa (subclass 808)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160702035259/http://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa-1/808-">Archived</a> 2 July 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://regional.gov.au/territories/norfolk_island/reforms/domestic-travel.aspx">"Factsheet: Domestic travel between Norfolk Island and mainland Australia"</a>. 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Parliament of Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190520090345/https://www.aph.gov.au/DocumentStore.ashx?id=8e5edd1d-06b5-4159-bfaf-3a99c04854c0&subId=509869">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliament+of+Australia&rft.atitle=Re%3A+NBN%27s+mandated+rollout+in+relation+to+Norfolk+Island&rft.date=2017-03&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FDocumentStore.ashx%3Fid%3D8e5edd1d-06b5-4159-bfaf-3a99c04854c0%26subId%3D509869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217195917/http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/services/local-services/broadcasting">"Broadcasting"</a>. Norfolk Island Regional Council. 7 June 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/services/local-services/broadcasting">the original</a> on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Broadcasting&rft.pub=Norfolk+Island+Regional+Council&rft.date=2017-06-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norfolkisland.gov.nf%2Fservices%2Flocal-services%2Fbroadcasting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agency2003-162"><a href="#cite_ref-Agency2003_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentral_Intelligence_Agency2003" class="citation book cs1">Central Intelligence Agency (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JeQgfyJ5FLgC&pg=PA471">The World Factbook 2009</a>. Government Printing Office. pp. 471–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-087359-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-087359-1"><bdi>978-0-16-087359-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230215223248/https://books.google.com/books?id=JeQgfyJ5FLgC&pg=PA471">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook+2009&rft.pages=471-&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-16-087359-1&rft.au=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJeQgfyJ5FLgC%26pg%3DPA471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/nf.html">"Delegation Record for .NF"</a>. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200309084519/http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/nf.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority&rft.atitle=Delegation+Record+for+.NF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Fdomains%2Froot%2Fdb%2Fnf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.norfolkislanddataservices.com/4g-mobile-data">"4G Mobile Data"</a>. Norfolk Island Data Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213025005/https://www.norfolkislanddataservices.com/4g-mobile-data">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norfolk+Island+Data+Services&rft.atitle=4G+Mobile+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.norfolkislanddataservices.com%2F4g-mobile-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225213345/http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/services/telecom">"Telecom"</a>. Norfolk Island Regional Council. 14 December 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/services/telecom">the original</a> on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norfolk+Island+Regional+Council&rft.atitle=Telecom&rft.date=2016-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norfolkisland.gov.nf%2Fservices%2Ftelecom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080109221659/http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/australia/australia-tourist-attractions/norfolk-island.html">"Norfolk Island information"</a>. Asia Rooms. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/australia/australia-tourist-attractions/norfolk-island.html">the original</a> on 9 January 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norfolk+Island+information&rft.pub=Asia+Rooms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiarooms.com%2Ftravel-guide%2Faustralia%2Faustralia-tourist-attractions%2Fnorfolk-island.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130213123420/http://www.norfolkislands.com/faqs/faqs.htm">"Norfolk Is speed limits"</a>. NorfolkIslands.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norfolkislands.com/faqs/faqs.htm">the original</a> on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NorfolkIslands.com&rft.atitle=Norfolk+Is+speed+limits&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norfolkislands.com%2Ffaqs%2Ffaqs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2018" class="citation web cs1">Graham, Matt (3 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.australianfrequentflyer.com.au/norfolk-island-airlines-ceases-flights/">"Norfolk Island Airlines Ceases Flights"</a>. The Australian Frequent Flyer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181020011605/https://www.australianfrequentflyer.com.au/norfolk-island-airlines-ceases-flights/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Australian+Frequent+Flyer&rft.atitle=Norfolk+Island+Airlines+Ceases+Flights&rft.date=2018-03-03&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.australianfrequentflyer.com.au%2Fnorfolk-island-airlines-ceases-flights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/354827/air-chathams-may-fly-to-norfolk-direct-from-auckland">"Air Chathams may fly to Norfolk direct from Auckland"</a>. Radio New Zealand. RNZ. 12 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190321033621/https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/354827/air-chathams-may-fly-to-norfolk-direct-from-auckland">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Air+Chathams+may+fly+to+Norfolk+direct+from+Auckland&rft.date=2018-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radionz.co.nz%2Finternational%2Fpacific-news%2F354827%2Fair-chathams-may-fly-to-norfolk-direct-from-auckland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sh1.sendinblue.com/vdneggmett7e.html?t=1618455077">"Norfolk Island Flights Resume May 27th!"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416033921/https://sh1.sendinblue.com/vdneggmett7e.html?t=1618455077">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norfolk+Island+Flights+Resume+May+27th%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsh1.sendinblue.com%2Fvdneggmett7e.html%3Ft%3D1618455077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Electricity-171"><a href="#cite_ref-Electricity_171-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/services/electricity">"Norfolk Island Electricity"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230102231924/http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/services/electricity">Archived</a> 2 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved: 03 January 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pender_2022-172"><a href="#cite_ref-Pender_2022_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPender2022" class="citation web cs1">Pender, Kieran (4 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/aug/05/norfolk-island-the-tiny-territory-that-is-a-commonwealth-games-bowls-powerhouse">"Norfolk Island: the tiny territory that is a Commonwealth Games bowls powerhouse"</a>. the Guardian. Retrieved 5 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Norfolk+Island%3A+the+tiny+territory+that+is+a+Commonwealth+Games+bowls+powerhouse&rft.date=2022-08-04&rft.aulast=Pender&rft.aufirst=Kieran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2022%2Faug%2F05%2Fnorfolk-island-the-tiny-territory-that-is-a-commonwealth-games-bowls-powerhouse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldathletics.org-173"><a href="#cite_ref-worldathletics.org_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldathletics.org/about-iaaf/structure/member-federations/oceania">"Member Federations"</a>. World Athletics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240217044455/https://worldathletics.org/about-iaaf/structure/member-federations/oceania">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Athletics&rft.atitle=Member+Federations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldathletics.org%2Fabout-iaaf%2Fstructure%2Fmember-federations%2Foceania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonWhite2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Atholl_Anderson" title="Atholl Anderson">Anderson, Atholl</a>; White, Peter (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706123941/http://publications.australianmuseum.net.au/pdf/1334_complete.pdf">"The Prehistoric Archaeology of Norfolk Island, Southwest Pacific"</a> (PDF). Records of the Australian Museum. 27 (Supplement 27). Australian Museum: 1–142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3853%2Fj.0812-7387.27.2001.1334">10.3853/j.0812-7387.27.2001.1334</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.australianmuseum.net.au/pdf/1334_complete.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+Australian+Museum&rft.atitle=The+Prehistoric+Archaeology+of+Norfolk+Island%2C+Southwest+Pacific&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=Supplement+27&rft.pages=1-142&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3853%2Fj.0812-7387.27.2001.1334&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Atholl&rft.au=White%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.australianmuseum.net.au%2Fpdf%2F1334_complete.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Kippis" title="Andrew Kippis">Andrew Kippis</a>, The Life and Voyages of Captain James Cook, Westminster 1788, Reprint London and New York 1904, pp. 246 ff</li> <li>Nobbs, Raymond, Norfolk Island and its Third Settlement: The First Hundred Years 1856–1956 Sydney, Library of Australian History, 2006.</li></ul> <dl><dt>History of penal settlements</dt></dl> <ul><li>Causer, Tim <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1331354/">'"The Worst Types of Sub-Human Beings": the Myth and Reality of the Convicts of the Norfolk Island Penal Settlement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120420035423/http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1331354/">Archived</a> 20 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1825–1855', Islands of History, Sydney, 2011, pp. 8–31. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9803354-5-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9803354-5-3">978-0-9803354-5-3</a>).</li> <li>Causer, Tim <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1331355/">'Norfolk Island's "Suicide Lotteries": Myth and Reality'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120420035449/http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1331355/">Archived</a> 20 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Islands of History, Sydney, 2011, pp. 61–68. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9803354-5-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9803354-5-3">978-0-9803354-5-3</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manning_Clark" title="Manning Clark">Clark, Manning</a>, A History of Australia, Vols. I–III, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne University Press">Melbourne University Press</a>, 1962, 1968, 1973.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Clarke" title="Marcus Clarke">Clarke, Marcus</a>, For the Term of his Natural Life (novel).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hazzard" title="Margaret Hazzard">Hazzard, Margaret</a>, Punishment Short of Death: a history of the penal settlement at Norfolk Island, Melbourne, Hyland, 1984. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-908090-64-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-908090-64-1">0-908090-64-1</a>).</li> <li>Murray-Brown, David, Norfolk Island Cancellations and Postal Markings. London: Pacific Islands Study Circle, 3rd edition, 2012, 978-1-899833-20-7, 130pp; <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pisc.org.uk">http://www.pisc.org.uk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220511160224/http://pisc.org.uk/">Archived</a> 11 May 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Studley_Forrest_Hughes" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Studley Forrest Hughes">Hughes, Robert</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Fatal_Shore" title="The Fatal Shore">The Fatal Shore</a>, London, Pan, 1988. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-29892-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-29892-5">0-330-29892-5</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reg_Wright" title="Reg Wright">Wright, R.</a>, The Forgotten Generation of Norfolk Island and Van Diemen's Land, Sydney, Library of Australian History, 1986.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Barry, John Vincent – Alexander Maconochie of Norfolk Island.</li> <li>Clune, Frank – Norfolk Island Story.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hazzard" title="Margaret Hazzard">Hazzard, Margaret</a> – Punishment Short of Death: A history of the Penal Settlement at Norfolk Island.</li> <li>Hoare, Merval – Norfolk Island: An Outline of Its History 1774–1987.</li> <li>Specht, Jim – The Prehistoric Archaeology of Norfolk Island.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Norfolk_Island" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Norfolk Island">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 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href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Norfolk_Island" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Norfolk Island">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Norfolk_Island" class="extiw" title="voy:Norfolk Island">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Norfolk_Island" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a>".</div></div> </div> Government <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/">Official government website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160115142412/http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/">Archived</a> 15 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regional.gov.au/territories/norfolk_island/index.aspx">Australian Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150517072419/http://www.regional.gov.au/territories/norfolk_island/index.aspx">Archived</a> 17 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> General information <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/norfolk-island/">Norfolk Island</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118050134/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/norfolk-island/">Archived</a> 18 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Norfolk_Island" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Norfolk Island">Wikimedia Atlas of Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.norfolkisland.com.au/">Tourism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211116141155/https://www.norfolkisland.com.au/">Archived</a> 16 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> Archaeology and Polynesian settlement in prehistory <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonWhite2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Atholl_Anderson" title="Atholl Anderson">Anderson, Atholl</a>; White, Peter (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706123941/http://publications.australianmuseum.net.au/pdf/1334_complete.pdf">"The Prehistoric Archaeology of Norfolk Island, Southwest Pacific"</a> (PDF). Records of the Australian Museum. 27 (Supplement 27). Australian Museum: 1–142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3853%2Fj.0812-7387.27.2001.1334">10.3853/j.0812-7387.27.2001.1334</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.australianmuseum.net.au/pdf/1334_complete.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+Australian+Museum&rft.atitle=The+Prehistoric+Archaeology+of+Norfolk+Island%2C+Southwest+Pacific&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=Supplement+27&rft.pages=1-142&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3853%2Fj.0812-7387.27.2001.1334&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Atholl&rft.au=White%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.australianmuseum.net.au%2Fpdf%2F1334_complete.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonWhite2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Atholl_Anderson" title="Atholl Anderson">Anderson, Atholl</a>; White, Peter (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706123949/http://publications.australianmuseum.net.au/pdf/1335_complete.pdf">"Approaching the Prehistory of Norfolk Island"</a> (PDF). Records of the Australian Museum. 27 (Supplement 27). Australian Museum: 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3853%2Fj.0812-7387.27.2001.1335">10.3853/j.0812-7387.27.2001.1335</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.australianmuseum.net.au/pdf/1335_complete.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+Australian+Museum&rft.atitle=Approaching+the+Prehistory+of+Norfolk+Island&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=Supplement+27&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3853%2Fj.0812-7387.27.2001.1335&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Atholl&rft.au=White%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.australianmuseum.net.au%2Fpdf%2F1335_complete.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonSmithWhite2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Atholl_Anderson" title="Atholl Anderson">Anderson, Atholl</a>; Smith, Ian; White, Peter (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706123910/http://publications.australianmuseum.net.au/pdf/1336_complete.pdf">"Archaeological Fieldwork on Norfolk Island"</a> (PDF). Records of the Australian Museum. 27 (Supplement 27). Australian Museum: 11–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3853%2Fj.0812-7387.27.2001.1336">10.3853/j.0812-7387.27.2001.1336</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.australianmuseum.net.au/pdf/1336_complete.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+Australian+Museum&rft.atitle=Archaeological+Fieldwork+on+Norfolk+Island&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=Supplement+27&rft.pages=11-32&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3853%2Fj.0812-7387.27.2001.1336&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Atholl&rft.au=Smith%2C+Ian&rft.au=White%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.australianmuseum.net.au%2Fpdf%2F1336_complete.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Others <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regional.gov.au/territories/publications/files/Report_on_Governance_on_Norfolk_Island_2003.pdf">Quis custodiet ipsos custodes? Inquiry into Governance on Norfolk Island</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130505135040/http://regional.gov.au/territories/publications/files/Report_on_Governance_on_Norfolk_Island_2003.pdf">Archived</a> 5 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Commonwealth Parliament, Joint Standing Committee on the National Capital and External Territories, 2003</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglicanhistory.org/oceania/campbell_norfolk1879.html">Norfolk Island and Its Inhabitants</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610051817/http://anglicanhistory.org/oceania/campbell_norfolk1879.html">Archived</a> 10 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 1879 account by Joseph Campbell</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/aa0114">"Norfolk Island subtropical forests"</a>. Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Norfolk+Island+subtropical+forests&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Faa0114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorfolk+Island" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglicanhistory.org/oceania/ni/">Anglican history on Norfolk Island</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610052431/http://anglicanhistory.org/oceania/ni/">Archived</a> 10 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Primary texts and photographs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/permalink/61SLQ_INST/tqqf2h/alma99183959420902061">Colonial Secretary's papers 1822–1877</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Library_of_Queensland" title="State Library of Queensland">State Library of Queensland</a>- Includes digitised letters to the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Secretary_of_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Secretary of New South Wales">Colonial Secretary of New South Wales</a> regarding the Norfolk Island colony</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="Template:States and territories of 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height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg/130px-Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg/195px-Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg/260px-Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jervis_Bay_Territory" title="Jervis Bay Territory">Jervis Bay Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> Defunct: <a href="/wiki/Central_Australia_(territory)" title="Central Australia (territory)">Central Australia</a> (1927–31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia_(territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Australia (territory)">North Australia</a> (1927–31)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norfolk Island</a> Defunct: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru#World_War_I_to_World_War_II" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> (1920–68)2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_New_Guinea" title="Territory of New Guinea">New Guinea</a> (1920–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> (1902–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua_and_New_Guinea" title="Territory of Papua and New Guinea">Papua and New Guinea</a> (1949–75)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Indian_Ocean_Territories" title="Australian Indian Ocean Territories">Indian Ocean Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>(1) Sovereignty recognised only by <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. (2) Co-mandate with New Zealand and the United Kingdom.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Template:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Oceania" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_area" title="List of Oceanian countries by area">List of Oceanian countries by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_population" title="List of Oceanian countries by population">List of Oceanian countries by population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Entire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In part</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Islands" title="Juan Fernández Islands">Juan Fernández Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Papua" title="Central Papua">Central Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Papua" title="Highland Papua">Highland Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/225px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/300px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Territory#Overseas_territory" title="Territory">territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">Overseas France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivity" title="Overseas collectivity">Overseas collectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_country_of_France" title="Overseas country of France">Overseas country of France</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_the_Cook_Islands_and_Niue" title="Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue">Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Indian_Ocean_Territories" title="Australian Indian Ocean Territories">Australian Indian Ocean Territories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)">Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">United States Minor Outlying Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australia_topic" title="Template:Australia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australia_topic" title="Template talk:Australia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">History of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_South_Wales" title="History of New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Queensland" title="History of Queensland">Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Australia" title="History of South Australia">South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tasmania" title="History of Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Victoria" title="History of Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_Australia" title="History of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">Mainland territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="History of the Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jervis_Bay_Territory#History" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jervis Bay Territory">Jervis Bay Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Territory" title="History of the Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">External territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Australian_Antarctic_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Coral_Sea_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norfolk_Island" title="History of Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Oceania" title="Template:History of Oceania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Oceania" title="Template talk:History of Oceania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Oceania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Oceania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oceania" title="History of Oceania">History of Oceania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="History of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fiji" title="History of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kiribati" title="History of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="History of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand" title="History of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palau" title="History of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="History of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Samoa" title="History of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solomon_Islands" title="History of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tuvalu" title="History of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vanuatu" title="History of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="History of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Easter_Island" title="History of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Caledonia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norfolk_Island" title="History of Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tokelau" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Demographics_of_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Demographics_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Oceania" title="Demographics of Oceania">Demographics of Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Australia" title="Demographics of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Demographics of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Fiji" title="Demographics of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kiribati" title="Demographics of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Demographics of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nauru" title="Demographics of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_Zealand" title="Demographics of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Palau" title="Demographics of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Demographics of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Samoa" title="Demographics of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Demographics of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tonga" title="Demographics of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tuvalu" title="Demographics of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Vanuatu" title="Demographics of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Demographics of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_American_Samoa" title="Demographics of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Demographics of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_French_Polynesia" title="Demographics of French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Guam" title="Demographics of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_Caledonia" title="Demographics of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Norfolk_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Demographics of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tokelau" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Demographics of Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture_of_indigenous_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Template:Culture of Oceania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Template talk:Culture of Oceania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Oceania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_indigenous_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples#Oceania" title="List of Indigenous peoples">Culture of indigenous Oceania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>List of resources about traditional arts and culture of Oceania</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_art" title="Oceanian art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island#Ahu" title="Easter Island">Ahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Indigenous Australian art">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Arts" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapa" title="Kapa">kapa (Hawaiʻi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_(garland)" title="Lei (garland)">Lei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magimagi" title="Magimagi">magimagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">moai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_art" title="New Zealand art">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:M%C4%81ori_art" title="Category:Māori art">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguzu_nguzu" title="Nguzu nguzu">nguzu nguzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_art" title="Oceanian art">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_art" title="Papua New Guinean art">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reimiro" title="Reimiro">reimiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81_moko" title="Tā moko">tā moko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabua" title="Tabua">tabua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BBovala" title="Taʻovala">taʻovala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_cloth" title="Tapa cloth">tapa ["masi" (Fiji), "ngatu" (Tonga), "siapo" (Sāmoa), " ʻuha" (Rotuma)]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%93fui" title="Tēfui">tēfui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivaevae" title="Tivaevae">tivaevae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broad culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">"yaqona" (Fiji), or "sakau" (Pohnpei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava_culture" title="Kava culture">Kava culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_culture" title="Polynesian culture">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_%27ava_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoa 'ava ceremony">Sāmoa 'ava ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wood_carving#Aboriginal" title="History of wood carving">Wood carving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geo-specific, general</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians#Culture" title="Indigenous Australians">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_astronomy" title="Australian Aboriginal astronomy">Australian Aboriginal astronomy</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Culture" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands#People_and_culture" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a>, -<a href="/wiki/Pwo" title="Pwo">Pwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori#Revival_of_culture" title="Moriori">Chatham Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands#Culture" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island#Culture" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji" title="Culture of Fiji">Fiji</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lau_Islands#Culture_and_economy" title="Lau Islands">Lau Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_traditions_and_ceremonies" title="Fijian traditions and ceremonies">traditions and ceremonies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam#Culture" title="Guam">Guam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lomilomi_massage" title="Lomilomi massage">Lomilomi massage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kiribati" title="Culture of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Marquesas_Islands" title="Culture of the Marquesas Islands">French Polynesia's Marquesas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia#Culture" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nauru" title="Culture of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia#Culture" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_Zealand" title="Culture of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue#Culture" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Culture">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau#Culture" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Culture of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands#Culture_and_religion" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoan culture">Sāmoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Culture of the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tonga" title="Culture of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders#Culture" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu#Culture" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vanuatu" title="Culture of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna#Culture" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesian Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_navigation" title="Micronesian navigation">Micronesian Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshallese culture">Marshall Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_stick_chart" title="Marshall Islands stick chart">Stick charts of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yap#Culture" title="Yap">Yap</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yap#Navigation_(sailing)" title="Yap">navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weriyeng" title="Weriyeng">Weriyeng navigation school</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canoes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_dugout_canoe" title="Aboriginal dugout canoe">Aboriginal dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alingano_Maisu" title="Alingano Maisu">Alingano Maisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drua" title="Drua">Drua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)#Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout (boat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaep" title="Kaep">Kaep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoa" title="Karakoa">Karakoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_migration_canoes" title="Māori migration canoes">Māori migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">Outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paopao_(canoe)" title="Paopao (canoe)"> Paopao (Tuvalu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraw" title="Paraw">Paraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_sailing#Polynesian_sailing_canoes" title="Canoe sailing">Polynesian sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proa" title="Proa">Proa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinta" title="Vinta">Vinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka_(canoe)" title="Waka (canoe)">Waka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_M%C4%81ori_waka" title="List of Māori waka">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walap" title="Walap">Walap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAparima" title="ʻAparima">ʻAparima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cibi" title="Cibi">cibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fara_(Rotuman_festivity)" title="Fara (Rotuman festivity)">fara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_performance" title="Fire performance">fire dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewalking" title="Firewalking">firewalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haka" title="Haka">haka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hivinau" title="Hivinau">hivinau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hula" title="Hula">hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailao" title="Kailao">kailao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapa_haka" title="Kapa haka">kapa haka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Kiribati" title="Dance in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meke" title="Meke">meke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27ote%27a" title="'ote'a">'ote'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%27o%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Pa'o'a">pa'o'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poi_(performance_art)" title="Poi (performance art)">poi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Rotuma" title="Dance in Rotuma">Rotuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_culture#Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoan culture">siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dances_of_Tahiti" title="Category:Dances of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamure" title="Tamure">tāmūrē</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tautoga" title="Tautoga">tautoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dances_of_Tonga" title="Category:Dances of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27upa%27upa" title="'upa'upa">'upa'upa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Australia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garma_Festival_of_Traditional_Cultures" title="Garma Festival of Traditional Cultures">Garma Festival</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hawaiʻi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aloha_Festivals" title="Aloha Festivals">Aloha Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrie_Monarch_Festival" title="Merrie Monarch Festival">Merrie Monarch Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Invitational_Hula_Festival" title="World Invitational Hula Festival">World Invitational Hula Festival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Fiji" title="List of festivals in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li>New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasifika_Festival" title="Pasifika Festival">Pasifika Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Matatini" title="Te Matatini">Te Matatini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Community" title="Pacific Community">Pacific Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Pacific_Arts" title="Festival of Pacific Arts">Festival of Pacific Arts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Category:Festivals in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Languages of Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Fiji" title="Languages of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kiribati" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nauru" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Zealand" title="Languages of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Palau" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Languages of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vanuatu" title="Languages of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Cook_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Caledonia" title="Languages of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norfolk_Island" title="Languages of Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tokelau" title="Languages of Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by category</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Oceania" title="Category:Languages of Oceania">Languages of Oceania</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_literature" title="Oceanian literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Literature_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Oceania">Literature of Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Federated States of Micronesia (page does not exist)">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Fiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Kiribati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Kiribati (page does not exist)">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Nauru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Nauru (page does not exist)">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Palau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Palau (page does not exist)">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Solomon_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Solomon Islands (page does not exist)">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Tuvalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Tuvalu (page does not exist)">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Vanuatu" title="Literature of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_the_Cook_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_American_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of American Samoa (page does not exist)">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_French_Polynesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of French Polynesia (page does not exist)">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Guam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Guam (page does not exist)">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_New_Caledonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Tokelau (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Austral_Islands" title="Music of the Austral Islands">Austral Islands (French Polynesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_Australia" title="Indigenous music of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Music" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Music of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Easter_Island" title="Music of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Fiji" title="Music of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guam" title="Music of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kiribati" title="Music of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lali_(drum)" title="Lali (drum)">Lali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Melanesia" title="Music of Melanesia">Melanesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nauru" title="Music of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Caledonia" title="Music of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_music" title="Māori music">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niue" title="Music of Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Music of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palau" title="Music of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Music of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Sāmoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slit_drum" title="Slit drum">Slit drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Music of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tahiti" title="Music of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tokelau" title="Music of Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tonga" title="Music of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vanuatu" title="Music of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal mythology">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fijian_mythology" title="Category:Fijian mythology">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangarevan_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangarevan mythology">Mangarevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahiti_and_Society_Islands_mythology" title="Tahiti and Society Islands mythology">Maohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_mythology" title="Māori mythology">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menehune" title="Menehune">Menehune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Oceanian legendary creatures">Oceanian legendary creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_mythology" title="Samoan mythology">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_mythology" title="Tuvaluan mythology">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vanuatu_mythology" title="Category:Vanuatu mythology">Vanuatuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islander_Policy_Research_Consortium" title="Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium">Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Sama-Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori" title="Moriori">Chatham Islander (Moriori or Rekohu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijians" title="Fijians">Fijian (iTaukei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igorot" class="mw-redirect" title="Igorot">Igorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_people" title="Ivatan people">Ivatans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Lumad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Demographics of the Marshall Islands">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Islanders" title="Norfolk Islanders">Norfolk Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_New_Guinea" title="Indigenous people of New Guinea">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maohi" title="Maohi">Indigenous Polynesian (Mā’ohi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_people" title="Rapa Nui people">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotumans" title="Rotumans">Rotuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoans" title="Samoans">Samoan (Tagata Māo‘i)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahitians" title="Tahitians">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese aborigines">Taiwanese aborigines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_people" title="Tokelauan people">Tokelauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tonga" title="Demographics of Tonga">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yami people">Yami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Religion in Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Religion in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Caledonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norfolk_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tokelau" title="Religion in Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>For other topics including Oceanian <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Oceania">cinema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shell_money_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell money in Oceania">indigenous currency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Oceanian_clothing" title="Category:History of Oceanian clothing">dress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_folklore" title="Category:Oceanian folklore">folklore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_cuisine" title="Category:Oceanian cuisine">cuisine</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Category:Culture of Oceania">Category:Culture of Oceania</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Convicts_in_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Convicts_in_Australia" title="Template:Convicts in Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Convicts_in_Australia" title="Template talk:Convicts in Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Convicts_in_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Convicts in Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Convicts_in_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Convicts_in_Australia" title="Convicts in Australia">Convicts in Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convict_assignment" title="Convict assignment">Assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_Day" title="Australia Day">Australia Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipist" title="Emancipist">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_factory" title="Female factory">Female factories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_freedom" title="Certificate of freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">History of Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">1788–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Holland_(Australia)" title="New Holland (Australia)">New Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_women_in_Australia" title="Convict women in Australia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_penal_colonies" title="List of Australian penal colonies">Penal colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockatoo_Island" title="Cockatoo Island">Cockatoo Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosehill,_New_South_Wales" title="Rosehill, New South Wales">Rosehill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Cove" title="Sydney Cove">Sydney Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moreton_Bay" title="Moreton Bay">Moreton Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcliffe,_Queensland" title="Redcliffe, Queensland">Redcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Island" title="Maria Island">Maria Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Tasmania" title="Port Arthur, Tasmania">Port Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Tasmania" title="Richmond, Tasmania">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risdon_Cove" title="Risdon Cove">Risdon Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Harbour_Penal_Station" title="Macquarie Harbour Penal Station">Macquarie Harbour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Convicts_on_the_West_Coast_of_Tasmania" title="Convicts on the West Coast of Tasmania">History</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norfolk Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Norfolk_Island" title="History of Norfolk Island">History</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltwater_River,_Tasmania" title="Saltwater River, Tasmania">Saltwater River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivans_Cove" title="Sullivans Cove">Sullivans Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_era_of_Western_Australia" title="Convict era of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fleet_(Australia)" title="Second Fleet (Australia)">Second Fleet</a> (1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Fleet_(Australia)" title="Third Fleet (Australia)">Third Fleet</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Shore_(1794_ship)#Mutiny" title="Lady Shore (1794 ship)">Lady Shore mutiny</a> (1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill_convict_rebellion" title="Castle Hill convict rebellion">Castle Hill Rebellion</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_Rebellion" title="Rum Rebellion">Rum Rebellion</a> (1808)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emu_(1812_ship)" title="Emu (1812 ship)">Capture of the brig Emu</a> (1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo_(1806_Chittagong_ship)" title="Argo (1806 Chittagong ship)">Argo disappearance</a> (1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_convict_mutinies" title="Norfolk Island convict mutinies">Norfolk Island mutinies</a> (1826–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_mutiny" title="Cyprus mutiny">Cyprus mutiny</a> (1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathurst_Rebellion" title="Bathurst Rebellion">Bathurst Rebellion</a> (1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badger_escape" title="Badger escape">Badger escape</a> (1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_escape" title="Frederick escape">Frederick escape</a> (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III_(ship)" title="George III (ship)">Wreck of the George III</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hive_shipwreck" title="Hive shipwreck">Wreck of the Hive</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neva_(1813_ship)" title="Neva (1813 ship)">Wreck of the Neva</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_Pot_Uprising" title="Cooking Pot Uprising">Cooking Pot Uprising</a> (1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalpa_rescue" title="Catalpa rescue">Catalpa rescue</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Anti-Transportation_League" title="Australasian Anti-Transportation League">Anti-Transportation League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Convict_ship" title="Convict ship">Convict ships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fleet_(Australia)" title="Second Fleet (Australia)">Second Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Fleet_(Australia)" title="Third Fleet (Australia)">Third Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_ships_to_New_South_Wales" title="Convict ships to New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_ships_to_Norfolk_Island" title="Convict ships to Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_ships_to_Tasmania" title="Convict ships to Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_convict_ship_voyages_to_Western_Australia" title="List of convict ship voyages to Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Governors_of_the_Australian_states" title="Governors of the Australian states">Governors</a> and commandants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Arthur,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Arthur, 1st Baronet">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bligh" title="William Bligh">Bligh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bourke" title="Richard Bourke">Bourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brisbane" title="Thomas Brisbane">Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Collins_(lieutenant_governor)" title="David Collins (lieutenant governor)">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Darling" title="Ralph Darling">Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Davey_(governor)" title="Thomas Davey (governor)">Davey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Denison" title="William Denison">Denison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Eardley-Wilmot,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Eardley-Wilmot, 1st Baronet">Eardley-Wilmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gipps" title="George Gipps">Gipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunter_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Hunter (Royal Navy officer)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Johnston_(British_Marines_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Johnston (British Marines officer)">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Gidley_King" title="Philip Gidley King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Logan" title="Patrick Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachlan_Macquarie" title="Lachlan Macquarie">Macquarie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(explorer)" title="William Paterson (explorer)">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Phillip" title="Arthur Phillip">Phillip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sorell" title="William Sorell">Sorell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_convicts_transported_to_Australia" title="List of convicts transported to Australia">Notable convicts</a> and personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surgeons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Bland" title="William Bland">William Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bowes_Smyth" title="Arthur Bowes Smyth">Arthur Bowes Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Redfern" title="William Redfern">William Redfern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Arcy_Wentworth" title="D'Arcy Wentworth">D'Arcy Wentworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entrepreneurs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Barratt" title="Enoch Barratt">Enoch Barratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Connor" title="Daniel Connor">Daniel Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cooper_(convict_and_merchant)" title="Daniel Cooper (convict and merchant)">Daniel Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(publisher)" title="John Davies (publisher)">John Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Field_(Australian_pastoralist)" title="William Field (Australian pastoralist)">William Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hutchinson_(superintendent)" title="William Hutchinson (superintendent)">William Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hyde" title="Mary Hyde">Mary Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kable" title="Henry Kable">Henry Kable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Levey" title="Solomon Levey">Solomon Levey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Lord" title="Simeon Lord">Simeon Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Reibey" title="Mary Reibey">Mary Reibey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sidaway" title="Robert Sidaway">Robert Sidaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Squire" title="James Squire">James Squire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tawell" title="John Tawell">John Tawell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Terry" title="Samuel Terry">Samuel Terry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Blackburn_(architect)" title="James Blackburn (architect)">James Blackburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Greenway" title="Francis Greenway">Francis Greenway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bushranger" title="Bushranger">Bushrangers</a> and escapees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Badger" title="Charlotte Badger">Charlotte Badger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Brady" title="Matthew Brady">Matthew Brady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bryant" title="Mary Bryant">Mary Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bryant_(convict)" title="William Bryant (convict)">William Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Buckley_(convict)" title="William Buckley (convict)">William Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moondyne_Joe" title="Moondyne Joe">Moondyne Joe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Caesar" title="John Caesar">John Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Cash" title="Martin Cash">Martin Cash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Chopin" title="William Chopin">William Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howe_(bushranger)" title="Michael Howe (bushranger)">Michael Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kavenagh" title="Lawrence Kavenagh">Lawrence Kavenagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mitchel" title="John Mitchel">John Mitchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Muir_of_Huntershill" title="Thomas Muir of Huntershill">Thomas Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boyle_O%27Reilly" title="John Boyle O'Reilly">John Boyle O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pearce" title="Alexander Pearce">Alexander Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Westwood_(bushranger)" title="William Westwood (bushranger)">William Westwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Backler" title="Joseph Backler">Joseph Backler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bock" title="Thomas Bock">Thomas Bock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Browne_(painter)" title="Richard Browne (painter)">Richard Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Bull" title="Knud Bull">Knud Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Edgar" title="Edmund Edgar">Edmund Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eyre_(painter)" title="John Eyre (painter)">John Eyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Buelow_Gould" title="William Buelow Gould">William Buelow Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lycett" title="Joseph Lycett">Joseph Lycett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rodius" title="Charles Rodius">Charles Rodius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Griffiths_Wainewright" title="Thomas Griffiths Wainewright">Thomas Griffiths Wainewright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Watling" title="Thomas Watling">Thomas Watling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Walsh_(convict)" title="James Walsh (convict)">James Walsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cuffay" title="William Cuffay">William Cuffay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Groom" title="William Henry Groom">William Henry Groom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Izod_O%27Doherty" title="Kevin Izod O'Doherty">Kevin Izod O'Doherty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chroniclers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Cashman" title="Denis Cashman">Denis Cashman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Catchpole" title="Margaret Catchpole">Margaret Catchpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_the_Poet" title="Frank the Poet">Frank the Poet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Savery" title="Henry Savery">Henry Savery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hardy_Vaux" title="James Hardy Vaux">James Hardy Vaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Acton_Wroth" title="John Acton Wroth">John Acton Wroth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Baxter_(explorer)" title="John Baxter (explorer)">John Baxter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Meehan_(surveyor)" title="James Meehan (surveyor)">James Meehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wild" title="Joseph Wild">Joseph Wild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other convicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Abrahams" title="Esther Abrahams">Esther Abrahams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baughan" title="John Baughan">John Baughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bloodsworth" title="James Bloodsworth">James Bloodsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Blue" title="Billy Blue">Billy Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cadman_(convict)" title="John Cadman (convict)">John Cadman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Callaghan" title="Elizabeth Callaghan">Elizabeth Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Dawson" title="Margaret Dawson">Margaret Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Hynes_Halloran" title="Laurence Hynes Halloran">Laurence Hynes Halloran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Jeffrey" title="Mark Jeffrey">Mark Jeffrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Jørgen Jørgensen">Jørgen Jørgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_O%27Brien" title="William Smith O'Brien">William Smith O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Palin" title="Robert Palin">Robert Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Nichols" title="Isaac Nichols">Isaac Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Potaski" title="Joseph Potaski">Joseph Potaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ruse" title="James Ruse">James Ruse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Thackery" title="Elizabeth Thackery">Elizabeth Thackery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wade" title="Mary Wade">Mary Wade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_ballads" title="Transportation ballads">Transportation ballads</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Botany_Bay_(song)" title="Botany Bay (song)">Botany Bay</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Moreton_Bay_(song)" title="Moreton Bay (song)">Moreton Bay</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Jim_Jones_at_Botany_Bay" title="Jim Jones at Botany Bay">Jim Jones at Botany Bay</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land_(folk_song)" title="Van Diemen's Land (folk song)">Van Diemen's Land</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/For_the_Term_of_His_Natural_Life_(1908_film)" title="For the Term of His Natural Life (1908 film)">For the Term of His Natural Life</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Assigned_Servant" title="The Assigned Servant">The Assigned Servant</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_Is_Never_Too_Late_to_Mend_(1911_film)" title="It Is Never Too Late to Mend (1911 film)">It Is Never Too Late to Mend</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_Outlaw" title="The Lady Outlaw">The Lady Outlaw</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Rufus_Dawes" title="The Life of Rufus Dawes">The Life of Rufus Dawes</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mark_of_the_Lash" title="The Mark of the Lash">The Mark of the Lash</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_Years_Ago" title="One Hundred Years Ago">One Hundred Years Ago</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Romantic_Story_of_Margaret_Catchpole" title="The Romantic Story of Margaret Catchpole">The Romantic Story of Margaret Catchpole</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentenced_for_Life_(1911_film)" title="Sentenced for Life (1911 film)">Sentenced for Life</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moondyne#1913_film" title="Moondyne">Moondyne</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transported" title="Transported">Transported</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tenth_Straw" title="The Tenth Straw">The Tenth Straw</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_the_Term_of_His_Natural_Life_(1927_film)" title="For the Term of His Natural Life (1927 film)">For the Term of His Natural Life</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_New_Shores" title="To New Shores">To New Shores</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sky_at_Morning_(1944_film)" title="Red Sky at Morning (1944 film)">Red Sky at Morning</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under_Capricorn" title="Under Capricorn">Under Capricorn</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany_Bay_(film)" title="Botany Bay (film)">Botany Bay</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_Woman" title="Adam's Woman">Adam's Woman</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_Among_Women" title="Journey Among Women">Journey Among Women</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Confession_of_Alexander_Pearce" title="The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce">The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land_(film)" title="Van Diemen's Land (film)"> Van Diemen's Land</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nightingale_(2018_film)" title="The Nightingale (2018 film)">The Nightingale</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Devil_Makes_Sunday" title="The Devil Makes Sunday">The Devil Makes Sunday</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Devil_Makes_Sunday_(1962_film)" title="The Devil Makes Sunday (1962 film)">The Devil Makes Sunday</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Against_the_Wind_(miniseries)" title="Against the Wind (miniseries)">Against the Wind</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Dane" title="Sara Dane">Sara Dane</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_the_Term_of_His_Natural_Life_(miniseries)" title="For the Term of His Natural Life (miniseries)">For the Term of His Natural Life</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Incredible_Journey_of_Mary_Bryant" title="The Incredible Journey of Mary Bryant">The Incredible Journey of Mary Bryant</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banished_(TV_series)" title="Banished (TV series)">Banished</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_River_(TV_series)" title="The Secret River (TV series)">The Secret River</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journals_of_the_First_Fleet" title="Journals of the First Fleet">Journals of the First Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_Is_Never_Too_Late_to_Mend_(novel)" title="It Is Never Too Late to Mend (novel)">It's Never Too Late to Mend</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Broad_Arrow" title="The Broad Arrow">The Broad Arrow</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Expectations" title="Great Expectations">Great Expectations</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Goose" title="The Wild Goose">The Wild Goose</a> (1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_the_Term_of_His_Natural_Life" title="For the Term of His Natural Life">For the Term of His Natural Life</a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moondyne" title="Moondyne">Moondyne</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bring_Larks_and_Heroes" title="Bring Larks and Heroes">Bring Larks and Heroes</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Fringe_of_Leaves" title="A Fringe of Leaves">A Fringe of Leaves</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Playmaker" title="The Playmaker">The Playmaker</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remembering_Babylon" title="Remembering Babylon">Remembering Babylon</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Potato_Factory" title="The Potato Factory">The Potato Factory</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Maggs" title="Jack Maggs">Jack Maggs</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gould%27s_Book_of_Fish" title="Gould's Book of Fish">Gould's Book of Fish</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_River" title="The Secret River">The Secret River</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lieutenant_(novel)" title="The Lieutenant (novel)">The Lieutenant</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrot_and_Olivier_in_America" title="Parrot and Olivier in America">Parrot and Olivier in America</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Transports" title="The Transports">The Transports</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Country%27s_Good" title="Our Country's Good">Our Country's Good</a> (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Medal" title="Charlotte Medal">Charlotte Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Jackson_Painter" title="Port Jackson Painter">Port Jackson Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Quilt" title="Rajah Quilt">Rajah Quilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_punchbowls" title="Sydney punchbowls">Sydney punchbowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_twenty-dollar_note" title="Australian twenty-dollar note">Twenty Dollar Note</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Convict_Sites" title="Australian Convict Sites">Australian Convict Sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brickendon_Estate" title="Brickendon Estate">Brickendon Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmans_Cottage" title="Cadmans Cottage">Cadmans Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascades_Female_Factory" title="Cascades Female Factory">Cascades Female Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Mines_Historic_Site" title="Coal Mines Historic Site">Coal Mines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissariat_Store,_Brisbane" title="Commissariat Store, Brisbane">Commissariat Store, Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlington_Probation_Station" title="Darlington Probation Station">Darlington Probation Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Farm" title="Elizabeth Farm">Elizabeth Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiment_Farm_Cottage" title="Experiment Farm Cottage">Experiment Farm Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremantle_Prison" title="Fremantle Prison">Fremantle Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_North_Road_(New_South_Wales)" title="Great North Road (New South Wales)">Great North Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_Barracks,_Sydney" title="Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney">Hyde Park Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_and_Arthur%27s_Vale_Historic_Area" title="Kingston and Arthur's Vale Historic Area">Kingston and Arthur's Vale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennox_Bridge,_Parramatta" title="Lennox Bridge, Parramatta">Lennox Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Government_House,_Parramatta" title="Old Government House, Parramatta">Old Government House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parramatta_Female_Factory" title="Parramatta Female Factory">Parramatta Female Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Tasmania" title="Port Arthur, Tasmania">Port Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Bridge_(Tasmania)" title="Richmond Bridge (Tasmania)">Richmond Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Gaol" title="Richmond Gaol">Richmond Gaol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Female_Factory" title="Ross Female Factory">Ross Female Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Windmill,_Brisbane" title="The Old Windmill, Brisbane">The Old Windmill, Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaucluse_House" title="Vaucluse House">Vaucluse House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolmers_Estate" title="Woolmers Estate">Woolmers Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Norfolk_Island&params=29_02_S_167_57_E_type:isle_region:NF_dim:10000">29°02′S 167°57′E / 29.033°S 167.950°E / -29.033; 167.950</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&oldid=1256149376">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island&oldid=1256149376</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Norfolk_Island" title="Category:Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Norfolk_Island" 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