CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91348fe108fa4c4d',cH: '48DNvDq_.hs1NxTlNagLqP__0BHJaajO0bNubovfMgU-1739782564-1.2.1.1-opmNwVwHYOLWCh7vt2mqpoAKvMNMwe.WudFW2jg7LYOHMKnkWe3Kj1bMWscGH3Y5',cUPMDTk: "\/10005091\/chicago?__cf_chl_tk=C1DG1oQLyPI6MmlbtZzVOQRTE20joOOq1WHYF9V5DOs-1739782564-1.0.1.1-gN10bSuaRcTbuSaQa7DdV.Ket9qf_EEvfyz33uW68hU",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739782564',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/10005091\/chicago?__cf_chl_f_tk=C1DG1oQLyPI6MmlbtZzVOQRTE20joOOq1WHYF9V5DOs-1739782564-1.0.1.1-gN10bSuaRcTbuSaQa7DdV.Ket9qf_EEvfyz33uW68hU",md: "E8929yoMQmYjHuGJ9HYt5Zq.2JTK4h_wAMEyHEQwGO0-1739782564-1.2.1.1-3uL6kQ7ZBV74mjVJSk9cwKjHyM2Z5WKI83A8W93GVVA.sWyyyYwHZY9wvApC8MdoOBSeeOs4U0JHlsLxw_rM4N3rBi2_CukTPa193Cnk4L97APu6Bgm6Qd5_Z6cPgiaJdpjHhvM8CwcpUXcxVXHsQO1UKGeiReCeCtIPtvDWzsA9Ao6ke7ASJBPOwVdF853N6pFjYE.QQ1W3qORvHLeHgyZotb6R0IT3mUH1ifnTu.njTSbKY25Ag_wNWuQyoHhn0u2r8GhC0doO8nJEq.7C9ObOIQrX9Nt9NUZO0715aHSByb.UAew9Z30LvrEQ8A33vtlaFv9aoOINJpJcFhrwugaPL2cw5oxO34l8bvrMK5sYPJr9dFIHpmngQ4g012r84.57SaQ58rYkuiYAOX.2ZLPyB4vIJfusfdqtxYwb.9x6qvAne3x4Bar3xVqTbFdUGIsJ0Zt6LbqHclFPpX6b7tmP.7nnlpa06j5XrKnboI7FT9gbunkV47HbgjKEqHKm6J0FN4gBogMfTvDAn4rB3D.WWVmLLjZ5ugmRjNkDKCwb_KKTpklG9ytOwAR_Jn20N7z6KRdv0G8kTFqpioBBPTdaR4mSVJVO2bM3nuirYPvaTKVyFzSIj7g1flSoMNkdan9weAoH9FhojzIPpO9qyfjgFp8IC40C3tO9AlFrfruFw1W3SQiLP9TnGmXxtfFrV.9WrMVrc_6QMXzQT7vosUPgvfAIkOczFXhNtCePPs_vWf4r7jk5XaS4IWTlxsFnTldkRLcUsdkfmWQzvEM8khWd1bcG78C3oe_0FlhbXbSDzIgqbrsHEP1n6QuBhBmgE3pD1E2pUqwcBR2ytj0F4WXQYkdr6Sd95VQCZLRRQAeiEZAWFBIo9ICn5GW7j24h7DF0rr7t1S0AojisQPd.U_glV1uEfh2.pp__oBwrUQSYdqpG4Ko5mlnrIk0INhFiyiHsaAE5k3406xN4tV_32eClenYr5td5aJU7nB9v1XpsKH2G3xdgikZr8TGkKz4gGFe.TrU4HZqiIK2xB5pUnGYXir81VAY.hjC65f5HquyLQejnYujwIEXNEcuo0wtgd9mVLfrvwRzUqTdW0.JA7TXQeJd7eKOjdvh97sifDFYyj7FK5BLHlI9qv9JplAvP9IYIpnjRFDAFoW37rAB8vTTImr9B77Qt1izaC7_K1NEy1DK8rWKE3OK87XVYSMJNEetaKi8DD5cjR1PheNfjxE4qbJUbR1y2e2dUMeBjQkrtVlQzwIDnOSowu65IhhgS_9nnCjDuvFF3SHpEg61zDkYRMmWO9QFFj0Zg_1rVBkCBL6UKiKZKsI0t5GMoptOLnyHsjGZYP7Y8d2xOdThMf.h3f81y25P5poahG.Y7RTHAT9QcQwEDU6DpkcWVNCvCOin3Udfz.1TcdixmZhE19I.HvCCvm1pqqRyol.xhiNoHfCWaJVUfRYuGzNO1dkcLuLKj1IrLBO61DLVAL4o_dzCB0kXkH1Mu5._Z.2.mzFcapBmkbOc9YCjl6acZcaWAMcray9E.c.Yebp2KR0102_.VBvCjmQ_gDT5b0DsyAX5koLzV_DfxjLfv6RCDmuEHxxD2S6WPLheXbRAgoE6KVL6tCogAQxFZXpp18WL5p32yhTnNHW14Y23W8Ye7665GygenCSxwgZ51C60R7XVCnt.e5ReeFmecz_j7CBd40wIeZqwv5vgaJ6czGRJfo0B.x1L_kTcXpsWAdLpzBHelCkB03SmpslVvyBLJoCCMTtD6FqFLgxnEcODZiM0MXSq0hQdGNfLJXuPXg8f8yGRdlqjUfVyzWT1NC88bU2mnvyOlI7fDdKCQnvQg3OUkHXF3kRAtlK0vc4_LFvUJdsBCpIZhdBgYEmwdwbg6FiE.fVA",mdrd: "wv8cTnM77EqTY0jPlanATd1HATMWTa.b8tjcBphx.3w-1739782564-1.2.1.1-5Z4MMzYLxJxgkUEPoetXhP_E6IGUUw0MMEVdaAbidT88aHc_orsmA2CZrlnIKKSpoLp6Xr49WYUuxXJgpmGxgEfv8_9N7e.ur5oXu6z.uu5iHGsWPa7gjz9yP_gThGFUZIirku74_CSoDrrAvILNBjUMmM4JF5ssUW8aIpJqmpUN7r1907PDsAE0C88qP4oVuHP6D21XcE9m1OTvufKjCI7Sa3M5SAuTk_tLgDlkiIEWh8OBQ91FZrQfAYePfU2.K2_LgHC4ehM28HjQcJa_rnocUY13u2NesVow5pdvz7yCzlYhcJOzZNOzEjG582wMMrLphM1Cj2uuxHWsQ7mE5opfebw27cTnDOYtdvd6_azWKXNGcWgLFJYCRIwGFsPUJ6qIhfqYvScQevRHOHy3YtnUS9pLFA6EOpzazWfrZ0yqwmb.tgmls2dYw3fkN71WN8TlBq1k72LBKfuPTeBpfCVDj7JzGt9kYkglNn0Di_YjKl2.x6TH6J4tlhld_dJxdMwZKIDhOxmpTRd2IIHSgWF2YDLYx7yfrRKEshUnBfoweh3PkfLXtXmieAUYezdP6kWIEF_411HuB5bAXann592R8fKlloqEgOL.KyJJvvQTqvjo4zxQtiojuKXkcgpHYLoRXVOUteYNgEGMlrDqhs1fwRVdcznJFBD_rOZRpSsKZEat.jxbIQphZirdnE3o_DlT1xjm18P_d1uGxWiyMFEGlCSaWdBt9y8Bzv1Vx0d09mpqkdO38di0Rv7O6jy1Bba8aE14tkQTgFZy.Drm.SNbo9AWIxWe43AHV71vtDAstUXerZzQF7CTWP0oaq3RgHvDbWSaMpMpdAGoeVQ.KizO3bUlExPruP6bFXXRrtP1_s3RvGWi0g7_9DNFY0jS7Z9MwE6QKdZbk3e5apv9aHmagcHHDcRJdkbtEXo6DxXj_BF2I4KugBnLY0rtCUWlr1ky_gJEFxgGA.L7miIDthC1gVolR4HlFnNxMVMOPagsx8MMZVCUwfveQEEIebvY4h1vyRzuEeSSnRZacAofGW3TAxt110i.GhiUBRtxJNeCW1s8usYrr2bQiSPk49kz5Jln5PrvLdYsxo7fV__93FVDnCM6ibLwW1ZX3AOGIX95fiWtJbBlaUariv_PRbJ8V8nJSMtR8Srua3vxafVJVpGvxXXOk59aozdC.hCQbfjKqjxkcrIZyvyYuw5m9.ThtZcuCxfIRJfSJFOBd2eNaJfrHUvVGt0QAvhwDTxENVI4.wi66vf3Xmr.SCj9QLIpFCFxDUpN8.SWDqWDUaW.TpwmKeBX0xpUArxh.1m8C.qY0bkZJ67Kg_6J_uoxKDVxUCZMpUSmK2rykGckTjRRN4VOolK5WCXDvX8ol4XMXsLsD1WiTEPURSm7rVRoX8xEsoqlp7kIZhQ83ShkwMfaHf1U8.uH_KOQm8EPtKRNOa6yRGSJWuzycVVhwP1nK4JKZRKmmIrzGcExzmtnSWZE9FkDc1o1cc_1EBOk7Vodlau4Yzzn5Olt3xch7DbO74HJryBQujMF.53mazEcxDFaeYmY.ilKeVMLw8ZNahNpt5HoFtheqKJG9NoWbzXH757CKslHvljWIFr9EMYC92Kv0B1mZE9K4Jnili0up8JhnmIvO84vyCVH_m1JcrC8RBluPzyWaHlRCCmAOKfpTkEtNkWPjO8YogAp2lL0zlufEv0JjzqGrhfwHyKYUEgUMo9ioUnNd.3TUs5Cz0d4IUKgMXz.fMT.2bRe2733ACO4.nVthaIaF61Dv4j5o2JbBHe9fjZ07g72vv3kTIisFPc7aaxQ4Q_s3UqB7GfPlJiENTcTI5pTP_RycnFoyNvm3ckvl6a0nfBzcJWuzMBsS61b2gP_0x7QwcVoMjjL85AkPtsjN1HeSgHONuYkEQHM0kiPLgrX0dPGyR3eIeR71t7fXZNP7mPxiKox0pwl8igsueVlEhnCevgVEzUIrl2iI38."};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91348fe108fa4c4d';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/10005091\/chicago?__cf_chl_rt_tk=C1DG1oQLyPI6MmlbtZzVOQRTE20joOOq1WHYF9V5DOs-1739782564-1.0.1.1-gN10bSuaRcTbuSaQa7DdV.Ket9qf_EEvfyz33uW68hU" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>