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0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output td.mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}</style><table class="messagebox plainlinks layouttemplate" style="margin:2px 10%;width:auto;border:2px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#48d);background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#fbfcff);color:var(--color-base,#222);border-inline-start-width:8px;border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image" style="padding-inline-start:.9em" dir="ltr"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/45px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/68px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/90px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="description en" style="display:inline;"><b>This page discusses legal issues but <i>it does not constitute legal advice</i>.</b> Please see the <a href="/wiki/Commons:General_disclaimer" title="Commons:General disclaimer">General disclaimer</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="notice metadata" id="nutshell" style="border-top:2px solid #ddd; border-bottom:2px solid #ddd; margin:10px; padding:7px;"> <table style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/40px-Walnut.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/60px-Walnut.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/80px-Walnut.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192"/></span></span> </td> <td style="width:100%;"><b>This page in a nutshell:</b> Wikimedia Commons allows hosting photographs that reproduce public domain works, which are in the public domain in the United States. However, local laws in different countries may restrict the reuse of such images. Each country has its own rules regarding copyright protection for photographs, with some allowing the use of reproductions of public domain works while others do not. It is important to consider the laws of your country and seek legal advice before using such content. </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Wikimedia Commons explicitly permits the hosting of photographs that carefully reproduce a two-dimensional public domain work; such photographs are in the public domain in the United States, where this site is based (if you are a Commons contributor, see <a href="/wiki/Commons:When_to_use_the_PD-Art_tag" title="Commons:When to use the PD-Art tag">Commons:When to use the PD-Art tag</a> for more information on this policy). However, there may be local laws that prevent or restrict the reuse of such images in your country, some of which are listed below. While we hope this information will be helpful, any use of such content is at your own risk, and you should consider securing legal advice in your jurisdiction before using content. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Neighbouring_rights_("simple_photographs")"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Neighbouring rights ("simple photographs")</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Country-specific_rules"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Country-specific rules</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Australia"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Australia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Austria"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Austria</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Belgium"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Belgium</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Canada"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Canada</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Denmark"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Denmark</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#France"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">France</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Germany"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Germany</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Italy"><span class="tocnumber">2.8</span> <span class="toctext">Italy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Japan"><span class="tocnumber">2.9</span> <span class="toctext">Japan</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Macao"><span class="tocnumber">2.10</span> <span class="toctext">Macao</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Netherlands"><span class="tocnumber">2.11</span> <span class="toctext">Netherlands</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Nordic_countries"><span class="tocnumber">2.12</span> <span class="toctext">Nordic countries</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Poland"><span class="tocnumber">2.13</span> <span class="toctext">Poland</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Romania"><span class="tocnumber">2.14</span> <span class="toctext">Romania</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Slovakia"><span class="tocnumber">2.15</span> <span class="toctext">Slovakia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Spain"><span class="tocnumber">2.16</span> <span class="toctext">Spain</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Switzerland"><span class="tocnumber">2.17</span> <span class="toctext">Switzerland</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Taiwan"><span class="tocnumber">2.18</span> <span class="toctext">Taiwan</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Copyright_restriction"><span class="tocnumber">2.18.1</span> <span class="toctext">Copyright restriction</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Non-copyright_restriction"><span class="tocnumber">2.18.2</span> <span class="toctext">Non-copyright restriction</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Turkey"><span class="tocnumber">2.19</span> <span class="toctext">Turkey</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Databases"><span class="tocnumber">2.19.1</span> <span class="toctext">Databases</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Other_photographic_reproductions"><span class="tocnumber">2.19.2</span> <span class="toctext">Other photographic reproductions</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#United_Kingdom_/_UK"><span class="tocnumber">2.20</span> <span class="toctext">United Kingdom / UK</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#United_States_/_U.S."><span class="tocnumber">2.21</span> <span class="toctext">United States / U.S.</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#The_U.S._case_of_Bridgeman_v._Corel_(1999)"><span class="tocnumber">2.21.1</span> <span class="toctext">The U.S. case of <i>Bridgeman v. Corel</i> (1999)</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighbouring_rights_("simple_photographs")" data-mw-thread-id="h-Neighbouring_rights_("simple_photographs")"><span id="Neighbouring_rights_.28.22simple_photographs.22.29"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Neighbouring_rights_("simple_photographs")"></span>Neighbouring rights ("simple photographs")<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Neighbouring_rights_("simple_photographs")"></span></h3></div> <p>In certain countries, <i>any</i> photograph, whether original or not, is covered by a so-called "simple photograph" neighbouring right that amounts to a copyright with a reduced term of protection. If the photo is sufficiently original, the author can additionally be granted normal copyright protection. In the Nordic countries, for example, the right applies to all photographs, including "faithful reproduction" images. Since 2021 following the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_on_Copyright_in_the_Digital_Single_Market" class="extiw" title="w:Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market">Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market</a> this photographer's right of photos of two dimensional artworks is only granted as long as the photographed artwork itself is protected by copyright. However, protection does <i>not</i> normally apply to scans or other photomechanical reproductions — this special neighbouring right applies <i>only</i> to photographs. See <a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules/Photographs" title="Commons:Copyright rules/Photographs">Commons:Copyright rules/Photographs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Country-specific_rules" data-mw-thread-id="h-Country-specific_rules"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Country-specific_rules"></span>Country-specific rules<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Country-specific_rules"></span></h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia" data-mw-thread-id="h-Australia-Country-specific_rules"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Australia-Country-specific_rules"></span>Australia<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Australia-Country-specific_rules"></span></h3></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_OK.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Symbol_OK.svg/15px-Symbol_OK.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Symbol_OK.svg/23px-Symbol_OK.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Symbol_OK.svg/30px-Symbol_OK.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="744"/></a></span>/<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_error.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nuvola_apps_error.png/15px-Nuvola_apps_error.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nuvola_apps_error.png/23px-Nuvola_apps_error.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nuvola_apps_error.png/30px-Nuvola_apps_error.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"/></a></span> <b>Inconclusive</b>. Court cases in Australia have gone both ways. See <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telstra_v_Desktop_Marketing_Systems" class="extiw" title="en:Telstra v Desktop Marketing Systems">Telstra v Desktop Marketing Systems</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria" data-mw-thread-id="h-Austria-Country-specific_rules"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Austria-Country-specific_rules"></span>Austria<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Austria-Country-specific_rules"></span></h3></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b> <b>in most cases</b>. </p><p><b>(1) Photographic works:</b> It is widely assumed by legal scholars and practitioners alike that the faithful photographic reproduction of a "flat" object generally does <i>not</i> attract protection as a photographic work.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, a photograph of the back of a postcard was denied protection as a photographic work by the Austrian Supreme Court, which noted that it lacked originality ("Eigentümlichkeit") and was merely an attempt to depict a preexisting object "as accurately as possible".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (It was found to be protected as a simple photograph, however—see below.) </p><p><b>(2) Simple photographs:</b> In general, Austrian copyright law also protects simple photographs that do not rise to the level of photographic works due to their lack of originality. According to the Austrian Supreme Court, this also applies to faithful reproductions (such as a picture of the back of a postcard created for use in an edited volume), though it does not extend to the products of an "entirely technical reproduction process" (such as scans of documents created by an office secretary).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, following a EU Directive,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Austrian Copyright Act excludes certain photographs of public domain material from protection as simple photographs.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, <i><b>simple photographs of works of visual art in the public domain are not protected</b></i>. On the specific requirements, see the comments in the section on <a href="#Germany">#Germany</a> below. This should generally permit the use of most materials on Wikimedia Commons with the PD-Art tag under Austrian law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium" data-mw-thread-id="h-Belgium-Country-specific_rules"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Belgium-Country-specific_rules"></span>Belgium<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Belgium-Country-specific_rules"></span></h3></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_OK.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Symbol_OK.svg/15px-Symbol_OK.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Symbol_OK.svg/23px-Symbol_OK.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Symbol_OK.svg/30px-Symbol_OK.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="744"/></a></span>/<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_error.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nuvola_apps_error.png/15px-Nuvola_apps_error.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nuvola_apps_error.png/23px-Nuvola_apps_error.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nuvola_apps_error.png/30px-Nuvola_apps_error.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"/></a></span><b>Inconclusive</b>. In the Belgian law "Wet betreffende het auteursrecht en de naburige rechten." of 30 June 1994, in chapter 1, part 1, article 2, paragraph 5 one finds: </p> <blockquote lang="nl"><p><i>De beschermingstermijn van foto's die oorspronkelijk zijn, <b>in de zin dat zij een eigen intellectuele schepping van de auteur zijn</b>, wordt (vastgesteld) overeenkomstig de voorgaande paragrafen.</i><sup id="cite_ref-JUSTITIE_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JUSTITIE-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>The protection duration of photographs that are original, <b>in the sense that they are a proper intellectual creation of the author</b>, becomes like previous paragraphs. [and thus copyrighted till 70 years after the death of the author]</p></blockquote> <p>The Belgian federal government clarifies this on one of its websites: </p> <blockquote lang="nl"><p><i>Worden daarentegen niet beschermd door het auteursrecht: wat uitsluitend door een machine wordt voortgebracht (satellietbeelden).</i><sup id="cite_ref-JUSTITIE_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JUSTITIE-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>There is no copyright protection for what is made solely by a machine (<i>e.g.</i> satellite images).</p></blockquote> <p>Simple scans or photographs of public domain documents remain hence in the public domain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada" data-mw-thread-id="h-Canada-Country-specific_rules"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Canada-Country-specific_rules"></span>Canada<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Canada-Country-specific_rules"></span></h3></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_OK.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Symbol_OK.svg/15px-Symbol_OK.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Symbol_OK.svg/23px-Symbol_OK.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Symbol_OK.svg/30px-Symbol_OK.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="744"/></a></span>/<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_error.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nuvola_apps_error.png/15px-Nuvola_apps_error.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nuvola_apps_error.png/23px-Nuvola_apps_error.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nuvola_apps_error.png/30px-Nuvola_apps_error.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"/></a></span><b>Inconclusive</b>. Court cases in Canada regarding "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Sweat_of_the_brow" class="extiw" title="w:en:Sweat of the brow">sweat of the brow</a>" have gone both ways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark" data-mw-thread-id="h-Denmark-Country-specific_rules"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Denmark-Country-specific_rules"></span>Denmark<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Denmark-Country-specific_rules"></span></h3></div> <p>See <a href="#Nordic">Nordic countries</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France" data-mw-thread-id="h-France-Country-specific_rules"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-France-Country-specific_rules"></span>France<span data-mw-comment-end="h-France-Country-specific_rules"></span></h3></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_OK.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Symbol_OK.svg/15px-Symbol_OK.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Symbol_OK.svg/23px-Symbol_OK.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Symbol_OK.svg/30px-Symbol_OK.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="744"/></a></span>/<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_error.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nuvola_apps_error.png/15px-Nuvola_apps_error.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nuvola_apps_error.png/23px-Nuvola_apps_error.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nuvola_apps_error.png/30px-Nuvola_apps_error.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"/></a></span><b>Inconclusive</b>. Court cases in France have gone both ways. See <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilisateur:Jastrow/PD-art" class="extiw" title="fr:Utilisateur:Jastrow/PD-art">fr:Utilisateur:Jastrow/PD-art</a> (in French). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany" data-mw-thread-id="h-Germany-Country-specific_rules"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Germany-Country-specific_rules"></span>Germany<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Germany-Country-specific_rules"></span></h3></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b> <b>in most cases</b>. </p><p><b>(1) Photographic works:</b> While definitive guidance from the courts is lacking, it is widely assumed by legal scholars and practitioners alike that the faithful photographic reproduction of a "flat" object generally does <i>not</i> attract protection as a photographic work.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same vein, the Stuttgart Court of Appeals noted in a 2017 decision that the panel could not find "any substantial use of artistic creativity" in a professional museum photographer's pictures of paintings (although the Court ultimately did not decide the question).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>(2) Simple photographs:</b> In general, German copyright law also protects simple photographs that do not rise to the level of a photographic work due to their lack of originality. However, following a EU Directive,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the German Copyright Act was amended, effective 7 June 2021, in an effort to exclude certain photographs of public domain material from protection as simple photographs.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current legal situation is thus as follows: </p><p><i><b>Simple photographs of works of visual art in the public domain are not protected.</b></i> Neither the German Copyright Act nor the EU Directive that prompted the new provision give a definition of the term "works of visual art". In the official reasoning provided with the (at the time: proposed) amendment, the German government notes that it understands the term to match a similar term used in another EU Directive, where "visual works" are explained as including "fine art, photography, illustration, design, architecture, sketches of the latter works and other such works that are contained in books, journals, newspapers and magazines or other works".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Materials that are not "works of visual art" may include manuscripts and music sheets.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the provision refers to <i>works</i> of visual art, it only applies to pictures of material that is an author's own intellectual creation, ie material that, in the abstract, could be eligible for copyright protection, as opposed to, say, paintings created by an elephant.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, the German transposition of the exception does not specifically require that the depicted work must have enjoyed protection at any time;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> accordingly, the Government points out that simple photographs of paintings from the 16th century are also unprotected.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also according to the official reasoning, the exclusion from protection applies to simple photographic reproductions irrespective of whether they were created before or after 7 July 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It does <i>not</i> apply to reproductions that constitute photographic works.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy" data-mw-thread-id="h-Italy-Country-specific_rules"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Italy-Country-specific_rules"></span>Italy<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Italy-Country-specific_rules"></span></h3></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b> <span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[633/1941 art. 32 quater]</sup></span> </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikimedia.it/fotografia-oggetti-tridimensionali-diritto-dautore-senza-liberta-panorama/">Relevant cases</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Cassation_(Italy)" class="extiw" title="w:Supreme Court of Cassation (Italy)"><i>Cassazione</i></a> (supreme court) include <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e-justice.europa.eu/ecli/it/ECLI:IT:CASS:2004:5089CIV.html">5089/2004</a> and <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Ordinanza_Corte_di_Cassazione_n._9757-2013">9757/2013</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan" data-mw-thread-id="h-Japan-Country-specific_rules"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Japan-Country-specific_rules"></span>Japan<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Japan-Country-specific_rules"></span></h3></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs" class="extiw" title="w:en:Agency for Cultural Affairs">Agency for Cultural Affairs</a> states photographic reproductions are not copyrightable, though there have been no court decisions. As a similar case, The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Intellectual_Property_High_Court" class="extiw" title="w:en:Intellectual Property High Court">Intellectual Property High Court</a> ruled that a hand-drawn copy of an old line drawing with minor modifications could not attract copyright as a derivative work because of lack of creativity. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.courts.go.jp/hanrei/pdf/20060927145654.pdf">[4]</a> And The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Supreme_Court_of_Japan" class="extiw" title="w:en:Supreme Court of Japan">Supreme Court</a> did not admit owner to exercise of Copyright.<sup id="cite_ref-NakamuraRyo_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NakamuraRyo-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macao" data-mw-thread-id="h-Macao-Country-specific_rules"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Macao-Country-specific_rules"></span>Macao<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Macao-Country-specific_rules"></span></h3></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b> Paragraph 4 of Article 1 of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Decree-Law_n.o_43/99/M" class="extiw" title="s:Decree-Law n.o 43/99/M">Decree-Law n.o 43/99/M</a>: "A work is original where it is the result of the author’s own creative effort and not merely the appropriation of another person’s creation."<sup id="cite_ref-Macao1999_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macao1999-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands" data-mw-thread-id="h-Netherlands-Country-specific_rules"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Netherlands-Country-specific_rules"></span>Netherlands<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Netherlands-Country-specific_rules"></span></h3></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b> The Netherlands transposed the CDSM-directive. Unless the material resulting from that act of reproduction is original in the sense that it is the author's own intellectual creation a work of art will remain in the public domain if its underlying work is the public domain (following from article 14 of the CDSM Directive. </p><p>Even thought the Netherlands did not transpose article 14 in a new article of the Dutch copyright act, the Ministry did clarify <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.eerstekamer.nl/behandeling/20200511/memorie_van_toelichting_2/document3/f=/vl8ob3zfnqy8.pdf">[5]</a> (page 8, last paragraph): </p> <blockquote lang="nl"> <p>"Het verstrijken van de beschermingstermijn van werken van beeldende kunst leidt ertoe dat die werken tot het publieke domein gaan behoren. Die werken mogen vrijelijk worden hergebruikt. Artikel 14 van de richtlijn bevestigt dit en bepaalt dat reproducties van werken van beeldende kunst niet door het auteursrecht worden beschermd. Dit is slechts anders wanneer de reproducties als zodanig ook weer een werk in de auteursrechtelijke betekenis van het woord opleveren. Daarvoor is noodzakelijk dat er sprake is van een originele schepping die het persoonlijk stempel van de maker draagt. Voor getrouwe reproducties, waarbij bijvoorbeeld kan worden gedacht aan een foto van een schilderij ten behoeve van een ansichtkaart, zal dit doorgaans niet het geval zijn. Voor cultureel erfgoedinstellingen is het auteursrecht dan geen beletsel voor verkoop van zulke ansichtkaarten. De verspreiding van getrouwe reproducties van werken in het publieke domein draagt bij tot de toegang tot en de bevordering van cultuur. <b>Artikel 14 is geheel in lijn met het geldende recht en behoeft daarom geen omzetting</b>." </p> </blockquote> <p><b>English:</b> "The expiry of the term of protection for works of visual art means that these works become part of the public domain. Those works may be freely reused. Article 14 of the Directive confirms this and provides that reproductions of works of visual art are not protected by copyright. This is only different if the reproductions as such also result in a work in the copyright sense of the word. For this it is necessary that there is an original creation that bears the personal stamp of the maker. This will generally not be the case for faithful reproductions, such as a photo of a painting for a postcard. For cultural heritage institutions, copyright does not prevent the sale of such postcards. The dissemination of faithful reproductions of works in the public domain contributes to the access and promotion of culture. <b>Article 14 is fully in line with applicable law and therefore does not require transposition</b>." </p><p><span id="Nordic"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nordic_countries" data-mw-thread-id="h-Nordic_countries-Country-specific_rules"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Nordic_countries-Country-specific_rules"></span>Nordic countries<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Nordic_countries-Country-specific_rules"></span></h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bj%C3%B6rn_Gunnlaugsson_by_Sigur%C3%B0ur_m%C3%A1lari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bj%C3%B6rn_Gunnlaugsson_by_Sigur%C3%B0ur_m%C3%A1lari.jpg/220px-Bj%C3%B6rn_Gunnlaugsson_by_Sigur%C3%B0ur_m%C3%A1lari.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bj%C3%B6rn_Gunnlaugsson_by_Sigur%C3%B0ur_m%C3%A1lari.jpg/330px-Bj%C3%B6rn_Gunnlaugsson_by_Sigur%C3%B0ur_m%C3%A1lari.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bj%C3%B6rn_Gunnlaugsson_by_Sigur%C3%B0ur_m%C3%A1lari.jpg/440px-Bj%C3%B6rn_Gunnlaugsson_by_Sigur%C3%B0ur_m%C3%A1lari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="2420"/></a><figcaption>This public domain Icelandic artwork was scanned from a book published in 1950. Any exclusive rights of photographic pictures involved in producing the book have expired by now.</figcaption></figure> <p>Generally <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>Not OK</b>. In Denmark (<sup id="cite_ref-DenmarkArt70_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DenmarkArt70-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), Finland (<sup id="cite_ref-FinnAct_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FinnAct-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), Norway (<sup id="cite_ref-NorwayAct_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NorwayAct-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), Sweden (<sup id="cite_ref-SwedenArt49_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SwedenArt49-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and Iceland (<sup id="cite_ref-Iceland49_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iceland49-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), anyone who has produced a photographic picture has an exclusive right to reproduce the picture and to make it available to the public. This right subsists until 50 years have elapsed from the year in which the picture was produced (15 years after the death of the photographer but at least 50 years in Norway). </p><p>Photographic reproductions from these countries enter the public domain when both the copyrights on the original and this neighboring right on the photograph have expired. Recent photos are thus never OK, but older ones may be (if the original is in the public domain). These countries had until the 1990s shorter terms for this photography right. </p> <ul><li>Iceland: <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b> <b>before January 1, 1974</b>. Iceland has a term of 50 years since creation.</li> <li>Norway: <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b> <b>before January 1, 1970 if the photographer died before January 1, 1980</b> Norway had a term of 25 years since creation (but at least 15 years after the death of the photographer) until 1995. If the photographer died later or the picture was taken later, the current terms apply.</li> <li>Sweden: <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b> <b>before January 1, 1969</b>. Sweden had a term of 25 years until 1994.</li> <li>Finland: <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b> <b>if created before January 1, 1974 or published before January 1, 1966</b>. Finland had a term of 25 years since the year of first publication until 1991.</li> <li>Denmark: <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b> <b>before January 1, 1970</b>. Denmark had a term of 25 years until 1995. (§91, 5 in the current law).</li></ul> <p>However, mechanical reproduction such as photocopying and scanning are not mentioned in the laws, and are probably <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b>. Similarly, reprints using old etchings and copper-plates are likely not protected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland" data-mw-thread-id="h-Poland-Country-specific_rules"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Poland-Country-specific_rules"></span>Poland<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Poland-Country-specific_rules"></span></h3></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b> Faithful reproductions of two-dimensional works of art are not eligible for copyright themselves under Polish law, because they are not considered as <i>individual creative activity</i>. </p><p>Court rulings: </p> <ul><li>Sąd Apelacyjny w Warszawie, orzeczenie z 5 lipca 1995 (I ACr 453/95)</li> <li>Sąd Najwyższy — Izba Administracyjna, Pracy i Ubezpieczeń Społecznych, orzeczenie z 26 czerwca 1998 (IPKN 196/98)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania" data-mw-thread-id="h-Romania-Country-specific_rules"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Romania-Country-specific_rules"></span>Romania<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Romania-Country-specific_rules"></span></h3></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b> Copyright is granted only to "any changes to an artistic work which require creative intellectual work", while "non-essential changes, additions, cuttings or adaptations, as well as the correction of a work or a collection do not extend their copyright term".<sup id="cite_ref-Romania1996_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romania1996-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovakia" data-mw-thread-id="h-Slovakia-Country-specific_rules"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Slovakia-Country-specific_rules"></span>Slovakia<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Slovakia-Country-specific_rules"></span></h3></div> <p>Probably <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b>. Copyright on photographs requires "author’s own intellectual creation" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zakonypreludi.sk/zz/2015-185">Act No. 185/2015</a>, Section 3(1)(5)):<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote class="templatequote language"><p>(5) Fotografickým dielom je zachytenie obrazu prostredníctvom fotografického technického zariadenia, ak je výsledkom tvorivej duševnej činnosti autora; žiadne iné podmienky podľa odseku 1 sa neuplatnia. </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain" data-mw-thread-id="h-Spain-Country-specific_rules"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Spain-Country-specific_rules"></span>Spain<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Spain-Country-specific_rules"></span></h3></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b> <b>before 1999</b> / <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>Not OK</b> otherwise. The <i>Ley de propiedad intelectual</i> (LPI 1996)<sup id="cite_ref-LPI1996_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPI1996-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides 25 years of copyright to "mere photographs" or similar reproductions, beginning on 1 January of the year following creation. </p> <blockquote lang="es"> <p>TITULO V: La protección de las meras fotografías.<br/>Artículo 128. De las meras fotografías. </p><p>Quien realice una fotografía u otra reproducción obtenida por procedimiento análogo a aquélla, cuando ni una ni otra tengan el carácter de obras protegidas en el Libro I, goza del derecho exclusivo de autorizar su reproducción, distribución y comunicación pública, en los mismos términos reconocidos en la presente Ley a los autores de obras fotográficas. </p><p>Este derecho tendrá una duración de veinticinco años computados desde el día 1 de enero del año siguiente a la fecha de realización de la fotografía o reproducción. </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland" data-mw-thread-id="h-Switzerland-Country-specific_rules"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Switzerland-Country-specific_rules"></span>Switzerland<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Switzerland-Country-specific_rules"></span></h3></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b> In Switzerland, photographs must exhibit an "individual expression of thought" to be subject to copyright. According to applicable Supreme Court case law<sup id="cite_ref-BlauGuggenheim_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlauGuggenheim-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this requires that the photograph is given an individual character e.g. by the choice of framing, the use of camera settings or the editing of the image. This means that faithful reproduction photographs are not subject to copyright in Switzerland. The State Library of Lucerne also opines in that sense, saying that photographic reproductions of documents from libraries were not "works" in the sense of the copyright law and thus not copyrighted. </p><p>See also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Copyright_law_of_Switzerland" class="extiw" title="w:en:Copyright law of Switzerland">Swiss copyright law</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan" data-mw-thread-id="h-Taiwan-Country-specific_rules"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Taiwan-Country-specific_rules"></span>Taiwan<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Taiwan-Country-specific_rules"></span></h3></div> <p>Sometimes <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>Not OK</b> in Taiwan, Republic of China: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Copyright_restriction" data-mw-thread-id="h-Copyright_restriction-Taiwan"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Copyright_restriction-Taiwan"></span>Copyright restriction<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Copyright_restriction-Taiwan"></span></h4></div> <p>Article 79 of the Copyright Act: "For a literary or artistic work that has no economic rights or for which the economic rights have been extinguished, a plate maker who arranges and prints the said literary work, or in the case of an artistic work, a plate maker who photocopies, prints, or uses a similar method of reproduction and first publishes such reproduction based on such original artistic work, and duly records it in accordance with this Act, shall have the exclusive right to photocopy, print, or use similar methods of reproduction based on the plate." </p><p>Getting this exclusive plate right requires official registration. Once registered, the plate right is good for ten (10) years from the time the plate is completed, to expire at year end. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-copyright_restriction" data-mw-thread-id="h-Non-copyright_restriction-Taiwan"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Non-copyright_restriction-Taiwan"></span>Non-copyright restriction<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Non-copyright_restriction-Taiwan"></span></h4></div> <p>Cultural Heritage Preservation Act: Item 1 of Article 69: "For the purpose of research and promotion, public antiquities preservation agency (institution) may reproduce and supervise the reproduction of the Antiquities under its custody. Third parties may not make any such reproduction except with the permission and under the supervision of the original custodian preservation agency (institution)." </p><p>Item 2 of Article 69: "The rules governing the reproduction and supervision of Antiquities referred to in the preceding paragraph shall be prescribed by the central competent authority." </p><p>Item 1 of paragraph 1 of Article 97 provides the administrative fine of 100,000 to 500,000 new Taiwan dollars for "reproducing publicly owned Antiquities without permission from, or supervision of, the original custodian preservation agency (institution) in violation of item 1 of Article 69." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey" data-mw-thread-id="h-Turkey-Country-specific_rules"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Turkey-Country-specific_rules"></span>Turkey<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Turkey-Country-specific_rules"></span></h3></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_OK.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Symbol_OK.svg/15px-Symbol_OK.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Symbol_OK.svg/23px-Symbol_OK.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Symbol_OK.svg/30px-Symbol_OK.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="744"/></a></span>/<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_error.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nuvola_apps_error.png/15px-Nuvola_apps_error.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nuvola_apps_error.png/23px-Nuvola_apps_error.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nuvola_apps_error.png/30px-Nuvola_apps_error.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"/></a></span><b>Inconclusive</b> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Databases" data-mw-thread-id="h-Databases-Turkey"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Databases-Turkey"></span>Databases<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Databases-Turkey"></span></h4></div> <p>While Turkey recognizes the <i>sui generis</i> right for databases, Article 6/11 on the Law of Intellectual and Artistic Works (Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu, <i>FSEK</i>) clearly states: "... However, the protection provided in here can't be extended for the protection of data and materials inside the database"<sup id="cite_ref-FSEK_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSEK-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, on some cases the "sweat of the brow" doctrine also applies and the copyright protection may be granted on the basis of economic, cultural, social and scientific functions even if it doesn't carry originality but requires effort.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, Article 6/5, 6/6 and 6/7 of the FSEK gives protection for corpuses and the arrangement of selected works.<sup id="cite_ref-FSEK_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSEK-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_photographic_reproductions" data-mw-thread-id="h-Other_photographic_reproductions-Turkey"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Other_photographic_reproductions-Turkey"></span>Other photographic reproductions<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Other_photographic_reproductions-Turkey"></span></h4></div> <p>Article 6/8 of the FSEK states: "... Ordinary transcriptions and facsimiles that are not a product of a scientific research and work is ineligible [for protection]."<sup id="cite_ref-FSEK_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSEK-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Article 6/3 of the FSEK makes clear that the filming or conversion to a shape that is suitable for transmission via radio and television of musical, artistic, scientific and literature works is eligible for copyright. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_/_UK" data-mw-thread-id="h-United_Kingdom_/_UK-Country-specific_rules"><span id="United_Kingdom_.2F_UK"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-United_Kingdom_/_UK-Country-specific_rules"></span>United Kingdom / UK<span data-mw-comment-end="h-United_Kingdom_/_UK-Country-specific_rules"></span></h3></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b> </p><p>The courts in the UK traditionally applied a very low test for photographic originality, based on the "skill and labour" required to capture the image, and it was long thought that there would most likely be sufficient originality in a photographer's selection of lighting arrangements, exposure, filters and so on for a new copyright to be generated. However, the 2009 <i>Infopaq</i> decision of the CJEU defined a different test, namely "<i>Is it the author’s own intellectual creation?</i>" </p><p>Despite some intervening claims to contrary, a November 2023 Appeal Court judgement (THJ v Sheridan, 2023) clarified that, in the UK, no new copyright is created in making a photographic reproduction of a public domain artwork, and that this has been the case since 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-THJvSheridan_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THJvSheridan-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grosvenor-2023_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grosvenor-2023-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Note that there is also no issue regarding raw unenhanced scans or photocopies of PD illustrations in an old book. These are always OK, as purely mechanical copying has never been capable of creating a new copyright. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_/_U.S." data-mw-thread-id="h-United_States_/_U.S.-Country-specific_rules"><span id="United_States_.2F_U.S."></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-United_States_/_U.S.-Country-specific_rules"></span>United States / U.S.<span data-mw-comment-end="h-United_States_/_U.S.-Country-specific_rules"></span></h3></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b> Under the rule in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Bridgeman_Art_Library_v._Corel_Corp." class="extiw" title="w:en:Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.">Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corporation</a></i>, a mere 'record' photograph of a 2D work of art (i.e. a photograph which is an as-accurate-as-possible copy of the original) acquires no copyright protection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_U.S._case_of_Bridgeman_v._Corel_(1999)" data-mw-thread-id="h-The_U.S._case_of_Bridgeman_v._Corel_(1999)-United_States_/_U.S."><span id="The_U.S._case_of_Bridgeman_v._Corel_.281999.29"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-The_U.S._case_of_Bridgeman_v._Corel_(1999)-United_States_/_U.S."></span>The U.S. case of <i>Bridgeman v. Corel</i> (1999)<span data-mw-comment-end="h-The_U.S._case_of_Bridgeman_v._Corel_(1999)-United_States_/_U.S."></span></h4></div> <p>In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Bridgeman_Art_Library_v._Corel_Corp." class="extiw" title="w:en:Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp."><i>Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.</i></a> (1999), the New York District Court held that <i>"a photograph which is no more than a copy of a work of another as exact as science and technology permits lacks originality. That is not to say that such a feat is trivial, simply not original"</i>. In spite of the effort and labor involved in creating professional-quality slides from the original works of art, the Court held that copyright did not subsist as they were simply slavish copies of the works of art represented. While the New York District Court does not hold jurisdiction over the whole US, other district courts have generally relied on and expanded on this decision. </p><p>The rule therefore excludes from copyright protection photographs which are intended to be no more than a faithful reproduction of a two-dimensional work of art such as a painting. If only technical expertise is involved (to take a faithful and unimaginative picture), the photograph acquires no copyright protection in its own right. The case extends the rule that scans and photocopies of two-dimensional originals are not copyrightable to cover in addition faithful reproductions created <b>in the U.S.</b> through photography. </p><p>As a result of this case, anyone taking in the U.S. a mere 'record' photograph of a 2D work of art—plain, full-framed—gets no copyright protection for the photograph. If the original work of art is sufficiently old that its own copyright has expired, the photograph itself will then be free for use in the U.S. </p><p>Different countries apply the rules on originality in different ways, and identical images may be treated differently in different jurisdictions. In some countries (such as the UK) faithful reproduction images may be considered sufficiently original to attract copyright protection; in others (such as the Nordic countries) there may be neighbouring rights that apply. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:PD-Art_license_tags" title="Category:PD-Art license tags">Category:PD-Art license tags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_tags/General_public_domain#2Dart" title="Commons:Copyright tags/General public domain">Commons:Copyright tags/General public domain#2Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:When_to_use_the_PD-Art_tag" title="Commons:When to use the PD-Art tag">Commons:When to use the PD-Art tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:When_to_use_the_PD-scan_tag" title="Commons:When to use the PD-scan tag">Commons:When to use the PD-scan tag</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Thomas Margoni. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://outofcopyright.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/digitisation_cultural_heritage-thomas-margoni.pdf">The digitisation of cultural heritage: originality, derivative works and (non) original photographs</a>. Institute for Information Law (IViR), University of Amsterdam. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-05-08">2019-05-08</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes"></span></h2></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P Homar, "§ 3" in C Thiele and P Burgstaller (eds), <i>UrhG</i> (4th edn, Verlag Österreich 2022) para 30 ("idR"); M Ciresa, "§ 3" in M Ciresa (ed), <i>Österreichisches Urheberrecht</i> (R 23 June 2023) para 13. See also B Tonninger, "§ 3" in C Handig, D Hofmarcher, and G Kucsko (eds), <i>urheber.recht</i> (3rd edn, Manz 2023) paras 14f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oberster Gerichtshof 4 April 2024, case 4 Ob 52/24m <i>Foto von Postkarte</i>, MR 2024, 136 [19] (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rdb.manz.at/document/ris.just.JJT_20240404_OGH0002_0040OB00052_24M0000_000">full text with picture</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oberster Gerichtshof 4 April 2024, case 4 Ob 52/24m <i>Foto von Postkarte</i>, MR 2024, 136 [19], [21].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Directive 2019/790 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market (DSM Directive), art 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Section 74(1) UrhG.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JUSTITIE-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-JUSTITIE_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JUSTITIE_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economie.fgov.be/nl/ondernemingen/Intellectuele_Eigendom/auteursrecht/Bescherming_door_auteursrecht/wat_beschermd/">Wet betreffende het auteursrecht en de naburige rechten. (NOTA : Raadpleging van vroegere versies vanaf 29-04-1995 en tekstbijwerking tot 29-12-2017) Zie wijziging(en)</a>. JUSTITIE (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1994-06-30">30 June 1994</span>). Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-05-08">2019-05-08</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">IJ Schiessel, <i>Reichweite und Rechtfertigung des einfachen Lichtbildschutzes gem. § 72 UrhG</i> (Nomos 2020) 91; F Stang, "Freie Verwendung von Abbildungen gemeinfreier Werke? Zur urheberrechtlichen Bewertung von Angeboten gemeinfreier Bilder bei <i>Wikipedia</i> und <i>Wikimedia Commons</i>" (2009) 1 ZGE 167, 175. See W Bullinger, "§ 1" in K Ebling and W Bullinger (eds), <i>Praxishandbuch Recht der Kunst</i> (Beck 2019) para 22; U Loewenheim and M Leistner, "§ 2" in U Loewenheim, M Leistner, and A Ohly (eds), <i>Schricker/Loewenheim: Urheberrecht</i> (6th edn, Beck 2020) para 213; A Nordemann, "§ 2" in A Nordemann, JB Nordemann, and C Czychowski (eds), <i>Fromm/Nordemann: Urheberrecht</i> (12th edn, Kohlhammer 2018) para 198; H Schack, <i>Kunst und Recht</i> (3rd edn, Mohr Siebeck 2017) para 872; R Jacobs, "Die Katalogbildfreiheit" in JF Baur and others (eds), <i>Festschrift für Ralf Vieregge zum 70. Geburtstag am 6. November 1995</i> (De Gruyter 1995) 396; AR Klett and C Mikyska, "Die Entwicklung des Urheberrechts seit Mitte 2018" (2019) 22 K&R 441, 443; P Klimpel and F Rack, "Reproduktionen und urheberrechtlicher Schutz" (2020) 1 RuZ 243, 245; H Lehment, <i>Das Fotografieren von Kunstgegenständen</i> (V&R unipress 2008) 37; T Platena, <i>Das Lichtbild im Urheberrecht</i> (Lang 1998) 228; IJ Schiessel, <i>Reichweite und Rechtfertigung des einfachen Lichtbildschutzes gem. § 72 UrhG</i> (Nomos 2020) 91f; L Specht-Riemenschneider and J Paschwitz, "Gemeinfreiheit als Prinzip?: Reichweite und Umsetzungsbedarf des Art. 14 DSM-Richtlinie" (2020) 1 RuZ 95, 97; F Stang, "Freie Verwendung von Abbildungen gemeinfreier Werke? Zur urheberrechtlichen Bewertung von Angeboten gemeinfreier Bilder bei <i>Wikipedia</i> und <i>Wikimedia Commons</i>" (2009) 1 ZGE 167, 175. See also K Garbers-von Boehm, <i>Rechtliche Aspekte der Digitalisierung und Kommerzialisierung musealer Bildbestände</i> (Nomos 2011) 150 ("in most cases"). But see G Pfennig, "Die Begegnung von Fotografie und Kunst" (2007) 9 KUR 1, 4 (photographs of monochrome paintings protected as "highly original" works).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oberlandesgericht Stuttgart 31 May 2017, case 4 U 204/16 <i>Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen</i>, GRUR 2017, 905 [68]. In a 1996 decision, the Düsseldorf Court of Appeals held that photograph of a drawing displayed in an art exhibition was not a photographic work due to a lack of artistic creativity. Oberlandesgericht Düsseldorf 13 February 1996, case 20 U 115/95 <i>Beuys-Fotografien</i>, GRUR 1997, 49, 51. However, the decision was handed down prior to Germany's transposition of the Information Society Directive, which effectively lowered the required threshold of originality.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Directive 2019/790 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market (DSM Directive), art 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dejure.org/gesetze/UrhG/68.html">Section 68 UrhG.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Draft Bill of the Federal Government, Bundestag Printed Paper <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/19/274/1927426.pdf">19/27426</a> of 9 March 2021, p 105. Compare Section 3 to the Annex to the Orphan Works Directive, 2012/28/EU. <i>Wirth</i> gives a few examples of qualifying subject matter: "public-domain sculptures, works of architecture, artfully designed furniture, historic maps and technical drawings". T Wirth, "§ 68 UrhG-E: Vervielfältigungen gemeinfreier visueller Werke" (2020) 64 ZUM 715, 716.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf S Dusollier, "The 2019 Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market" (2020) 57 CML Rev 979, 997; European Copyright Society, "Comment of the European Copyright Society on the Implementation of Art. 14 of the DSM-Directive 2019/790" (2020) 11 JIPITEC 110, para 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">G Schulze, "Fotos von gemeinfreien Werken der bildenden Kunst" (2019) 121 GRUR 779, 780.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See also A-A Wandtke and S Ostendorff, <i>Urheberrecht</i> (9th edn, De Gruyter 2023) 289; G Würtenberger and S Freischem, "Stellungnahme des GRUR-Fachausschusses für Urheber- und Verlagsrecht zum RefE des DSM-Umsetzungsgesetzes" (2021) 123 GRUR 37, 41. It therefore seems broader than art 14 of the DSM Directive, which—at least on its face—(only) requires Member States to exclude photographs from neighbouring rights protection "when the term of protection of a work of visual art has <i>expired</i>" (emphasis added). Cf I Stamatoudi and P Torremans, "The Digital Single Market Directive" in I Stamatoudi and P Torremans (eds), <i>EU Copyright Law: A Commentary</i> (2nd edn, Elgar 2021) para 17.222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Draft Bill of the Federal Government, Bundestag Printed Paper <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/19/274/1927426.pdf">19/27426</a> of 9 March 2021, p 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Draft Bill of the Federal Government, Bundestag Printed Paper <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/19/274/1927426.pdf">19/27426</a> of 9 March 2021, pp 53, 105. See also A-A Wandtke and S Ostendorff, <i>Urheberrecht</i> (9th edn, De Gruyter 2023) 289. Cf European Copyright Society, "Comment of the European Copyright Society on the Implementation of Art. 14 of the DSM-Directive 2019/790" (2020) 11 JIPITEC 110, paras 22ff, and IJ Schiessel, <i>Reichweite und Rechtfertigung des einfachen Lichtbildschutzes gem. § 72 UrhG</i> (Nomos 2020) 120f (both inferring the same directly from the DSM Directive).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Draft Bill of the Federal Government, Bundestag Printed Paper <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/19/274/1927426.pdf">19/27426</a> of 9 March 2021, p 105. See also art 14 DSM Directive ("[...] unless the material resulting from that act of reproduction is original in the sense that it is the author's own intellectual creation"). See also I Stamatoudi and P Torremans, "The Digital Single Market Directive" in I Stamatoudi and P Torremans (eds), <i>EU Copyright Law: A Commentary</i> (2nd edn, Elgar 2021) para 17.219; A-A Wandtke and S Ostendorff, <i>Urheberrecht</i> (9th edn, De Gruyter 2023) 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NakamuraRyo-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NakamuraRyo_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courts.go.jp/hanrei/pdf/js_20100319120546053240.pdf">上告代理人中村稔、同熊倉禎男の上告理由について</a>.<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A1%94%E7%9C%9F%E5%8D%BF%E8%87%AA%E6%9B%B8%E5%BB%BA%E4%B8%AD%E5%91%8A%E8%BA%AB%E5%B8%96%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="extiw" title="ja:顔真卿自書建中告身帖事件">ja:顔真卿自書建中告身帖事件</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macao1999-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Macao1999_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/99/33/declei43_en.asp">Decree-Law n.o 43/99/M of August 16, 1999 Copyright Law</a>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-05-08">2019-05-08</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DenmarkArt70-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-DenmarkArt70_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kum.dk/sw4550.asp">Article 70</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FinnAct-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FinnAct_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1961/19610404">Tekijänoikeuslaki (Finnish Copyright Act) Article 49 a</a>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-05-08">2019-05-08</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NorwayAct-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NorwayAct_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lovdata.no/all/tl-19610512-002-042.html#43a">Lov om opphavsrett til åndsverk m.v. (åndsverkloven) fra 12.mai.1961 Article 43 a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SwedenArt49-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-SwedenArt49_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sweden.gov.se/download/129882cd.pdf?major=1&minor=12248&cn=attachmentDuplicator_1_attachment">Article 49 a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iceland49-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Iceland49_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.althingi.is/lagas/nuna/1972073.html">§49</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.sn.pl/sites/orzecznictwo/orzeczenia1/i%20pkn%20196-98.pdf">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Romania1996-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Romania1996_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legi-internet.ro/lgdraut.htm">Legea nr 8/1996 privind dreptul de autor şi drepturile conexe</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2016/02/29/slovakia-adopts-a-new-copyright-act-its-a-mixed-bag-part-i/">Slovakia adopts a new Copyright Act: It’s a Mixed Bag – Part I</a>. <i>Kluwer Copyright Blog</i> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2016-02-29">29 February 2016</span>). Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-11-09">9 November 2019</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LPI1996-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-LPI1996_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/es/text/584952">Ley de Propiedad Intelectual</a> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1996-04-22">1996-04-22</span>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlauGuggenheim-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BlauGuggenheim_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Blau Guggenheim v. British Broadcasting Corporation BBC</i>,<ref name= <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://relevancy.bger.ch/php/clir/http/index.php?lang=de&type=highlight_simple_query&highlight_docid=atf%3A%2F%2F130-III-714%3Ade">BGE 130 (2004) III S. 714-720</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FSEK-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FSEK_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FSEK_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FSEK_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.3.5846.pdf">https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.3.5846.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docplayer.biz.tr/6530048-Fikri-mulkiyet-hukuku-kapsaminda-veri-tabanlarinin-korunmasi-ve-avrupa-birligi-muktesebati-ile-karsilastirilmasi.html">FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HUKUKU KAPSAMINDA VERİ TABANLARININ KORUNMASI VE AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ MÜKTESEBATI İLE KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THJvSheridan-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-THJvSheridan_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite>THJ v Sheridan</cite><sup><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://assets.caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ewca/civ/2023/1354/ewca_civ_2023_1354.pdf">[2]</a></sup>, , <span style="color: #777777;">(Please provide a date or year)</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124044396" class="extiw" title="d:Q124044396">Q124044396</a></small></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grosvenor-2023-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Grosvenor-2023_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">“Court of Appeal ruling will prevent UK museums from charging reproduction fees—at last”, in <cite>The Art Newspaper</cite><sup><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/12/29/court-of-appeal-ruling-will-prevent-uk-museums-from-charging-reproduction-feesat-last">[3]</a></sup> (in en, it, el, fr, ru, zh), <span style="color: #777777;">(Please provide a date or year)</span>, <small><span lang="en" dir="ltr"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN" class="extiw" title="en:ISSN"><span lang="en" dir="ltr">ISSN</span></a></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0960-6556">0960-6556</a></small>, <small><a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124044230" class="extiw" title="d:Q124044230">Q124044230</a></small></span> </li> </ol> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: <code><ref></code> tag with name "UKIPO" defined in <code><references></code> is not used in prior text.</span></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikimedia_Commons_policies_and_guidelines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commons_policies_and_guidelines" title="Template:Commons policies and guidelines"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commons_policies_and_guidelines" title="Template talk:Commons policies and guidelines"><span 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style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Project</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:General_disclaimer" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:General disclaimer">General disclaimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Project_scope" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Project scope">Project scope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Project_scope/Allowable_file_types" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Project scope/Allowable file types">Allowable file types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Project_scope/Evidence" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Project scope/Evidence">Evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Project_scope/Neutral_point_of_view" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Project scope/Neutral point of view">Neutral point of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Project_scope/Precautionary_principle" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Project scope/Precautionary principle">Precautionary principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Project_scope/Pages,_galleries_and_categories" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Project scope/Pages, galleries and categories">Pages, galleries and categories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Use_of_gender_neutral_language" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Use of gender neutral language">Use of gender neutral language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Content</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Licensing" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Licensing">Licensing policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:De_minimis" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:De minimis">De minimis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Fair_use" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Fair use">Fair use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:When_to_use_the_PD-Art_tag" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:When to use the PD-Art tag">When to use the PD-Art tag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Deletion_policy" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Deletion policy">Deletion policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Criteria for speedy deletion">Criteria for speedy deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Revision_deletion" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Revision deletion">Revision deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Language_policy" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Language policy">Language policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Categories" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Categories">Category policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Behaviour</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Blocking_policy" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Blocking policy">Blocking policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Protection_policy" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Protection policy">Page protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Administrators/De-adminship" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Administrators/De-adminship">De-adminship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Paid_contribution_disclosure_policy" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Paid contribution disclosure policy">Paid contribution disclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Translation_administrators/Policy" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Translation administrators/Policy">Translation administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Signatures" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Signatures">Signatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Username_policy" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Username policy">Username policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_guidelines" title="Category:Commons guidelines">Guidelines</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Content</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:What_Commons_is_not" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:What Commons is not">What Commons is not</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Non-copyright_restrictions" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Non-copyright restrictions">Non-copyright restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Fan_art" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Fan art">Fan art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Nudity" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Nudity">Nudity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Photographs_of_identifiable_people" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Photographs of identifiable people">Photographs of identifiable people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Derivative_works" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Derivative works">Derivative works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:When_to_use_the_PD-scan_tag" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:When to use the PD-scan tag">When to use the PD-scan tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Galleries" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Galleries">Galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Image_annotations" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Image annotations">Using ImageAnnotator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:File_naming" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:File naming">File naming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:File_renaming" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:File renaming">File renaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Overwriting_existing_files" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Overwriting existing files">Overwriting existing files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Grandfathered_old_files" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Grandfathered old files">Grandfathered old files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:AI-generated_media" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:AI-generated media">AI-generated media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Behaviour</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Assume_good_faith" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Assume good faith">Assume good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Copyleft_trolling" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Copyleft trolling">Copyleft trolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Ownership_of_pages_and_files" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Ownership of pages and files">Ownership of pages and files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Talk_page_guidelines" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Talk page guidelines">Talk page guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:User-specific_galleries,_templates_and_categories" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:User-specific galleries, templates and categories">User-specific galleries, templates and categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Administrators" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Administrators">Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Vandalism" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Rollback" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Patrol" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Patrol">Patrol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_licensing_help" title="Category:Commons licensing help">Licensing help</a><br/>(<a href="/wiki/Commons:Village_pump/Copyright" title="Commons:Village pump/Copyright">Village pump</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Choosing_a_license" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Choosing a license">Choosing a license</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Copyright_rules" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Copyright rules">Copyright rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_subject_matter" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Copyright rules by subject matter">Copyright rules by subject matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Copyright rules by territory">Copyright rules by territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Copyright_tags" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Copyright tags">Copyright tags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:PD_files" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:PD files">PD files</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Copyright principles</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Threshold_of_originality" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Threshold of originality">Threshold of originality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Derivative_works" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Derivative works">Derivative works</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:2D_copying" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:2D copying">2D copying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Screenshots" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Screenshots">Screenshots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Freedom_of_panorama" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Freedom of panorama">Freedom of panorama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:URAA-restored_copyrights" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:URAA-restored copyrights">URAA-restored copyrights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Using files</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Reusing_content_outside_Wikimedia" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Reusing content outside Wikimedia">Reusing content outside Wikimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Credit_line" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Credit line">Credit line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Reuse_of_PD-Art_photographs" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Reuse of PD-Art photographs">Reuse of PD-Art photographs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:How_to_detect_copyright_violations" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:How to detect copyright violations">How to detect<br/>copyright violations</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:License_laundering" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:License laundering">License laundering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Problematic_sources" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Problematic sources">Problematic sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Flickr_files" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Flickr files">Flickr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Bad_sources" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Bad sources">Bad sources</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/45_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="45 (пояснение) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="45 (пояснение)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%A4%D9%A5_(%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95)" title="٤٥ (ڕوونکردنەوە) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="٤٥ (ڕوونکردنەوە)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45" title="45 – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="45" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B4%DB%B5" title="۴۵ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="۴۵" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/45_(homonymie)" title="45 (homonymie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="45 (homonymie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/45_(menm_non)" title="45 (menm non) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="45 (menm non)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/45_(disambigua)" title="45 (disambigua) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="45 (disambigua)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/45_(doorverwijspagina)" title="45 (doorverwijspagina) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="45 (doorverwijspagina)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/45_(ujednoznacznienie)" title="45 (ujednoznacznienie) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="45 (ujednoznacznienie)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/45_(desambigua%C3%A7%C3%A3o)" title="45 (desambiguação) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="45 (desambiguação)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/45_(%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="45 (значения) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="45 (значения)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/45_(%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AC%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%BE)" title="45 (سلجھائپ) – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="45 (سلجھائپ)" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/45_(rozli%C5%A1ovacia_str%C3%A1nka)" title="45 (rozlišovacia stránka) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="45 (rozlišovacia stránka)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/45_(%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1)" title="45 (แก้ความกำกวม) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="45 (แก้ความกำกวม)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/45_(paglilinaw)" title="45 (paglilinaw) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="45 (paglilinaw)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/45_(anlam_ayr%C4%B1m%C4%B1)" title="45 (anlam ayrımı) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="45 (anlam ayrımı)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/45_(%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80)" title="45 (мәгънәләр) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="45 (мәгънәләр)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/45_(%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="45 (значення) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="45 (значення)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/45_(%D8%B6%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%85)" title="45 (ضد ابہام) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="45 (ضد ابہام)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1166347#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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