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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Official names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Other names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Creation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reforms_and_suppression_under_Japanese_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reforms_and_suppression_under_Japanese_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Reforms and suppression under Japanese rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reforms_and_suppression_under_Japanese_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Further reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>In South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_North_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_North_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>In North Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_North_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Korean_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Korean_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Non-Korean languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-Korean_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Letters</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Letters-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Letters subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphabetic_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabetic_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Alphabetic order</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alphabetic_order-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Alphabetic order subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alphabetic_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_orders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_orders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Historical orders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_orders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Korean_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Korean_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>North Korean order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Korean_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korean_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korean_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>South Korean order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korean_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letter_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letter_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Letter names</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Letter_names-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Letter names subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Letter_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_North_Korea_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_North_Korea_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>In North Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_North_Korea_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_South_Korea_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_South_Korea_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>In South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_South_Korea_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stroke_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stroke_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Stroke order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stroke_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letter_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letter_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Letter design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Letter_design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Letter design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Letter_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonant_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonant_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Consonant design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonant_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowel_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Vowel design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Simple_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simple_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Simple vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simple_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compound_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compound_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Compound vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compound_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iotated_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iotated_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Iotated vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iotated_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_account" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_account"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.4</span> <span>Traditional account</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_account-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ledyard's_theory_of_consonant_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ledyard's_theory_of_consonant_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.5</span> <span>Ledyard's theory of consonant design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ledyard's_theory_of_consonant_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obsolete_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obsolete_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Obsolete letters</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Obsolete_letters-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Obsolete letters subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Obsolete_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Most_common" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Most_common"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Most common</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Most_common-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Korean_Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Korean_Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>New Korean Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Korean_Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morpho-syllabic_blocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morpho-syllabic_blocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Morpho-syllabic blocks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morpho-syllabic_blocks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morpho-syllabic blocks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morpho-syllabic_blocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Letter_placement_within_a_block" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letter_placement_within_a_block"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Letter placement within a block</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letter_placement_within_a_block-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Block_shape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Block_shape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Block shape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Block_shape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linear_Korean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linear_Korean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Linear Korean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linear_Korean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Orthography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mixed_scripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixed_scripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Mixed scripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixed_scripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Readability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Readability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Readability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Readability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hangul</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 130 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-130" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">130 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreanisches_Alphabet" title="Koreanisches Alphabet – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Koreanisches Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%89%E1%88%8D" title="ሃንጉል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሃንጉል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%84" title="هانغل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هانغل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanq%C4%B1l" title="Hanqıl – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hanqıl" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84" title="هانقول – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هانقول" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangeul" title="Hangeul – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Hangeul" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B2" title="হান্‌গেউল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হান্‌গেউল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko-l%C3%AA-j%C4%AB" title="Ko-lê-jī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ko-lê-jī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Хангыль – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хангыль" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Хангыль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хангыль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Хангыль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хангыль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Хангъл – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хангъл" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangeul" title="Hangeul – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hangeul" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Хангыль – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хангыль" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangeul" title="Hangeul – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hangeul" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreanisches_Alphabet" title="Koreanisches Alphabet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Koreanisches Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreja%C5%84ske_pismo" title="Korejańske pismo – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Korejańske pismo" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_kiri" title="Korea kiri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Korea kiri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB" title="Χάνγκουλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χάνγκουλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_alfabeto" title="Korea alfabeto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Korea alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84" title="هانگول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هانگول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangeul" title="Hangeul – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hangeul" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="朝鮮字母 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="朝鮮字母" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EA%B8%80" title="한글 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="한글" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A8%D5%AC" title="Հանգըլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հանգըլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="हानगुल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हानगुल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangeul" title="Hangeul – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hangeul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Корейаг алфавит – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Корейаг алфавит" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang%C3%BAl" title="Hangúl – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hangúl" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang%C5%ADl" title="Hangŭl – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hangŭl" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C" title="הנגול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנגול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangeul" title="Hangeul – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hangeul" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpabetung_Koreanu" title="Alpabetung Koreanu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Alpabetung Koreanu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Хангыль – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Хангыль" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="კორეული დამწერლობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კორეული დამწერლობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangeul" title="Hangeul – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Hangeul" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Корей жазуы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Корей жазуы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Coreanum" title="Abecedarium Coreanum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Abecedarium Coreanum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangils" title="Hangils – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hangils" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Хангул – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хангул" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%BB%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BE" title="ഹൻ‌ഗുൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹൻ‌ഗുൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="हांगुल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हांगुल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჰანგული – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰანგული" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84" title="هانجول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هانجول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A8u-si%C4%93ng-c%C3%AA" title="Dièu-siēng-cê – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dièu-siēng-cê" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81_%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Солонгос үсэг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Солонгос үсэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA" title="ဟန်ဂုလ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟန်ဂုလ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB" title="ハングル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハングル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Хангыль – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Хангыль" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangeul" title="Hangeul – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hangeul" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangeul" title="Hangeul – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Hangeul" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2" title="ਹਾਂਗਗੁਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਾਂਗਗੁਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84" title="ہنگول – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہنگول" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="کوریایي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کوریایي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B9%E1%9E%9B" title="ហាន់ហ្គឹល – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហាន់ហ្គឹល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/hangul" title="hangul – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="hangul" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreys_jaz%C4%B1w%C4%B1" title="Koreys jazıwı – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Koreys jazıwı" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%91%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Ганґыл – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ганґыл" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Хангыль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хангыль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Хангыль – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хангыль" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A" title="හංගුල් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හංගුල්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3rejsk%C3%A9_p%C3%ADsmo" title="Kórejské písmo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kórejské písmo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84" title="ھانگول – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھانگول" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Хангул – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хангул" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangeul" title="Hangeul – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hangeul" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="அங்குல் எழுத்துமுறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அங்குல் எழுத்துமுறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Һангыл – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һангыл" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%A5" title="อักษรฮันกึล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรฮันกึล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Ҳангул – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳангул" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang%C4%B1l" title="Hangıl – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hangıl" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Хангыль – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Хангыль" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Хангиль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хангиль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84" title="ہنگل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہنگل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B0%9A%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="谚文字母 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="谚文字母" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C" title="האנגול – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="האנגול" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%BA%E6%96%87" title="諺文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="諺文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%BA%E6%96%87" title="諺文 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="諺文" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_Hangeul" title="Surat Hangeul – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Surat Hangeul" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Hangul" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Hangul" title="Aksara Hangul – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Aksara Hangul" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8222#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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background:lightblue;">Korean alphabet<br /><div style="font-weight:normal"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">한글</span></span><span style="display:inline-block;width:1ic;text-align:center">/</span><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">조선글</span></span><br /><span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">Hangul</i></span> (<span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">Hangeul</i></span>)<span style="display:inline-block;width:1ic;text-align:center">/</span><span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">Chosŏn'gŭl</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hangul_chosongul_fontembed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hangul_chosongul_fontembed.svg/220px-Hangul_chosongul_fontembed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hangul_chosongul_fontembed.svg/330px-Hangul_chosongul_fontembed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hangul_chosongul_fontembed.svg/440px-Hangul_chosongul_fontembed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">"Chosŏn'gŭl" (top) and "Hangul" (bottom)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Featural_writing_system" title="Featural writing system">Featural</a> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Creator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sejong_the_Great" title="Sejong the Great">Sejong of Joseon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1443–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Left to right, new line underneath</li> <li>Top to bottom, new line to the left or alternatively right to left with new line underneath (historical)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jeju_language" title="Jeju language">Jeju</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cia-Cia_language" title="Cia-Cia language">Cia-Cia</a> (limited)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">Hang</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">(286)</span>, Hangul (Hangŭl, Hangeul) <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">Jamo</code> (for the jamo subset)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Hangul</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hangul_Syllables" title="Hangul Syllables">U+AC00–U+D7AF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hangul_Jamo_(Unicode_block)" title="Hangul Jamo (Unicode block)">U+1100–U+11FF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hangul_Compatibility_Jamo" title="Hangul Compatibility Jamo">U+3130–U+318F</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hangul_Jamo_Extended-A" title="Hangul Jamo Extended-A">U+A960–U+A97F</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hangul_Jamo_Extended-B" title="Hangul Jamo Extended-B">U+D7B0–U+D7FF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunminjeongeumhaerye_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hunminjeongeumhaerye_%28cropped%29.jpg/130px-Hunminjeongeumhaerye_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hunminjeongeumhaerye_%28cropped%29.jpg/195px-Hunminjeongeumhaerye_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hunminjeongeumhaerye_%28cropped%29.jpg/260px-Hunminjeongeumhaerye_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="920" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Korean_language#Writing_system" title="Korean language">Korean writing systems</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%; padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hangul</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li>Chosŏn'gŭl (in <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Korean_Orthography" title="New Korean Orthography">New Korean Orthography</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%; padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanja#Gukja" title="Hanja">Gukja</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hanja#Yakja" title="Hanja">Yakja</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugyeol" title="Gugyeol">Gugyeol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hyangchal" title="Hyangchal">Hyangchal</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%; padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Korean_mixed_script" title="Korean mixed script">Mixed script</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%; padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Braille</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%; padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean" title="Romanization of Korean">Transcription</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean_(North)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Korean (North)">Romanization of Korean (North)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bok_Moon_Kim_romanization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bok Moon Kim romanization (page does not exist)">Bok Moon Kim romanization</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B9%80%EB%B3%B5%EB%AC%B8_%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90_%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0%EB%B2%95" class="extiw" title="ko:김복문 로마자 표기법">ko</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Korean" title="Cyrillization of Korean">Kontsevich</a> (Cyrillic)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kholodovich_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kholodovich system (page does not exist)">Kholodovich system</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Система Холодовича">ru</a>]</span> (Cyrillic)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%; padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean" title="Romanization of Korean">Transliteration</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Korean" title="Yale romanization of Korean">Yale (scholar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">ISO/TR 11941</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Writing_systems_worldwide.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Writing_systems_worldwide.svg/220px-Writing_systems_worldwide.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Writing_systems_worldwide.svg/330px-Writing_systems_worldwide.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Writing_systems_worldwide.svg/440px-Writing_systems_worldwide.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjad</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#006624; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a></div> <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#38B800; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugida</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F0E68C; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a></div> <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A0522D; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Ethiopic</a></div> <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F4C430; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts#Northern_Brahmic" title="Brahmic scripts">North Indic</a></div> <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF671F; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts#Southern_Brahmic" title="Brahmic scripts">South Indic</a></div> <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B8860B; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabetical</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#003A66; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></div> <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008899; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></div> <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000FF; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a></div> <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#2175D8; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></div> <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A9A9C0; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></div> <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00FFFF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a></div> <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0090DA; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Tifinagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Tifinagh">Neo-Tifinagh</a></div> <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#97CBFF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logographic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EE1C25; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Hanzi</a></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8B008B; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherokee script">Cherokee</a></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Hybrids</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C71585; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese</a> (Logographic and syllabic)</div> <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF69B4; color:black;"> </span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hangul</a> (Alphabetic and syllabic)</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Writing_systems_worldwide" title="Template:Writing systems worldwide"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Writing_systems_worldwide" title="Template talk:Writing systems worldwide"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Writing_systems_worldwide" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Writing systems worldwide"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Korean alphabet</b>, known as <b>Hangul</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Hangeul</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in South Korea (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">HAHN</span>-gool</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-MW_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">한글</span></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Korean pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ko-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">[ha(ː)n.ɡɯɭ]</a></span>) and <b>Chosŏn'gŭl</b> in North Korea (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">조선글</span></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">North Korean pronunciation</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ko-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">[tsʰo.sʰɔn.ɡɯɭ]</a></span>), is the modern <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim-Renaud199715_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim-Renaud199715-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cock_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cock-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letters for the five basic <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> reflect the shape of the speech organs used to pronounce them. They are systematically modified to indicate <a href="/wiki/Phonetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetic">phonetic</a> features. The <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> letters are systematically modified for related sounds, making Hangul a <a href="/wiki/Featural_writing_system" title="Featural writing system">featural writing system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson1990120_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson1990120-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor198067–82_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198067–82-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been described as a syllabic alphabet as it combines the features of <a href="/wiki/Alphabetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphabetic">alphabetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_writing_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllabic writing system">syllabic</a> writing systems.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor198067–82_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198067–82-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hangul was created in 1443 by <a href="/wiki/Sejong_the_Great" title="Sejong the Great">Sejong the Great</a>, fourth king of the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> dynasty. It was an attempt to increase literacy by serving as a complement to <i><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></i>, which were <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> used to write <a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary Chinese">Literary Chinese</a> in Korea by the 2nd century BCE, and had been adapted to write Korean by the 6th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern <a href="/wiki/Hangul_orthography" title="Hangul orthography">Hangul orthography</a> uses 24 basic letters: 14 consonant letters<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 10 vowel letters.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also 27 complex letters that are formed by combining the basic letters: 5 tense consonant letters,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 11 complex consonant letters,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 11 complex vowel letters.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four basic letters in the original alphabet are no longer used: 1 vowel letter<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 3 consonant letters.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Korean letters are written in syllabic blocks with the alphabetic letters arranged in two dimensions. For example, the South Korean city of Seoul is written as <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">서울</span></span>, not <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅅㅓㅇㅜㄹ</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-korean.go.kr_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-korean.go.kr-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The syllables begin with a consonant letter, then a vowel letter, and then potentially another consonant letter called a <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">batchim</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">받침</span></span>). If the syllable begins with a vowel sound, the consonant <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅇ">ㅇ</a></span></span> (<span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">ng</i></span>) acts as a silent placeholder. However, when <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅇ</span></span> starts a sentence or is placed after a long pause, it marks a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>. Syllables may begin with basic or tense consonants but not complex ones. The vowel can be basic or complex, and the second consonant can be basic, complex or a limited number of tense consonants. How the syllables are structured depends solely if the baseline of the vowel symbol is horizontal or vertical. If the baseline is vertical, the first consonant and vowel are written above the second consonant (if present), but all components are written individually from top to bottom in the case of a horizontal baseline.<sup id="cite_ref-korean.go.kr_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-korean.go.kr-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in traditional <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> writing, as well as many other texts in East and southeast Asia, Korean texts were traditionally written top to bottom, right to left, as is occasionally still the way for stylistic purposes. However, Korean is now typically written from left to right with <a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">spaces</a> between words serving as <a href="/wiki/Word_divider" title="Word divider">dividers</a>, unlike in Japanese and Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hangul is the official writing system throughout both North and South Korea. It is a co-official writing system in the <a href="/wiki/Yanbian_Korean_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture">Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Changbai_Korean_Autonomous_County" title="Changbai Korean Autonomous County">Changbai Korean Autonomous County</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin Province</a>, China. Hangul has also seen limited use by speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Cia-Cia_language" title="Cia-Cia language">Cia-Cia language</a> in Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_names">Official names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Official names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;"><b>Korean name (North Korea)</b></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chosŏn'gŭl</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">조선글</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hancha</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">朝鮮글</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Joseongeul</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="McCune–Reischauer transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Chosŏn'gŭl</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ko-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">[tsʰo.sʰɔn.ɡɯɭ]</a></span></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tbody></table> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;"><b>Korean name (South Korea)</b></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">한글</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">韓글</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Hangeul</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="McCune–Reischauer transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Han'gŭl<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer193952_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer193952-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ko-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">[ha(ː)n.ɡɯɭ]</a></span></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hangeul-basic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Hangeul-basic.png/300px-Hangeul-basic.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Hangeul-basic.png/450px-Hangeul-basic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Hangeul-basic.png/600px-Hangeul-basic.png 2x" data-file-width="2022" data-file-height="2022" /></a><figcaption>The word "Hangul" and the basic jamo of the Korean alphabet</figcaption></figure> <p>The Korean alphabet was originally named <a href="/wiki/Hunminjeongeum" title="Hunminjeongeum">Hunminjeong'eum</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">훈민정음</span></span>) by King <a href="/wiki/Sejong_the_Great" title="Sejong the Great">Sejong the Great</a> in 1443.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunminjeongeum_Manuscript_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunminjeongeum_Manuscript-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hunminjeong'eum is also the document that explained logic and science behind the script in 1446. </p><p>The name <i>hangeul</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-KR">한글</span></span>) was coined by Korean linguist <a href="/wiki/Ju_Si-gyeong" title="Ju Si-gyeong">Ju Si-gyeong</a> in 1912. The name combines the ancient Korean word <i>han</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">한</span></span>), meaning great, and <i>geul</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">글</span></span>), meaning script. The word <i>han</i> is used to refer to Korea in general, so the name also means Korean script.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeRamsey200013_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeRamsey200013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been <a href="/wiki/Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanized">romanized</a> in multiple ways: </p> <ul><li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Hangeul</i></span> or <span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Han-geul</i></span> in the <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization of Korean</a>, which the <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korean</a> government uses in English publications and encourages for all purposes.</li> <li><span title="McCune–Reischauer transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Han'gŭl</i></span> in the <a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a> system, is often capitalized and rendered without the <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> when used as an English word, Hangul, as it appears in many English dictionaries.</li> <li><span title="Yale romanization of Korean"><i lang="ko-Latn">Hān kul</i></span> in the <a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Korean" title="Yale romanization of Korean">Yale romanization</a>, a system recommended for technical linguistic studies.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Koreans</a> call the alphabet <span title="McCune–Reischauer transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Chosŏn'gŭl</i></span> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-KP">조선글</span></span>), after <a href="/wiki/Chos%C5%8Fn" class="mw-redirect" title="Chosŏn">Chosŏn</a>, the North Korean <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Korea" title="Names of Korea">name for Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim-Renaud19972_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim-Renaud19972-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variant of the <a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a> system is used there for romanization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_names">Other names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until the mid-20th century, the Korean elite preferred to write using <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> called <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>. They referred to Hanja as <i>jinseo</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">진서</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">真書</span></span>) meaning true letters. Some accounts say the elite referred to the Korean alphabet derisively as <i>'amkeul</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">암클</span></span>) meaning women's script, and <i>'ahaetgeul</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">아햇글</span></span>) meaning children's script, though there is no written evidence of this.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Supporters of the Korean alphabet referred to it as <i>jeong'eum</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">정음</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">正音</span></span>) meaning correct pronunciation, <i>gungmun</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">국문</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">國文</span></span>) meaning national script, and <i>eonmun</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">언문</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">諺文</span></span>) meaning <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> script.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Hangul" title="Origin of Hangul">Origin of Hangul</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation">Creation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Koreans primarily wrote using <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a> alongside native phonetic writing systems that predate Hangul by hundreds of years, including <a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyangchal" title="Hyangchal">Hyangchal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gugyeol" title="Gugyeol">Gugyeol</a> and Gakpil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannas199757_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannas199757-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-phonetic_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phonetic-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many lower class uneducated Koreans were illiterate due to the difficulty of learning the Korean and Chinese languages, as well as the large number of Chinese characters that are used.<sup id="cite_ref-NAKL_Back2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAKL_Back2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To promote literacy among the common people, the fourth king of the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> dynasty, <a href="/wiki/Sejong_the_Great" title="Sejong the Great">Sejong the Great</a>, personally created and promulgated a new alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim-Renaud199715_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim-Renaud199715-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAKL_Back2_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAKL_Back2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it is widely assumed that King Sejong ordered the <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Worthies" title="Hall of Worthies">Hall of Worthies</a> to invent Hangul, contemporary records such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Veritable_Records_of_the_Joseon_Dynasty" title="Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty">Veritable Records of King Sejong</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Jeong_Inji" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeong Inji">Jeong Inji</a>'s preface to the <i><a href="/wiki/Hunminjeongeum_Haerye" title="Hunminjeongeum Haerye">Hunminjeongeum Haerye</a></i> emphasize that he invented it himself.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Korean alphabet was designed so that people with little education could learn to read and write.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Hunminjeongeum_Haerye" title="Hunminjeongeum Haerye">Hunminjeongeum Haerye</a> Edition, King <a href="/wiki/Sejong_the_Great" title="Sejong the Great">Sejong</a> expressed his intention to understand the language of the people in his country and to express their meanings more conveniently in writing. He noted that the shapes of the traditional Chinese characters, as well as factors such as the thickness, stroke count, and order of strokes in calligraphy, were extremely complex, making it difficult for people to recognize and understand them individually. A popular saying about the alphabet is, "A wise man can acquaint himself with them before the morning is over; even a stupid man can learn them in the space of ten days."<sup id="cite_ref-Haerye_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haerye-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunmin_jeong-eum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hunmin_jeong-eum.jpg/220px-Hunmin_jeong-eum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hunmin_jeong-eum.jpg/330px-Hunmin_jeong-eum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Hunmin_jeong-eum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>A page from the <i>Hunminjeong'eum Eonhae</i>. The Hangul-only column, third from the left (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r869995390">.mw-parser-output .script-korean{font-family:"함초롬돋움 LVT","HCR Dotum LVT","함초롬바탕 LVT","HCR Batang LVT","본고딕","Source Han Sans K","본고딕 KR","Source Han Sans KR","思源黑體","Source Han Sans TC","思源黑體香港","Source Han Sans HC","思源黑体","Source Han Sans SC","源ノ角ゴシック","Source Han Sans","본명조","Source Han Serif K","본명조 KR","Source Han Serif KR","思源宋體","Source Han Serif TC","思源宋體香港","Source Han Serif HC","思源宋体","Source Han Serif SC","源ノ明朝","Source Han Serif","Noto Sans CJK KR","Noto Sans KR","Noto Sans CJK TC","Noto Sans CJK HC","Noto Sans CJK SC","Noto Sans CJK JP","Noto Serif CJK KR","Noto Serif KR","Noto Serif CJK TC","Noto Serif CJK SC","Noto Serif CJK JP","나눔바른고딕 옛한글","NanumBarunGothic YetHangul","나눔명조 옛한글","NanumMyeongjo YetHangul","은 바탕","Un Batang","돋움 옛한글","Dotum Old Hangul","바탕 옛한글","Batang Old Hangul","굴림 옛한글","NewGulim Old Hangul","궁서 옛한글","Gungsuh Old Hangul","맑은 고딕","Malgun Gothic","함초롬돋움","HCR Dotum","함초롬바탕","HCR Batang"}</style><span class="script-korean" style="font-language-override: 'KOR'">나랏말ᄊᆞ미</span>), has pitch-accent diacritics to the left of the syllable blocks.</figcaption></figure> <p>The project was completed in late December 1443 or January 1444, and described in 1446 in a document titled <i><a href="/wiki/Hunminjeongeum" title="Hunminjeongeum">Hunminjeong'eum</a></i> (<i>The Proper Sounds for the Education of the People</i>), after which the alphabet itself was originally named.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The publication date of the <i>Hunminjeongeum</i>, October 9, became <a href="/wiki/Hangul_Day" title="Hangul Day">Hangul Day</a> in South Korea. Its North Korean equivalent, Chosŏn'gŭl Day, is on January 15. </p><p>Another document published in 1446 and titled <i><a href="/wiki/Hunmin_Jeongeum_Haerye" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunmin Jeongeum Haerye">Hunminjeong'eum Haerye</a></i> (<i>Hunminjeong'eum</i> Explanation and Examples) was discovered in 1940. This document explains that the design of the consonant letters is based on <a href="/wiki/Articulatory_phonetics" title="Articulatory phonetics">articulatory phonetics</a> and the design of the vowel letters is based on the principles of <a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">yin and yang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the creation of Hangul, people from the lower class or the commoners had a chance to be literate. They learned how to read and write Korean, not just the upper classes and literary elite. They learn Hangul independently without formal schooling or such.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition">Opposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Korean alphabet faced opposition in the 1440s by the literary elite, including <a href="/wiki/Choe_Manri" class="mw-redirect" title="Choe Manri">Choe Manri</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Confucian">Korean Confucian</a> scholars. They believed <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a> was the only legitimate writing system. They also saw the circulation of the Korean alphabet as a road to break away from the <a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a> as well as a threat to their status.<sup id="cite_ref-NAKL_Back2_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAKL_Back2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Korean alphabet entered <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> as King Sejong had intended, used especially by women and writers of popular fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-Pratt_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pratt-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yeonsangun_of_Joseon" title="Yeonsangun of Joseon">King Yeonsangun</a> banned the study and publication of the Korean alphabet in 1504, after a document criticizing the king was published.<sup id="cite_ref-NAKL_process_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAKL_process-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Jungjong_of_Joseon" title="Jungjong of Joseon">King Jungjong</a> abolished the Ministry of Eonmun, a governmental institution related to Hangul research, in 1506.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyKorea_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyKorea-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revival">Revival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The late 16th century, however, saw a revival of the Korean alphabet as <i><a href="/wiki/Gasa_(poetry)" title="Gasa (poetry)">gasa</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sijo" title="Sijo">sijo</a></i> poetry flourished. In the 17th century, the Korean alphabet novels became a major <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the use of the Korean alphabet had gone without <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthographical standardization</a> for so long that spelling had become quite irregular.<sup id="cite_ref-Pratt_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pratt-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Songganggasa15-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Songganggasa15-2.jpg/220px-Songganggasa15-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Songganggasa15-2.jpg/330px-Songganggasa15-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Songganggasa15-2.jpg/440px-Songganggasa15-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1310" /></a><figcaption><i>Songangasa</i>, a collection of poems by Jeong Cheol, printed in 1768.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1796, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh">Isaac Titsingh</a> became the first person to bring a book written in Korean to the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>. His collection of books included the Japanese book <i><a href="/wiki/Sangoku_Ts%C5%ABran_Zusetsu" title="Sangoku Tsūran Zusetsu">Sangoku Tsūran Zusetsu</a></i> (<i>An Illustrated Description of Three Countries</i>) by <a href="/wiki/Hayashi_Shihei" title="Hayashi Shihei">Hayashi Shihei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This book, which was published in 1785, described the <a href="/wiki/Joseon_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseon Kingdom">Joseon Kingdom</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Korean alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1832, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Asiatic_Society_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland#Oriental_Translation_Fund_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland">Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland</a> supported the posthumous abridged publication of Titsingh's French translation.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thanks to growing <a href="/wiki/Korean_nationalism" title="Korean nationalism">Korean nationalism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gabo_Reform" title="Gabo Reform">Gabo Reformists</a>' push, and Western missionaries' promotion of the Korean alphabet in schools and literature,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Hangul Korean alphabet was adopted in official documents for the first time in 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-NAKL_process_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAKL_process-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elementary school texts began using the Korean alphabet in 1895, and <i><a href="/wiki/Tongnip_sinmun" title="Tongnip sinmun">Tongnip sinmun</a></i>, established in 1896, was the first newspaper printed in both Korean and English.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reforms_and_suppression_under_Japanese_rule">Reforms and suppression under Japanese rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reforms and suppression under Japanese rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea under Japanese rule</a></div> <p>After the Japanese annexation, which occurred in 1910, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> was made the official language of Korea. However, the Korean alphabet was still taught in Korean-established schools built after the annexation and Korean was written in a mixed Hanja-Hangul script, where most lexical roots were written in Hanja and grammatical forms in the Korean alphabet. Japan banned earlier Korean literature from public schooling, which became <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">mandatory</a> for children.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hangul_orthography" title="Hangul orthography">orthography of the Korean alphabet</a> was partially standardized in 1912, when the vowel <i>arae-a</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㆍ</span></span>)—which has now disappeared from Korean—was restricted to <a href="/wiki/Sino-Korean_vocabulary" title="Sino-Korean vocabulary">Sino-Korean</a> roots: the <a href="/wiki/Emphatic_consonant" title="Emphatic consonant">emphatic consonants</a> were standardized to <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅺ, ㅼ, ㅽ, ㅆ, ㅾ</span></span> and final consonants restricted to <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄱ, ㄴ, ㄹ, ㅁ, ㅂ, ㅅ, ㅇ, ㄺ, ㄻ, ㄼ</span></span>. <a href="/wiki/Long_vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowels">Long vowels</a> were marked by a diacritic dot to the left of the syllable, but this was dropped in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-Pratt_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pratt-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second colonial reform occurred in 1930. The <i>arae-a</i> was abolished: the emphatic consonants were changed to <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, ㅉ</span></span> and more final consonants <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄷ, ㅈ, ㅌ, ㅊ, ㅍ, ㄲ, ㄳ, ㄵ, ㄾ, ㄿ, ㅄ</span></span> were allowed, making the orthography more <a href="/wiki/Morphophonemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphophonemic">morphophonemic</a>. The double consonant <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅆ</span></span> was written alone (without a vowel) when it occurred between nouns, and the nominative particle <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">가</span></span> was introduced after vowels, replacing <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">이</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pratt_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pratt-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ju_Si-gyeong" title="Ju Si-gyeong">Ju Si-gyeong</a>, the linguist who had coined the term Hangul to replace <i>Eonmun</i> or Vulgar Script in 1912, established the Korean Language Research Society (later renamed the <a href="/wiki/Hangul_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Hangul Society">Hangul Society</a>), which further reformed orthography with <i>Standardized System of Hangul</i> in 1933. The principal change was to make the Korean alphabet as morphophonemically practical as possible given the existing letters.<sup id="cite_ref-Pratt_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pratt-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A system for <a href="/wiki/Transcription_into_Korean" title="Transcription into Korean">transliterating foreign orthographies</a> was published in 1940. </p><p>Japan banned the Korean language from schools and public offices in 1938 and excluded Korean courses from the elementary education in 1941 as part of a policy of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural assimilation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reforms">Further reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The definitive modern Korean alphabet orthography was published in 1946, just after <a href="/wiki/Korean_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean independence">Korean independence</a> from Japanese rule. In 1948, North Korea <a href="/wiki/New_Korean_Orthography" title="New Korean Orthography">attempted to make the script perfectly morphophonemic through the addition of new letters</a>, and, in 1953, <a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Syngman Rhee</a> in South Korea attempted to simplify the orthography by returning to the colonial orthography of 1921, but both reforms were abandoned after only a few years.<sup id="cite_ref-Pratt_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pratt-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both North Korea and South Korea have used the Korean alphabet or <a href="/wiki/Korean_mixed_script" title="Korean mixed script">mixed script</a> as their official writing system, with ever-decreasing use of Hanja especially in the North. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_South_Korea">In South Korea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in the 1970s, Hanja began to experience a gradual decline in commercial or unofficial writing in the South due to government intervention, with some South Korean newspapers now only using Hanja as abbreviations or disambiguation of homonyms. However, as Korean documents, history, literature and records throughout its history until the contemporary period were written primarily in <a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary Chinese">Literary Chinese</a> using Hanja as its primary script, a good working knowledge of Chinese characters especially in academia is still important for anyone who wishes to interpret and study older texts from Korea, or anyone who wishes to read scholarly texts in the humanities.<sup id="cite_ref-BAS_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAS-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A high proficiency in Hanja is also useful for understanding the etymology of Sino-Korean words as well as to enlarge one's Korean vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-BAS_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAS-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_North_Korea">In North Korea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In North Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>North Korea instated Hangul as its exclusive writing system in 1949 on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a>, and officially banned the use of Hanja.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-Korean_languages">Non-Korean languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Non-Korean languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hangul" title="Taiwanese Hangul">Systems</a> that employed Hangul letters with modified rules were attempted by linguists such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hsu_Tsao-te&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hsu Tsao-te (page does not exist)">Hsu Tsao-te</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%B1%E6%9B%B9%E5%BE%B7" class="extiw" title="zh:許曹德">zh</a>]</span> and <a href="/wiki/Ang_Ui-jin" title="Ang Ui-jin">Ang Ui-jin</a> to transcribe <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sinitic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinitic language">Sinitic language</a>, but the usage of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> ultimately ended up being the most practical solution and was endorsed by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Taiwan)" title="Ministry of Education (Taiwan)">Ministry of Education of Taiwan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IdealSMin_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IdealSMin-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WrittenTaiwanese_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WrittenTaiwanese-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TLLS_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TLLS-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hunminjeongeum_Society" title="Hunminjeongeum Society">Hunminjeong'eum Society</a> in Seoul attempted to spread the use of Hangul to unwritten languages of Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, it was unofficially adopted by the town of <a href="/wiki/Baubau" title="Baubau">Baubau</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Sulawesi" title="Southeast Sulawesi">Southeast Sulawesi</a>, Indonesia, to write the <a href="/wiki/Cia-Cia_language" title="Cia-Cia language">Cia-Cia language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CiaNYT_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CiaNYT-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cia2_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cia2-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cia_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cia-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cia3_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cia3-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of Indonesian Cia-Cia speakers who visited Seoul generated large media attention in South Korea, and they were greeted on their arrival by <a href="/wiki/Oh_Se-hoon" title="Oh Se-hoon">Oh Se-hoon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Seoul" title="Mayor of Seoul">mayor of Seoul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letters">Letters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hangul_consonant_and_vowel_tables" title="Hangul consonant and vowel tables">Hangul consonant and vowel tables</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hangeul_letter_order.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hangeul_letter_order.svg/200px-Hangeul_letter_order.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="407" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hangeul_letter_order.svg/300px-Hangeul_letter_order.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hangeul_letter_order.svg/400px-Hangeul_letter_order.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="1473" /></a><figcaption>Korean alphabet letters and pronunciation</figcaption></figure> <p>Letters in the Korean alphabet are called <i><a href="/wiki/Hangul_consonant_and_vowel_tables" title="Hangul consonant and vowel tables">jamo</a></i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">자모</span></span>). There are 14 <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">자음</span></span>) and 10 <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">모음</span></span>) used in the modern alphabet. They were first named in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunmongjahoe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hunmongjahoe (page does not exist)">Hunmongjahoe</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9B%88%EB%AA%BD%EC%9E%90%ED%9A%8C" class="extiw" title="ko:훈몽자회">ko</a>]</span>, a <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">hanja</a> textbook written by <a href="/wiki/Choe_Sejin" title="Choe Sejin">Choe Sejin</a>. Additionally, there are 27 complex letters that are formed by combining the basic letters: 5 tense consonant letters, 11 complex consonant letters, and 11 complex vowel letters. </p><p>In typography design and in IME automata, the letters that make up a block are called <i>jaso</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">자소</span></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pronounciation_%E3%84%B1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The shape of tongue when pronouncing ㄱ (g,k)"><img alt="The shape of tongue when pronouncing ㄱ (g,k)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Pronounciation_%E3%84%B1.png/120px-Pronounciation_%E3%84%B1.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Pronounciation_%E3%84%B1.png/180px-Pronounciation_%E3%84%B1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Pronounciation_%E3%84%B1.png/240px-Pronounciation_%E3%84%B1.png 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="338" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The shape of tongue when pronouncing <a href="/wiki/%E3%84%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ㄱ">ㄱ</a> (g,k)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pronounciation_%E3%84%B4.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The shape of tongue when pronouncing ㄴ (n)"><img alt="The shape of tongue when pronouncing ㄴ (n)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Pronounciation_%E3%84%B4.png/120px-Pronounciation_%E3%84%B4.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Pronounciation_%E3%84%B4.png/180px-Pronounciation_%E3%84%B4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Pronounciation_%E3%84%B4.png/240px-Pronounciation_%E3%84%B4.png 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="338" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The shape of tongue when pronouncing <a href="/wiki/%E3%84%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ㄴ">ㄴ</a> (n)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pronounciation_%E3%85%85.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The shape of teeth and tongue when pronouncing ㅅ (s)"><img alt="The shape of teeth and tongue when pronouncing ㅅ (s)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Pronounciation_%E3%85%85.png/120px-Pronounciation_%E3%85%85.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Pronounciation_%E3%85%85.png/180px-Pronounciation_%E3%85%85.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Pronounciation_%E3%85%85.png/240px-Pronounciation_%E3%85%85.png 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="338" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The shape of teeth and tongue when pronouncing <a href="/wiki/%E3%85%85" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅅ">ㅅ</a> (s)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pronounciation_%E3%85%87.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ㅇ (ng) is similar to the throat hole."><img alt="ㅇ (ng) is similar to the throat hole." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pronounciation_%E3%85%87.png/120px-Pronounciation_%E3%85%87.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pronounciation_%E3%85%87.png/180px-Pronounciation_%E3%85%87.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pronounciation_%E3%85%87.png/240px-Pronounciation_%E3%85%87.png 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="338" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅇ">ㅇ</a> (ng) is similar to the throat hole.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pronounciation_%E3%85%81.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="ㅁ (m) is similar to a closed mouth."><img alt="ㅁ (m) is similar to a closed mouth." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pronounciation_%E3%85%81.jpg/120px-Pronounciation_%E3%85%81.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pronounciation_%E3%85%81.jpg/180px-Pronounciation_%E3%85%81.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pronounciation_%E3%85%81.jpg/240px-Pronounciation_%E3%85%81.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅁ">ㅁ</a> (m) is similar to a closed mouth.</div> </li> </ul> <p>The chart below shows all 19 consonants in South Korean alphabetic order with <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a> equivalents for each letter and pronunciation in <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Korean_phonology" title="Korean phonology">Korean phonology</a> for more). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Hangul </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%84%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ㄱ">ㄱ</a> </td> <td>ㄲ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%84%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ㄴ">ㄴ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%84%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ㄷ">ㄷ</a> </td> <td>ㄸ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%84%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ㄹ">ㄹ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅁ">ㅁ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅂ">ㅂ</a> </td> <td>ㅃ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%85" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅅ">ㅅ</a> </td> <td>ㅆ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅇ">ㅇ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%88" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅈ">ㅈ</a> </td> <td>ㅉ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅊ">ㅊ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅋ">ㅋ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅌ">ㅌ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅍ">ㅍ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅎ">ㅎ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Initial </th> <th>Romanization </th> <td><i>g</i> </td> <td><i>kk</i> </td> <td><i>n</i> </td> <td><i>d</i> </td> <td><i>tt</i> </td> <td><i>r</i> </td> <td><i>m</i> </td> <td><i>b</i> </td> <td><i>pp</i> </td> <td><i>s</i> </td> <td><i>ss</i> </td> <td>' <sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>j</i> </td> <td><i>jj</i> </td> <td><i>ch</i> </td> <td><i>k</i> </td> <td><i>t</i> </td> <td><i>p</i> </td> <td><i>h</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>IPA </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k͈/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͈/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p͈/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s͈/</span> </td> <td>silent </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ɕ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͈͡ɕ͈/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ɕʰ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Final </th> <th rowspan="2">Romanization </th> <td><i>k</i> </td> <td><i>k</i> </td> <td><i>n</i> </td> <td><i>t</i> </td> <td rowspan="2">– </td> <td><i>l</i> </td> <td><i>m</i> </td> <td><i>p</i> </td> <td rowspan="2">– </td> <td><i>t</i> </td> <td><i>t</i> </td> <td><i>ng</i> </td> <td><i>t</i> </td> <td rowspan="2">– </td> <td><i>t</i> </td> <td><i>k</i> </td> <td><i>t</i> </td> <td><i>p</i> </td> <td><i>t</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>g </td> <td>kk </td> <td>n </td> <td>d </td> <td>l </td> <td>m </td> <td>b </td> <td>s </td> <td>ss </td> <td>ng </td> <td>j </td> <td>ch </td> <td>k </td> <td>t </td> <td>p </td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr> <th>IPA </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k̚/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t̚/</span> </td> <td><i>–</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɭ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p̚/</span> </td> <td>– </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t̚/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t̚/</span> </td> <td><i>–</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t̚/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k̚/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t̚/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p̚/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t̚/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">ㅇ</span></span> is <a href="/wiki/Silent_letter" title="Silent letter">silent</a> syllable-initially and is used as a placeholder when the syllable starts with a vowel. <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">ㄸ</span></span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">ㅃ</span></span>, and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">ㅉ</span></span> are never used syllable-finally. </p><p>The consonants are broadly categorized into two categories: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruents</a>: sounds produced when airflow either completely stops (i.e., a <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">plosive</a> consonant) or passes through a narrow opening (i.e., a <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricative</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorants</a>: sounds produced when air flows out with little to no obstruction through the mouth, nose, or both.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The chart below lists the Korean consonants by their respective categories and subcategories. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Consonants in Standard Korean (orthography)<sup id="cite_ref-:4_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th><i>Bilabial</i> </th> <th><i>Alveolar</i> </th> <th><i>Alveolo-palatal</i> </th> <th><i>Velar</i> </th> <th><i>Glottal</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="8">Obstruent </th> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop (plosive)</a> </th> <th>Lax </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p</span> (ㅂ) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t</span> (ㄷ) </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k</span> (ㄱ) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tense </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p͈</span> (ㅃ) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͈</span> (ㄸ) </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k͈</span> (ㄲ) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Aspirated </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʰ</span> (ㅍ) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʰ</span> (ㅌ) </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʰ</span> (ㅋ) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th>Lax </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s</span> (ㅅ) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">h</span> (ㅎ) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tense </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s͈</span> (ㅆ) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th>Lax </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͡ɕ</span> (ㅈ) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tense </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͈͡ɕ͈</span> (ㅉ) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Aspirated </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͡ɕʰ</span> (ㅊ) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><b>Sonorant</b> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m</span> (ㅁ) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n</span> (ㄴ) </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ŋ</span> (ㅇ) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid (lateral approximant)</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l</span> (ㄹ) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All Korean obstruents are <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> in that the larynx does not vibrate when producing those sounds and are further distinguished by degree of aspiration and tenseness. The tensed consonants are produced by constricting the vocal cords while heavily aspirated consonants (such as the Korean <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">ㅍ</span></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ/</span>) are produced by opening them.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Korean sonorants are voiced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chart below shows the 21 vowels used in the modern Korean alphabet in South Korean alphabetic order with <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a> equivalents for each letter and pronunciation in <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Korean_phonology" title="Korean phonology">Korean phonology</a> for more). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Hangul </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅏ">ㅏ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%90" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅐ">ㅐ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%91" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅑ">ㅑ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%92" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅒ">ㅒ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%93" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅓ">ㅓ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%94" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅔ">ㅔ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅕ">ㅕ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%96" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅖ">ㅖ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%97" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅗ">ㅗ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅘ">ㅘ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%99" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅙ">ㅙ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅚ">ㅚ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅛ">ㅛ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅜ">ㅜ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅝ">ㅝ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅞ">ㅞ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅟ">ㅟ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅠ">ㅠ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅡ">ㅡ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅢ">ㅢ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅣ">ㅣ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Revised Romanization </th> <td><i>a</i> </td> <td><i>ae</i> </td> <td><i>ya</i> </td> <td><i>yae</i> </td> <td><i>eo</i> </td> <td><i>e</i> </td> <td><i>yeo</i> </td> <td><i>ye</i> </td> <td><i>o</i> </td> <td><i>wa</i> </td> <td><i>wae</i> </td> <td><i>oe</i> </td> <td><i>yo</i> </td> <td><i>u</i> </td> <td><i>wo</i> </td> <td><i>we</i> </td> <td><i>wi</i> </td> <td><i>yu</i> </td> <td><i>eu</i> </td> <td><i>ui / yi</i> </td> <td><i>i</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>IPA </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">ja</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɛ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jʌ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/je/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">wa</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wɛ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a>/<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>[we]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jo/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wʌ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/we/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a>/<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥi</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ju/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_approximant" title="Voiced velar approximant">ɰi</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/</span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The vowels are generally separated into two categories: monophthongs and diphthongs. Monophthongs are produced with a single articulatory movement (hence the prefix mono), while diphthongs feature an articulatory change. Diphthongs have two constituents: a glide (or a semivowel) and a monophthong. There is some disagreement about exactly how many vowels are considered Korean's monophthongs; the largest inventory features ten, while some scholars have proposed eight or nine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2020)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> This divergence reveals two issues: whether Korean has two front rounded vowels (i.e. /ø/ and /y/); and, secondly, whether Korean has three levels of front vowels in terms of vowel height (i.e. whether /e/ and /ɛ/ are distinctive).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Actual phonological studies done by studying formant data show that current speakers of Standard Korean do not differentiate between the vowels <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">ㅔ</span></span> and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">ㅐ</span></span> in pronunciation.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabetic_order">Alphabetic order</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Alphabetic order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alphabetical_order" title="Alphabetical order">Alphabetic order</a> in the Korean alphabet is called the <i>ganada</i> order, (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">가나다순</span></span>) after the first three letters of the alphabet. The alphabetical order of the Korean alphabet does not mix consonants and vowels. Rather, first are <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar consonants</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">coronals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilants</a>, etc. The vowels come after the consonants.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">collation</a> order of Korean in Unicode is based on the South Korean order. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_orders">Historical orders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Historical orders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The order from the <i><a href="/wiki/Hunminjeongeum" title="Hunminjeongeum">Hunminjeongeum</a></i> in 1446 was:<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄱ ㄲ ㅋ ㆁ ㄷ ㄸ ㅌ ㄴ ㅥ ㅂ ㅃ ㅍ ㅁ ㅈ ㅉ ㅊ ㅅ ㅆ ㆆ ㅎ ㆅ ㅇ ㄹ ㅿ</span></span></dd> <dd><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㆍ ㅡ ㅣ ㅗ ㅏ ㅜ ㅓ ㅛ ㅑ ㅠ ㅕ</span></span></dd></dl> <p>This is the basis of the modern alphabetic orders. It was before the development of the Korean tense consonants and the double letters that represent them, and before the conflation of the letters <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅇ</span></span> (null) and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㆁ</span></span> (ng). Thus, when the North Korean and South Korean governments implemented full use of the Korean alphabet, they ordered these letters differently, with North Korea placing new letters at the end of the alphabet and South Korea grouping similar letters together.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Korean_order">North Korean order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: North Korean order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The double letters are placed after all the single letters (except the null initial <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅇ</span></span>, which goes at the end). </p> <dl><dd><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄱ ㄴ ㄷ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅅ ㅈ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ ㄲ ㄸ ㅃ ㅆ ㅉ ㅇ</span></span></dd> <dd><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅏ ㅑ ㅓ ㅕ ㅗ ㅛ ㅜ ㅠ ㅡ ㅣ ㅐ ㅒ ㅔ ㅖ ㅚ ㅟ ㅢ ㅘ ㅝ ㅙ ㅞ</span></span></dd></dl> <p>All digraphs and <a href="/wiki/Trigraph_(orthography)" title="Trigraph (orthography)">trigraphs</a>, including the old diphthongs <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅐ</span></span> and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅔ</span></span>, are placed after the simple vowels, again maintaining Choe's alphabetic order. </p><p>The order of the final letters (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">받침</span></span>) is: </p> <dl><dd>(none) <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄱ ㄳ ㄴ ㄵ ㄶ ㄷ ㄹ ㄺ ㄻ ㄼ ㄽ ㄾ ㄿ ㅀ ㅁ ㅂ ㅄ ㅅ ㅇ ㅈ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ ㄲ ㅆ</span></span></dd></dl> <p>(None means there is no final letter.) </p><p>Unlike when it is initial, this <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅇ</span></span> is pronounced, as the nasal <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅇ</span></span> <i>ng,</i> which occurs only as a final in the modern language. The double letters are placed to the very end, as in the initial order, but the combined consonants are ordered immediately after their first element.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korean_order">South Korean order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: South Korean order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Southern order, double letters are placed immediately after their single counterparts: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄱ ㄲ ㄴ ㄷ ㄸ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅃ ㅅ ㅆ ㅇ ㅈ ㅉ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ</span></span></dd> <dd><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅏ ㅐ ㅑ ㅒ ㅓ ㅔ ㅕ ㅖ ㅗ ㅘ ㅙ ㅚ ㅛ ㅜ ㅝ ㅞ ㅟ ㅠ ㅡ ㅢ ㅣ</span></span></dd></dl> <p>The modern <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthongal</a> vowels come first, with the derived forms interspersed according to their form: <i>i</i> is added first, then <a href="/wiki/Iotation" title="Iotation">iotated</a>, then iotated with added <i>i</i>. <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">Diphthongs</a> beginning with <i>w</i> are ordered according to their spelling, as <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅗ</span></span> or <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅜ</span></span> plus a second vowel, not as separate <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a>. </p><p>The order of the final letters is: </p> <dl><dd>(none) <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄱ ㄲ ㄳ ㄴ ㄵ ㄶ ㄷ ㄹ ㄺ ㄻ ㄼ ㄽ ㄾ ㄿ ㅀ ㅁ ㅂ ㅄ ㅅ ㅆ ㅇ ㅈ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ</span></span></dd></dl> <p>Every syllable begins with a consonant (or the silent ㅇ) that is followed by a vowel (e.g. <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄷ</span></span> + <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅏ</span></span> = <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">다</span></span>). Some syllables such as <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">달</span></span> and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">닭</span></span> have a final consonant or final consonant cluster (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">받침</span></span>). Thus, 399 combinations are possible for two-letter syllables and 10,773 possible combinations for syllables with more than two letters (27 possible final endings), for a total of 11,172 possible combinations of Korean alphabet letters to form syllables.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sort order including archaic Hangul letters defined in the South Korean national standard <a href="/w/index.php?title=KS_X_1026-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KS X 1026-1 (page does not exist)">KS X 1026-1</a> is:<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Initial consonants: ᄀ, ᄁ, ᅚ, ᄂ, ᄓ, ᄔ, ᄕ, ᄖ, ᅛ, ᅜ, ᅝ, ᄃ, ᄗ, ᄄ, ᅞ, ꥠ, ꥡ, ꥢ, ꥣ, ᄅ, ꥤ, ꥥ, ᄘ, ꥦ, ꥧ, ᄙ, ꥨ, ꥩ, ꥪ, ꥫ, ꥬ, ꥭ, ꥮ, ᄚ, ᄛ, ᄆ, ꥯ, ꥰ, ᄜ, ꥱ, ᄝ, ᄇ, ᄞ, ᄟ, ᄠ, ᄈ, ᄡ, ᄢ, ᄣ, ᄤ, ᄥ, ᄦ, ꥲ, ᄧ, ᄨ, ꥳ, ᄩ, ᄪ, ꥴ, ᄫ, ᄬ, ᄉ, ᄭ, ᄮ, ᄯ, ᄰ, ᄱ, ᄲ, ᄳ, ᄊ, ꥵ, ᄴ, ᄵ, ᄶ, ᄷ, ᄸ, ᄹ, ᄺ, ᄻ, ᄼ, ᄽ, ᄾ, ᄿ, ᅀ, ᄋ, ᅁ, ᅂ, ꥶ, ᅃ, ᅄ, ᅅ, ᅆ, ᅇ, ᅈ, ᅉ, ᅊ, ᅋ, ꥷ, ᅌ, ᄌ, ᅍ, ᄍ, ꥸ, ᅎ, ᅏ, ᅐ, ᅑ, ᄎ, ᅒ, ᅓ, ᅔ, ᅕ, ᄏ, ᄐ, ꥹ, ᄑ, ᅖ, ꥺ, ᅗ, ᄒ, ꥻ, ᅘ, ᅙ, ꥼ, (filler; <code>U+115F</code>)</li> <li>Medial vowels: (filler; <code>U+1160</code>), ᅡ, ᅶ, ᅷ, ᆣ, ᅢ, ᅣ, ᅸ, ᅹ, ᆤ, ᅤ, ᅥ, ᅺ, ᅻ, ᅼ, ᅦ, ᅧ, ᆥ, ᅽ, ᅾ, ᅨ, ᅩ, ᅪ, ᅫ, ᆦ, ᆧ, ᅿ, ᆀ, ힰ, ᆁ, ᆂ, ힱ, ᆃ, ᅬ, ᅭ, ힲ, ힳ, ᆄ, ᆅ, ힴ, ᆆ, ᆇ, ᆈ, ᅮ, ᆉ, ᆊ, ᅯ, ᆋ, ᅰ, ힵ, ᆌ, ᆍ, ᅱ, ힶ, ᅲ, ᆎ, ힷ, ᆏ, ᆐ, ᆑ, ᆒ, ힸ, ᆓ, ᆔ, ᅳ, ힹ, ힺ, ힻ, ힼ, ᆕ, ᆖ, ᅴ, ᆗ, ᅵ, ᆘ, ᆙ, ힽ, ힾ, ힿ, ퟀ, ᆚ, ퟁ, ퟂ, ᆛ, ퟃ, ᆜ, ퟄ, ᆝ, ᆞ, ퟅ, ᆟ, ퟆ, ᆠ, ᆡ, ᆢ</li> <li>Final consonants: (none), ᆨ, ᆩ, ᇺ, ᇃ, ᇻ, ᆪ, ᇄ, ᇼ, ᇽ, ᇾ, ᆫ, ᇅ, ᇿ, ᇆ, ퟋ, ᇇ, ᇈ, ᆬ, ퟌ, ᇉ, ᆭ, ᆮ, ᇊ, ퟍ, ퟎ, ᇋ, ퟏ, ퟐ, ퟑ, ퟒ, ퟓ, ퟔ, ᆯ, ᆰ, ퟕ, ᇌ, ퟖ, ᇍ, ᇎ, ᇏ, ᇐ, ퟗ, ᆱ, ᇑ, ᇒ, ퟘ, ᆲ, ퟙ, ᇓ, ퟚ, ᇔ, ᇕ, ᆳ, ᇖ, ᇗ, ퟛ, ᇘ, ᆴ, ᆵ, ᆶ, ᇙ, ퟜ, ퟝ, ᆷ, ᇚ, ퟞ, ퟟ, ᇛ, ퟠ, ᇜ, ퟡ, ᇝ, ᇞ, ᇟ, ퟢ, ᇠ, ᇡ, ᇢ, ᆸ, ퟣ, ᇣ, ퟤ, ퟥ, ퟦ, ᆹ, ퟧ, ퟨ, ퟩ, ᇤ, ᇥ, ᇦ, ᆺ, ᇧ, ᇨ, ᇩ, ퟪ, ᇪ, ퟫ, ᆻ, ퟬ, ퟭ, ퟮ, ퟯ, ퟰ, ퟱ, ퟲ, ᇫ, ퟳ, ퟴ, ᆼ, ᇰ, ᇬ, ᇭ, ퟵ, ᇱ, ᇲ, ᇮ, ᇯ, ퟶ, ᆽ, ퟷ, ퟸ, ퟹ, ᆾ, ᆿ, ᇀ, ᇁ, ᇳ, ퟺ, ퟻ, ᇴ, ᇂ, ᇵ, ᇶ, ᇷ, ᇸ, ᇹ</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hangul_consonant_sort_order.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sort order of Hangul consonants defined in the South Korean national standard KS X 1026-1"><img alt="Sort order of Hangul consonants defined in the South Korean national standard KS X 1026-1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hangul_consonant_sort_order.svg/8px-Hangul_consonant_sort_order.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hangul_consonant_sort_order.svg/13px-Hangul_consonant_sort_order.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hangul_consonant_sort_order.svg/17px-Hangul_consonant_sort_order.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="7681" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sort order of Hangul consonants defined in the South Korean national standard KS X 1026-1</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hangul_vowel_sort_order.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sort order of Hangul vowels defined in the South Korean national standard KS X 1026-1"><img alt="Sort order of Hangul vowels defined in the South Korean national standard KS X 1026-1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hangul_vowel_sort_order.svg/13px-Hangul_vowel_sort_order.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hangul_vowel_sort_order.svg/20px-Hangul_vowel_sort_order.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hangul_vowel_sort_order.svg/27px-Hangul_vowel_sort_order.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="3756" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sort order of Hangul vowels defined in the South Korean national standard KS X 1026-1</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letter_names">Letter names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Letter names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hangul" title="Special:EditPage/Hangul">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Giyuk.ogg" title="File:Giyuk.ogg">Korean consonants</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="17" data-mwtitle="Giyuk.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Giyuk.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/Giyuk.ogg/Giyuk.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">names of the Korean consonant letters (South Korean)</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_vowels.ogg" title="File:Korean vowels.ogg">Korean vowels</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="13" data-mwtitle="Korean_vowels.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Korean_vowels.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5e/Korean_vowels.ogg/Korean_vowels.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">names of the Korean vowel letters</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Letters in the Korean alphabet were named by Korean linguist <a href="/wiki/Choe_Sejin" title="Choe Sejin">Choe Sejin</a> in 1527. South Korea uses Choe's traditional names, most of which follow the format of <i>letter</i> + <i>i</i> + <i>eu</i> + <i>letter</i>. Choe described these names by listing Hanja characters with similar pronunciations. However, as the syllables <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">윽</span></span> <i>euk</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">읃</span></span> <i>eut</i>, and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">읏</span></span> <i>eut</i> did not occur in Hanja, Choe gave those letters the modified names <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">기역</span></span> <i>gi<b>yeok</b></i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">디귿</span></span> <i>di<b>geut</b></i>, and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">시옷</span></span> <i>si<b>ot</b></i>, using Hanja that did not fit the pattern (for 기역) or native Korean syllables (for 디귿 and 시옷).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally, Choe gave <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅈ</span></span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅊ</span></span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅋ</span></span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅌ</span></span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅍ</span></span>, and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅎ</span></span> the irregular one-syllable names of <i>ji</i>, <i>chi</i>, <i>ḳi</i>, <i>ṭi</i>, <i>p̣i</i>, and <i>hi</i>, because they should not be used as final consonants, as specified in <i><a href="/wiki/Hunminjeongeum" title="Hunminjeongeum">Hunminjeongeum</a></i>. However, after establishment of the new orthography in 1933, which let all consonants be used as finals, the names changed to the present forms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_North_Korea_2">In North Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In North Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chart below shows names used in North Korea for consonants in the Korean alphabet. The letters are arranged in North Korean alphabetic order, and the letter names are romanised with the <a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a> system, which is widely used in North Korea. The tense consonants are described with the word <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">된</span></span> <i>toen</i> meaning hard. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Consonant </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%84%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ㄱ">ㄱ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%84%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ㄴ">ㄴ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%84%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ㄷ">ㄷ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%84%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ㄹ">ㄹ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅁ">ㅁ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅂ">ㅂ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%85" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅅ">ㅅ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%88" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅈ">ㅈ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅊ">ㅊ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅋ">ㅋ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅌ">ㅌ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅍ">ㅍ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅎ">ㅎ</a> </td> <td>ㄲ </td> <td>ㄸ </td> <td>ㅃ </td> <td>ㅆ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅇ">ㅇ</a> </td> <td>ㅉ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Name </th> <td>기윽 </td> <td>니은 </td> <td>디읃 </td> <td>리을 </td> <td>미음 </td> <td>비읍 </td> <td>시읏 </td> <td>지읒 </td> <td>치읓 </td> <td>키읔 </td> <td>티읕 </td> <td>피읖 </td> <td>히읗 </td> <td>된기윽 </td> <td>된디읃 </td> <td>된비읍 </td> <td>된시읏 </td> <td>이응 </td> <td>된지읒 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCR</a> </th> <td><i>kiŭk</i> </td> <td><i>niŭn</i> </td> <td><i>diŭt</i> </td> <td><i>riŭl</i> </td> <td><i>miŭm</i> </td> <td><i>piŭp</i> </td> <td><i>siŭt</i> </td> <td><i>jiŭt</i> </td> <td><i>chiŭt</i> </td> <td><i>ḳiŭk</i> </td> <td><i>ṭiŭt</i> </td> <td><i>p̣iŭp</i> </td> <td><i>hiŭt</i> </td> <td><i>toen'giŭk</i> </td> <td><i>toendiŭt</i> </td> <td><i>toenbiŭp</i> </td> <td><i>toensiŭt</i> </td> <td><i>'iŭng</i> </td> <td><i>toenjiŭt</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In North Korea, an alternative way to refer to a consonant is <i>letter</i> + <i>ŭ</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅡ</span></span>), for example, gŭ (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">그</span></span>) for the letter <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄱ</span></span>, and <i>ssŭ</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">쓰</span></span>) for the letter <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅆ</span></span>. </p><p>As in South Korea, the names of vowels in the Korean alphabet are the same as the sound of each vowel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_South_Korea_2">In South Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chart below shows names used in South Korea for consonants of the Korean alphabet. The letters are arranged in the South Korean alphabetic order, and the letter names are romanised in the <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a> system, which is the official <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> system of South Korea. The tense consonants are described with the word <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">쌍</span></span> <i>ssang</i> meaning double. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Consonant </th> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="/wiki/%E3%84%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ㄱ">ㄱ</a></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄲ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="/wiki/%E3%84%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ㄴ">ㄴ</a></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="/wiki/%E3%84%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ㄷ">ㄷ</a></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄸ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="/wiki/%E3%84%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ㄹ">ㄹ</a></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅁ">ㅁ</a></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅂ">ㅂ</a></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅃ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%85" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅅ">ㅅ</a></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅆ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅇ">ㅇ</a></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%88" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅈ">ㅈ</a></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅉ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅊ">ㅊ</a></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅋ">ㅋ</a></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅌ">ㅌ</a></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅍ">ㅍ</a></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅎ">ㅎ</a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Name (Hangul) </th> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">기역</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">쌍기역</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">니은</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">디귿</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">쌍디귿</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">리을</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">미음</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">비읍</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">쌍비읍</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">시옷</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">쌍시옷</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">이응</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">지읒</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">쌍지읒</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">치읓</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">키읔</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">티읕</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">피읖</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">히읗</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Name (romanised) </th> <td><i>gi-yeok</i> </td> <td><i>ssang-giyeok</i> </td> <td><i>ni-eun</i> </td> <td><i>digeut</i> </td> <td><i>ssang-digeut</i> </td> <td><i>ri-eul</i> </td> <td><i>mi-eum</i> </td> <td><i>bi-eup</i> </td> <td><i>ssang-bi-eup</i> </td> <td><i>si-ot (shi-ot)</i> </td> <td><i>ssang-si-ot (ssang-shi-ot)</i> </td> <td><i>'i-eung</i> </td> <td><i>ji-eut</i> </td> <td><i>ssang-ji-eut</i> </td> <td><i>chi-eut</i> </td> <td><i>ḳi-euk</i> </td> <td><i>ṭi-eut</i> </td> <td><i>p̣i-eup</i> </td> <td><i>hi-eut</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stroke_order">Stroke order</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Stroke order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Letters in the Korean alphabet have adopted certain rules of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Chinese calligraphy</a>, although <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅇ</span></span> and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅎ</span></span> use a circle, which is not used in printed Chinese characters.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1421px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 66px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%84%B1_(giyeok)_stroke_order.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ㄱ (giyeok 기역)"><img alt="ㄱ (giyeok 기역)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/%E3%84%B1_%28giyeok%29_stroke_order.png/97px-%E3%84%B1_%28giyeok%29_stroke_order.png" decoding="async" width="97" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/%E3%84%B1_%28giyeok%29_stroke_order.png/145px-%E3%84%B1_%28giyeok%29_stroke_order.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/%E3%84%B1_%28giyeok%29_stroke_order.png/193px-%E3%84%B1_%28giyeok%29_stroke_order.png 2x" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="76" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄱ</span></span> (giyeok <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">기역</span></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 66px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%84%B4_(nieun)_stroke_order.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ㄴ (nieun 니은)"><img alt="ㄴ (nieun 니은)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/%E3%84%B4_%28nieun%29_stroke_order.png/97px-%E3%84%B4_%28nieun%29_stroke_order.png" decoding="async" width="97" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/%E3%84%B4_%28nieun%29_stroke_order.png/145px-%E3%84%B4_%28nieun%29_stroke_order.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/%E3%84%B4_%28nieun%29_stroke_order.png/193px-%E3%84%B4_%28nieun%29_stroke_order.png 2x" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="76" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄴ</span></span> (nieun <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">니은</span></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 66px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%84%B7_(digeut)_stroke_order.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ㄷ (digeut 디귿)"><img alt="ㄷ (digeut 디귿)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%E3%84%B7_%28digeut%29_stroke_order.png/153px-%E3%84%B7_%28digeut%29_stroke_order.png" decoding="async" width="153" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%E3%84%B7_%28digeut%29_stroke_order.png/229px-%E3%84%B7_%28digeut%29_stroke_order.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/%E3%84%B7_%28digeut%29_stroke_order.png 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="68" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄷ</span></span> (digeut <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">디귿</span></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 66px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%84%B9_(rieul)_stroke_order.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ㄹ (rieul 리을)"><img alt="ㄹ (rieul 리을)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/%E3%84%B9_%28rieul%29_stroke_order.png/160px-%E3%84%B9_%28rieul%29_stroke_order.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/%E3%84%B9_%28rieul%29_stroke_order.png/240px-%E3%84%B9_%28rieul%29_stroke_order.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/%E3%84%B9_%28rieul%29_stroke_order.png/320px-%E3%84%B9_%28rieul%29_stroke_order.png 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="87" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄹ</span></span> (rieul <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">리을</span></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 66px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%85%81_(mieum)_stroke_order.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ㅁ (mieum 미음)"><img alt="ㅁ (mieum 미음)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/%E3%85%81_%28mieum%29_stroke_order.png/160px-%E3%85%81_%28mieum%29_stroke_order.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/%E3%85%81_%28mieum%29_stroke_order.png/240px-%E3%85%81_%28mieum%29_stroke_order.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/%E3%85%81_%28mieum%29_stroke_order.png 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="68" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅁ</span></span> (mieum <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">미음</span></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 66px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%85%82_(bieup)_stroke_order.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ㅂ (bieup 비읍)"><img alt="ㅂ (bieup 비읍)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%E3%85%82_%28bieup%29_stroke_order.png/160px-%E3%85%82_%28bieup%29_stroke_order.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%E3%85%82_%28bieup%29_stroke_order.png/240px-%E3%85%82_%28bieup%29_stroke_order.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%E3%85%82_%28bieup%29_stroke_order.png/320px-%E3%85%82_%28bieup%29_stroke_order.png 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="67" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅂ</span></span> (bieup <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">비읍</span></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 66px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%85%85_(siot)_stroke_order.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ㅅ (siot 시옷)"><img alt="ㅅ (siot 시옷)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%E3%85%85_%28siot%29_stroke_order.png/147px-%E3%85%85_%28siot%29_stroke_order.png" decoding="async" width="147" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%E3%85%85_%28siot%29_stroke_order.png/220px-%E3%85%85_%28siot%29_stroke_order.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/%E3%85%85_%28siot%29_stroke_order.png 2x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="68" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅅ</span></span> (siot <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">시옷</span></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 66px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%85%87_(ieung)_stroke_order.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ㅇ (ieung 이응)"><img alt="ㅇ (ieung 이응)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%E3%85%87_%28ieung%29_stroke_order.png/133px-%E3%85%87_%28ieung%29_stroke_order.png" decoding="async" width="133" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%E3%85%87_%28ieung%29_stroke_order.png/200px-%E3%85%87_%28ieung%29_stroke_order.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/%E3%85%87_%28ieung%29_stroke_order.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="61" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅇ</span></span> (ieung <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">이응</span></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 66px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%85%88_(jieut)_stroke_order.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ㅈ (jieut 지읒)"><img alt="ㅈ (jieut 지읒)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%E3%85%88_%28jieut%29_stroke_order.png/160px-%E3%85%88_%28jieut%29_stroke_order.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%E3%85%88_%28jieut%29_stroke_order.png/240px-%E3%85%88_%28jieut%29_stroke_order.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%E3%85%88_%28jieut%29_stroke_order.png/320px-%E3%85%88_%28jieut%29_stroke_order.png 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="70" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅈ</span></span> (jieut <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">지읒</span></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 66px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%85%8A_(chieut)_stroke_order.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ㅊ (chieut 치읓)"><img alt="ㅊ (chieut 치읓)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%E3%85%8A_%28chieut%29_stroke_order.png/160px-%E3%85%8A_%28chieut%29_stroke_order.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%E3%85%8A_%28chieut%29_stroke_order.png/240px-%E3%85%8A_%28chieut%29_stroke_order.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%E3%85%8A_%28chieut%29_stroke_order.png/320px-%E3%85%8A_%28chieut%29_stroke_order.png 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="71" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅊ</span></span> (chieut <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">치읓</span></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 66px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%85%8B_(kieuk)_stroke_order.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ㅋ (ḳieuk 키읔)"><img alt="ㅋ (ḳieuk 키읔)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%E3%85%8B_%28kieuk%29_stroke_order.png/147px-%E3%85%8B_%28kieuk%29_stroke_order.png" decoding="async" width="147" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%E3%85%8B_%28kieuk%29_stroke_order.png/220px-%E3%85%8B_%28kieuk%29_stroke_order.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/%E3%85%8B_%28kieuk%29_stroke_order.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="59" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅋ</span></span> (ḳieuk <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">키읔</span></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 66px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%85%8C_(tieut)_stroke_order.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ㅌ (ṭieut 티읕)"><img alt="ㅌ (ṭieut 티읕)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%E3%85%8C_%28tieut%29_stroke_order.png/160px-%E3%85%8C_%28tieut%29_stroke_order.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%E3%85%8C_%28tieut%29_stroke_order.png/240px-%E3%85%8C_%28tieut%29_stroke_order.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%E3%85%8C_%28tieut%29_stroke_order.png/320px-%E3%85%8C_%28tieut%29_stroke_order.png 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="68" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅌ</span></span> (ṭieut <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">티읕</span></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 66px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%85%8D_(pieup)_stroke_order.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ㅍ (p̣ieup 피읖)"><img alt="ㅍ (p̣ieup 피읖)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%E3%85%8D_%28pieup%29_stroke_order.png/160px-%E3%85%8D_%28pieup%29_stroke_order.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%E3%85%8D_%28pieup%29_stroke_order.png/240px-%E3%85%8D_%28pieup%29_stroke_order.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%E3%85%8D_%28pieup%29_stroke_order.png/320px-%E3%85%8D_%28pieup%29_stroke_order.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="73" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅍ</span></span> (p̣ieup <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">피읖</span></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 66px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%85%8E_(hieut)_stroke_order.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ㅎ (hieut 히읗)"><img alt="ㅎ (hieut 히읗)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/%E3%85%8E_%28hieut%29_stroke_order.png/160px-%E3%85%8E_%28hieut%29_stroke_order.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/%E3%85%8E_%28hieut%29_stroke_order.png/240px-%E3%85%8E_%28hieut%29_stroke_order.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/%E3%85%8E_%28hieut%29_stroke_order.png/320px-%E3%85%8E_%28hieut%29_stroke_order.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="76" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅎ</span></span> (hieut <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">히읗</span></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 66px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%85%8F_(a)_stroke_order.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ㅏ (a)"><img alt="ㅏ (a)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/%E3%85%8F_%28a%29_stroke_order.png/94px-%E3%85%8F_%28a%29_stroke_order.png" decoding="async" width="94" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/%E3%85%8F_%28a%29_stroke_order.png/140px-%E3%85%8F_%28a%29_stroke_order.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/%E3%85%8F_%28a%29_stroke_order.png/187px-%E3%85%8F_%28a%29_stroke_order.png 2x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅏ</span></span> (a)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 66px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%85%90_(ae)_stroke_order.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ㅐ (ae)"><img alt="ㅐ (ae)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%E3%85%90_%28ae%29_stroke_order.png/102px-%E3%85%90_%28ae%29_stroke_order.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%E3%85%90_%28ae%29_stroke_order.png/152px-%E3%85%90_%28ae%29_stroke_order.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%E3%85%90_%28ae%29_stroke_order.png/203px-%E3%85%90_%28ae%29_stroke_order.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="105" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅐ</span></span> (ae)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 66px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%85%93_(eo)_stroke_order.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ㅓ (eo)"><img alt="ㅓ (eo)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/%E3%85%93_%28eo%29_stroke_order.png/79px-%E3%85%93_%28eo%29_stroke_order.png" decoding="async" width="79" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/%E3%85%93_%28eo%29_stroke_order.png/118px-%E3%85%93_%28eo%29_stroke_order.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/%E3%85%93_%28eo%29_stroke_order.png/157px-%E3%85%93_%28eo%29_stroke_order.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="101" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅓ</span></span> (eo)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 66px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%85%94_(e)_stroke_order.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ㅔ (e)"><img alt="ㅔ (e)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%E3%85%94_%28e%29_stroke_order.png/123px-%E3%85%94_%28e%29_stroke_order.png" decoding="async" width="123" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%E3%85%94_%28e%29_stroke_order.png/184px-%E3%85%94_%28e%29_stroke_order.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%E3%85%94_%28e%29_stroke_order.png/245px-%E3%85%94_%28e%29_stroke_order.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅔ</span></span> (e)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 66px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%85%97_(o)_stroke_order-2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ㅗ (o)"><img alt="ㅗ (o)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%E3%85%97_%28o%29_stroke_order-2.png/160px-%E3%85%97_%28o%29_stroke_order-2.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%E3%85%97_%28o%29_stroke_order-2.png/240px-%E3%85%97_%28o%29_stroke_order-2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/%E3%85%97_%28o%29_stroke_order-2.png 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅗ</span></span> (o)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 66px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%85%9C_(u)_stroke_order.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ㅜ (u)"><img alt="ㅜ (u)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%E3%85%9C_%28u%29_stroke_order.png/160px-%E3%85%9C_%28u%29_stroke_order.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%E3%85%9C_%28u%29_stroke_order.png/240px-%E3%85%9C_%28u%29_stroke_order.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%E3%85%9C_%28u%29_stroke_order.png/320px-%E3%85%9C_%28u%29_stroke_order.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="59" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅜ</span></span> (u)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 66px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%85%A1_(eu)_stroke_order.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ㅡ (eu)"><img alt="ㅡ (eu)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%E3%85%A1_%28eu%29_stroke_order.png/160px-%E3%85%A1_%28eu%29_stroke_order.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/%E3%85%A1_%28eu%29_stroke_order.png 1.5x" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="39" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅡ</span></span> (eu)</div> </li> </ul> <p>For the <a href="/wiki/Iotated" class="mw-redirect" title="Iotated">iotated</a> vowels, which are not shown, the short stroke is simply doubled. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letter_design">Letter design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Letter design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Calligraphy" title="Category:Calligraphy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:KeitenAijin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/KeitenAijin.jpg/150px-KeitenAijin.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/KeitenAijin.jpg/225px-KeitenAijin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/KeitenAijin.jpg/300px-KeitenAijin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4188" data-file-height="1984" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By script</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_calligraphy" title="Turkish calligraphy">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_calligraphy" title="Indian calligraphy">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calligraphy" title="Tibetan calligraphy">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_calligraphy" title="Serbian calligraphy">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyaz_(Cyrillic_calligraphy)" title="Vyaz (Cyrillic calligraphy)">Vyaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calligraphy" title="Georgian calligraphy">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Hanzi</a>-based <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_calligraphy" title="Korean calligraphy">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calligraphy" title="Japanese calligraphy">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_calligraphy" title="Vietnamese calligraphy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_calligraphy" title="Western calligraphy">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_calligraphy" title="Mongolian calligraphy">Mongolian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p>Scripts typically transcribe languages at the level of <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logographic scripts</a> like Hanja), of <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllables</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabaries</a> like <i><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">kana</a></i>), of <a href="/wiki/Segment_(linguistics)" title="Segment (linguistics)">segments</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabetic</a> scripts like the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> used to write English and many other languages), or, on occasion, of <a href="/wiki/Distinctive_features" class="mw-redirect" title="Distinctive features">distinctive features</a>. The Korean alphabet incorporates aspects of the latter three, grouping sounds into <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllables</a>, using distinct symbols for <a href="/wiki/Segment_(linguistics)" title="Segment (linguistics)">segments</a>, and in some cases using distinct strokes to indicate <a href="/wiki/Distinctive_feature" title="Distinctive feature">distinctive features</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">place of articulation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">coronal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">glottal</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">manner of articulation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sibilant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibilant consonant">sibilant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspiration</a>) for consonants, and <a href="/wiki/Iotation" title="Iotation">iotation</a> (a preceding <i>i-</i>sound), <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">harmonic class</a> and <a href="/wiki/I-mutation" title="I-mutation">i-mutation</a> for vowels. </p><p>For instance, the consonant <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅌ</span></span> ṭ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʰ]</span> is composed of three strokes, each one meaningful: the top stroke indicates <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅌ</span></span> is a plosive, like <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㆆ</span></span> <i>ʔ</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄱ</span></span> <i>g</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄷ</span></span> <i>d</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅈ</span></span> <i>j</i>, which have the same stroke (the last is an <a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">affricate</a>, a plosive–fricative sequence); the middle stroke indicates that <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅌ</span></span> is aspirated, like <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅎ</span></span> <i>h</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅋ</span></span> <i>ḳ</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅊ</span></span> <i>ch</i>, which also have this stroke; and the bottom stroke indicates that <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅌ</span></span> is alveolar, like <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄴ</span></span> <i>n</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄷ</span></span> <i>d</i>, and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄹ</span></span> <i>l</i>. (It is said to represent the shape of the tongue when pronouncing coronal consonants, though this is not certain.) Two obsolete consonants, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㆁ</span></span> and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅱ</span></span>, have dual pronunciations, and appear to be composed of two elements corresponding to these two pronunciations: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span>~silence for <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㆁ</span></span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> for <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅱ</span></span>. </p><p>With vowel letters, a short stroke connected to the main line of the letter indicates that this is one of the vowels that <i>can</i> be iotated; this stroke is then doubled when the vowel <i>is</i> iotated. The position of the stroke indicates which harmonic class the vowel belongs to, <a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">light</a> (top or right) or <a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">dark</a> (bottom or left). In the modern alphabet, an additional vertical stroke indicates <a href="/wiki/I-mutation" title="I-mutation">i mutation</a>, deriving <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅐ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅚ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ø]</span>, and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅟ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[y]</span> from <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅏ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅗ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span>, and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅜ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span>. However, this is not part of the intentional design of the script, but rather a natural development from what were originally <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> ending in the vowel <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅣ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span>. Indeed, in many <a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Korean" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of Korean">Korean dialects</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> including the standard <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Seoul Dialect">dialect of Seoul</a>, some of these may still be diphthongs. For example, in the Seoul dialect, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅚ</span></span> may alternatively be pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[we̞]</span>, and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅟ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɥi]</span>. Note: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅔ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span> as a morpheme is ㅓ combined with ㅣ as a vertical stroke. As a phoneme, its sound is not by i mutation of <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅓ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʌ]</span>. </p><p>Beside the letters, the Korean alphabet originally employed <a href="/wiki/Diacritic_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritic mark">diacritic marks</a> to indicate <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch accent</a>. A syllable with a high pitch (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">거성</span></span>) was marked with a dot (<span style="font-family:'Malgun Gothic', 'Source Han Sans', 'Noto Sans CJK', serif">〮</span>) to the left of it (when writing vertically); a syllable with a rising pitch (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">상성</span></span>) was marked with a double dot, like a colon (<span style="font-family:'Malgun Gothic', 'Source Han Serif', 'Noto Serif CJK', serif">〯</span>). These are no longer used, as modern Seoul Korean has lost tonality. <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">Vowel length</a> has also been neutralized in Modern Korean<sup id="cite_ref-Kim-Renaud_Tranter_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim-Renaud_Tranter-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is no longer written. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonant_design">Consonant design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Consonant design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hangul" title="Special:EditPage/Hangul">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The consonant letters fall into five <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homorganic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:homorganic">homorganic</a> groups, each with a basic shape, and one or more letters derived from this shape by means of additional strokes. In the <i>Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye</i> account, the basic shapes iconically represent the articulations the <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palate" title="Palate">palate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth">teeth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Throat" title="Throat">throat</a> take when making these sounds. </p> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="width:120px; margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Simple </th> <th>Aspirated </th> <th>Tense </th></tr> <tr> <th>velar </th> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄱ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅋ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄲ</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>fricatives </th> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅅ</span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅆ</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>palatal </th> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅈ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅊ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅉ</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>coronal </th> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄷ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅌ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄸ</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>bilabial </th> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅂ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅍ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅃ</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar consonants</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">아음, 牙音</span></span> <i>a'eum</i> "molar sounds") <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄱ</span></span> <i>g</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅋ</span></span> ḳ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰ]</span></li> <li>Basic shape: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄱ</span></span> is a side view of the back of the tongue raised toward the velum (soft palate). (For illustration, access the external link below.) <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅋ</span></span> is derived from <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄱ</span></span> with a stroke for the burst of aspiration.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibilant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibilant consonant">Sibilant consonants</a> (fricative or palatal) (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">치음, 齒音</span></span> <i>chieum</i> "dental sounds"): <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅅ</span></span> s <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅈ</span></span> j <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕ]</span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅊ</span></span> ch <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕʰ]</span></li> <li>Basic shape: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅅ</span></span> was originally shaped like a wedge ∧, without the <a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">serif</a> on top. It represents a side view of the teeth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The line topping <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅈ</span></span> represents firm contact with the roof of the mouth. The stroke topping <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅊ</span></span> represents an additional burst of aspiration.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal consonants</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">설음, 舌音</span></span> <i>seoreum</i> "lingual sounds"): <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄴ</span></span> <i>n</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄷ</span></span> <i>d</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅌ</span></span> ṭ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʰ]</span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄹ</span></span> <i>r</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɭ]</span></li> <li>Basic shape: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄴ</span></span> is a side view of the tip of the tongue raised toward the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ridge">alveolar ridge</a> (gum ridge). The letters derived from <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄴ</span></span> are pronounced with the same basic articulation. The line topping <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄷ</span></span> represents firm contact with the roof of the mouth. The middle stroke of <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅌ</span></span> represents the burst of aspiration. The top of <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄹ</span></span> represents a <a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">flap</a> of the tongue.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial consonants</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">순음, 唇音</span></span> <i>suneum</i> "labial sounds"): <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅁ</span></span> <i>m</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅂ</span></span> <i>b</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅍ</span></span> <i>p̣</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰ]</span></li> <li>Basic shape: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅁ</span></span> represents the outline of the lips in contact with each other. The top of <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅂ</span></span> represents the release burst of the <i>b</i>. The top stroke of <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅍ</span></span> is for the burst of aspiration.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal consonants</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">후음, 喉音</span></span> <i>hueum</i> "throat sounds"): <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅇ</span></span> '/<i>ng</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅎ</span></span> <i>h</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span></li> <li>Basic shape: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅇ</span></span> is an outline of the throat. Originally <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅇ</span></span> was two letters, a simple circle for silence (null consonant), and a circle topped by a vertical line, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㆁ</span></span>, for the nasal <i>ng</i>. A now obsolete letter, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㆆ</span></span>, represented a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>, which is pronounced in the throat and had closure represented by the top line, like <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄱㄷㅈ</span></span>. Derived from <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㆆ</span></span> is <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅎ</span></span>, in which the extra stroke represents a burst of aspiration.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowel_design">Vowel design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Vowel design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hangul" title="Special:EditPage/Hangul">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hangul_Vowel_Diag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Hangul_Vowel_Diag.svg/450px-Hangul_Vowel_Diag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Hangul_Vowel_Diag.svg/675px-Hangul_Vowel_Diag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Hangul_Vowel_Diag.svg/900px-Hangul_Vowel_Diag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>A diagram showing the derivation of vowels in the Korean alphabet.</figcaption></figure> <p>Vowel letters are based on three elements: </p> <ul><li>A horizontal line representing the flat Earth, the essence of <i><a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">yin</a></i>.</li> <li>A point for the Sun in the heavens, the essence of <i><a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">yang</a></i>. (This becomes a short stroke when written with a brush.)</li> <li>A vertical line for the upright Human, the neutral mediator between the Heaven and Earth.</li></ul> <p>Short strokes (dots in the earliest documents) were added to these three basic elements to derive the vowel letter: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Simple_vowels">Simple vowels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Simple vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Horizontal letters: these are mid-high back vowels. <ul><li>bright <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅗ</span></span> <i>o</i></li> <li>dark <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅜ</span></span> <i>u</i></li> <li>dark <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅡ</span></span> <i>eu</i> (<i>ŭ</i>)</li></ul></li> <li>Vertical letters: these were once low vowels. <ul><li>bright <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅏ</span></span> <i>a</i></li> <li>dark <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅓ</span></span> <i>eo</i> (<i>ŏ</i>)</li> <li>bright <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㆍ</span></span></li> <li>neutral <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅣ</span></span> <i>i</i></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Compound_vowels">Compound vowels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Compound vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Korean alphabet does not have a letter for <i>w</i> sound. Since an <i>o</i> or <i>u</i> before an <i>a</i> or <i>eo</i> became a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> sound, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> occurred nowhere else, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> could always be analyzed as a <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a> <i>o</i> or <i>u</i>, and no letter for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> was needed. However, vowel harmony is observed: dark <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅜ</span></span> <i>u</i> with dark <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅓ</span></span> <i>eo</i> for <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅝ</span></span> <i>wo;</i> bright <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅗ</span></span> <i>o</i> with bright <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅏ</span></span> <i>a</i> for <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅘ</span></span> <i>wa</i>: </p> <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅘ</span></span> <small><i>wa</i></small> = <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅗ</span></span> <small><i>o</i></small> + <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅏ</span></span> <small><i>a</i></small></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅝ</span></span> <small><i>wo</i></small> = <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅜ</span></span> <small><i>u</i></small> + <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅓ</span></span> <small><i>eo</i></small></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅙ</span></span> <small><i>wae</i></small> = <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅗ</span></span> <small><i>o</i></small> + <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅐ</span></span> <small><i>ae</i></small></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅞ</span></span> <small><i>we</i></small> = <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅜ</span></span> <small><i>u</i></small> + <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅔ</span></span> <small><i>e</i></small></li></ul> <p>The compound vowels ending in <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅣ</span></span> <i>i</i> were originally <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>. However, several have since evolved into pure vowels: </p> <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅐ</span></span> <small><i>ae</i></small> = <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅏ</span></span> <small><i>a</i></small> + <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅣ</span></span> <small><i>i</i></small> (pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span>)</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅔ</span></span> <small><i>e</i></small> = <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅓ</span></span> <small><i>eo</i></small> + <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅣ</span></span> <small><i>i</i></small> (pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span>)</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅙ</span></span> <small><i>wae</i></small> = <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅘ</span></span> <small><i>wa</i></small> + <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅣ</span></span> <small><i>i</i></small></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅚ</span></span> <small><i>oe</i></small> = <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅗ</span></span> <small><i>o</i></small> + <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅣ</span></span> <small><i>i</i></small> (formerly pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ø]</span>, see <a href="/wiki/Korean_phonology#Monophtongs" title="Korean phonology">Korean phonology</a>)</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅞ</span></span> <small><i>we</i></small> = <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅝ</span></span> <small><i>wo</i></small> + <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅣ</span></span> <small><i>i</i></small></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅟ</span></span> <small><i>wi</i></small> = <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅜ</span></span> <small><i>u</i></small> + <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅣ</span></span> <small><i>i</i></small> (formerly pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[y]</span>, see <a href="/wiki/Korean_phonology#Monophtongs" title="Korean phonology">Korean phonology</a>)</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅢ</span></span> <small><i>ui</i></small> = <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅡ</span></span> <small><i>eu</i></small> + <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅣ</span></span> <small><i>i</i></small></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iotated_vowels">Iotated vowels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Iotated vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no letter for <i>y</i>. Instead, this sound is indicated by doubling the stroke attached to the baseline of the vowel letter. Of the seven basic vowels, four could be preceded by a <i>y</i> sound, and these four were written as a dot next to a line. (Through the influence of Chinese calligraphy, the dots soon became connected to the line: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅓㅏㅜㅗ</span></span>.) A preceding <i>y</i> sound, called iotation, was indicated by doubling this dot: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅕㅑㅠㅛ</span></span> <small><i>yeo, ya, yu, yo</i></small>. The three vowels that could not be iotated were written with a single stroke: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅡㆍㅣ</span></span> <small><i>eu, (arae a), i</i></small>. </p> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="width:120px; margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Simple </th> <th>Iotated </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅏ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅑ</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅓ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅕ</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅗ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅛ</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅜ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅠ</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅡ</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅣ</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The simple iotated vowels are: </p> <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅑ</span></span> <small><i>ya</i></small> from <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅏ</span></span>  <small><i>a</i></small></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅕ</span></span> <small><i>yeo</i></small> from <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅓ</span></span>  <small><i>eo</i></small></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅛ</span></span> <small><i>yo</i></small> from <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅗ</span></span>  <small><i>o</i></small></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅠ</span></span> <small><i>yu</i></small> from <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅜ</span></span>  <small><i>u</i></small></li></ul> <p>There are also two iotated diphthongs: </p> <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅒ</span></span> <small><i>yae</i></small> from <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅐ</span></span>  <small><i>ae</i></small></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅖ</span></span> <small><i>ye</i></small> from <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅔ</span></span>  <small><i>e</i></small></li></ul> <p>The Korean language of the 15th century had <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a> to a greater extent than it does today. Vowels in grammatical <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> changed according to their environment, falling into groups that "harmonized" with each other. This affected the <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> of the language, and Korean phonology described it in terms of <i>yin</i> and <i>yang</i>: If a root word had <i>yang</i> ('bright') vowels, then most suffixes attached to it also had to have <i>yang</i> vowels; conversely, if the root had <i>yin</i> ('dark') vowels, the suffixes had to be <i>yin</i> as well. There was a third harmonic group called mediating (neutral in Western terminology) that could coexist with either <i>yin</i> or <i>yang</i> vowels. </p><p>The Korean neutral vowel was <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅣ</span></span> <i>i</i>. The <i>yin</i> vowels were <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅡㅜㅓ</span></span> <i>eu, u, eo</i>; the dots are in the <i>yin</i> directions of down and left. The <i>yang</i> vowels were <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㆍㅗㅏ</span></span> <i>ə, o, a,</i> with the dots in the <i>yang</i> directions of up and right. The <i>Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye</i> states that the shapes of the non-dotted letters <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅡㆍㅣ</span></span> were chosen to represent the concepts of <i>yin</i>, <i>yang</i>, and mediation: Earth, Heaven, and Human. (The letter <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㆍ</span></span> <i>ə</i> is now obsolete except in the Jeju language.) </p><p>The third parameter in designing the vowel letters was choosing <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅡ</span></span> as the graphic base of <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅜ</span></span> and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅗ</span></span>, and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅣ</span></span> as the graphic base of <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅓ</span></span> and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅏ</span></span>. A full understanding of what these horizontal and vertical groups had in common would require knowing the exact sound values these vowels had in the 15th century. </p><p>The uncertainty is primarily with the three letters <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㆍㅓㅏ</span></span>. Some linguists reconstruct these as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*a,<span class="wrap"> </span>*ɤ,<span class="wrap"> </span>*e</span>, respectively; others as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ə,<span class="wrap"> </span>*e,<span class="wrap"> </span>*a</span>. A third reconstruction is to make them all middle vowels as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ʌ,<span class="wrap"> </span>*ɤ,<span class="wrap"> </span>*a</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the third reconstruction, Middle Korean vowels actually line up in a vowel harmony pattern, albeit with only one front vowel and four middle vowels: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td rowspan="4"> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅣ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*i</span> </td> <td style="background:#9EBBFF;"> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅡ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ɯ</span> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#9EBBFF;"> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅜ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*u</span> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="background:#9EBBFF;"> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅓ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ɤ</span> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="background:#FF9494;"> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㆍ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ʌ</span> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#FF9494;"> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅗ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*o</span> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="background:#FF9494;"> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅏ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*a</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>However, the horizontal letters <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅡㅜㅗ</span></span> <small><i>eu, u, o</i></small> do all appear to have been mid to high <a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">back vowels</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[*ɯ,<span class="wrap"> </span>*u,<span class="wrap"> </span>*o]</span>, and thus to have formed a coherent group phonetically in every reconstruction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Traditional_account">Traditional account</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Traditional account"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Hangul" title="Origin of Hangul">Origin of Hangul</a></div> <p>The traditionally accepted account<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (January 2009)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> on the design of the letters is that the vowels are derived from various combinations of the following three components: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㆍ ㅡ ㅣ</span></span>. Here, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㆍ</span></span> symbolically stands for the (sun in) heaven, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅡ</span></span> stands for the (flat) earth, and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅣ</span></span> stands for an (upright) human. The original sequence of the Korean vowels, as stated in <a href="/wiki/Hunminjeongeum" title="Hunminjeongeum">Hunminjeongeum</a>, listed these three vowels first, followed by various combinations. Thus, the original order of the vowels was: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㆍ ㅡ ㅣ ㅗ ㅏ ㅜ ㅓ ㅛ ㅑ ㅠ ㅕ</span></span>. Two positive vowels (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅗ ㅏ</span></span>) including one <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㆍ</span></span> are followed by two negative vowels including one <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㆍ</span></span>, then by two positive vowels each including two of <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㆍ</span></span>, and then by two negative vowels each including two of <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㆍ</span></span>. </p><p>The same theory provides the most simple explanation of the shapes of the consonants as an approximation of the shapes of the most representative organ needed to form that sound. The original order of the consonants in Hunminjeong'eum was: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄱ ㅋ ㆁ ㄷ ㅌ ㄴ ㅂ ㅍ ㅁ ㅈ ㅊ ㅅ ㆆ ㅎ ㅇ ㄹ ㅿ</span></span>. </p> <ol><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄱ</span></span> representing the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> sound geometrically describes its tongue back raised.</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅋ</span></span> representing the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰ]</span> sound is derived from <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄱ</span></span> by adding another stroke.</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㆁ</span></span> representing the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span> sound may have been derived from <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅇ</span></span> by addition of a stroke.</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄷ</span></span> representing the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> sound is derived from <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄴ</span></span> by adding a stroke.</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅌ</span></span> representing the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʰ]</span> sound is derived from <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄷ</span></span> by adding another stroke.</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄴ</span></span> representing the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span> sound geometrically describes a tongue making contact with an upper palate.</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅂ</span></span> representing the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span> sound is derived from <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅁ</span></span> by adding a stroke.</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅍ</span></span> representing the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰ]</span> sound is a variant of <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅂ</span></span> by adding another stroke.</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅁ</span></span> representing the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span> sound geometrically describes a closed mouth.</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅈ</span></span> representing the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ɕ]</span> sound is derived from <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅅ</span></span> by adding a stroke.</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅊ</span></span> representing the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ɕʰ]</span> sound is derived from <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅈ</span></span> by adding another stroke.</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅅ</span></span> representing the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> sound geometrically describes the sharp teeth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㆆ</span></span> representing the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span> sound is derived from <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅇ</span></span> by adding a stroke.</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅎ</span></span> representing the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> sound is derived from <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㆆ</span></span> by adding another stroke.</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅇ</span></span> representing the absence of a consonant geometrically describes the throat.</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄹ</span></span> representing the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɭ]</span> sounds geometrically describes the bending tongue.</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅿ</span></span> representing a weak <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅅ</span></span> sound describes the sharp teeth, but has a different origin than <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅅ</span></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ledyard's_theory_of_consonant_design"><span id="Ledyard.27s_theory_of_consonant_design"></span>Ledyard's theory of consonant design</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Ledyard's theory of consonant design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hangul" title="Special:EditPage/Hangul">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hangul%22">"Hangul"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hangul%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hangul%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hangul%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hangul%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hangul%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Sejong_statue_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/de/King_Sejong_statue_inscription.jpg/220px-King_Sejong_statue_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/de/King_Sejong_statue_inscription.jpg/330px-King_Sejong_statue_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/de/King_Sejong_statue_inscription.jpg/440px-King_Sejong_statue_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="264" /></a><figcaption>A close-up of the inscription on a statue of King Sejong. It reads <i>Sejong Daewang</i> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">세종대왕</span></span> and illustrates the forms of the letters originally promulgated by Sejong. Note the dots on the vowels, the geometric symmetry of <i>s</i> and <i>j</i> in the first two syllables, the asymmetrical lip at the top-left of the <i>d</i> in the third, and the distinction between initial and final <i>ieung</i> in the last.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phagspa-Hangul_comparison.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Phagspa-Hangul_comparison.svg/220px-Phagspa-Hangul_comparison.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Phagspa-Hangul_comparison.svg/330px-Phagspa-Hangul_comparison.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Phagspa-Hangul_comparison.svg/440px-Phagspa-Hangul_comparison.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption> (Top) 'Phags-pa letters <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k,<span class="wrap"> </span>t,<span class="wrap"> </span>p,<span class="wrap"> </span>s,<span class="wrap"> </span>l]</span>, and their supposed Korean derivatives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k,<span class="wrap"> </span>t,<span class="wrap"> </span>p,<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ɕ,<span class="wrap"> </span>l]</span>. Note the lip on both 'Phags-pa <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> and the Korean alphabet <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄷ</span></span>.<br /> (Bottom) Derivation of 'Phags-pa <i>w</i>, <i>v</i>, <i>f</i> from variants of the letter <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> (left) plus a subscript <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span>, and analogous composition of the Korean alphabet <i>w</i>, <i>v</i>, <i>f</i> from variants of the basic letter <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span> plus a circle.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the <i>Hunminjeong'eum Haerye</i> explains the design of the consonantal letters in terms of <a href="/wiki/Articulatory_phonetics" title="Articulatory phonetics">articulatory phonetics</a>, as a purely innovative creation, several theories suggest which external sources may have inspired or influenced King Sejong's creation. Professor <a href="/wiki/Gari_Ledyard" title="Gari Ledyard">Gari Ledyard</a> of Columbia University studied possible connections between Hangul and the Mongol <a href="/wiki/%27Phags-pa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="'Phags-pa script">'Phags-pa script</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>. He, however, also believed that the role of 'Phags-pa script in the creation of the Korean alphabet was quite limited, stating it should not be assumed that Hangul was derived from 'Phags-pa script based on his theory: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It should be clear to any reader that in the total picture, that ['Phags-pa script's] role was quite limited ... Nothing would disturb me more, after this study is published, than to discover in a work on the history of writing a statement like the following: "According to recent investigations, the Korean alphabet was derived from <i>the Mongol's <a href="/wiki/Phags-pa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Phags-pa script">phags-pa script</a></i>."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Ledyard posits that five of the Korean letters have shapes inspired by 'Phags-pa; a sixth basic letter, the null initial <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅇ</span></span>, was invented by Sejong. The rest of the letters were derived internally from these six, essentially as described in the <i>Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye</i>. However, the five borrowed consonants were not the graphically simplest letters considered basic by the <i>Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye</i>, but instead the consonants basic to Chinese phonology: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄱ</span></span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄷ</span></span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅂ</span></span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅈ</span></span>, and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄹ</span></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <i>Hunmin Jeong-eum</i> states that King Sejong adapted the <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">古篆</span></span> (<i>gojeon</i>, <i>Gǔ</i> Seal Script) in creating the Korean alphabet. The <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">古篆</span></span> has never been identified. The primary meaning of <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">古</span></span> <i>gǔ</i> is old (Old Seal Script), frustrating philologists because the Korean alphabet bears no functional similarity to Chinese <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">篆字</span></span> <i>zhuànzì</i> <a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">seal scripts</a>. However, Ledyard believes <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">古</span></span> <i>gǔ</i> may be a pun on <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">蒙古</span></span> <i>Měnggǔ</i> "Mongol", and that <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">古篆</span></span> is an abbreviation of <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">蒙古篆字</span></span> "Mongol Seal Script", that is, the formal variant of the 'Phags-pa alphabet written to look like the Chinese seal script. There were 'Phags-pa manuscripts in the Korean palace library, including some in the seal-script form, and several of Sejong's ministers knew the script well. If this was the case, Sejong's evasion on the Mongol connection can be understood in light of Korea's relationship with <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> China after the fall of the Mongol <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, and of the literati's contempt for the Mongols.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to Ledyard, the five borrowed letters were graphically simplified, which allowed for consonant clusters and left room to add a stroke to derive the aspirate plosives, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅋㅌㅍㅊ</span></span>. But in contrast to the traditional account, the non-plosives (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㆁ ㄴ ㅁ ㅅ</span></span>) were derived by <i>removing</i> the top of the basic letters. He points out that while it is easy to derive <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅁ</span></span> from <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅂ</span></span> by removing the top, it is not clear how to derive <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅂ</span></span> from <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅁ</span></span> in the traditional account, since the shape of <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅂ</span></span> is not analogous to those of the other plosives.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The explanation of the letter <i>ng</i> also differs from the traditional account. Many Chinese words began with <i>ng</i>, but by King Sejong's day, initial <i>ng</i> was either silent or pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span> in China, and was silent when these words were borrowed into Korean. Also, the expected shape of <i>ng</i> (the short vertical line left by removing the top stroke of <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄱ</span></span>) would have looked almost identical to the vowel <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅣ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span>. Sejong's solution solved both problems: The vertical stroke left from <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄱ</span></span> was added to the null symbol <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅇ</span></span> to create <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㆁ</span></span> (a circle with a vertical line on top), iconically capturing both the pronunciation <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span> in the middle or end of a word, and the usual silence at the beginning. (The graphic distinction between null <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅇ</span></span> and <i>ng</i> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㆁ</span></span> was eventually lost.) </p><p>Another letter composed of two elements to represent two regional pronunciations was <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅱ</span></span>, which transcribed the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Syllable_onset" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable onset">initial</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">微</span></span>. This represented either <i>m</i> or <i>w</i> in various Chinese dialects, and was composed of <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅁ</span></span> [m] plus <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅇ</span></span> (from 'Phags-pa [w]). In 'Phags-pa, a loop under a letter represented <i>w</i> after vowels, and Ledyard hypothesized that this became the loop at the bottom of <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅱ</span></span>. In 'Phags-pa the Chinese initial <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">微</span></span> is also transcribed as a compound with <i>w</i>, but in its case the <i>w</i> is placed under an <i>h</i>. Actually, the Chinese consonant series <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">微非敷</span></span> <i>w</i>, <i>v</i>, <i>f</i> is transcribed in 'Phags-pa by the addition of a <i>w</i> under three graphic variants of the letter for <i>h</i>, and the Korean alphabet parallels this convention by adding the <i>w</i> loop to the labial series <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅁㅂㅍ</span></span> <i>m</i>, <i>b</i>, <i>p</i>, producing now-obsolete <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅱㅸㆄ</span></span> <i>w</i>, <i>v</i>, <i>f.</i> (Phonetic values in Korean are uncertain, as these consonants were only used to transcribe Chinese.) </p><p>As a final piece of evidence, Ledyard notes that most of the borrowed Korean letters were simple geometric shapes, at least originally, but that <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄷ</span></span> <i>d</i> [t] always had a small lip protruding from the upper left corner, just as the 'Phags-pa <span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="da">ꡊ</span> <i>d</i> [t] did. This lip can be traced back to the Tibetan letter <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1106655535">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ད</span> <i>d</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There is also the argument that the original theory, which stated the Hangul consonants to have been derived from the shape of the speaker's lips and tongue during the pronunciation of the consonants (initially, at least), slightly strains credulity.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obsolete_letters">Obsolete letters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Obsolete letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical Chinese phonology</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248332772"><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This section has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hangul" title="Special:EditPage/Hangul">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hangul" title="Talk:Hangul">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Hangul#Disputed" title="Talk:Hangul">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hangul" title="Special:EditPage/Hangul">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hankidoemhanja.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hankidoemhanja.png/60px-Hankidoemhanja.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hankidoemhanja.png/90px-Hankidoemhanja.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Hankidoemhanja.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Hankido" title="Hankido">Hankido</a></i> [<sub><b>H.N-GI-DO</b></sub>], a martial art, using the obsolete vowel <i>arae-a</i> (top)</figcaption></figure> <p>Numerous obsolete Korean letters and sequences are no longer used in Korean. Some of these letters were only used to represent the sounds of Chinese <a href="/wiki/Rime_table" title="Rime table">rime tables</a>. Some of the Korean sounds represented by these obsolete letters still exist in dialects. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">13 obsolete consonants <p>(IPA) </p> </th> <th colspan="14">Soft consonants </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Jamo </th> <td><big>ᄛ</big> </td> <td><big>ㅱ</big> </td> <td><big>ㅸ</big> </td> <td><big>ᄼ</big> </td> <td><big>ᄾ</big> </td> <td><big>ㅿ</big> </td> <td><big>ㆁ</big> </td> <td><big><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅇ</span></span></big> </td> <td><big>ᅎ</big> </td> <td><big>ᅐ</big> </td> <td><big>ᅔ</big> </td> <td><big>ᅕ</big> </td> <td><big>ㆄ</big> </td> <td><big>ㆆ</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">IPA </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/%C9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ɾ">ɾ</a>/ </td> <td>first:/ɱ/ <p>last:/w/ </p> </td> <td>/β/ </td> <td>/s/ </td> <td><big>/<a href="/wiki/%C9%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ɕ">ɕ</a>/</big> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">ŋ</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Null_morpheme" title="Null morpheme">∅</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Ts_(IPA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ts (IPA)">t͡s</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a>/ </td> <td>/t͡sʰ/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a>ʰ/ </td> <td>/f/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Identified Chinese Character (<a href="/wiki/Hanzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanzi">Hanzi</a>) </th> <td> </td> <td>微(미) <p>/<a href="/wiki/Labiodental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Labiodental nasal">ɱ</a>/ </p> </td> <td>非(비) <p>/f/ </p> </td> <td>心(심) <p>/<big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</big> </p> </td> <td>審(심) <p><big>/<a href="/wiki/%C9%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ɕ">ɕ</a>/</big> </p> </td> <td>日 <p>(ᅀᅵᇙ>일) /z/ </p> </td> <td>final position: 業 /<a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">ŋ</a>/ </td> <td>initial position: <p>欲 /<a href="/wiki/Null_morpheme" title="Null morpheme">∅</a>/ </p> </td> <td>精(정) <p>/<a href="/wiki/Ts_(IPA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ts (IPA)">t͡s</a>/ </p> </td> <td>照(조) <p>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a>/ </p> </td> <td>淸(청) <p>/t͡sʰ/ </p> </td> <td>穿(천) <p>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a>ʰ/ </p> </td> <td>敷(부) <p>/fʰ/ </p> </td> <td>挹(읍) <p>/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/ </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Toneme" class="mw-redirect" title="Toneme">Toneme</a> </th> <td>falling </td> <td>mid to falling </td> <td>mid to falling </td> <td>mid </td> <td>mid to falling </td> <td>dipping/ mid </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>mid </td> <td>mid to falling </td> <td>mid (aspirated) </td> <td>high <p>(aspirated) </p> </td> <td>mid to falling <p>(aspirated) </p> </td> <td>high/mid </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Remark </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">lenis</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental affricate">voiceless dental affricate</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental affricate">voiced dental affricate</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">lenis</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">voiceless retroflex affricate</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex affricate">voiced retroflex affricate</a> </td> <td>aspirated /<a href="/wiki/Ts_(IPA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ts (IPA)">t͡s</a>/ </td> <td>aspirated /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a>/ </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Equivalents </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: 子 <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> [tsɨ]; English: z in <b>z</b>oo or <b>z</b>ebra; strong z in English <b>z</b>ip </td> <td>identical to the initial position of ng in <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>German <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_affricate" title="Voiceless labiodental affricate">pf</a> </td> <td>"읗" = "euh" in pronunciation </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="1">10 obsolete double consonants <p>(IPA) </p> </th> <th colspan="10">Hard consonants </th></tr> <tr> <th>Jamo </th> <td><big>ㅥ</big> </td> <td><big>ᄙ</big> </td> <td><big>ㅹ</big> </td> <td><big>ᄽ</big> </td> <td><big>ᄿ</big> </td> <td><big>ᅇ</big> </td> <td><big>ᇮ</big> </td> <td><big>ᅏ</big> </td> <td><big>ᅑ</big> </td> <td><big>ㆅ</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th>IPA </th> <td>/nː/ </td> <td> </td> <td>/v/ </td> <td>/sˁ/ </td> <td>/ɕˁ/ </td> <td>/j/ </td> <td>/ŋː/ </td> <td>/t͡s/ </td> <td>/t͡ɕˁ/ </td> <td>/hˁ/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> </th> <td>hn/nn </td> <td>hl/ll </td> <td>bh, bhh </td> <td>sh </td> <td>zh </td> <td>hngw/gh or gr </td> <td>hng </td> <td>dz, ds </td> <td>dzh </td> <td>hh or xh </td></tr> <tr> <th>Identified Chinese Character (<a href="/wiki/Hanzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanzi">Hanzi</a>) </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>邪(사) <p>/z/ </p> </td> <td>禪(선) <p>/ʑ/ </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>從(종) <p>/<a href="/wiki/Dz_(IPA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dz (IPA)">d͡z</a>/ </p> </td> <td>牀(상) <p>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">d͡ʑ</a>/ </p> </td> <td>洪(홍) <p>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a>/ </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Remark </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>aspirated </td> <td>aspirated </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>unaspirated <a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental affricate">voiceless dental affricate</a> </td> <td>unaspirated <a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">voiceless retroflex affricate</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guttural" title="Guttural">guttural</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>66 obsolete clusters of two consonants: ᇃ, ᄓ /ng/ (like English thi<b><u>nk</u></b>), ㅦ /nd/ (as English Mo<b><u>nd</u></b>ay), ᄖ, ㅧ /ns/ (as English Pe<b><u>nns</u></b>ylvania), ㅨ, ᇉ /tʰ/ (as ㅌ; nt in the language Espera<b><u>nt</u></b>o), ᄗ /dg/ (similar to ㄲ; equivalent to the word 밖 in Korean), ᇋ /dr/ (like English in <b><u>dr</u></b>ive), ᄘ <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">/ɭ/</a> (similar to French Be<b><u>ll</u></b>e), ㅪ, ㅬ /lz/ (similar to English <b>ta<u>ll z</u></b>ebra), ᇘ, ㅭ <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate">/t͡ɬ/</a> (tl or ll; as in Nahuatl), ᇚ /ṃ/ (mh or mg, mm in English ha<b><u>mm</u></b>er, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Korean" title="Middle Korean">Middle Korean</a>: pronounced as 목 mog with the ㄱ in the word almost silent), ᇛ, ㅮ, ㅯ (similar to ㅂ in Korean 없다), ㅰ, ᇠ, ᇡ, ㅲ, ᄟ, ㅳ bd (assimilated later into ㄸ), ᇣ, ㅶ bj (assimilated later into ㅉ), ᄨ /bj/ (similar to 비추 in Korean verb 비추다 <b><u><i>bit-ch</i></u></b><i>u-da</i> but without the vowel), ㅷ, ᄪ, ᇥ /ph/ (pha similar to Korean word 돌입하지 <i>dol i<b><u>p-ha</u></b>ji</i>), ㅺ sk (assimilated later into ㄲ; English: pi<b><u>ck</u></b>), ㅻ sn (assimilated later into nn in English a<b><u>nn</u></b>al), ㅼ sd (initial position; assimilated later into ㄸ), ᄰ, ᄱ sm (assimilated later into nm), ㅽ sb (initial position; similar sound to ㅃ), ᄵ, ㅾ assimilated later into ㅉ), ᄷ, ᄸ, ᄹ /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>/, ᄺ/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a>/, ᄻ, ᅁ, ᅂ /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>/, ᅃ, ᅄ /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/, ᅅ (assimilated later into ㅿ; English z), ᅆ, ᅈ, ᅉ, ᅊ, ᅋ, ᇬ, ᇭ, ㆂ, ㆃ, ᇯ, ᅍ, ᅒ, ᅓ, ᅖ, ᇵ, ᇶ, ᇷ, ᇸ</li> <li>17 obsolete clusters of three consonants: ᇄ, ㅩ /rgs/ (similar to "rx" in English name Ma<b><u>rx</u></b>), ᇏ, ᇑ /lmg/ (similar to English Pu<b><u>llm</u></b>an), ᇒ, ㅫ, ᇔ, ᇕ, ᇖ, ᇞ, ㅴ, ㅵ, ᄤ, ᄥ, ᄦ, ᄳ, ᄴ</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="1">1 obsolete vowel <p>(IPA) </p> </th> <th>Extremely soft vowel </th></tr> <tr> <th>Jamo </th> <td><big>ㆍ</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th>IPA </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a>/ <p>(also commonly found in the <a href="/wiki/Jeju_language" title="Jeju language">Jeju language</a>: /<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɒ</a>/, closely similar to vowel:<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅓ</span></span><small><i>eo</i></small>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Letter name </th> <td>아래아 (<i>arae-a</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Remarks </th> <td>formerly the base vowel <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅡ</span></span> <small><i>eu</i></small> in the early development of hangeul when it was considered vowelless, later development into different base vowels for clarification; acts also as a mark that indicates the consonant is pronounced on its own, e.g. <i><b>s</b></i>-va-ha → <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ᄉᆞᄫᅡ 하</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Toneme" class="mw-redirect" title="Toneme">Toneme</a> </th> <td>low </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>44 obsolete diphthongs and vowel sequences: ᆜ (/<a href="/wiki/Palatal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal approximant">j</a>/ or /jɯ/ or /jɤ/, yeu or ehyu); closest similarity to ㅢ, when follow by ㄱ on initial position, pronunciation does not produce any difference: ᄀᆜ /g<a href="/wiki/Palatal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal approximant">j</a>/),<big>ᆝ</big> (/<a href="/wiki/Palatal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal approximant">jɒ</a>/; closest similarity to ㅛ,ㅑ, ㅠ, ㅕ, when follow by ㄱ on initial position, pronunciation does not produce any difference: ᄀᆝ /g<a href="/wiki/Palatal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal approximant">j</a>/), ᆢ(/<a href="/wiki/Palatal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal approximant">j</a>/; closest similarity to ㅢ, see former example in<big>ᆝ</big> (/<a href="/wiki/Palatal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal approximant">j</a>/), ᅷ (/<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">au̯</a>/; Icelandic <a href="/wiki/%C3%81" title="Á">Á</a>, aw/ow in English all<b><u>ow</u></b>), ᅸ (/jau̯/; yao or iao; <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Chinese diphthong</a> iao), ᅹ, ᅺ, ᅻ, ᅼ, ᅽ /ōu/ (紬 ㅊᅽ, <i>ch-ieou</i>; like Chinese: <i>ch<b><u>ōu</u></b></i>), ᅾ, ᅿ, ᆀ, ᆁ, ᆂ (/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labio-velar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced labio-velar approximant">w</a>/, wo or wh, hw), ᆃ /ow/ (English wind<b><u>ow</u></b>), ㆇ, ㆈ, ᆆ, ᆇ, ㆉ (/jø/; yue), ᆉ /wʌ/ or /oɐ/ (pronounced like u'a, in English s<b><u>ua</u></b>ve), ᆊ, ᆋ, ᆌ, ᆍ (wu in English <i><b><u>wou</u></b>ld</i>), ᆎ /juə/ or /yua/ (like Chinese: 元 <i>y<b><u>u</u><u>á</u></b>n</i>), ᆏ /ū/ (like Chinese: 軍 <i>jūn</i>), ᆐ, ㆊ /ué/ jujə (<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labialized_palatal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced labialized palatal approximant">ɥ</a>e; like Chinese: 瘸 <i>q<b><u>ué</u></b></i>), ㆋ jujəj (<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labialized_palatal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced labialized palatal approximant">ɥ</a>ej; iyye), ᆓ, ㆌ /jü/ or /juj/ (/jy/ or <a href="/wiki/Voiced_labialized_palatal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced labialized palatal approximant">ɥ</a>i; yu.i; like German <i><b><u>Jür</u></b>gen</i>), ᆕ, ᆖ (the same as ᆜ in pronunciation, since there is no distinction due to it extreme similarity in pronunciation), ᆗ ɰju (ehyu or eyyu; like English <i>n<b><u>ew</u></b>s</i>), ᆘ, ᆙ /ià/ (like Chinese: 墊 <i>d<b><u>ià</u></b>n</i>), ᆚ, ᆛ, ᆟ, ᆠ (/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>u/), ㆎ (ʌj; oi or oy, similar to English b<b><u>oy</u></b>).</li></ul> <p>In the original Korean alphabet system, double letters were used to represent Chinese <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">濁音</span></span>) consonants, which survive in the <a href="/wiki/Shanghainese_(dialect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghainese (dialect)">Shanghainese</a> <a href="/wiki/Slack_voice" title="Slack voice">slack</a> consonants and were not used for Korean words. It was only later that a similar convention was used to represent the modern tense (<a href="/wiki/Faucalized_voice" title="Faucalized voice">faucalized</a>) consonants of Korean. </p><p>The sibilant (dental) consonants were modified to represent the two series of Chinese sibilants, <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex</a>, a round vs. sharp distinction (analogous to <i>s</i> vs <i>sh</i>) which was never made in Korean, and was even being lost from southern Chinese. The alveolar letters had longer left stems, while retroflexes had longer right stems: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">5 Place of Articulation (오음, 五音) in Chinese Rime Table </th> <th>Tenuis<br />전청 (全淸)</th> <th>Aspirate<br />차청 (次淸)</th> <th>Voiced<br />전탁 (全濁)</th> <th>Sonorant<br />차탁 (次濁) </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Sibilants<br />치음 (齒音)</th> <th rowspan="2">치두음 (齒頭音)<br />"tooth-head" </th> <td><big>ᅎ</big><br /><big>精(정)</big> <big>/<a href="/wiki/Ts_(IPA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ts (IPA)">t͡s</a>/</big></td> <td><big>ᅔ</big><br /><big>淸(청)</big> <big>/t͡sʰ/</big></td> <td><big>ᅏ</big><br /><big>從(종)</big> <big>/<a href="/wiki/Dz_(IPA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dz (IPA)">d͡z</a>/</big></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ᄼ</big><br /><big>心(심)</big> <big>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</big></td> <td></td> <td><big>ᄽ</big><br /><big>邪(사)</big> <big>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</big></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">정치음 (正齒音)<br />"true front-tooth" </th> <td><big>ᅐ</big><br /><big>照(조)</big> <big>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a>/</big></td> <td><big>ᅕ</big><br /><big>穿(천)</big> <big>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a>ʰ/</big></td> <td><big>ᅑ</big><br /><big>牀(상)</big> <big>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">d͡ʑ</a>/</big></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ᄾ</big><br /><big>審(심)</big> <big>/<a href="/wiki/%C9%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ɕ">ɕ</a>/</big></td> <td></td> <td><big>ᄿ</big><br /><big>禪(선)</big> <big>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a>/</big></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Coronals<br />설음 (舌音)</th> <th>설상음 (舌上音)<br />"tongue up" </th> <td><big>ᅐ</big><br /><big>知(지)</big> <big>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless retroflex stop">ʈ</a>/</big></td> <td><big>ᅕ</big><br /><big>徹(철)</big> <big>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless retroflex stop">ʈ</a>ʰ/</big></td> <td><big>ᅑ</big> <p><big>澄(징)</big> <big>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced retroflex stop">ɖ</a>/</big> </p> </td> <td><big>ㄴ</big><br /><big>娘(낭)</big> <big>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a>/</big> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Most_common">Most common</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Most common"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%86%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㆍ">ㆍ</a></span></span> <i>ə</i> (in Modern Korean called <i>arae-a</i> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">아래아</span></span> "lower <i>a</i>"): Presumably pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a>]</span>, similar to modern <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅓ</span></span> (<i>eo</i>). It is written as a dot, positioned beneath the consonant. The <i>arae-a</i> is not entirely obsolete, as it can be found in various brand names, and in the <a href="/wiki/Chejuan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chejuan language">Jeju language</a>, where it is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a>]</span>. The <i>ə</i> formed a medial of its own, or was found in the diphthong <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㆎ</span></span> <i>əy</i>, written with the dot under the consonant and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅣ</span></span> (<i>i</i>) to its right, in the same fashion as <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅚ</span></span> or <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅢ</span></span>.</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%BF" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㅿ">ㅿ</a></span></span> <i>z</i> (<i>bansiot</i> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">반시옷</span></span> "half <i>s</i>", <i>banchieum</i> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">반치음</span></span>): An unusual sound, perhaps IPA <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʝ̃]</span> (a <a href="/wiki/Nasalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasalized">nasalized</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">palatal fricative</a>). Modern Korean words previously spelled with <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅿ</span></span> substitute <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅅ</span></span> or <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅇ</span></span>.</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%86%86" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㆆ">ㆆ</a></span></span> <i>ʔ</i> (<i>yeorinhieut</i> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">여린히읗</span></span> "light hieut" or <i>doenieung</i> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">된이응</span></span> "strong ieung"): A <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>, lighter than <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅎ</span></span> and harsher than <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅇ</span></span>.</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%86%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㆁ">ㆁ</a></span></span> <i>ŋ</i> (<i>yedieung</i> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">옛이응</span></span>) "old ieung" : The original letter for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span>; now conflated with <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅇ</span></span> <i>ieung</i>. (With some computer <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">fonts</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Arial_Unicode_MS" title="Arial Unicode MS">Arial Unicode MS</a>, <i>yesieung</i> is shown as a flattened version of <i>ieung,</i> but the correct form is with a long peak, longer than what one would see on a <a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">serif</a> version of <i>ieung</i>.)</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㅸ">ㅸ</a></span></span> <i>β</i> (<i>gabyeounbieup</i> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">가벼운비읍</span></span>, <i>sungyeongeumbieup</i> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">순경음비읍</span></span>): IPA <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[f]</span>. This letter appears to be a digraph of <i>bieup</i> and <i>ieung</i>, but it may be more complicated than that—the circle appears to be only coincidentally similar to <i>ieung</i>. There were three other, less-common letters for sounds in this section of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Rime_table" title="Rime table">rime tables</a>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅱ</span></span> <i>w</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span>), <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㆄ</span></span> <i>f</i>, and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅹ</span></span> <i>ff</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v̤]</span>. It operates slightly like a following <i>h</i> in the Latin alphabet (one may think of these letters as <i>bh, mh, ph,</i> and <i>pph</i> respectively). Koreans do not distinguish these sounds now, if they ever did, conflating the <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricatives</a> with the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosives</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Korean_Orthography">New Korean Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: New Korean Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NOoK-example.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/NOoK-example.png/220px-NOoK-example.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/NOoK-example.png/330px-NOoK-example.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/NOoK-example.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption>The words <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">놉니다, 흘렀다, 깨달으니, 지어, 고와, 왕, 가져서</span></span> written in New Orthography.</figcaption></figure> <p>To make the Korean alphabet a better <a href="/wiki/Morphophonology" title="Morphophonology">morphophonological</a> fit to the Korean language, North Korea introduced six new letters, which were published in the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Orthography_for_the_Korean_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orthography for the Korean Language">New Orthography for the Korean Language</a></i> and used officially from 1948 to 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two obsolete letters were restored: <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅿ</span></span>⟩</span> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">리읃</span></span>), which was used to indicate an alternation in pronunciation between initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> and final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span>; and <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㆆ</span></span>⟩</span> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">히으</span></span>), which was only pronounced between vowels. </p><p>Two modifications of the letter <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄹ</span></span> were introduced, one which is silent finally, and one which doubled between vowels. A hybrid <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅂ-ㅜ</span></span> letter was introduced for words that alternated between those two sounds (that is, a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span>, which became <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> before a vowel). </p><p>Finally, a vowel <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">1</span></span>⟩</span> was introduced for variable <a href="/wiki/Iotation" title="Iotation">iotation</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Letter</th> <th colspan="2">Pronunciation </th></tr> <tr> <th>before a<br />vowel</th> <th>before a<br />consonant </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nkchar-l.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Nkchar-l.gif" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> </td> <td align="center">—<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Alpha1"><a href="#endnote_Alpha1">α</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nkchar-rr.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Nkchar-rr.gif" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nn/</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㅿ </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㆆ </td> <td align="center">—<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Alpha"><a href="#endnote_Alpha">α</a></sup> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/◌͈/</span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Beta"><a href="#endnote_Beta">β</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nkchar-w.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Nkchar-w.gif" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Gamma"><a href="#endnote_Gamma">γ</a></sup> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nkchar-y.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Nkchar-y.gif" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="15" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Delta"><a href="#endnote_Delta">δ</a></sup> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Alpha1"><b><a href="#ref_Alpha1">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Alpha2"><b><a href="#ref_Alpha2">^α</a></b></span> Silence</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Beta"><b><a href="#ref_Beta">^β</a></b></span> Makes the following consonant tense, as a final ㅅ does</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Gamma"><b><a href="#ref_Gamma">^γ</a></b></span> In standard orthography, combines with a following vowel as ㅘ, ㅙ, ㅚ, ㅝ, ㅞ, ㅟ</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Delta"><b><a href="#ref_Delta">^δ</a></b></span> In standard orthography, combines with a following vowel as ㅑ, ㅒ, ㅕ, ㅖ, ㅛ, ㅠ</dd></dl> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hangul_jamo" title="List of Hangul jamo">List of Hangul jamo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hangul_Syllables" title="Hangul Syllables">Hangul Syllables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hangul_Jamo_(Unicode_block)" title="Hangul Jamo (Unicode block)">Hangul Jamo (Unicode block)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hangul_Jamo_Extended-A" title="Hangul Jamo Extended-A">Hangul Jamo Extended-A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hangul_Jamo_Extended-B" title="Hangul Jamo Extended-B">Hangul Jamo Extended-B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hangul_Compatibility_Jamo" title="Hangul Compatibility Jamo">Hangul Compatibility Jamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enclosed_CJK_Letters_and_Months" title="Enclosed CJK Letters and Months">Enclosed CJK Letters and Months</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms_(Unicode_block)" title="Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms (Unicode block)">Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms (Unicode block)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hangul_jamo_characters_in_Unicode.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hangul_jamo_characters_in_Unicode.svg/220px-Hangul_jamo_characters_in_Unicode.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hangul_jamo_characters_in_Unicode.svg/330px-Hangul_jamo_characters_in_Unicode.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hangul_jamo_characters_in_Unicode.svg/440px-Hangul_jamo_characters_in_Unicode.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="1178" /></a><figcaption>Hangul jamo characters in Unicode</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hangul_Compatibility_Jamo_block_in_Unicode.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Hangul_Compatibility_Jamo_block_in_Unicode.svg/220px-Hangul_Compatibility_Jamo_block_in_Unicode.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Hangul_Compatibility_Jamo_block_in_Unicode.svg/330px-Hangul_Compatibility_Jamo_block_in_Unicode.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Hangul_Compatibility_Jamo_block_in_Unicode.svg/440px-Hangul_Compatibility_Jamo_block_in_Unicode.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>Hangul Compatibility Jamo block in Unicode</figcaption></figure> <p>Hangul Jamo (<code>U+1100</code>–<code>U+11FF</code>) and Hangul Compatibility Jamo (<code>U+3130</code>–<code>U+318F</code>) blocks were added to the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard in June 1993 with the release of version 1.1. A separate <a href="/wiki/Hangul_Syllables" title="Hangul Syllables">Hangul Syllables</a> block (not shown below due to its length) contains pre-composed syllable block characters, which were first added at the same time, although they were relocated to their present locations in July 1996 with the release of version 2.0.<sup id="cite_ref-" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hangul Jamo Extended-A (<code>U+A960</code>–<code>U+A97F</code>) and Hangul Jamo Extended-B (<code>U+D7B0</code>–<code>U+D7FF</code>) blocks were added to the Unicode Standard in October 2009 with the release of version 5.2. </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Hangul_Jamo_(Unicode_block)" title="Hangul Jamo (Unicode block)">Hangul Jamo</a></b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U1100_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U1100_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1100.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+110x </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+1100: HANGUL CHOSEONG KIYEOK">ᄀ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+1101: HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGKIYEOK">ᄁ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+1102: HANGUL CHOSEONG NIEUN">ᄂ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+1103: HANGUL CHOSEONG TIKEUT">ᄃ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+1104: HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGTIKEUT">ᄄ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+1105: HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL">ᄅ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+1106: HANGUL CHOSEONG MIEUM">ᄆ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+1107: HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP">ᄇ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+1108: HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGPIEUP">ᄈ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+1109: HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS">ᄉ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+110A: HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGSIOS">ᄊ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+110B: HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG">ᄋ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+110C: HANGUL CHOSEONG CIEUC">ᄌ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+110D: HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGCIEUC">ᄍ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+110E: HANGUL CHOSEONG CHIEUCH">ᄎ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+110F: HANGUL CHOSEONG KHIEUKH">ᄏ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+111x </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+1110: HANGUL CHOSEONG THIEUTH">ᄐ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+1111: HANGUL CHOSEONG PHIEUPH">ᄑ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+1112: HANGUL CHOSEONG HIEUH">ᄒ </td> <td title="U+1113: HANGUL CHOSEONG NIEUN-KIYEOK">ᄓ </td> <td title="U+1114: HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGNIEUN">ᄔ </td> <td title="U+1115: HANGUL CHOSEONG NIEUN-TIKEUT">ᄕ </td> <td title="U+1116: HANGUL CHOSEONG NIEUN-PIEUP">ᄖ </td> <td title="U+1117: HANGUL CHOSEONG TIKEUT-KIYEOK">ᄗ </td> <td title="U+1118: HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL-NIEUN">ᄘ </td> <td title="U+1119: HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGRIEUL">ᄙ </td> <td title="U+111A: HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL-HIEUH">ᄚ </td> <td title="U+111B: HANGUL CHOSEONG KAPYEOUNRIEUL">ᄛ </td> <td title="U+111C: HANGUL CHOSEONG MIEUM-PIEUP">ᄜ </td> <td title="U+111D: HANGUL CHOSEONG KAPYEOUNMIEUM">ᄝ </td> <td title="U+111E: HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-KIYEOK">ᄞ </td> <td title="U+111F: HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-NIEUN">ᄟ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+112x </td> <td title="U+1120: HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-TIKEUT">ᄠ </td> <td title="U+1121: HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-SIOS">ᄡ </td> <td title="U+1122: HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-SIOS-KIYEOK">ᄢ </td> <td title="U+1123: HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-SIOS-TIKEUT">ᄣ </td> <td title="U+1124: HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-SIOS-PIEUP">ᄤ </td> <td title="U+1125: HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-SSANGSIOS">ᄥ </td> <td title="U+1126: HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-SIOS-CIEUC">ᄦ </td> <td title="U+1127: HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-CIEUC">ᄧ </td> <td title="U+1128: HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-CHIEUCH">ᄨ </td> <td title="U+1129: HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-THIEUTH">ᄩ </td> <td title="U+112A: HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-PHIEUPH">ᄪ </td> <td title="U+112B: HANGUL CHOSEONG KAPYEOUNPIEUP">ᄫ </td> <td title="U+112C: HANGUL CHOSEONG KAPYEOUNSSANGPIEUP">ᄬ </td> <td title="U+112D: HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-KIYEOK">ᄭ </td> <td title="U+112E: HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-NIEUN">ᄮ </td> <td title="U+112F: HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-TIKEUT">ᄯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+113x </td> <td title="U+1130: HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-RIEUL">ᄰ </td> <td title="U+1131: HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-MIEUM">ᄱ </td> <td title="U+1132: HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-PIEUP">ᄲ </td> <td title="U+1133: HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-PIEUP-KIYEOK">ᄳ </td> <td title="U+1134: HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-SSANGSIOS">ᄴ </td> <td title="U+1135: HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-IEUNG">ᄵ </td> <td title="U+1136: HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-CIEUC">ᄶ </td> <td title="U+1137: HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-CHIEUCH">ᄷ </td> <td title="U+1138: HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-KHIEUKH">ᄸ </td> <td title="U+1139: HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-THIEUTH">ᄹ </td> <td title="U+113A: HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-PHIEUPH">ᄺ </td> <td title="U+113B: HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-HIEUH">ᄻ </td> <td title="U+113C: HANGUL CHOSEONG CHITUEUMSIOS">ᄼ </td> <td title="U+113D: HANGUL CHOSEONG CHITUEUMSSANGSIOS">ᄽ </td> <td title="U+113E: HANGUL CHOSEONG CEONGCHIEUMSIOS">ᄾ </td> <td title="U+113F: HANGUL CHOSEONG CEONGCHIEUMSSANGSIOS">ᄿ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+114x </td> <td title="U+1140: HANGUL CHOSEONG PANSIOS">ᅀ </td> <td title="U+1141: HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-KIYEOK">ᅁ </td> <td title="U+1142: HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-TIKEUT">ᅂ </td> <td title="U+1143: HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-MIEUM">ᅃ </td> <td title="U+1144: HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-PIEUP">ᅄ </td> <td title="U+1145: HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-SIOS">ᅅ </td> <td title="U+1146: HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-PANSIOS">ᅆ </td> <td title="U+1147: HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGIEUNG">ᅇ </td> <td title="U+1148: HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-CIEUC">ᅈ </td> <td title="U+1149: HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-CHIEUCH">ᅉ </td> <td title="U+114A: HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-THIEUTH">ᅊ </td> <td title="U+114B: HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-PHIEUPH">ᅋ </td> <td title="U+114C: HANGUL CHOSEONG YESIEUNG">ᅌ </td> <td title="U+114D: HANGUL CHOSEONG CIEUC-IEUNG">ᅍ </td> <td title="U+114E: HANGUL CHOSEONG CHITUEUMCIEUC">ᅎ </td> <td title="U+114F: HANGUL CHOSEONG CHITUEUMSSANGCIEUC">ᅏ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+115x </td> <td title="U+1150: HANGUL CHOSEONG CEONGCHIEUMCIEUC">ᅐ </td> <td title="U+1151: HANGUL CHOSEONG CEONGCHIEUMSSANGCIEUC">ᅑ </td> <td title="U+1152: HANGUL CHOSEONG CHIEUCH-KHIEUKH">ᅒ </td> <td title="U+1153: HANGUL CHOSEONG CHIEUCH-HIEUH">ᅓ </td> <td title="U+1154: HANGUL CHOSEONG CHITUEUMCHIEUCH">ᅔ </td> <td title="U+1155: HANGUL CHOSEONG CEONGCHIEUMCHIEUCH">ᅕ </td> <td title="U+1156: HANGUL CHOSEONG PHIEUPH-PIEUP">ᅖ </td> <td title="U+1157: HANGUL CHOSEONG KAPYEOUNPHIEUPH">ᅗ </td> <td title="U+1158: HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGHIEUH">ᅘ </td> <td title="U+1159: HANGUL CHOSEONG YEORINHIEUH">ᅙ </td> <td title="U+115A: HANGUL CHOSEONG KIYEOK-TIKEUT">ᅚ </td> <td title="U+115B: HANGUL CHOSEONG NIEUN-SIOS">ᅛ </td> <td title="U+115C: HANGUL CHOSEONG NIEUN-CIEUC">ᅜ </td> <td title="U+115D: HANGUL CHOSEONG NIEUN-HIEUH">ᅝ </td> <td title="U+115E: HANGUL CHOSEONG TIKEUT-RIEUL">ᅞ </td> <td title="U+115F: HANGUL CHOSEONG FILLER"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed black; line-height:1em;"><span style="font-size:75%;"> HC <br />F</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+116x </td> <td title="U+1160: HANGUL JUNGSEONG FILLER"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed black; line-height:1em;"><span style="font-size:75%;"> HJ <br />F</span></span> </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+1161: HANGUL JUNGSEONG A">ᅡ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+1162: HANGUL JUNGSEONG AE">ᅢ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+1163: HANGUL JUNGSEONG YA">ᅣ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+1164: HANGUL JUNGSEONG YAE">ᅤ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+1165: HANGUL JUNGSEONG EO">ᅥ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+1166: HANGUL JUNGSEONG E">ᅦ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+1167: HANGUL JUNGSEONG YEO">ᅧ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+1168: HANGUL JUNGSEONG YE">ᅨ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+1169: HANGUL JUNGSEONG O">ᅩ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+116A: HANGUL JUNGSEONG WA">ᅪ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+116B: HANGUL JUNGSEONG WAE">ᅫ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+116C: HANGUL JUNGSEONG OE">ᅬ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+116D: HANGUL JUNGSEONG YO">ᅭ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+116E: HANGUL JUNGSEONG U">ᅮ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+116F: HANGUL JUNGSEONG WEO">ᅯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+117x </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+1170: HANGUL JUNGSEONG WE">ᅰ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+1171: HANGUL JUNGSEONG WI">ᅱ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+1172: HANGUL JUNGSEONG YU">ᅲ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+1173: HANGUL JUNGSEONG EU">ᅳ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+1174: HANGUL JUNGSEONG YI">ᅴ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+1175: HANGUL JUNGSEONG I">ᅵ </td> <td title="U+1176: HANGUL JUNGSEONG A-O">ᅶ </td> <td title="U+1177: HANGUL JUNGSEONG A-U">ᅷ </td> <td title="U+1178: HANGUL JUNGSEONG YA-O">ᅸ </td> <td title="U+1179: HANGUL JUNGSEONG YA-YO">ᅹ </td> <td title="U+117A: HANGUL JUNGSEONG EO-O">ᅺ </td> <td title="U+117B: HANGUL JUNGSEONG EO-U">ᅻ </td> <td title="U+117C: HANGUL JUNGSEONG EO-EU">ᅼ </td> <td title="U+117D: HANGUL JUNGSEONG YEO-O">ᅽ </td> <td title="U+117E: HANGUL JUNGSEONG YEO-U">ᅾ </td> <td title="U+117F: HANGUL JUNGSEONG O-EO">ᅿ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+118x </td> <td title="U+1180: HANGUL JUNGSEONG O-E">ᆀ </td> <td title="U+1181: HANGUL JUNGSEONG O-YE">ᆁ </td> <td title="U+1182: HANGUL JUNGSEONG O-O">ᆂ </td> <td title="U+1183: HANGUL JUNGSEONG O-U">ᆃ </td> <td title="U+1184: HANGUL JUNGSEONG YO-YA">ᆄ </td> <td title="U+1185: HANGUL JUNGSEONG YO-YAE">ᆅ </td> <td title="U+1186: HANGUL JUNGSEONG YO-YEO">ᆆ </td> <td title="U+1187: HANGUL JUNGSEONG YO-O">ᆇ </td> <td title="U+1188: HANGUL JUNGSEONG YO-I">ᆈ </td> <td title="U+1189: HANGUL JUNGSEONG U-A">ᆉ </td> <td title="U+118A: HANGUL JUNGSEONG U-AE">ᆊ </td> <td title="U+118B: HANGUL JUNGSEONG U-EO-EU">ᆋ </td> <td title="U+118C: HANGUL JUNGSEONG U-YE">ᆌ </td> <td title="U+118D: HANGUL JUNGSEONG U-U">ᆍ </td> <td title="U+118E: HANGUL JUNGSEONG YU-A">ᆎ </td> <td title="U+118F: HANGUL JUNGSEONG YU-EO">ᆏ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+119x </td> <td title="U+1190: HANGUL JUNGSEONG YU-E">ᆐ </td> <td title="U+1191: HANGUL JUNGSEONG YU-YEO">ᆑ </td> <td title="U+1192: HANGUL JUNGSEONG YU-YE">ᆒ </td> <td title="U+1193: HANGUL JUNGSEONG YU-U">ᆓ </td> <td title="U+1194: HANGUL JUNGSEONG YU-I">ᆔ </td> <td title="U+1195: HANGUL JUNGSEONG EU-U">ᆕ </td> <td title="U+1196: HANGUL JUNGSEONG EU-EU">ᆖ </td> <td title="U+1197: HANGUL JUNGSEONG YI-U">ᆗ </td> <td title="U+1198: HANGUL JUNGSEONG I-A">ᆘ </td> <td title="U+1199: HANGUL JUNGSEONG I-YA">ᆙ </td> <td title="U+119A: HANGUL JUNGSEONG I-O">ᆚ </td> <td title="U+119B: HANGUL JUNGSEONG I-U">ᆛ </td> <td title="U+119C: HANGUL JUNGSEONG I-EU">ᆜ </td> <td title="U+119D: HANGUL JUNGSEONG I-ARAEA">ᆝ </td> <td title="U+119E: HANGUL JUNGSEONG ARAEA">ᆞ </td> <td title="U+119F: HANGUL JUNGSEONG ARAEA-EO">ᆟ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+11Ax </td> <td title="U+11A0: HANGUL JUNGSEONG ARAEA-U">ᆠ </td> <td title="U+11A1: HANGUL JUNGSEONG ARAEA-I">ᆡ </td> <td title="U+11A2: HANGUL JUNGSEONG SSANGARAEA">ᆢ </td> <td title="U+11A3: HANGUL JUNGSEONG A-EU">ᆣ </td> <td title="U+11A4: HANGUL JUNGSEONG YA-U">ᆤ </td> <td title="U+11A5: HANGUL JUNGSEONG YEO-YA">ᆥ </td> <td title="U+11A6: HANGUL JUNGSEONG O-YA">ᆦ </td> <td title="U+11A7: HANGUL JUNGSEONG O-YAE">ᆧ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+11A8: HANGUL JONGSEONG KIYEOK">ᆨ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+11A9: HANGUL JONGSEONG SSANGKIYEOK">ᆩ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+11AA: HANGUL JONGSEONG KIYEOK-SIOS">ᆪ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+11AB: HANGUL JONGSEONG NIEUN">ᆫ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+11AC: HANGUL JONGSEONG NIEUN-CIEUC">ᆬ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+11AD: HANGUL JONGSEONG NIEUN-HIEUH">ᆭ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+11AE: HANGUL JONGSEONG TIKEUT">ᆮ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+11AF: HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL">ᆯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+11Bx </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+11B0: HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-KIYEOK">ᆰ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+11B1: HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-MIEUM">ᆱ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+11B2: HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-PIEUP">ᆲ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+11B3: HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-SIOS">ᆳ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+11B4: HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-THIEUTH">ᆴ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+11B5: HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-PHIEUPH">ᆵ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+11B6: HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-HIEUH">ᆶ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+11B7: HANGUL JONGSEONG MIEUM">ᆷ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+11B8: HANGUL JONGSEONG PIEUP">ᆸ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+11B9: HANGUL JONGSEONG PIEUP-SIOS">ᆹ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+11BA: HANGUL JONGSEONG SIOS">ᆺ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+11BB: HANGUL JONGSEONG SSANGSIOS">ᆻ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+11BC: HANGUL JONGSEONG IEUNG">ᆼ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+11BD: HANGUL JONGSEONG CIEUC">ᆽ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+11BE: HANGUL JONGSEONG CHIEUCH">ᆾ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+11BF: HANGUL JONGSEONG KHIEUKH">ᆿ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+11Cx </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+11C0: HANGUL JONGSEONG THIEUTH">ᇀ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+11C1: HANGUL JONGSEONG PHIEUPH">ᇁ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);color:inherit;" title="U+11C2: HANGUL JONGSEONG HIEUH">ᇂ </td> <td title="U+11C3: HANGUL JONGSEONG KIYEOK-RIEUL">ᇃ </td> <td title="U+11C4: HANGUL JONGSEONG KIYEOK-SIOS-KIYEOK">ᇄ </td> <td title="U+11C5: HANGUL JONGSEONG NIEUN-KIYEOK">ᇅ </td> <td title="U+11C6: HANGUL JONGSEONG NIEUN-TIKEUT">ᇆ </td> <td title="U+11C7: HANGUL JONGSEONG NIEUN-SIOS">ᇇ </td> <td title="U+11C8: HANGUL JONGSEONG NIEUN-PANSIOS">ᇈ </td> <td title="U+11C9: HANGUL JONGSEONG NIEUN-THIEUTH">ᇉ </td> <td title="U+11CA: HANGUL JONGSEONG TIKEUT-KIYEOK">ᇊ </td> <td title="U+11CB: HANGUL JONGSEONG TIKEUT-RIEUL">ᇋ </td> <td title="U+11CC: HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-KIYEOK-SIOS">ᇌ </td> <td title="U+11CD: HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-NIEUN">ᇍ </td> <td title="U+11CE: HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-TIKEUT">ᇎ </td> <td title="U+11CF: HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-TIKEUT-HIEUH">ᇏ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+11Dx </td> <td title="U+11D0: HANGUL JONGSEONG SSANGRIEUL">ᇐ </td> <td title="U+11D1: HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-MIEUM-KIYEOK">ᇑ </td> <td title="U+11D2: HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-MIEUM-SIOS">ᇒ </td> <td title="U+11D3: HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-PIEUP-SIOS">ᇓ </td> <td title="U+11D4: HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-PIEUP-HIEUH">ᇔ </td> <td title="U+11D5: HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-KAPYEOUNPIEUP">ᇕ </td> <td title="U+11D6: HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-SSANGSIOS">ᇖ </td> <td title="U+11D7: HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-PANSIOS">ᇗ </td> <td title="U+11D8: HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-KHIEUKH">ᇘ </td> <td title="U+11D9: HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-YEORINHIEUH">ᇙ </td> <td title="U+11DA: HANGUL JONGSEONG MIEUM-KIYEOK">ᇚ </td> <td title="U+11DB: HANGUL JONGSEONG MIEUM-RIEUL">ᇛ </td> <td title="U+11DC: HANGUL JONGSEONG MIEUM-PIEUP">ᇜ </td> <td title="U+11DD: HANGUL JONGSEONG MIEUM-SIOS">ᇝ </td> <td title="U+11DE: HANGUL JONGSEONG MIEUM-SSANGSIOS">ᇞ </td> <td title="U+11DF: HANGUL JONGSEONG MIEUM-PANSIOS">ᇟ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+11Ex </td> <td title="U+11E0: HANGUL JONGSEONG MIEUM-CHIEUCH">ᇠ </td> <td title="U+11E1: HANGUL JONGSEONG MIEUM-HIEUH">ᇡ </td> <td title="U+11E2: HANGUL JONGSEONG KAPYEOUNMIEUM">ᇢ </td> <td title="U+11E3: HANGUL JONGSEONG PIEUP-RIEUL">ᇣ </td> <td title="U+11E4: HANGUL JONGSEONG PIEUP-PHIEUPH">ᇤ </td> <td title="U+11E5: HANGUL JONGSEONG PIEUP-HIEUH">ᇥ </td> <td title="U+11E6: HANGUL JONGSEONG KAPYEOUNPIEUP">ᇦ </td> <td title="U+11E7: HANGUL JONGSEONG SIOS-KIYEOK">ᇧ </td> <td title="U+11E8: HANGUL JONGSEONG SIOS-TIKEUT">ᇨ </td> <td title="U+11E9: HANGUL JONGSEONG SIOS-RIEUL">ᇩ </td> <td title="U+11EA: HANGUL JONGSEONG SIOS-PIEUP">ᇪ </td> <td title="U+11EB: HANGUL JONGSEONG PANSIOS">ᇫ </td> <td title="U+11EC: HANGUL JONGSEONG IEUNG-KIYEOK (alias HANGUL JONGSEONG YESIEUNG-KIYEOK)">ᇬ </td> <td title="U+11ED: HANGUL JONGSEONG IEUNG-SSANGKIYEOK (alias HANGUL JONGSEONG YESIEUNG-SSANGKIYEOK)">ᇭ </td> <td title="U+11EE: HANGUL JONGSEONG SSANGIEUNG (alias HANGUL JONGSEONG SSANGYESIEUNG)">ᇮ </td> <td title="U+11EF: HANGUL JONGSEONG IEUNG-KHIEUKH (alias HANGUL JONGSEONG YESIEUNG-KHIEUKH)">ᇯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+11Fx </td> <td title="U+11F0: HANGUL JONGSEONG YESIEUNG">ᇰ </td> <td title="U+11F1: HANGUL JONGSEONG YESIEUNG-SIOS">ᇱ </td> <td title="U+11F2: HANGUL JONGSEONG YESIEUNG-PANSIOS">ᇲ </td> <td title="U+11F3: HANGUL JONGSEONG PHIEUPH-PIEUP">ᇳ </td> <td title="U+11F4: HANGUL JONGSEONG KAPYEOUNPHIEUPH">ᇴ </td> <td title="U+11F5: HANGUL JONGSEONG HIEUH-NIEUN">ᇵ </td> <td title="U+11F6: HANGUL JONGSEONG HIEUH-RIEUL">ᇶ </td> <td title="U+11F7: HANGUL JONGSEONG HIEUH-MIEUM">ᇷ </td> <td title="U+11F8: HANGUL JONGSEONG HIEUH-PIEUP">ᇸ </td> <td title="U+11F9: HANGUL JONGSEONG YEORINHIEUH">ᇹ </td> <td title="U+11FA: HANGUL JONGSEONG KIYEOK-NIEUN">ᇺ </td> <td title="U+11FB: HANGUL JONGSEONG KIYEOK-PIEUP">ᇻ </td> <td title="U+11FC: HANGUL JONGSEONG KIYEOK-CHIEUCH">ᇼ </td> <td title="U+11FD: HANGUL JONGSEONG KIYEOK-KHIEUKH">ᇽ </td> <td title="U+11FE: HANGUL JONGSEONG KIYEOK-HIEUH">ᇾ </td> <td title="U+11FF: HANGUL JONGSEONG SSANGNIEUN">ᇿ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U1100_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U1100_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2. <span style="background:#CCFFCC">ᄀ</span>: Hangul <i>jamo</i> with a green background are modern-usage characters which can be converted into <a href="/wiki/Hangul_Syllables" title="Hangul Syllables">precomposed Hangul syllables</a> under <a href="/wiki/Unicode_normalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode normalization">Unicode normalization</a> form NFC.<br />Hangul <i>jamo</i> with a white background are used for archaic Korean only, and there are no corresponding precomposed Hangul syllables.<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/ch03.pdf#G24646">"Conjoining Jamo Behavior"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Unicode Standard</i>. March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Unicode+Standard&rft.atitle=Conjoining+Jamo+Behavior&rft.date=2020-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode13.0.0%2Fch03.pdf%23G24646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Hangul_Jamo_Extended-A" title="Hangul Jamo Extended-A">Hangul Jamo Extended-A</a></b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_UA960_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_UA960_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_UA960_grey"><a href="#endnote_UA960_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA960.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+A96x </td> <td title="U+A960: HANGUL CHOSEONG TIKEUT-MIEUM">ꥠ </td> <td title="U+A961: HANGUL CHOSEONG TIKEUT-PIEUP">ꥡ </td> <td title="U+A962: HANGUL CHOSEONG TIKEUT-SIOS">ꥢ </td> <td title="U+A963: HANGUL CHOSEONG TIKEUT-CIEUC">ꥣ </td> <td title="U+A964: HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL-KIYEOK">ꥤ </td> <td title="U+A965: HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL-SSANGKIYEOK">ꥥ </td> <td title="U+A966: HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL-TIKEUT">ꥦ </td> <td title="U+A967: HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL-SSANGTIKEUT">ꥧ </td> <td title="U+A968: HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL-MIEUM">ꥨ </td> <td title="U+A969: HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL-PIEUP">ꥩ </td> <td title="U+A96A: HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL-SSANGPIEUP">ꥪ </td> <td title="U+A96B: HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL-KAPYEOUNPIEUP">ꥫ </td> <td title="U+A96C: HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL-SIOS">ꥬ </td> <td title="U+A96D: HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL-CIEUC">ꥭ </td> <td title="U+A96E: HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL-KHIEUKH">ꥮ </td> <td title="U+A96F: HANGUL CHOSEONG MIEUM-KIYEOK">ꥯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+A97x </td> <td title="U+A970: HANGUL CHOSEONG MIEUM-TIKEUT">ꥰ </td> <td title="U+A971: HANGUL CHOSEONG MIEUM-SIOS">ꥱ </td> <td title="U+A972: HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-SIOS-THIEUTH">ꥲ </td> <td title="U+A973: HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-KHIEUKH">ꥳ </td> <td title="U+A974: HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-HIEUH">ꥴ </td> <td title="U+A975: HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGSIOS-PIEUP">ꥵ </td> <td title="U+A976: HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-RIEUL">ꥶ </td> <td title="U+A977: HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-HIEUH">ꥷ </td> <td title="U+A978: HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGCIEUC-HIEUH">ꥸ </td> <td title="U+A979: HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGTHIEUTH">ꥹ </td> <td title="U+A97A: HANGUL CHOSEONG PHIEUPH-HIEUH">ꥺ </td> <td title="U+A97B: HANGUL CHOSEONG HIEUH-SIOS">ꥻ </td> <td title="U+A97C: HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGYEORINHIEUH">ꥼ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_UA960_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_UA960_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_UA960_grey"><b><a href="#ref_UA960_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Hangul_Jamo_Extended-B" title="Hangul Jamo Extended-B">Hangul Jamo Extended-B</a></b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_UD7B0_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_UD7B0_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_UD7B0_grey"><a href="#endnote_UD7B0_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UD7B0.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+D7Bx </td> <td title="U+D7B0: HANGUL JUNGSEONG O-YEO">ힰ </td> <td title="U+D7B1: HANGUL JUNGSEONG O-O-I">ힱ </td> <td title="U+D7B2: HANGUL JUNGSEONG YO-A">ힲ </td> <td title="U+D7B3: HANGUL JUNGSEONG YO-AE">ힳ </td> <td title="U+D7B4: HANGUL JUNGSEONG YO-EO">ힴ </td> <td title="U+D7B5: HANGUL JUNGSEONG U-YEO">ힵ </td> <td title="U+D7B6: HANGUL JUNGSEONG U-I-I">ힶ </td> <td title="U+D7B7: HANGUL JUNGSEONG YU-AE">ힷ </td> <td title="U+D7B8: HANGUL JUNGSEONG YU-O">ힸ </td> <td title="U+D7B9: HANGUL JUNGSEONG EU-A">ힹ </td> <td title="U+D7BA: HANGUL JUNGSEONG EU-EO">ힺ </td> <td title="U+D7BB: HANGUL JUNGSEONG EU-E">ힻ </td> <td title="U+D7BC: HANGUL JUNGSEONG EU-O">ힼ </td> <td title="U+D7BD: HANGUL JUNGSEONG I-YA-O">ힽ </td> <td title="U+D7BE: HANGUL JUNGSEONG I-YAE">ힾ </td> <td title="U+D7BF: HANGUL JUNGSEONG I-YEO">ힿ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+D7Cx </td> <td title="U+D7C0: HANGUL JUNGSEONG I-YE">ퟀ </td> <td title="U+D7C1: HANGUL JUNGSEONG I-O-I">ퟁ </td> <td title="U+D7C2: HANGUL JUNGSEONG I-YO">ퟂ </td> <td title="U+D7C3: HANGUL JUNGSEONG I-YU">ퟃ </td> <td title="U+D7C4: HANGUL JUNGSEONG I-I">ퟄ </td> <td title="U+D7C5: HANGUL JUNGSEONG ARAEA-A">ퟅ </td> <td title="U+D7C6: HANGUL JUNGSEONG ARAEA-E">ퟆ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+D7CB: HANGUL JONGSEONG NIEUN-RIEUL">ퟋ </td> <td title="U+D7CC: HANGUL JONGSEONG NIEUN-CHIEUCH">ퟌ </td> <td title="U+D7CD: HANGUL JONGSEONG SSANGTIKEUT">ퟍ </td> <td title="U+D7CE: HANGUL JONGSEONG SSANGTIKEUT-PIEUP">ퟎ </td> <td title="U+D7CF: HANGUL JONGSEONG TIKEUT-PIEUP">ퟏ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+D7Dx </td> <td title="U+D7D0: HANGUL JONGSEONG TIKEUT-SIOS">ퟐ </td> <td title="U+D7D1: HANGUL JONGSEONG TIKEUT-SIOS-KIYEOK">ퟑ </td> <td title="U+D7D2: HANGUL JONGSEONG TIKEUT-CIEUC">ퟒ </td> <td title="U+D7D3: HANGUL JONGSEONG TIKEUT-CHIEUCH">ퟓ </td> <td title="U+D7D4: HANGUL JONGSEONG TIKEUT-THIEUTH">ퟔ </td> <td title="U+D7D5: HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-SSANGKIYEOK">ퟕ </td> <td title="U+D7D6: HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-KIYEOK-HIEUH">ퟖ </td> <td title="U+D7D7: HANGUL JONGSEONG SSANGRIEUL-KHIEUKH">ퟗ </td> <td title="U+D7D8: HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-MIEUM-HIEUH">ퟘ </td> <td title="U+D7D9: HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-PIEUP-TIKEUT">ퟙ </td> <td title="U+D7DA: HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-PIEUP-PHIEUPH">ퟚ </td> <td title="U+D7DB: HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-YESIEUNG">ퟛ </td> <td title="U+D7DC: HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-YEORINHIEUH-HIEUH">ퟜ </td> <td title="U+D7DD: HANGUL JONGSEONG KAPYEOUNRIEUL">ퟝ </td> <td title="U+D7DE: HANGUL JONGSEONG MIEUM-NIEUN">ퟞ </td> <td title="U+D7DF: HANGUL JONGSEONG MIEUM-SSANGNIEUN">ퟟ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+D7Ex </td> <td title="U+D7E0: HANGUL JONGSEONG SSANGMIEUM">ퟠ </td> <td title="U+D7E1: HANGUL JONGSEONG MIEUM-PIEUP-SIOS">ퟡ </td> <td title="U+D7E2: HANGUL JONGSEONG MIEUM-CIEUC">ퟢ </td> <td title="U+D7E3: HANGUL JONGSEONG PIEUP-TIKEUT">ퟣ </td> <td title="U+D7E4: HANGUL JONGSEONG PIEUP-RIEUL-PHIEUPH">ퟤ </td> <td title="U+D7E5: HANGUL JONGSEONG PIEUP-MIEUM">ퟥ </td> <td title="U+D7E6: HANGUL JONGSEONG SSANGPIEUP">ퟦ </td> <td title="U+D7E7: HANGUL JONGSEONG PIEUP-SIOS-TIKEUT">ퟧ </td> <td title="U+D7E8: HANGUL JONGSEONG PIEUP-CIEUC">ퟨ </td> <td title="U+D7E9: HANGUL JONGSEONG PIEUP-CHIEUCH">ퟩ </td> <td title="U+D7EA: HANGUL JONGSEONG SIOS-MIEUM">ퟪ </td> <td title="U+D7EB: HANGUL JONGSEONG SIOS-KAPYEOUNPIEUP">ퟫ </td> <td title="U+D7EC: HANGUL JONGSEONG SSANGSIOS-KIYEOK">ퟬ </td> <td title="U+D7ED: HANGUL JONGSEONG SSANGSIOS-TIKEUT">ퟭ </td> <td title="U+D7EE: HANGUL JONGSEONG SIOS-PANSIOS">ퟮ </td> <td title="U+D7EF: HANGUL JONGSEONG SIOS-CIEUC">ퟯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+D7Fx </td> <td title="U+D7F0: HANGUL JONGSEONG SIOS-CHIEUCH">ퟰ </td> <td title="U+D7F1: HANGUL JONGSEONG SIOS-THIEUTH">ퟱ </td> <td title="U+D7F2: HANGUL JONGSEONG SIOS-HIEUH">ퟲ </td> <td title="U+D7F3: HANGUL JONGSEONG PANSIOS-PIEUP">ퟳ </td> <td title="U+D7F4: HANGUL JONGSEONG PANSIOS-KAPYEOUNPIEUP">ퟴ </td> <td title="U+D7F5: HANGUL JONGSEONG YESIEUNG-MIEUM">ퟵ </td> <td title="U+D7F6: HANGUL JONGSEONG YESIEUNG-HIEUH">ퟶ </td> <td title="U+D7F7: HANGUL JONGSEONG CIEUC-PIEUP">ퟷ </td> <td title="U+D7F8: HANGUL JONGSEONG CIEUC-SSANGPIEUP">ퟸ </td> <td title="U+D7F9: HANGUL JONGSEONG SSANGCIEUC">ퟹ </td> <td title="U+D7FA: HANGUL JONGSEONG PHIEUPH-SIOS">ퟺ </td> <td title="U+D7FB: HANGUL JONGSEONG PHIEUPH-THIEUTH">ퟻ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_UD7B0_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_UD7B0_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_UD7B0_grey"><b><a href="#ref_UD7B0_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Hangul_Compatibility_Jamo" title="Hangul Compatibility Jamo">Hangul Compatibility Jamo</a></b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U3130_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U3130_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U3130_grey"><a href="#endnote_U3130_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U3130.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+313x </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+3131: HANGUL LETTER KIYEOK">ㄱ </td> <td title="U+3132: HANGUL LETTER SSANGKIYEOK">ㄲ </td> <td title="U+3133: HANGUL LETTER KIYEOK-SIOS">ㄳ </td> <td title="U+3134: HANGUL LETTER NIEUN">ㄴ </td> <td title="U+3135: HANGUL LETTER NIEUN-CIEUC">ㄵ </td> <td title="U+3136: HANGUL LETTER NIEUN-HIEUH">ㄶ </td> <td title="U+3137: HANGUL LETTER TIKEUT">ㄷ </td> <td title="U+3138: HANGUL LETTER SSANGTIKEUT">ㄸ </td> <td title="U+3139: HANGUL LETTER RIEUL">ㄹ </td> <td title="U+313A: HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-KIYEOK">ㄺ </td> <td title="U+313B: HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-MIEUM">ㄻ </td> <td title="U+313C: HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-PIEUP">ㄼ </td> <td title="U+313D: HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-SIOS">ㄽ </td> <td title="U+313E: HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-THIEUTH">ㄾ </td> <td title="U+313F: HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-PHIEUPH">ㄿ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+314x </td> <td title="U+3140: HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-HIEUH">ㅀ </td> <td title="U+3141: HANGUL LETTER MIEUM">ㅁ </td> <td title="U+3142: HANGUL LETTER PIEUP">ㅂ </td> <td title="U+3143: HANGUL LETTER SSANGPIEUP">ㅃ </td> <td title="U+3144: HANGUL LETTER PIEUP-SIOS">ㅄ </td> <td title="U+3145: HANGUL LETTER SIOS">ㅅ </td> <td title="U+3146: HANGUL LETTER SSANGSIOS">ㅆ </td> <td title="U+3147: HANGUL LETTER IEUNG">ㅇ </td> <td title="U+3148: HANGUL LETTER CIEUC">ㅈ </td> <td title="U+3149: HANGUL LETTER SSANGCIEUC">ㅉ </td> <td title="U+314A: HANGUL LETTER CHIEUCH">ㅊ </td> <td title="U+314B: HANGUL LETTER KHIEUKH">ㅋ </td> <td title="U+314C: HANGUL LETTER THIEUTH">ㅌ </td> <td title="U+314D: HANGUL LETTER PHIEUPH">ㅍ </td> <td title="U+314E: HANGUL LETTER HIEUH">ㅎ </td> <td title="U+314F: HANGUL LETTER A">ㅏ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+315x </td> <td title="U+3150: HANGUL LETTER AE">ㅐ </td> <td title="U+3151: HANGUL LETTER YA">ㅑ </td> <td title="U+3152: HANGUL LETTER YAE">ㅒ </td> <td title="U+3153: HANGUL LETTER EO">ㅓ </td> <td title="U+3154: HANGUL LETTER E">ㅔ </td> <td title="U+3155: HANGUL LETTER YEO">ㅕ </td> <td title="U+3156: HANGUL LETTER YE">ㅖ </td> <td title="U+3157: HANGUL LETTER O">ㅗ </td> <td title="U+3158: HANGUL LETTER WA">ㅘ </td> <td title="U+3159: HANGUL LETTER WAE">ㅙ </td> <td title="U+315A: HANGUL LETTER OE">ㅚ </td> <td title="U+315B: HANGUL LETTER YO">ㅛ </td> <td title="U+315C: HANGUL LETTER U">ㅜ </td> <td title="U+315D: HANGUL LETTER WEO">ㅝ </td> <td title="U+315E: HANGUL LETTER WE">ㅞ </td> <td title="U+315F: HANGUL LETTER WI">ㅟ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+316x </td> <td title="U+3160: HANGUL LETTER YU">ㅠ </td> <td title="U+3161: HANGUL LETTER EU">ㅡ </td> <td title="U+3162: HANGUL LETTER YI">ㅢ </td> <td title="U+3163: HANGUL LETTER I">ㅣ </td> <td title="U+3164: HANGUL FILLER"><a href="/wiki/KS_X_1001#Hangul_Filler" title="KS X 1001"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed black;"><span style="font-size:75%;">  HF  </span></span></a> </td> <td title="U+3165: HANGUL LETTER SSANGNIEUN">ㅥ </td> <td title="U+3166: HANGUL LETTER NIEUN-TIKEUT">ㅦ </td> <td title="U+3167: HANGUL LETTER NIEUN-SIOS">ㅧ </td> <td title="U+3168: HANGUL LETTER NIEUN-PANSIOS">ㅨ </td> <td title="U+3169: HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-KIYEOK-SIOS">ㅩ </td> <td title="U+316A: HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-TIKEUT">ㅪ </td> <td title="U+316B: HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-PIEUP-SIOS">ㅫ </td> <td title="U+316C: HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-PANSIOS">ㅬ </td> <td title="U+316D: HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-YEORINHIEUH">ㅭ </td> <td title="U+316E: HANGUL LETTER MIEUM-PIEUP">ㅮ </td> <td title="U+316F: HANGUL LETTER MIEUM-SIOS">ㅯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+317x </td> <td title="U+3170: HANGUL LETTER MIEUM-PANSIOS">ㅰ </td> <td title="U+3171: HANGUL LETTER KAPYEOUNMIEUM">ㅱ </td> <td title="U+3172: HANGUL LETTER PIEUP-KIYEOK">ㅲ </td> <td title="U+3173: HANGUL LETTER PIEUP-TIKEUT">ㅳ </td> <td title="U+3174: HANGUL LETTER PIEUP-SIOS-KIYEOK">ㅴ </td> <td title="U+3175: HANGUL LETTER PIEUP-SIOS-TIKEUT">ㅵ </td> <td title="U+3176: HANGUL LETTER PIEUP-CIEUC">ㅶ </td> <td title="U+3177: HANGUL LETTER PIEUP-THIEUTH">ㅷ </td> <td title="U+3178: HANGUL LETTER KAPYEOUNPIEUP">ㅸ </td> <td title="U+3179: HANGUL LETTER KAPYEOUNSSANGPIEUP">ㅹ </td> <td title="U+317A: HANGUL LETTER SIOS-KIYEOK">ㅺ </td> <td title="U+317B: HANGUL LETTER SIOS-NIEUN">ㅻ </td> <td title="U+317C: HANGUL LETTER SIOS-TIKEUT">ㅼ </td> <td title="U+317D: HANGUL LETTER SIOS-PIEUP">ㅽ </td> <td title="U+317E: HANGUL LETTER SIOS-CIEUC">ㅾ </td> <td title="U+317F: HANGUL LETTER PANSIOS">ㅿ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+318x </td> <td title="U+3180: HANGUL LETTER SSANGIEUNG">ㆀ </td> <td title="U+3181: HANGUL LETTER YESIEUNG">ㆁ </td> <td title="U+3182: HANGUL LETTER YESIEUNG-SIOS">ㆂ </td> <td title="U+3183: HANGUL LETTER YESIEUNG-PANSIOS">ㆃ </td> <td title="U+3184: HANGUL LETTER KAPYEOUNPHIEUPH">ㆄ </td> <td title="U+3185: HANGUL LETTER SSANGHIEUH">ㆅ </td> <td title="U+3186: HANGUL LETTER YEORINHIEUH">ㆆ </td> <td title="U+3187: HANGUL LETTER YO-YA">ㆇ </td> <td title="U+3188: HANGUL LETTER YO-YAE">ㆈ </td> <td title="U+3189: HANGUL LETTER YO-I">ㆉ </td> <td title="U+318A: HANGUL LETTER YU-YEO">ㆊ </td> <td title="U+318B: HANGUL LETTER YU-YE">ㆋ </td> <td title="U+318C: HANGUL LETTER YU-I">ㆌ </td> <td title="U+318D: HANGUL LETTER ARAEA">ㆍ </td> <td title="U+318E: HANGUL LETTER ARAEAE">ㆎ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U3130_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U3130_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U3130_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U3130_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enclosed_hangul_characters_in_Unicode.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Enclosed_hangul_characters_in_Unicode.svg/220px-Enclosed_hangul_characters_in_Unicode.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Enclosed_hangul_characters_in_Unicode.svg/330px-Enclosed_hangul_characters_in_Unicode.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Enclosed_hangul_characters_in_Unicode.svg/440px-Enclosed_hangul_characters_in_Unicode.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>Enclosed Hangul characters in Unicode</figcaption></figure> <p>Parenthesised (<code>U+3200</code>–<code>U+321E</code>) and circled (<code>U+3260</code>–<code>U+327E</code>) Hangul compatibility characters are in the <a href="/wiki/Enclosed_CJK_Letters_and_Months" title="Enclosed CJK Letters and Months">Enclosed CJK Letters and Months</a> block: </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">Hangul subset of <b><a href="/wiki/Enclosed_CJK_Letters_and_Months" title="Enclosed CJK Letters and Months">Enclosed CJK Letters and Months</a></b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U3200_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U3200_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U3200_grey"><a href="#endnote_U3200_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U3200.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+320x </td> <td title="U+3200: PARENTHESIZED HANGUL KIYEOK">㈀ </td> <td title="U+3201: PARENTHESIZED HANGUL NIEUN">㈁ </td> <td title="U+3202: PARENTHESIZED HANGUL TIKEUT">㈂ </td> <td title="U+3203: PARENTHESIZED HANGUL RIEUL">㈃ </td> <td title="U+3204: PARENTHESIZED HANGUL MIEUM">㈄ </td> <td title="U+3205: PARENTHESIZED HANGUL PIEUP">㈅ </td> <td title="U+3206: PARENTHESIZED HANGUL SIOS">㈆ </td> <td title="U+3207: PARENTHESIZED HANGUL IEUNG">㈇ </td> <td title="U+3208: PARENTHESIZED HANGUL CIEUC">㈈ </td> <td title="U+3209: PARENTHESIZED HANGUL CHIEUCH">㈉ </td> <td title="U+320A: PARENTHESIZED HANGUL KHIEUKH">㈊ </td> <td title="U+320B: PARENTHESIZED HANGUL THIEUTH">㈋ </td> <td title="U+320C: PARENTHESIZED HANGUL PHIEUPH">㈌ </td> <td title="U+320D: PARENTHESIZED HANGUL HIEUH">㈍ </td> <td title="U+320E: PARENTHESIZED HANGUL KIYEOK A">㈎ </td> <td title="U+320F: PARENTHESIZED HANGUL NIEUN A">㈏ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+321x </td> <td title="U+3210: PARENTHESIZED HANGUL TIKEUT A">㈐ </td> <td title="U+3211: PARENTHESIZED HANGUL RIEUL A">㈑ </td> <td title="U+3212: PARENTHESIZED HANGUL MIEUM A">㈒ </td> <td title="U+3213: PARENTHESIZED HANGUL PIEUP A">㈓ </td> <td title="U+3214: PARENTHESIZED HANGUL SIOS A">㈔ </td> <td title="U+3215: PARENTHESIZED HANGUL IEUNG A">㈕ </td> <td title="U+3216: PARENTHESIZED HANGUL CIEUC A">㈖ </td> <td title="U+3217: PARENTHESIZED HANGUL CHIEUCH A">㈗ </td> <td title="U+3218: PARENTHESIZED HANGUL KHIEUKH A">㈘ </td> <td title="U+3219: PARENTHESIZED HANGUL THIEUTH A">㈙ </td> <td title="U+321A: PARENTHESIZED HANGUL PHIEUPH A">㈚ </td> <td title="U+321B: PARENTHESIZED HANGUL HIEUH A">㈛ </td> <td title="U+321C: PARENTHESIZED HANGUL CIEUC U">㈜ </td> <td title="U+321D: PARENTHESIZED KOREAN CHARACTER OJEON">㈝ </td> <td title="U+321E: PARENTHESIZED KOREAN CHARACTER O HU">㈞ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>...</td> <td colspan="16" style="font-size:small">(U+3220–U+325F omitted) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+326x </td> <td title="U+3260: CIRCLED HANGUL KIYEOK">㉠ </td> <td title="U+3261: CIRCLED HANGUL NIEUN">㉡ </td> <td title="U+3262: CIRCLED HANGUL TIKEUT">㉢ </td> <td title="U+3263: CIRCLED HANGUL RIEUL">㉣ </td> <td title="U+3264: CIRCLED HANGUL MIEUM">㉤ </td> <td title="U+3265: CIRCLED HANGUL PIEUP">㉥ </td> <td title="U+3266: CIRCLED HANGUL SIOS">㉦ </td> <td title="U+3267: CIRCLED HANGUL IEUNG">㉧ </td> <td title="U+3268: CIRCLED HANGUL CIEUC">㉨ </td> <td title="U+3269: CIRCLED HANGUL CHIEUCH">㉩ </td> <td title="U+326A: CIRCLED HANGUL KHIEUKH">㉪ </td> <td title="U+326B: CIRCLED HANGUL THIEUTH">㉫ </td> <td title="U+326C: CIRCLED HANGUL PHIEUPH">㉬ </td> <td title="U+326D: CIRCLED HANGUL HIEUH">㉭ </td> <td title="U+326E: CIRCLED HANGUL KIYEOK A">㉮ </td> <td title="U+326F: CIRCLED HANGUL NIEUN A">㉯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+327x </td> <td title="U+3270: CIRCLED HANGUL TIKEUT A">㉰ </td> <td title="U+3271: CIRCLED HANGUL RIEUL A">㉱ </td> <td title="U+3272: CIRCLED HANGUL MIEUM A">㉲ </td> <td title="U+3273: CIRCLED HANGUL PIEUP A">㉳ </td> <td title="U+3274: CIRCLED HANGUL SIOS A">㉴ </td> <td title="U+3275: CIRCLED HANGUL IEUNG A">㉵ </td> <td title="U+3276: CIRCLED HANGUL CIEUC A">㉶ </td> <td title="U+3277: CIRCLED HANGUL CHIEUCH A">㉷ </td> <td title="U+3278: CIRCLED HANGUL KHIEUKH A">㉸ </td> <td title="U+3279: CIRCLED HANGUL THIEUTH A">㉹ </td> <td title="U+327A: CIRCLED HANGUL PHIEUPH A">㉺ </td> <td title="U+327B: CIRCLED HANGUL HIEUH A">㉻ </td> <td title="U+327C: CIRCLED KOREAN CHARACTER CHAMKO">㉼ </td> <td title="U+327D: CIRCLED KOREAN CHARACTER JUEUI">㉽ </td> <td title="U+327E: CIRCLED HANGUL IEUNG U">㉾ </td> <td style="border-bottom: hidden"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>...</td> <td colspan="16" style="font-size:small">(U+3280–U+32FF omitted) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U3200_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U3200_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U3200_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U3200_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey area indicates non-assigned code point</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halfwidth_hangul_jamo_characters_in_Unicode.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Halfwidth_hangul_jamo_characters_in_Unicode.svg/220px-Halfwidth_hangul_jamo_characters_in_Unicode.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Halfwidth_hangul_jamo_characters_in_Unicode.svg/330px-Halfwidth_hangul_jamo_characters_in_Unicode.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Halfwidth_hangul_jamo_characters_in_Unicode.svg/440px-Halfwidth_hangul_jamo_characters_in_Unicode.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="219" /></a><figcaption>Halfwidth Hangul jamo characters in Unicode</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Halfwidth_and_fullwidth_forms" title="Halfwidth and fullwidth forms">Half-width</a> Hangul compatibility characters (<code>U+FFA0</code>–<code>U+FFDC</code>) are in the <a href="/wiki/Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms_(Unicode_block)" title="Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms (Unicode block)">Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms</a> block: </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">Hangul subset of <b><a href="/wiki/Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms_(Unicode_block)" title="Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms (Unicode block)">Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms</a></b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_UFF00_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_UFF00_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_UFF00_grey"><a href="#endnote_UFF00_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFF00.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td>...</td> <td colspan="16" style="font-size:small">(U+FF00–U+FF9F omitted) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+FFAx </td> <td title="U+FFA0: HALFWIDTH HANGUL FILLER" style="font-size:small;line-height:1"><a href="/wiki/KS_X_1001#Hangul_Filler" title="KS X 1001"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed black;"> HW <br />HF</span></a> </td> <td title="U+FFA1: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER KIYEOK">ﾡ </td> <td title="U+FFA2: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER SSANGKIYEOK">ﾢ </td> <td title="U+FFA3: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER KIYEOK-SIOS">ﾣ </td> <td title="U+FFA4: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER NIEUN">ﾤ </td> <td title="U+FFA5: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER NIEUN-CIEUC">ﾥ </td> <td title="U+FFA6: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER NIEUN-HIEUH">ﾦ </td> <td title="U+FFA7: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER TIKEUT">ﾧ </td> <td title="U+FFA8: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER SSANGTIKEUT">ﾨ </td> <td title="U+FFA9: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER RIEUL">ﾩ </td> <td title="U+FFAA: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-KIYEOK">ﾪ </td> <td title="U+FFAB: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-MIEUM">ﾫ </td> <td title="U+FFAC: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-PIEUP">ﾬ </td> <td title="U+FFAD: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-SIOS">ﾭ </td> <td title="U+FFAE: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-THIEUTH">ﾮ </td> <td title="U+FFAF: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-PHIEUPH">ﾯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+FFBx </td> <td title="U+FFB0: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-HIEUH">ﾰ </td> <td title="U+FFB1: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER MIEUM">ﾱ </td> <td title="U+FFB2: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER PIEUP">ﾲ </td> <td title="U+FFB3: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER SSANGPIEUP">ﾳ </td> <td title="U+FFB4: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER PIEUP-SIOS">ﾴ </td> <td title="U+FFB5: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER SIOS">ﾵ </td> <td title="U+FFB6: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER SSANGSIOS">ﾶ </td> <td title="U+FFB7: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER IEUNG">ﾷ </td> <td title="U+FFB8: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER CIEUC">ﾸ </td> <td title="U+FFB9: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER SSANGCIEUC">ﾹ </td> <td title="U+FFBA: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER CHIEUCH">ﾺ </td> <td title="U+FFBB: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER KHIEUKH">ﾻ </td> <td title="U+FFBC: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER THIEUTH">ﾼ </td> <td title="U+FFBD: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER PHIEUPH">ﾽ </td> <td title="U+FFBE: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER HIEUH">ﾾ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+FFCx </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+FFC2: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER A">ￂ </td> <td title="U+FFC3: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER AE">ￃ </td> <td title="U+FFC4: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER YA">ￄ </td> <td title="U+FFC5: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER YAE">ￅ </td> <td title="U+FFC6: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER EO">ￆ </td> <td title="U+FFC7: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER E">ￇ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+FFCA: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER YEO">ￊ </td> <td title="U+FFCB: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER YE">ￋ </td> <td title="U+FFCC: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER O">ￌ </td> <td title="U+FFCD: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER WA">ￍ </td> <td title="U+FFCE: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER WAE">ￎ </td> <td title="U+FFCF: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER OE">ￏ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+FFDx </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+FFD2: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER YO">ￒ </td> <td title="U+FFD3: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER U">ￓ </td> <td title="U+FFD4: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER WEO">ￔ </td> <td title="U+FFD5: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER WE">ￕ </td> <td title="U+FFD6: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER WI">ￖ </td> <td title="U+FFD7: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER YU">ￗ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+FFDA: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER EU">ￚ </td> <td title="U+FFDB: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER YI">ￛ </td> <td title="U+FFDC: HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER I">ￜ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>...</td> <td colspan="16" style="font-size:small">(U+FFE0–U+FFEF omitted) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_UFF00_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_UFF00_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_UFF00_grey"><b><a href="#ref_UFF00_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Korean alphabet in other Unicode blocks: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tone</a> marks for <a href="/wiki/Middle_Korean" title="Middle Korean">Middle Korean</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sohn2001_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sohn2001-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LeeRamsey2000_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeeRamsey2000-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LeeRamsey2011_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeeRamsey2011-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are in the <a href="/wiki/CJK_Symbols_and_Punctuation" title="CJK Symbols and Punctuation">CJK Symbols and Punctuation</a> block:  〮 (<code>U+302E</code>),  〯 (<code>U+302F</code>)</li> <li>11,172 precomposed syllables in the Korean alphabet make up the <a href="/wiki/Hangul_Syllables" title="Hangul Syllables">Hangul Syllables</a> block (<code>U+AC00</code>–<code>U+D7A3</code>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morpho-syllabic_blocks">Morpho-syllabic blocks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Morpho-syllabic blocks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Except for a few grammatical morphemes prior to the twentieth century, no letter stands alone to represent elements of the Korean language. Instead, letters are grouped into <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllabic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemic</a> blocks of at least two and often three: a consonant or a doubled consonant called the <i>initial</i> (<span lang="ko">초성, 初聲</span> <i>choseong</i> <a href="/wiki/Syllable_onset" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable onset">syllable onset</a>), a vowel or <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> called the <i>medial</i> (<span lang="ko">중성, 中聲</span> <i>jungseong</i> <a href="/wiki/Syllable_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable nucleus">syllable nucleus</a>), and, optionally, a consonant or consonant cluster at the end of the syllable, called the <i>final</i> (<span lang="ko">종성, 終聲</span> <i>jongseong</i> <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">syllable coda</a>). When a syllable has no actual initial consonant, the <a href="/wiki/Zero_consonant" title="Zero consonant">null initial</a> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅇ</span></span> <i>ieung</i> is used as a placeholder. (In the modern Korean alphabet, placeholders are not used for the final position.) Thus, a block contains a minimum of two letters, an initial and a medial. Although the Korean alphabet had historically been organized into syllables, in the modern orthography it is first organized into morphemes, and only secondarily into syllables within those morphemes, with the exception that single-consonant morphemes may not be written alone. </p><p>The sets of initial and final consonants are not the same. For instance, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅇ</span></span> <i>ng</i> only occurs in final position, while the doubled letters that can occur in final position are limited to <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅆ</span></span> <i>ss</i> and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄲ</span></span> <i>kk</i>. </p><p>Not including obsolete letters, 11,172 blocks are possible in the Korean alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letter_placement_within_a_block">Letter placement within a block</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Letter placement within a block"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The placement or stacking of letters in the block follows set patterns based on the shape of the medial. </p><p>Consonant and vowel sequences such as <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅄ</span></span> <i>bs,</i> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅝ</span></span> <i>wo,</i> or obsolete <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅵ</span></span> <i>bsd,</i> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㆋ</span></span> <i>üye</i> are written left to right. </p><p>Vowels (medials) are written under the initial consonant, to the right, or wrap around the initial from bottom to right, depending on their shape: If the vowel has a horizontal axis like <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅡ</span></span> <i>eu,</i> then it is written under the initial; if it has a vertical axis like <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅣ</span></span> <i>i,</i> then it is written to the right of the initial; and if it combines both orientations, like <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅢ</span></span> <i>ui,</i> then it wraps around the initial from the bottom to the right: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <table> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td style="width:30px; background:#faa; height:60px;">initial</td> <td style="background:#afa; width:30px;">medial </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break" style="padding-left: 1em;"> <table> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td style="width:60px; background:#faa; height:30px;">initial </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#afa; height:30px;">medial </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break" style="padding-left: 1em;"> <table> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td style="width:30px; background:#faa; height:30px;">initial </td> <td style="background:#afa; width:30px;" rowspan="2">med.<br />2 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#afa; height:30px;">med. 1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>A final consonant, if present, is always written at the bottom, under the vowel. This is called <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">받침</span></span> <i>batchim</i> "supporting floor": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <table> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td style="width:30px; background:#faa; height:40px;">initial </td> <td style="background:#afa; width:30px;">medial </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#aaf; height:20px;" colspan="2">final </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break" style="padding-left: 1em;"> <table> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td style="width:60px; background:#faa; height:20px;">initial </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#afa; height:20px;">medial </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#aaf; height:20px;">final </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break" style="padding-left: 1em;"> <table> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td style="width:30px; background:#faa; height:20px;">initial </td> <td style="background:#afa; width:30px;" rowspan="2">med.<br />2 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#afa; height:20px;">med. </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#aaf; height:20px;" colspan="2">final </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>A complex final is written left to right: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <table> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td style="background:#faa; height:40px;">initial </td> <td style="background:#afa;" colspan="2">medial </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#aaf;"> <td colspan="2" style="height:20px;">final 1 </td> <td>final 2 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break" style="padding-left: 1em;"> <table> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td colspan="2" style="background:#faa; width:60px; height:20px;">initial </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#afa; height:20px;" colspan="2">medial </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#aaf;"> <td style="height:20px;">final 1 </td> <td>final 2 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break" style="padding-left: 1em;"> <table> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td style="width:30px; background:#faa; height:20px;">initial </td> <td style="background:#afa; width:30px;" colspan="2" rowspan="2">med.<br />2 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#afa; height:20px;">med. </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#aaf;"> <td colspan="2" style="height:20px;">fin. 1 </td> <td>fin. 2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Blocks are always written in phonetic order, initial-medial-final. Therefore: </p> <ul><li>Syllables with a horizontal medial are written downward: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">읍</span></span> <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">eup</i></span>;</li> <li>Syllables with a vertical medial and simple final are written clockwise: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">쌍</span></span> <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">ssang</i></span>;</li> <li>Syllables with a wrapping medial switch direction (down-right-down): <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">된</span></span> <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">doen</i></span>;</li> <li>Syllables with a complex final are written left to right at the bottom: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">밟</span></span> <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">balp</i></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Block_shape">Block shape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Block shape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Normally the resulting block is written within a square. Some recent fonts (for example Eun,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">HY깊은샘물M</span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, and UnJamo<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>) move towards the European practice of letters whose relative size is fixed, and use whitespace to fill letter positions not used in a particular block, and away from the East Asian tradition of square block characters (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">方块字</span></span>). They break one or more of the traditional rules:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Is what follows the traditional rules or the modified versions used in Korean? (June 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Do not stretch initial consonant vertically, but leave <a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">whitespace</a> below if no lower vowel and/or no final consonant.</li> <li>Do not stretch right-hand vowel vertically, but leave whitespace below if no final consonant. (Often the right-hand vowel extends farther down than the left-hand consonant, like a <a href="/wiki/Descender" title="Descender">descender</a> in European typography.)</li> <li>Do not stretch final consonant horizontally, but leave whitespace to its left.</li> <li>Do not stretch or pad each block to a <a href="/wiki/Fixed_width" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed width">fixed width</a>, but allow <a href="/wiki/Kerning" title="Kerning">kerning</a> (variable width) where syllable blocks with no right-hand vowel and no double final consonant can be narrower than blocks that do have a right-hand vowel or double final consonant.</li></ul> <p>In Korean, typefaces that do not have a fixed block boundary size are called <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">탈네모 글꼴</span></span> (<span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">tallemo geulkkol</i></span><i>,</i> "out of square typeface"). If horizontal text in the typeface ends up looking top-aligned with a <a href="/wiki/Typographic_alignment" title="Typographic alignment">ragged bottom edge</a>, the typeface can be called <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">빨랫줄 글꼴</span></span> (<span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">ppallaetjul geulkkol</i></span><i>,</i> "clothesline typeface").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>These fonts have been used as design accents on signs or headings, rather than for typesetting large volumes of body text. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linear_Korean">Linear Korean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Linear Korean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this section with text translated from <a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%92%80%EC%96%B4%EC%93%B0%EA%B8%B0" class="extiw" title="ko:풀어쓰기">the corresponding article</a> in Korean</b>.  <i><small>(September 2020)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fko.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%ED%92%80%EC%96%B4%EC%93%B0%EA%B8%B0&sl=ko&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the Korean article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Korean Wikipedia article at [[:ko:풀어쓰기]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|ko|풀어쓰기}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Hangul" title="Talk:Hangul">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oesol.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hangul text in a serif linear font that resembles Latin or Cyrillic letters." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Oesol.png/400px-Oesol.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Oesol.png/600px-Oesol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Oesol.png/800px-Oesol.png 2x" data-file-width="4614" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/Tzetachi/Computer-Modern-Unicode-Oesol">Computer Modern Unicode Oesol</a>, a linear Hangul font with both uppercase and lowercase characters, using the Unicode Private Use Area. The text is a pangram that reads: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">"웬 초콜릿? 제가 원했던 건 뻥튀기 쬐끔과 의류예요." "얘야, 왜 또 불평?"</span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>There was a minor and unsuccessful movement in the early twentieth century to abolish syllabic blocks and write the letters individually and in a row, in the fashion of writing the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabets</a>, instead of the standard convention of <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">모아쓰기</span></span> (<span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">moa-sseugi</i></span> "assembled writing"). For example, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅎㅏㄴㄱㅡㄹ</span></span> would be written for <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">한글</span></span> <i>(Hangeul).</i><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is called 풀어쓰기 (<i>pureo-sseugi</i> 'unassembled writing'). </p><p>Avant-garde typographer <a href="/wiki/Ahn_Sang-soo_(typographic_designer)" title="Ahn Sang-soo (typographic designer)">Ahn Sang-soo</a> created a font for the Hangul Dada exposition that disassembled the syllable blocks; but while it strings out the letters horizontally, it retains the distinctive vertical position each letter would normally have within a block, unlike the older linear writing proposals.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hangul" title="Special:EditPage/Hangul">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Until the 20th century, no official orthography of the Korean alphabet had been established. Due to liaison, heavy consonant assimilation, dialectal variants and other reasons, a Korean word can potentially be spelled in multiple ways. Sejong seemed to prefer <a href="/wiki/Morphophonology" title="Morphophonology">morphophonemic</a> spelling (representing the underlying root forms) rather than a <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a> one (representing the actual sounds). However, early in its history the Korean alphabet was dominated by phonemic spelling. Over the centuries the orthography became partially morphophonemic, first in nouns and later in verbs. The modern Korean alphabet is as morphophonemic as is practical. The difference between phonetic romanization, phonemic orthography and morphophonemic orthography can be illustrated with the phrase <i>motaneun sarami</i>: </p> <div><ul><li>Phonetic transcription and translation: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent"><div class="poem"> <p>motaneun sarami<br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mo.tʰa.nɯn.sa.ɾa.mi]</span><br /> <i>a person who cannot do it</i> </p> </div></div></li><li>Phonemic transcription: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent"><div class="poem"> <p><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">모타는사라미</span></span><br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mo.tʰa.nɯn.sa.la.mi/</span> </p> </div></div></li><li>Morphophonemic transcription: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent"><div class="poem"> <p><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">못하는사람이</span></span><br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">|mot-ha-nɯn-sa.lam-i|</span> </p> </div></div></li><li>Morpheme-by-morpheme <a href="/wiki/Interlinear_gloss" title="Interlinear gloss">gloss</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td>     </td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">못–하–는</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">사람=이</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>  </td> <td>mot-ha-neun</td> <td>saram=i </td></tr> <tr> <td>  </td> <td>cannot-do-[<a href="/wiki/Attributive_verb" title="Attributive verb">attributive</a>]</td> <td>person=[subject] </td></tr></tbody></table></div></li></ul></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Gabo_Reform" title="Gabo Reform">Gabo Reform</a> in 1894, <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a> started to write all official documents in the Korean alphabet. Under the government's management, proper usage of the Korean alphabet and Hanja, including orthography, was discussed, until the Korean Empire was <a href="/wiki/Japan-Korea_Annexation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty">annexed</a> by Japan in 1910. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Government-General_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Government-General of Korea">Government-General of Korea</a> popularised a writing style that mixed Hanja and the Korean alphabet, and was used in the later Joseon dynasty. The government revised the spelling rules in 1912, 1921 and 1930, to be relatively phonemic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs a reliable source; There is no source that Imperial Japanese Gov't took any part in revising Korean Orthography. A talk page discussion suggests that this entire paragraph is made-up and has been consistently be here at least since 2007. Rather, the opposite is commonly expressed in Korean documents, for example, Oppression against Korean Language Society. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hangul_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Hangul Society">Hangul Society</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Ju_Si-gyeong" title="Ju Si-gyeong">Ju Si-gyeong</a>, announced a proposal for a new, strongly morphophonemic orthography in 1933, which became the prototype of the contemporary orthographies in both North and South Korea. After Korea was divided, the North and South revised orthographies separately. The guiding text for orthography of the Korean alphabet is called <i>Hangeul Matchumbeop</i>, whose last South Korean revision was published in 1988 by the Ministry of Education. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mixed_scripts">Mixed scripts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Mixed scripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the Late Joseon dynasty period, various <a href="/wiki/Korean_mixed_script" title="Korean mixed script">Hanja–Hangul mixed systems</a> were used. In these systems, Hanja were used for lexical roots, and the Korean alphabet for grammatical words and inflections, much as <i>kanji</i> and <i>kana</i> are used in Japanese. Hanja have been almost entirely phased out of daily use in North Korea, and in South Korea they are mostly restricted to parenthetical glosses for proper names and for disambiguating homonyms. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Indo-Arabic numerals</a> are mixed in with the Korean alphabet, e.g. <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">2007년 3월 22일</span></span> (22 March 2007). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Readability">Readability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Readability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of syllable clustering, words are shorter on the page than their linear counterparts would be, and the boundaries between syllables are easily visible (which may aid reading, if segmenting words into syllables is more natural for the reader than dividing them into phonemes).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor198071_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198071-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the component parts of the syllable are relatively simple phonemic characters, the number of strokes per character on average is lower than in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>. Unlike syllabaries, such as Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">kana</a>, or Chinese logographs, none of which encode the constituent phonemes within a syllable, the graphic complexity of Korean syllabic blocks varies in direct proportion with the phonemic complexity of the syllable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor198073_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198073-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Japanese kana or Chinese characters, and unlike linear alphabets such as <a href="/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">those derived from Latin</a>, Korean orthography allows the reader to utilize both the horizontal and vertical visual fields.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor198070_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198070-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Korean syllables are represented both as collections of phonemes and as unique-looking graphs, they may allow for both visual and aural retrieval of words from the <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a>. Similar syllabic blocks, when written in small size, can be hard to distinguish from, and therefore sometimes confused with, each other. Examples include 홋/훗/흣 (<span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">hot/hut/heut</i></span>), 퀼/퀄 (<span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">kwil/kwol</i></span>), 홍/흥 (<span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">hong/heung</i></span>), and 핥/핣/핢 (<span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">halt/halp/halm</i></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hangul" title="Special:EditPage/Hangul">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hangul_TypeStyles_sansPen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hangul_TypeStyles_sansPen.svg/150px-Hangul_TypeStyles_sansPen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hangul_TypeStyles_sansPen.svg/225px-Hangul_TypeStyles_sansPen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hangul_TypeStyles_sansPen.svg/300px-Hangul_TypeStyles_sansPen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The Korean alphabet may be written either vertically or horizontally. The traditional direction is from top to bottom, right to left. Horizontal writing is also used.<sup id="cite_ref-koreana2007_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koreana2007-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Hunmin_Jeongeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunmin Jeongeum">Hunmin Jeongeum</a></i>, the Korean alphabet was printed in sans-serif angular lines of even thickness. This style is found in books published before about 1900, and can be found in stone carvings (on statues, for example).<sup id="cite_ref-koreana2007_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koreana2007-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the centuries, an ink-brush style of <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a> developed, employing the same style of lines and angles as traditional Korean calligraphy. This brush style is called <i>gungche</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">궁체, 宮體</span></span>), which means Palace Style because the style was mostly developed and used by the maidservants (<i>gungnyeo,</i> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">궁녀, 宮女</span></span>) of the Joseon court. </p><p>Modern styles that are more suited for printed media were developed in the 20th century. In 1993, new names for both <a href="/wiki/Ming_(typefaces)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming (typefaces)">Myeongjo</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">明朝</span></span>) and <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_gothic_typeface" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian gothic typeface">Gothic</a> styles were introduced when Ministry of Culture initiated an effort to standardize typographic terms, and the names <i>Batang</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">바탕</span></span>, meaning background) and <i>Dotum</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">돋움</span></span>, meaning "stand out") replaced Myeongjo and Gothic respectively. These names are also used in <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>. </p><p>A sans-serif style with lines of equal width is popular with pencil and pen writing and is often the default typeface of Web browsers. A minor advantage of this style is that it makes it easier to distinguish <i>-eung</i> from <i>-ung</i> even in small or untidy print, as the <i>jongseong ieung</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅇ</span></span>) of such fonts usually lacks a <a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">serif</a> that could be mistaken for the short vertical line of the letter <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅜ</span></span> <i>(u)</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Korean" title="Cyrillization of Korean">Cyrillization of Korean</a> (Kontsevich System)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul_consonant_and_vowel_tables" title="Hangul consonant and vowel tables">Hangul consonant and vowel tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul_orthography" title="Hangul orthography">Hangul orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language_and_computers" title="Korean language and computers">Korean language and computers</a> – methods to type the language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_manual_alphabet" title="Korean manual alphabet">Korean manual alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_mixed_script" title="Korean mixed script">Korean mixed script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_phonology" title="Korean phonology">Korean phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_spelling_alphabet" title="Korean spelling alphabet">Korean spelling alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myongjo" title="Myongjo">Myongjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean" title="Romanization of Korean">Romanization of Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization of Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Korean" title="Yale romanization of Korean">Yale romanization of Korean</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the <a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a> romanization <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">han'gŭl</i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Following South Korea's <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">standard Romanization</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E3%84%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ㄱ">ㄱ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%84%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ㄴ">ㄴ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%84%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ㄷ">ㄷ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%84%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ㄹ">ㄹ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%85%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅁ">ㅁ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%85%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅂ">ㅂ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%85%85" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅅ">ㅅ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%85%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅇ">ㅇ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%85%88" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅈ">ㅈ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%85%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅊ">ㅊ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅋ">ㅋ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%85%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅌ">ㅌ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%85%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅍ">ㅍ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%85%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅎ">ㅎ</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅏ">ㅏ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%85%91" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅑ">ㅑ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%85%93" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅓ">ㅓ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%85%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅕ">ㅕ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%85%97" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅗ">ㅗ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%85%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅛ">ㅛ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%85%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅜ">ㅜ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%85%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅠ">ㅠ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%85%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅡ">ㅡ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%85%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅣ">ㅣ</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ㄲ ㄸ ㅃ ㅆ ㅉ</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ㄳ ㄵ ㄶ ㄺ ㄻ ㄼ ㄽ ㄾ ㄿ ㅀ ㅄ</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ㅐ ㅒ ㅔ ㅖ ㅘ ㅙ ㅚ ㅝ ㅞ ㅟ ㅢ</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ㆍ</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ㅿ ㆁ ㆆ</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">or not written</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The explanation of the origin of the shapes of the letters is provided within a section of <a href="/wiki/Hunminjeongeum" title="Hunminjeongeum">Hunminjeongeum</a> itself, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">훈민정음 해례본 제자해</span></span> (Hunminjeongeum Haeryebon Jajahae <i>or</i> Hunminjeongeum, Chapter: Paraphrases and Examples, Section: Making of Letters), which states: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">牙音ㄱ 象舌根閉喉之形. (아음(어금니 소리) ㄱ은 혀뿌리가 목구멍을 막는 모양을 본뜨고), 舌音ㄴ 象舌附上腭之形 ( 설음(혓 소리) ㄴ은 혀(끝)가 윗 잇몸에 붙는 모양을 본뜨고), 脣音ㅁ 象口形. ( 순음(입술소리) ㅁ은 입모양을 본뜨고), 齒音ㅅ 象齒形. ( 치음(잇 소리) ㅅ은 이빨 모양을 본뜨고) 象齒形. 喉音ㅇ. 象喉形 (목구멍 소리ㅇ은 목구멍의 꼴을 본뜬 것이다). ㅋ比ㄱ. 聲出稍 . 故加 . ㄴ而ㄷ. ㄷ而ㅌ. ㅁ而ㅂ. ㅂ而ㅍ. ㅅ而ㅈ. ㅈ而ㅊ. ㅇ而ㅡ. ㅡ而ㅎ. 其因聲加之義皆同. 而唯　爲異 (ㅋ은ㄱ에 견주어 소리 남이 조금 세므로 획을 더한 것이고, ㄴ에서 ㄷ으로, ㄷ에서 ㅌ으로 함과, ㅁ에서 ㅂ으로 ㅂ에서 ㅍ으로 함과, ㅅ에서 ㅈ으로 ㅈ에서 ㅊ으로 함과, ㅇ에서 ㅡ으로 ㅡ에서 ㅎ으로 함도, 그 소리를 따라 획을 더한 뜻이 같다 . 오직 ㅇ자는 다르다.) 半舌音ㄹ. 半齒音. 亦象舌齒之形而異其體. (반혓소리ㄹ과, 반잇소리 '세모자'는 또한 혀와 이의 꼴을 본뜨되, 그 본을 달리하여 획을 더하는 뜻이 없다.</span></span>) ...</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MW-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MW_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hangul">"Hangul"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_by_Merriam-Webster" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictionary by Merriam-Webster">Dictionary by Merriam-Webster</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+by+Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Hangul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fhangul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.korean.go.kr/hangeul/setting/002.html"><bdi lang="ko">알고 싶은 한글</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_Language" title="National Institute of Korean Language">National Institute of Korean Language</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=How+was+Hangul+invented%3F&rft.date=2013-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Feconomist-explains%2F2013%2F10%2Feconomist-explains-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPae2011" class="citation journal cs1">Pae, Hye K. (1 January 2011). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hangul&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FHangul-Korean-alphabet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-korean.go.kr-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-korean.go.kr_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-korean.go.kr_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korean.go.kr/eng_hangeul/principle/001.html">"Individual Letters of Hangul and its Principles"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_Language" title="National Institute of Korean Language">National Institute of Korean Language</a></i>. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Indigenous+Indonesians+use+Korean+letters+to+save+dialect&rft.date=2023-12-20&rft.aulast=Anya&rft.aufirst=Agnes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2023%2F12%2F20%2Fasia-pacific%2Fsocial-issues%2Findigenous-indonesians-korean-dialect%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer193952-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer193952_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCuneReischauer1939">McCune & Reischauer 1939</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunminjeongeum_Manuscript-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hunminjeongeum_Manuscript_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171203224537/http://www.cha.go.kr/cop/bbs/selectBoardArticle.do?ctgryLrcls=CTGRY168&nttId=57977&bbsId=BBSMSTR_1205&mn=EN_03_03">"Hunminjeongeum Manuscript"</a>. <i>Korean Cultural Heritage Administration</i>. 2006. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Korean+Cultural+Heritage+Administration&rft.atitle=Hunminjeongeum+Manuscript&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cha.go.kr%2Fcop%2Fbbs%2FselectBoardArticle.do%3FctgryLrcls%3DCTGRY168%26nttId%3D57977%26bbsId%3DBBSMSTR_1205%26mn%3DEN_03_03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeRamsey200013-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeRamsey200013_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeeRamsey2000">Lee & Ramsey 2000</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim-Renaud19972-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim-Renaud19972_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim-Renaud1997">Kim-Renaud 1997</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korean.go.kr/eng_hangeul/another/001.html">"Different Names for Hangeul"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_Language" title="National Institute of Korean Language">National Institute of Korean Language</a></i>. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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ABC-CLIO. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440839559" title="Special:BookSources/9781440839559"><bdi>9781440839559</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multilingual+Access+and+Services+for+Digital+Collections&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016-01-18&rft.isbn=9781440839559&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Jiangping&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_CpZCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phonetic-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-phonetic_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=00a2AAAAIAAJ"><i>Invest Korea Journal</i></a>. Vol. 23. Korea Trade-Investment Promotion Agency. 1 January 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2016</span>. <q>They later devised three different systems for writing Korean with Chinese characters: Hyangchal, Gukyeol and Idu. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2008</span>. <q><span lang="ko">1937년 7월 중일전쟁을 도발한 일본은 한민족 말살정책을 노골적으로 드러내, 1938년 4월에는 조선어과 폐지와 조선어 금지 및 일본어 상용을 강요했다.</span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+modern+and+contemporary+history+of+Hangul+%28%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ko%22%3E%ED%95%9C%EA%B8%80%EC%9D%98+%EA%B7%BC%C2%B7%ED%98%84%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC%3C%2Fspan%3E%29&rft.atitle=Hangul+%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ko%22%3E%ED%95%9C%EA%B8%80%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2002-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F100.daum.net%2Fencyclopedia%2Fview%2Fb24h2804b012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLEE2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">LEE, Hyong Cheol (28 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irdb.nii.ac.jp/00850/0000787965">"植民地支配下の朝鮮語"</a> [Korean Language under the rule of Japanese Colony]. <i>Journal of the Faculty of Global and Media Studies</i> (in Japanese). <b>1</b> (University of Nagasaki): 7–19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Faculty+of+Global+and+Media+Studies&rft.atitle=%E6%A4%8D%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0%E6%94%AF%E9%85%8D%E4%B8%8B%E3%81%AE%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E8%AA%9E&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=University+of+Nagasaki&rft.pages=7-19&rft.date=2016-12-28&rft.aulast=LEE&rft.aufirst=Hyong+Cheol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firdb.nii.ac.jp%2F00850%2F0000787965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BAS-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BAS_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BAS_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByon2017" class="citation book cs1">Byon, Andrew Sangpil (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QP8nDwAAQBAJ&q=sino-korean+words&pg=PA4"><i>Modern Korean Grammar: A Practical Guide</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 3–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1351741293" title="Special:BookSources/978-1351741293"><bdi>978-1351741293</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Korean+Grammar%3A+A+Practical+Guide&rft.pages=3-18&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1351741293&rft.aulast=Byon&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Sangpil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQP8nDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsino-korean%2Bwords%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiyake1998" class="citation journal cs1">Miyake, Marc Hideo (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23719388">"Review of Asia's Orthographic Dilemma"</a>. <i>Korean Studies</i>. <b>22</b>: 114–121. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-840X">0145-840X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23719388">23719388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korean+Studies&rft.atitle=Review+of+Asia%27s+Orthographic+Dilemma&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=114-121&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23719388%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0145-840X&rft.aulast=Miyake&rft.aufirst=Marc+Hideo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23719388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IdealSMin-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IdealSMin_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF洪惟仁2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">洪惟仁 (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.twlls.org.tw/jtll/documents/5.1-5.pdf">"閩南語書寫法的理想與現實"</a> [Idealism vs. Reality: Writing Systems for Taiwanese Southern Min] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>臺灣語文研究</i> (in Chinese). <b>5</b> (1): 89, 101–105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%87%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.atitle=%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E6%9B%B8%E5%AF%AB%E6%B3%95%E7%9A%84%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E8%88%87%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=89%2C+101-105&rft.date=2010&rft.au=%E6%B4%AA%E6%83%9F%E4%BB%81&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.twlls.org.tw%2Fjtll%2Fdocuments%2F5.1-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WrittenTaiwanese-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WrittenTaiwanese_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF楊允言張學謙呂美親2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">楊允言; 張學謙; 呂美親 (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220926161110/http://ip194097.ntcu.edu.tw/memory/TGB/thak.asp?id=321"><i>台語文運動訪談暨史料彙編</i></a> [<i>Compilation of Historical Materials and Interviews on the Written Taiwanese Movement</i>] (in Chinese). Taiwan: 國史館. pp. 284–285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789860132946" title="Special:BookSources/9789860132946"><bdi>9789860132946</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ip194097.ntcu.edu.tw/memory/tgb/thak.asp?id=321">the original</a> on 26 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%87%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E8%A8%AA%E8%AB%87%E6%9A%A8%E5%8F%B2%E6%96%99%E5%BD%99%E7%B7%A8&rft.place=Taiwan&rft.pages=284-285&rft.pub=%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2%E9%A4%A8&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789860132946&rft.au=%E6%A5%8A%E5%85%81%E8%A8%80&rft.au=%E5%BC%B5%E5%AD%B8%E8%AC%99&rft.au=%E5%91%82%E7%BE%8E%E8%A6%AA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fip194097.ntcu.edu.tw%2Fmemory%2Ftgb%2Fthak.asp%3Fid%3D321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TLLS-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TLLS_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDong_Zhongsi_(董忠司)" class="citation cs2">Dong Zhongsi (董忠司), <i>「台灣閩南語槪論」講授資料彙編</i>, Taiwan Languages and Literature Society</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8C%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E6%A7%AA%E8%AB%96%E3%80%8D%E8%AC%9B%E6%8E%88%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%BD%99%E7%B7%A8&rft.pub=Taiwan+Languages+and+Literature+Society&rft.au=Dong+Zhongsi+%28%E8%91%A3%E5%BF%A0%E5%8F%B8%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/special/2009/07/178_32754.html">"Linguistics Scholar Seeks to Globalize Korean Alphabet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Times" title="The Korea Times">The Korea Times</a></i>. 15 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Times&rft.atitle=Linguistics+Scholar+Seeks+to+Globalize+Korean+Alphabet&rft.date=2008-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fnews%2Fspecial%2F2009%2F07%2F178_32754.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CiaNYT-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CiaNYT_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoe2009" class="citation news cs1">Choe, Sang-Hun (11 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/2009/09/12/world/asia/12script.html">"South Korea's Latest Export - Its Alphabet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=South+Korea%27s+Latest+Export+-+Its+Alphabet&rft.date=2009-09-11&rft.aulast=Choe&rft.aufirst=Sang-Hun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F09%2F12%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F12script.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cia2-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cia2_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2010/10/113_74114.html">"Hangeul didn't become Cia Cia's official writing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Times" title="The Korea Times">The Korea Times</a></i>. 6 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Times&rft.atitle=Hangeul+didn%27t+become+Cia+Cia%27s+official+writing&rft.date=2010-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2010%2F10%2F113_74114.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cia-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cia_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20090806-indonesian-tribe-use-korean-alphabet-scholar">Indonesian tribe to use Korean alphabet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090812024714/http://www.france24.com/en/20090806-indonesian-tribe-use-korean-alphabet-scholar">Archived</a> August 12, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cia3-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cia3_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSi-soo2009" class="citation news cs1">Si-soo, Park (6 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/08/117_49729.html">"Indonesian Tribe Picks Hangeul as Writing System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Times" title="The Korea Times">The Korea Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Times&rft.atitle=Indonesian+Tribe+Picks+Hangeul+as+Writing+System&rft.date=2009-08-06&rft.aulast=Si-soo&rft.aufirst=Park&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2009%2F08%2F117_49729.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurt_Achin2010" class="citation news cs1">Kurt Achin (29 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117004601/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/asia/Indonesian-Tribe-Learns-to-Write-with-Korean-Alphabet-83029477.html">"Indonesian Tribe Learns to Write with Korean Alphabet"</a>. <i>Voice of America</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/asia/Indonesian-Tribe-Learns-to-Write-with-Korean-Alphabet-83029477.html">the original</a> on 17 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Indonesian+Tribe+Learns+to+Write+with+Korean+Alphabet&rft.date=2010-01-29&rft.au=Kurt+Achin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.voanews.com%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fasia%2FIndonesian-Tribe-Learns-to-Write-with-Korean-Alphabet-83029477.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim-Renaud,_Young-Key.2009" class="citation book cs1">Kim-Renaud, Young-Key. (2009). <i>Korean : an essential grammar</i>. 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Oxon, UK: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415462877" title="Special:BookSources/9780415462877"><bdi>9780415462877</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Languages+of+Japan+and+Korea&rft.place=Oxon%2C+UK&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780415462877&rft.aulast=Kim-Renaud&rft.aufirst=Young-Key&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI7PTXPq_nSAC%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conf.ling.cornell.edu/whitman/FrellWhitman.pdf">The Japanese/Korean Vowel Correspondences</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180102073449/http://conf.ling.cornell.edu/whitman/FrellWhitman.pdf">Archived</a> 2 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Bjarke Frellesvig and John Whitman. Section 3 deals with Middle Korean vowels.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.paran.com/blog/detail/postBoard.kth?pmcId=sookoeun2145&blogDataId=26450475">Korean orthography rules</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718173123/http://blog.paran.com/blog/detail/postBoard.kth?pmcId=sookoeun2145&blogDataId=26450475">Archived</a> 2011-07-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Korean language reform of 1446: the origin, background, and Early History of the Korean Alphabet</i>, Gari Keith Ledyard. University of California, 1966, p. 367–368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter T. Daniels and William Bright, <i>The World's Writing Systems</i> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 219–220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishmanGarcia2011" class="citation book cs1">Fishman, Joshua; Garcia, Ofelia (2011). <i>Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts</i>. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 156–158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Language+and+Ethnic+Identity%3A+The+Success-Failure+Continuum+in+Language+and+Ethnic+Identity+Efforts&rft.pages=156-158&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Fishman&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft.au=Garcia%2C+Ofelia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYergeau1998" class="citation cs1">Yergeau, F. (January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2279"><i>UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2279">10.17487/RFC2279</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2279">2279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UTF-8%2C+a+transformation+format+of+ISO+10646&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1998-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2279&rft.aulast=Yergeau&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Draft Standard.</i> sec. 3. Versions of the standards. Obsoleted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3629">3629</a>. Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2044">2044</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sohn2001-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sohn2001_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHo-Min_Sohn2001" class="citation book cs1">Ho-Min Sohn (29 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sx6gdJIOcoQC&pg=PA48"><i>The Korean Language</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 48–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36943-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36943-5"><bdi>978-0-521-36943-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+Language&rft.pages=48-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001-03-29&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36943-5&rft.au=Ho-Min+Sohn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSx6gdJIOcoQC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeeRamsey2000-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LeeRamsey2000_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIksop_LeeS._Robert_Ramsey2000" class="citation book cs1">Iksop Lee; S. 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SUNY Press. pp. 315–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4832-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4832-8"><bdi>978-0-7914-4832-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+Language&rft.pages=315-&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-4832-8&rft.au=Iksop+Lee&rft.au=S.+Robert+Ramsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnVgr2BkwAdkC%26pg%3DPA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeeRamsey2011-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LeeRamsey2011_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKi-Moon_LeeS._Robert_Ramsey2011" class="citation book cs1">Ki-Moon Lee; S. Robert Ramsey (3 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2AmspKX3beoC&pg=PA168"><i>A History of the Korean Language</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 168–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49448-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49448-9"><bdi>978-1-139-49448-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Korean+Language&rft.pages=168-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-03-03&rft.isbn=978-1-139-49448-9&rft.au=Ki-Moon+Lee&rft.au=S.+Robert+Ramsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2AmspKX3beoC%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2009" class="citation journal cs1">Park, ChangHo (2009). Lee, Chungmin; Simpson, Greg B; Kim, Youngjin; Li, Ping (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g6UyCgAAQBAJ">"Visual processing of Hangul, the Korean script"</a>. <i>The Handbook of East Asian Psycholinguistics</i>. <b>III</b>: 379–389. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511596865.030">10.1017/CBO9780511596865.030</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511596865" title="Special:BookSources/9780511596865"><bdi>9780511596865</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Handbook+of+East+Asian+Psycholinguistics&rft.atitle=Visual+processing+of+Hangul%2C+the+Korean+script&rft.volume=III&rft.pages=379-389&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511596865.030&rft.isbn=9780511596865&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=ChangHo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg6UyCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelch" class="citation web cs1">Welch, Craig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wazu.jp/gallery/Fonts_Korean.html">"Korean Unicode Fonts"</a>. <i>www.wazu.jp</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wazu.jp&rft.atitle=Korean+Unicode+Fonts&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wazu.jp%2Fgallery%2FFonts_Korean.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrattRutt1999" class="citation book cs1">Pratt, Keith L.; Rutt, Richard (13 September 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vj8ShHzUxrYC&pg=PA162"><i>Korea: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary – Keith L. Pratt, Richard Rutt, James Hoare – Google Boeken</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780700704637" title="Special:BookSources/9780700704637"><bdi>9780700704637</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%3A+A+Historical+and+Cultural+Dictionary+%E2%80%93+Keith+L.+Pratt%2C+Richard+Rutt%2C+James+Hoare+%E2%80%93+Google+Boeken&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1999-09-13&rft.isbn=9780700704637&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=Keith+L.&rft.au=Rutt%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvj8ShHzUxrYC%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEzer2006" class="citation web cs1">Ezer, Oded (9 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/oded_ezer/317881477/">"Hangul Dada, Seoul, Korea"</a>. Flickr<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hangul+Dada%2C+Seoul%2C+Korea&rft.pub=Flickr&rft.date=2006-12-09&rft.aulast=Ezer&rft.aufirst=Oded&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Foded_ezer%2F317881477%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198071-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor198071_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1980">Taylor 1980</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198073-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor198073_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1980">Taylor 1980</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198070-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor198070_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1980">Taylor 1980</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koreana2007-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-koreana2007_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koreana2007_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/the_korea_foundation/docs/2007_03_e_b_a">"Koreana Autumn 2007 (English)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Koreana_(magazine)" title="Koreana (magazine)">Koreana</a> Autumn 2007 (English). 3 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Koreana+Autumn+2007+%28English%29&rft.pub=Koreana+Autumn+2007+%28English%29&rft.date=2017-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fthe_korea_foundation%2Fdocs%2F2007_03_e_b_a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang1996" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Suk-jin (1996). "Scripts and Sounds". <i>Korean</i>. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55619-728-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55619-728-4"><bdi>978-1-55619-728-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scripts+and+Sounds&rft.btitle=Korean&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-55619-728-4&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Suk-jin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span> (Volume 4 of the <i>London Oriental and African Language Library</i>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korean.go.kr/search/grammar/rule/collect_rule.html">"Hangeul Matchumbeop"</a>. The Ministry of Education of South Korea. 1988.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hangeul+Matchumbeop&rft.pub=The+Ministry+of+Education+of+South+Korea&rft.date=1988&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.korean.go.kr%2Fsearch%2Fgrammar%2Frule%2Fcollect_rule.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannas1997" class="citation book cs1">Hannas, W[illia]m C. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aJfv8Iyd2m4C"><i>Asia's Orthographic Dilemma</i></a>. University of Hawaiʻi Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1892-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1892-0"><bdi>978-0-8248-1892-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia%27s+Orthographic+Dilemma&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1892-0&rft.aulast=Hannas&rft.aufirst=W%5Billia%5Dm+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaJfv8Iyd2m4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim-Renaud1997" class="citation book cs1">Kim-Renaud, Young-Key, ed. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nonRl2cerIgC"><i>The Korean Alphabet: Its History and Structure</i></a>. University of Hawaiʻi Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1723-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1723-7"><bdi>978-0-8248-1723-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+Alphabet%3A+Its+History+and+Structure&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1723-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnonRl2cerIgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeRamsey2000" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Iksop; Ramsey, Samuel Robert (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NN-yIdLOkCoC"><i>The Korean Language</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9130-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9130-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-9130-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+Language&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-9130-0&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Iksop&rft.au=Ramsey%2C+Samuel+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNN-yIdLOkCoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCuneReischauer1939" class="citation journal cs1">McCune, G[eorge] M.; Reischauer, E[dwin] O. (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150712071618/http://www.nla.gov.au/librariesaustralia/files/2011/07/ras-1939.pdf">"The Romanization of the Korean Language: Based upon Its Phonetic Structure"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Transactions of the Korea Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>XXIX</b>: 1–55. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nla.gov.au/librariesaustralia/files/2011/07/ras-1939.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Korea+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Romanization+of+the+Korean+Language%3A+Based+upon+Its+Phonetic+Structure&rft.volume=XXIX&rft.pages=1-55&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=McCune&rft.aufirst=G%5Beorge%5D+M.&rft.au=Reischauer%2C+E%5Bdwin%5D+O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nla.gov.au%2Flibrariesaustralia%2Ffiles%2F2011%2F07%2Fras-1939.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampson1990" class="citation book cs1">Sampson, Geoffrey (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/writingsystems00geof"><i>Writing Systems</i></a></span>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1756-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1756-4"><bdi>978-0-8047-1756-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+Systems&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1756-4&rft.aulast=Sampson&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwritingsystems00geof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilva2002" class="citation journal cs1">Silva, David J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rc.library.uta.edu/uta-ir/bitstream/handle/10106/11257/WesternAttitudesKoreanLanguage-Silva.pdf">"Western attitudes toward the Korean language: An Overview of Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth-Century Mission Literature"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Korean_Studies_(journal)" title="Korean Studies (journal)">Korean Studies</a></i>. <b>26</b> (2): 270–286. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fks.2004.0013">10.1353/ks.2004.0013</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10106%2F11257">10106/11257</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55677193">55677193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korean+Studies&rft.atitle=Western+attitudes+toward+the+Korean+language%3A+An+Overview+of+Late+Nineteenth+and+Early+Twentieth-Century+Mission+Literature&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=270-286&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10106%2F11257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55677193%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fks.2004.0013&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frc.library.uta.edu%2Futa-ir%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10106%2F11257%2FWesternAttitudesKoreanLanguage-Silva.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSohn2001" class="citation book cs1">Sohn, Ho-Min (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sx6gdJIOcoQC"><i>The Korean Language</i></a>. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36943-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36943-5"><bdi>978-0-521-36943-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+Language&rft.series=Cambridge+Language+Surveys&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36943-5&rft.aulast=Sohn&rft.aufirst=Ho-Min&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSx6gdJIOcoQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSong2005" class="citation book cs1">Song, Jae Jung (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3D36c9l_u0sC"><i>The Korean Language: Structure, Use and Context</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-39082-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-39082-5"><bdi>978-0-203-39082-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+Language%3A+Structure%2C+Use+and+Context&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-203-39082-5&rft.aulast=Song&rft.aufirst=Jae+Jung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3D36c9l_u0sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1980" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Insup (1980). "The Korean writing system: An alphabet? A syllabary? A logography?". In Kolers, P.A.; Wrolstad, M. E.; <a href="/wiki/Herman_Bouma" title="Herman Bouma">Bouma, Herman</a> (eds.). <i>Processing of Visual Language</i>. Vol. 2. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 67–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-1068-6_5">10.1007/978-1-4684-1068-6_5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0306405761" title="Special:BookSources/978-0306405761"><bdi>978-0306405761</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7099393">7099393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Korean+writing+system%3A+An+alphabet%3F+A+syllabary%3F+A+logography%3F&rft.btitle=Processing+of+Visual+Language&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=67-82&rft.pub=Plenum+Press&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7099393&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4684-1068-6_5&rft.isbn=978-0306405761&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Insup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHangul" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media 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<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090827124705/http://www.sayjack.com/learn/korean/hangul">Hangul table with Audio Slideshow</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/var/korean_hangul_unicode.html">Technical information on Hangul and Unicode</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kmaru.com/kboard/kboard.maru">Hangul Sound Keyboard</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210621224735/http://www.kmaru.com/kboard/kboard.maru">Archived</a> 21 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Kmaru.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018022208/http://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/Learn_hangeul">Learn Hangul</a> at Korean Wiki Project</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chosŏn&#039;gŭl/Hangul_jamo_tables" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hangul_jamo" title="Template:Hangul jamo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hangul_jamo" title="Template talk:Hangul jamo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hangul_jamo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hangul jamo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chosŏn&#039;gŭl/Hangul_jamo_tables" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hangul_consonant_and_vowel_tables" title="Hangul consonant and vowel tables">Chosŏn'gŭl/Hangul jamo tables</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Korean alphabet</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Single jamo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">consonants (<i>choseong</i> or <i>jongseong</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giyeok" title="Giyeok">ㄱ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nieun" title="Nieun">ㄴ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digeut" title="Digeut">ㄷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rieul_(hangul)" title="Rieul (hangul)">ㄹ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieum_(hangul)" title="Mieum (hangul)">ㅁ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bieup" title="Bieup">ㅂ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siot" title="Siot">ㅅ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ieung" title="Ieung">ㅇ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieut" title="Jieut">ㅈ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chieut" title="Chieut">ㅊ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kieuk" title="Kieuk">ㅋ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tieut" title="Tieut">ㅌ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieup" title="Pieup">ㅍ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieut" title="Hieut">ㅎ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">vowels (<i>jungseong</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_(hangul)" title="A (hangul)">ㅏ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya_(hangul)" title="Ya (hangul)">ㅑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eo_(hangul)" title="Eo (hangul)">ㅓ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeo_(hangul)" title="Yeo (hangul)">ㅕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_(hangul)" title="O (hangul)">ㅗ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo_(hangul)" title="Yo (hangul)">ㅛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_(hangul)" title="U (hangul)">ㅜ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_(hangul)" title="Yu (hangul)">ㅠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eu_(hangul)" title="Eu (hangul)">ㅡ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_(hangul)" title="I (hangul)">ㅣ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">old consonants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅿ">ㅿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%86%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ㆁ">ㆁ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%86%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ㆆ">ㆆ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%84%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ᄼ">ᄼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%84%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ᄾ">ᄾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%85%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="ᅎ">ᅎ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%85%90" class="mw-redirect" title="ᅐ">ᅐ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%85%94" class="mw-redirect" title="ᅔ">ᅔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%85%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ᅕ">ᅕ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">old vowels (still used in the <a href="/wiki/Jeju_language" title="Jeju language">Jeju language</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%86%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="ㆍ">ㆍ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Composite jamo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">consonants (<i>choseong</i> or <i>jongseong</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%84%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ㄲ">ㄲ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%84%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="ㄳ">ㄳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%84%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ㄵ">ㄵ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%84%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ㄶ">ㄶ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%84%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ㄸ">ㄸ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%84%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="ㄺ">ㄺ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%84%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ㄻ">ㄻ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%84%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ㄼ">ㄼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%84%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="ㄽ">ㄽ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%84%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ㄾ">ㄾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%84%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="ㄿ">ㄿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%80" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅀ">ㅀ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅃ">ㅃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%84" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅄ">ㅄ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅆ">ㅆ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅉ">ㅉ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">vowels (<i>jungseong</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ae_(hangul)" title="Ae (hangul)">ㅐ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yae_(hangul)" title="Yae (hangul)">ㅒ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_(hangul)" title="E (hangul)">ㅔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_(hangul)" title="Ye (hangul)">ㅖ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_(hangul)" title="Wa (hangul)">ㅘ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wae_(hangul)" title="Wae (hangul)">ㅙ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oe_(hangul)" title="Oe (hangul)">ㅚ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wo_(hangul)" title="Wo (hangul)">ㅝ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_(hangul)" title="We (hangul)">ㅞ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wi_(hangul)" title="Wi (hangul)">ㅟ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ui_(hangul)" title="Ui (hangul)">ㅢ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">old consonants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%87%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="ᇺ">ᇺ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="ᅚ">ᅚ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%87%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ᇃ">ᇃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%87%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ᇻ">ᇻ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%87%84" class="mw-redirect" title="ᇄ">ᇄ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%87%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ᇼ">ᇼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%87%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="ᇽ">ᇽ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%87%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ᇾ">ᇾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%84%93" class="mw-redirect" title="ᄓ">ᄓ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅥ">ㅥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅦ">ㅦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟋ">ퟋ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%84%96" class="mw-redirect" title="ᄖ">ᄖ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅧ">ㅧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅨ">ㅨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟌ">ퟌ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ᇉ">ᇉ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%84%97" class="mw-redirect" title="ᄗ">ᄗ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟎ">ퟎ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%87%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ᇋ">ᇋ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%A5%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="ꥠ">ꥠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%A5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ꥡ">ꥡ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%A5%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ꥢ">ꥢ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%91" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟑ">ퟑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%A5%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="ꥣ">ꥣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%93" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟓ">ퟓ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%94" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟔ">ퟔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%A5%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="ꥥ">ꥥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅩ">ㅩ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%96" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟖ">ퟖ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%84%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ᄘ">ᄘ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅪ">ㅪ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%A5%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ꥧ">ꥧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="ᇏ">ᇏ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%84%99" class="mw-redirect" title="ᄙ">ᄙ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%97" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟗ">ퟗ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="ᇑ">ᇑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%87%92" class="mw-redirect" title="ᇒ">ᇒ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟘ">ퟘ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%99" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟙ">ퟙ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%A5%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ꥪ">ꥪ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅫ">ㅫ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟚ">ퟚ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%87%94" class="mw-redirect" title="ᇔ">ᇔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%87%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ᇕ">ᇕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%87%96" class="mw-redirect" title="ᇖ">ᇖ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅬ">ㅬ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟛ">ퟛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ꥭ">ꥭ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ᇘ">ᇘ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅭ">ㅭ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟜ">ퟜ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%84%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="ᄛ">ᄛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%87%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="ᇚ">ᇚ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟞ">ퟞ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟟ">ퟟ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%A5%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ꥰ">ꥰ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%87%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="ᇛ">ᇛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟠ">ퟠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅮ">ㅮ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟡ">ퟡ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅯ">ㅯ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%87%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="ᇞ">ᇞ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅰ">ㅰ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟢ">ퟢ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%87%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="ᇠ">ᇠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%87%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ᇡ">ᇡ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅱ">ㅱ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅲ">ㅲ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%84%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="ᄟ">ᄟ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅳ">ㅳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%87%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="ᇣ">ᇣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟤ">ퟤ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟥ">ퟥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅴ">ㅴ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅵ">ㅵ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%84%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="ᄤ">ᄤ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%84%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="ᄥ">ᄥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%84%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="ᄦ">ᄦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%A5%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ꥲ">ꥲ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅶ">ㅶ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%84%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ᄨ">ᄨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%A5%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="ꥳ">ꥳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅷ">ㅷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%84%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ᄪ">ᄪ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%87%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="ᇥ">ᇥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅸ">ㅸ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅹ">ㅹ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅺ">ㅺ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅻ">ㅻ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅼ">ㅼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%84%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ᄰ">ᄰ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%84%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ᄱ">ᄱ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅽ">ㅽ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%84%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="ᄳ">ᄳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟫ">ퟫ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟬ">ퟬ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟭ">ퟭ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%A5%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ꥵ">ꥵ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%84%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ᄴ">ᄴ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟮ">ퟮ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%84%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ᄵ">ᄵ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅾ">ㅾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%84%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ᄷ">ᄷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%84%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ᄸ">ᄸ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%84%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ᄹ">ᄹ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%84%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="ᄺ">ᄺ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%84%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ᄻ">ᄻ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%84%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="ᄽ">ᄽ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%84%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="ᄿ">ᄿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟳ">ퟳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟴ">ퟴ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%85%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ᅁ">ᅁ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%85%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ᅂ">ᅂ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%A5%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ꥶ">ꥶ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%85%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ᅃ">ᅃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%85%84" class="mw-redirect" title="ᅄ">ᅄ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%85%85" class="mw-redirect" title="ᅅ">ᅅ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%85%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ᅆ">ᅆ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%85%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ᅇ">ᅇ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%85%88" class="mw-redirect" title="ᅈ">ᅈ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%85%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ᅉ">ᅉ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%85%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ᅊ">ᅊ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ᅋ">ᅋ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%A5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ꥷ">ꥷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%87%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ᇬ">ᇬ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%87%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ᇭ">ᇭ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟵ">ퟵ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%86%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ㆂ">ㆂ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%86%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ㆃ">ㆃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%87%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="ᇮ">ᇮ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%87%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="ᇯ">ᇯ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟶ">ퟶ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟷ">ퟷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟸ">ퟸ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%85%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="ᅍ">ᅍ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%A5%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ꥸ">ꥸ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%85%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="ᅏ">ᅏ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%85%91" class="mw-redirect" title="ᅑ">ᅑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%85%92" class="mw-redirect" title="ᅒ">ᅒ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%85%93" class="mw-redirect" title="ᅓ">ᅓ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%A5%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ꥹ">ꥹ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%85%96" class="mw-redirect" title="ᅖ">ᅖ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟺ">ퟺ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟻ">ퟻ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%86%84" class="mw-redirect" title="ㆄ">ㆄ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%87%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ᇵ">ᇵ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%87%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ᇶ">ᇶ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%87%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ᇷ">ᇷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%87%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ᇸ">ᇸ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%A5%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ꥻ">ꥻ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%86%85" class="mw-redirect" title="ㆅ">ㆅ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%A5%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ꥼ">ꥼ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">old vowels (still used in the <a href="/wiki/Jeju_language" title="Jeju language">Jeju language</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%86%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ᆢ">ᆢ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">old vowels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%85%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ᅶ">ᅶ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%85%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ᅷ">ᅷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%86%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="ᆣ">ᆣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ᅸ">ᅸ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%85%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ᅹ">ᅹ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%86%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="ᆤ">ᆤ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%85%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="ᅺ">ᅺ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%85%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ᅻ">ᅻ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%85%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ᅼ">ᅼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%86%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="ᆥ">ᆥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%85%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="ᅽ">ᅽ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%85%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ᅾ">ᅾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%86%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="ᆦ">ᆦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%86%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ᆧ">ᆧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%85%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="ᅿ">ᅿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%86%80" class="mw-redirect" title="ᆀ">ᆀ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9E%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ힰ">ힰ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%86%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ᆁ">ᆁ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%86%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ᆂ">ᆂ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9E%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ힱ">ힱ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%86%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ᆃ">ᆃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9E%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ힲ">ힲ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9E%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="ힳ">ힳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%86%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ㆇ">ㆇ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%86%88" class="mw-redirect" title="ㆈ">ㆈ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9E%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ힴ">ힴ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%86%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ᆆ">ᆆ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%86%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ᆇ">ᆇ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%86%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ㆉ">ㆉ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%86%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ᆉ">ᆉ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%86%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ᆊ">ᆊ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%86%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ᆋ">ᆋ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9E%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ힵ">ힵ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%86%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ᆌ">ᆌ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%86%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="ᆍ">ᆍ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9E%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ힶ">ힶ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%86%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="ᆎ">ᆎ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9E%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ힷ">ힷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%86%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="ᆏ">ᆏ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%86%90" class="mw-redirect" title="ᆐ">ᆐ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%86%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ㆊ">ㆊ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%86%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ㆋ">ㆋ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9E%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ힸ">ힸ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%86%93" class="mw-redirect" title="ᆓ">ᆓ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%86%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ㆌ">ㆌ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9E%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ힹ">ힹ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9E%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="ힺ">ힺ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9E%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ힻ">ힻ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9E%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ힼ">ힼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%86%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ᆕ">ᆕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%86%96" class="mw-redirect" title="ᆖ">ᆖ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%86%97" class="mw-redirect" title="ᆗ">ᆗ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%86%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ᆘ">ᆘ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%86%99" class="mw-redirect" title="ᆙ">ᆙ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9E%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="ힽ">ힽ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9E%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ힾ">ힾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9E%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="ힿ">ힿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%80" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟀ">ퟀ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%86%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="ᆚ">ᆚ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟁ">ퟁ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟂ">ퟂ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%86%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="ᆛ">ᆛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟃ">ퟃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%86%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="ᆜ">ᆜ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%84" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟄ">ퟄ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%86%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="ᆝ">ᆝ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%85" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟅ">ퟅ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%86%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="ᆟ">ᆟ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9F%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ퟆ">ퟆ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%86%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="ᆠ">ᆠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%86%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="ㆎ">ㆎ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Encodings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unicode</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hangul_Syllables" title="Hangul Syllables">Precomposed syllables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul_Jamo_(Unicode_block)" title="Hangul Jamo (Unicode block)">Jamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul_Jamo_Extended-A" title="Hangul Jamo Extended-A">Jamo Extended-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul_Jamo_Extended-B" title="Hangul Jamo Extended-B">Jamo Extended-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul_Compatibility_Jamo" title="Hangul Compatibility Jamo">Compatibility Jamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms_(Unicode_block)" title="Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms (Unicode block)">Halfwidth forms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">legacy/other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KS_X_1001" title="KS X 1001">KS X 1001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KS_X_1002" title="KS X 1002">KS X 1002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPS_9566" title="KPS 9566">KPS 9566</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_12052" title="GB 12052">GB 12052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Hangul_Code" title="Unified Hangul Code">Microsoft code page 949/IBM Code page 1363/Unified Hangul Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_Hangul_characters_in_ISO/IEC_2022%E2%80%93compliant_national_character_set_standards" title="List of modern Hangul characters in ISO/IEC 2022–compliant national character set standards">modern Hangul in ISO/IEC 2022–compliant national character set standards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hangul_jamo" title="List of Hangul jamo">List of Hangul jamo</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Joseon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Joseon" title="Template:Joseon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Joseon" title="Template talk:Joseon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Joseon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Joseon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Joseon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Korean state (1392–1897)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Joseon_dynasty" title="History of the Joseon dynasty">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cei_Invasion" title="Ōei Invasion">Tsushima expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)</a></li> <li>Manchu invasions of Korea (<a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Later Jin invasion of Joseon">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Qing invasion of Joseon">Second</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th-century_peasant_rebellions_in_Korea" title="19th-century peasant rebellions in Korea">19th-century peasant rebellions in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1876" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876">Treaty of Ganghwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imo_Incident" title="Imo Incident">Imo Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gapsin_Coup" title="Gapsin Coup">Gapsin Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donghak_Peasant_Revolution" title="Donghak Peasant Revolution">Donghak Peasant Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabo_Reform" title="Gabo Reform">Gabo Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Empress_Myeongseong" title="Assassination of Empress Myeongseong">Assassination of Empress Myeongseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseon_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseon_Korea.svg/65px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseon_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseon_Korea.svg/98px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseon_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseon_Korea.svg/130px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseon_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="280" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Joseon_dynasty" title="Politics of the Joseon dynasty">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_factions_during_the_Joseon_dynasty" title="Political factions during the Joseon dynasty">Political factions during the Joseon dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_literati_purges" title="Korean literati purges">Korean literati purges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Joseon" title="List of kings of Joseon">List of kings of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_Joseon" title="State Council of Joseon">State Council of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Ministries_of_Joseon" title="Six Ministries of Joseon">Six Ministries of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_offices_of_Joseon" title="Three offices of Joseon">Three offices of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Defense_Council_of_Joseon" title="Border Defense Council of Joseon">Border Defense Council of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_royal_inspector" title="Secret royal inspector">Secret royal inspector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseon_Army" title="Joseon Army">Joseon Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseon_Army_(1881%E2%80%931897)" title="Joseon Army (1881–1897)">late 19th century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseon_Navy" title="Joseon Navy">Joseon Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Society_in_the_Joseon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Society in the Joseon dynasty">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Styles_and_titles_in_the_Joseon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Styles and titles in the Joseon dynasty">Styles and titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste system in Korea">Caste system in Korea</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seonbi" title="Seonbi">Seonbi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kisaeng" title="Kisaeng">Kisaeng</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Joseon" title="Education in Joseon">Education in Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Grand_Palaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Grand Palaces">Five Grand Palaces</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hanbok" title="Hanbok">Hanbok</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buncheong" title="Buncheong">Buncheong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseon_white_porcelain" title="Joseon white porcelain">Joseon white porcelain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_tea_ceremony" title="Korean tea ceremony">Korean tea ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_garden" title="Korean garden">Korean garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungkyunkwan" title="Sungkyunkwan">Sungkyunkwan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chaekgeori" title="Chaekgeori">Chaekgeori</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minhwa" title="Minhwa">Minhwa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural heritages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changdeokgung" title="Changdeokgung">Changdeokgung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jongmyo_(Seoul)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jongmyo (Seoul)">Jongmyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namhansanseong" title="Namhansanseong">Namhansanseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Tombs_of_the_Joseon_dynasty" title="Royal Tombs of the Joseon dynasty">Royal Tombs of the Joseon dynasty</a></li> <li>Villages of <a href="/wiki/Hahoe_Folk_Village" title="Hahoe Folk Village">Hahoe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yangdong_Folk_Village" title="Yangdong Folk Village">Yangdong</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veritable_Records_of_the_Joseon_Dynasty" title="Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty">Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hunminjeongeum" title="Hunminjeongeum">Hunminjeongeum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ilseongnok" title="Ilseongnok">Ilseongnok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanjung_ilgi" title="Nanjung ilgi">Nanjung ilgi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seungjeongwon_ilgi" title="Seungjeongwon ilgi">Seungjeongwon ilgi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uigwe" title="Uigwe">Uigwe</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1883_Korean_special_mission_to_the_United_States" title="1883 Korean special mission to the United States">1883 Korean special mission to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseon_missions_to_China" title="Joseon missions to China">Joseon missions to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseon_missions_to_Japan" title="Joseon missions to Japan">Joseon missions to Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseon_Tongsinsa" title="Joseon Tongsinsa">Joseon Tongsinsa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_"hieroglyphs"" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8222#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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[\"CITEREFKurt_Achin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLEE2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeRamsey2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCuneReischauer1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiyake1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPae2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPark2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPark2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrattRutt1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSampson1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSi-soo2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilva2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilva2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSohn2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSong2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelch\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF楊允言張學謙呂美親2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF洪惟仁2010\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 7,\n [\"!!\"] = 6,\n [\"!)\"] = 1,\n [\"!-\"] = 3,\n [\"(!\"] = 1,\n [\"=\"] = 1,\n [\"Angle bracket\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Block indent\"] = 4,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Bo-textonly\"] = 1,\n [\"Bracket\"] = 1,\n [\"Calligraphy\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 22,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 28,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 2,\n [\"Cleanup lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Cleanup reorganize\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Code\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-begin\"] = 3,\n [\"Col-break\"] = 9,\n [\"Col-end\"] = 3,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Disputed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 11,\n [\"Expand Korean\"] = 1,\n [\"Full width\"] = 2,\n [\"Google books\"] = 3,\n [\"Hangul Jamo\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 173,\n [\"IPAblink\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox Korean name\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox writing system\"] = 1,\n [\"Joseon\"] = 1,\n [\"Korean\"] = 18,\n [\"Korean writing\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 470,\n [\"Langx\"] = 5,\n [\"List of writing systems\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple issues\"] = 2,\n [\"Note\"] = 5,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Original research\"] = 2,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Phagspa\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Ref\"] = 5,\n [\"Ref RFC\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Script/Korean\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 12,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Tlit\"] = 3,\n [\"Translit\"] = 4,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 15,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Unicode chart Enclosed CJK Letters and Months\"] = 1,\n [\"Unicode chart Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms\"] = 1,\n [\"Unicode chart Hangul Compatibility Jamo\"] = 1,\n [\"Unicode chart Hangul Jamo\"] = 1,\n [\"Unicode chart Hangul Jamo Extended-A\"] = 1,\n [\"Unicode chart Hangul Jamo Extended-B\"] = 1,\n [\"Unordered list\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 5,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 7,\n [\"Who\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Writing systems worldwide\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hangul","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hangul","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8222","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8222","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-14T14:09:22Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T11:31:39Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0c\/Hangul_chosongul_fontembed.svg","headline":"native alphabet of the Korean language"}</script> </body> </html>