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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historical land claim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_land_claim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-cultural_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-cultural_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Multi-cultural community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-cultural_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_construction_projects_in/through_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_construction_projects_in/through_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Effects of construction projects in/through community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_construction_projects_in/through_community-sublist" 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id="toc-Late_20th_century_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Membership_and_residency_on_the_reserve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership_and_residency_on_the_reserve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Membership and residency on the reserve</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership_and_residency_on_the_reserve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restorative_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restorative_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Restorative justice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restorative_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gambling/gaming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gambling/gaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gambling/gaming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gambling/gaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_use_of_Kahnawake_flag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_use_of_Kahnawake_flag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>International use of Kahnawake flag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_use_of_Kahnawake_flag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Historic sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representation_in_other_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representation_in_other_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Representation in other media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representation_in_other_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Kahnawakehro:non" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Kahnawakehro:non"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notable Kahnawakehro:non</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Kahnawakehro:non-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kahnawake_powwow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kahnawake_powwow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Kahnawake powwow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kahnawake_powwow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahnawake" title="Kahnawake – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Kahnawake" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahnawake" title="Kahnawake – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kahnawake" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahnawake" title="Kahnawake – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kahnawake" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahnawake" title="Kahnawake – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kahnawake" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahnawake" title="Kahnawake – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kahnawake" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahnawake" title="Kahnawake – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kahnawake" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahnawake" title="Kahnawake – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kahnawake" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AF%E3%82%AF" title="カナワク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カナワク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahnawake" title="Kahnawake – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kahnawake" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Канаваке – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Канаваке" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahnawake" title="Kahnawake – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kahnawake" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1014394#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kahnawake&params=45_25_N_73_41_W_region:CA-QC_type:city(7965)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°25′N</span> <span class="longitude">73°41′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.417°N 73.683°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.417; -73.683</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First Nations reserve in Quebec, Canada</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Kahnawake</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Caughnawaga</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="First Nations reserve">First Nations reserve</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Kahnawake First Nations Reserve No. 14</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_sign_in_Kahnawake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Stop_sign_in_Kahnawake.jpg/250px-Stop_sign_in_Kahnawake.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Stop_sign_in_Kahnawake.jpg/375px-Stop_sign_in_Kahnawake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Stop_sign_in_Kahnawake.jpg/500px-Stop_sign_in_Kahnawake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kahnawake_Quebec_location_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Kahnawake, outside of Roussillon RCM."><img alt="Location of Kahnawake, outside of Roussillon RCM." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kahnawake_Quebec_location_diagram.png/250px-Kahnawake_Quebec_location_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kahnawake_Quebec_location_diagram.png/375px-Kahnawake_Quebec_location_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Kahnawake_Quebec_location_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="285" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Kahnawake, outside of Roussillon RCM.</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Southern_Quebec_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kahnawake is located in Southern Quebec"><img alt="Kahnawake is located in Southern Quebec" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Canada_Southern_Quebec_location_map.png/250px-Canada_Southern_Quebec_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Canada_Southern_Quebec_location_map.png/375px-Canada_Southern_Quebec_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Canada_Southern_Quebec_location_map.png/500px-Canada_Southern_Quebec_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="435" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:83.678%;left:34.438%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kahnawake"><img alt="Kahnawake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Kahnawake</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in southern Quebec.</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Southern Quebec</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Quebec_location_map_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kahnawake is located in Quebec"><img alt="Kahnawake is located in Quebec" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Canada_Quebec_location_map_2.svg/250px-Canada_Quebec_location_map_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Canada_Quebec_location_map_2.svg/375px-Canada_Quebec_location_map_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Canada_Quebec_location_map_2.svg/500px-Canada_Quebec_location_map_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2316" data-file-height="2822" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:96.039%;left:29.865%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kahnawake"><img alt="Kahnawake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Kahnawake</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Kahnawake (Quebec)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Quebec</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kahnawake&params=45_25_N_73_41_W_region:CA-QC_type:city(7965)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°25′N</span> <span class="longitude">73°41′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.417°N 73.683°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.417; -73.683</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Canada</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mont%C3%A9r%C3%A9gie" title="Montérégie">Montérégie</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regional_county_municipality" title="Regional county municipality">RCM</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roussillon_Regional_County_Municipality" title="Roussillon Regional County Municipality">Roussillon</a><br /><small>Within RCM, but unassociated</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electoral Districts<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_federal_electoral_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian federal electoral districts">Federal</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><br /><a href="/wiki/La_Prairie_(federal_electoral_district)" title="La Prairie (federal electoral district)">La-Prairie</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quebec_provincial_electoral_districts" title="List of Quebec provincial electoral districts">Provincial</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauguay_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Châteauguay (provincial electoral district)">Châteauguay</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Band council</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Grand Chief</th><td class="infobox-data">Kahsennenhawe Sky-Deer</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Federal <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">MP</a>(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Therrien" title="Alain Therrien">Alain Therrien</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bloc_Quebecois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloc Quebecois">BQ</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Quebec <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">MNA</a>(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Moreau" title="Pierre Moreau">Pierre Moreau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quebec_Liberal_Party" title="Quebec Liberal Party">PLQ</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-SC2006_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SC2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">50.41 km<sup>2</sup> (19.46 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">7,965</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Pop <small>2006-2011</small><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">N/A</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Dwellings<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">N/A</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kahnawakehro:non</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00" title="UTC−05:00">UTC−05:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">EST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204:00" title="UTC−04:00">UTC−04:00</a> (EDT)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_postal_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian postal code">Postal code(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><a href="/wiki/List_of_J_postal_codes_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of J postal codes of Canada">J0L1B0</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_code_450" class="mw-redirect" title="Area code 450">450</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highways</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Qc132.svg/24px-Qc132.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Qc132.svg/36px-Qc132.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Qc132.svg/48px-Qc132.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="602" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Route_132" title="Quebec Route 132">R-132</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Qc138.svg/24px-Qc138.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Qc138.svg/36px-Qc138.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Qc138.svg/48px-Qc138.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="602" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Route_138" title="Quebec Route 138">R-138</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Qc207.svg/24px-Qc207.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Qc207.svg/36px-Qc207.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Qc207.svg/48px-Qc207.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="602" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Route_207" title="Quebec Route 207">R-207</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kahnawake.com/">www.kahnawake.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kahnawake <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a> Territory</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Territoire Mohawk de Kahnawake</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="moh-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɡahnaˈwaːɡe]</a></span> in the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk language</a>, <i>Kahnawáˀkye</i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_language" title="Tuscarora language">Tuscarora</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> reserve of the <a href="/wiki/Mohawks_of_Kahnaw%C3%A1:ke" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohawks of Kahnawá:ke">Mohawks of Kahnawá:ke</a> on the south shore of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Canada, across from <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>. Established by <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadians</a> in 1719 as a <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">mission</a>, it has also been known as <i>Seigneury Sault du St-Louis</i>, and <i>Caughnawaga</i> (after a <a href="/wiki/Caughnawaga,_New_York" title="Caughnawaga, New York">Mohawk village</a> in the Mohawk Valley of New York). There are 17 European spelling variations of the Mohawk <i>Kahnawake</i>. </p><p>Kahnawake's territory totals an area of 48.05 km<sup>2</sup> (18.55 sq mi). Its resident population numbers slightly above 8,000, with a significant number living off <a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">reserve</a>. Its land base today is unevenly distributed due to the federal <a href="/wiki/Indian_Act" title="Indian Act">Indian Act</a>, which governs individual land possession. It has rules that are different from those applying to Canadian non-reserve areas. Most <i>Kahnawake</i> residents originally spoke the Mohawk language, and some learned French when trading with and allied with French colonists. Together with most of four Iroquois nations, including the Mohawk, they allied with the British government during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada Rebellion</a>. They have since become mostly English speaking. </p><p>Although people of European descent traditionally refer to the residents of Kahnawake as Mohawk, their <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">autonym</a> is <i>Kanien’kehá:ka</i> (the "People of the Flint"). Another meaning is "those who speak [the language] Kanien'kéha"). The <i>Kanien’kehá:ka</i> were historically the most easterly nation of the <i>Haudenosaunee</i> (Six Nations <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> Confederacy) and are known as the "Keepers of the Eastern Door". They controlled territory on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_River" title="Mohawk River">Mohawk River</a> and west of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> in present-day New York, where they protected other parts of the confederacy to the west against invasion by tribes from present-day <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> and the coastal areas. </p><p>Kahnawake is one of several self-governing Kanien’kehá:ka territories of the Mohawk Nation within the borders of Canada, including <a href="/wiki/Kanesatake" title="Kanesatake">Kanesatake</a> on the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River northwest of Montreal; <a href="/wiki/Tyendinaga_Mohawk_Territory" title="Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory">Tyendinaga</a> in Ontario; <a href="/wiki/Akwesasne" title="Akwesasne">Akwesasne</a>, which straddles the borders of Quebec, Ontario and <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> across the Saint Lawrence River; and the <a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_of_the_Grand_River" title="Six Nations of the Grand River">Six Nations of the Grand River</a> in Ontario north of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the British considered Kahnawake one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Nations_of_Canada" title="Seven Nations of Canada">Seven Nations of Canada</a>. </p><p>The name is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a> word <i>kahnawà:ke</i>, meaning "place of the rapids", referring to their major village <a href="/wiki/Caughnawaga_Indian_Village_Site" title="Caughnawaga Indian Village Site">Caughnawaga</a> near the rapids of the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_River" title="Mohawk River">Mohawk River</a> in what is today central New York. When converted Catholic Mohawk moved to the Montréal area, they named the new settlement after their former one.<sup id="cite_ref-Bright2004_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proximity of the <a href="/wiki/Lachine_Rapids" title="Lachine Rapids">Lachine Rapids</a> also influenced their naming decision. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahnawake&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kahnawake_ca_1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kahnawake_ca_1860.jpg/220px-Kahnawake_ca_1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kahnawake_ca_1860.jpg/330px-Kahnawake_ca_1860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kahnawake_ca_1860.jpg/440px-Kahnawake_ca_1860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Historic photo of Kahnawake, ca. 1860</figcaption></figure> <p>Kahnawake is located on the southwest shore where the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a> narrows. The territory is described in the native language as "on, or by the <a href="/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">rapids</a>" (of the Saint Lawrence River)<sup id="cite_ref-ICIHRP_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICIHRP-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in French, it was originally called <i>Sault du St-Louis</i>, also related to the rapids). This term refers to their village being located along the natural rapids of the St. Lawrence. But in the mid-20th century, the path of the river was changed with construction of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Seaway" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence Seaway">Saint Lawrence Seaway</a> canal and the people lost access to the river. </p><p>The French colony of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> used <i>Kahnawake</i> as part of a southwestern defence for <i>Ville-Marie</i> (later Montreal) and placed a military <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrison</a> there. The Jesuits founded a <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">mission</a> to administer to local Mohawk and other First Nations. This was also a base for those missionary priests who were sent to the west. Jesuit records give a settlement date of 1719. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_land_claim">Historical land claim</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahnawake&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical land claim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landclaim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/59/Landclaim.jpg/170px-Landclaim.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/59/Landclaim.jpg/255px-Landclaim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/59/Landclaim.jpg/340px-Landclaim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1441" data-file-height="1926" /></a><figcaption>Sault-Saint-Louis seigneury, 1829. The surveyor (McCarty) identifies the portion of land that is claimed by the people of Kahnawake as <i>"Morceau réclamé par les Sauvages"</i> - portion claimed by the Indians. Also, with the words "Vraie ligne de la seigneurie Sauvage" - true boundary of the Indian Seigneury, the surveyor highlights that the original boundary of the Iroquois seigneury is situated in the Seigneury of LaPrairie.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kahnawake was created under what was known as the <a href="/wiki/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France" title="Seigneurial system of New France">Seigneurie du Sault-Saint-Louis</a>, a 40,320-acre (163.2 km<sup>2</sup>) territory which the French Crown granted in 1680 to the Jesuits to "protect" and "nurture" those Mohawk newly converted to Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the seigneury was granted, the government intended the territory to be closed to European settlement. But the Jesuits assumed rights as <a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">seigneurs</a> of the Sault, and permitted French and other European colonists to settle there and collected their rents.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jesuits managed the seigneury until April 1762, after the British defeated France in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> and took over their territory east of the Mississippi River in New France. The new British governor, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Thomas Gage</a>, ordered the reserve to be entirely and exclusively vested in the Mohawk, under the supervision of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Department">Indian Department</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite repeated complaints by the Mohawk, many government agents continued to allow non-Native encroachment, and mismanaged the lands and rents. Surveyors were found to have modified some old maps at the expense of the Kahnawake people. From the late 1880s until the 1950s, the Mohawk were required by the government to make numerous land cessions to enable construction of railway, hydro-electric, and telephone company industrial projects along the river. </p><p>As a result, Kahnawake today has only 13,000 acres (5,300 ha). In the late 20th century, the Mohawk Nation was pursuing land claims with the Canadian government to regain lost land. The modern claim touches the municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Constant,_Quebec" title="Saint-Constant, Quebec">Saint-Constant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Catherine,_Quebec" title="Sainte-Catherine, Quebec">Sainte-Catherine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Mathieu,_Quebec" title="Saint-Mathieu, Quebec">Saint-Mathieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delson,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Delson, Quebec">Delson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candiac,_Quebec" title="Candiac, Quebec">Candiac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Philippe,_Quebec" title="Saint-Philippe, Quebec">Saint-Philippe</a>. Led by the Mohawk Council of Kahnawake and the reserve's Inter-governmental Relations Team, the community has filed claims with the government of Canada. It is seeking monetary compensation NOTE: Kahnawake is not seeking financial compensation for the mismanagement of the land. Kahnawake recognizes the full extent of the 'seigneury" to be Kahnawake Mohawk Territory and is moving to reacquire its land along with financial compensation for infrastructure criscrossing the territory. and symbolic recognition of its claim.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multi-cultural_community">Multi-cultural community</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahnawake&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Multi-cultural community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kahnawake was settled by a variety of historic indigenous peoples, although the Mohawk became by far the majority. They and other tribes had a practice of adopting captives into the tribe, often to replace people lost to illness or warfare. They generally chose to adopt young women and children taken in raids, as these were believed to be more amenable to assimilation. Individual families adopted such captives, and made them full members of their clan and tribe. The practice preceded European encounter, but later some European captives were also assimilated as Mohawk. The Mohawk had a <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">matrilineal</a> kinship system, with children considered born into the <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a> of the mother and deriving their status from her family. </p><p>There was some European settlement after the reserve land was "donated" by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">French Crown</a> in the mid-17th century. The French government stationed <a href="/wiki/Troupes_de_marine" title="Troupes de marine">French colonial troops</a> there (who formed liaisons with local women and had children by them). Shopkeepers also formed families, and through the 18th century, many marriages occurred between European men and Indian women. Multiracial children born to Mohawk mothers were readily assimilated into the mother's family, clan, and nation.<sup id="cite_ref-mariages_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mariages-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 17th and early 18th centuries, the English and French were competing in North America and in Europe. Together with allied First Nations or Native American tribes, they conducted raids along the undefined border between the territories of New France and New England. Captives were sometimes held for ransom, and European families and communities worked to buy them back. In some cases, families of the indigenous communities kept captives for adoption. For instance, more than 100 captives were taken during the 1704 <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Deerfield" title="Raid on Deerfield">Raid on Deerfield</a>; they were forced overland to Montreal and Kahnawake. The minister of Deerfield was ransomed, but his teenage daughter was kept by a Mohawk family. She ultimately married a Mohawk man and had a family with him, choosing to stay with her new family rather than return to Deerfield.<sup id="cite_ref-Demos_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demos-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of this history, many Kahnawake people have been of mixed ancestry but identify as Mohawk. Backgrounds may include ancestry of other Iroquois tribes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Oneida_people" title="Oneida people">Oneida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onondaga_people" title="Onondaga people">Onondaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cayuga_people" title="Cayuga people">Cayuga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca</a>, and Tuscarora; and/or French, English, Anglo-American, Scots and Irish.<sup id="cite_ref-mariages_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mariages-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1790s and early 19th century, visitors often described the visible "great mixture of blood" at Kahnawake. They noted that many children who appeared to be of European ancestry were being brought up culturally as Mohawk.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At times there has been more tension about the relations of full-blood and mixed-race members of the tribe, both in the late 19th and 20th centuries. In other areas of Canada, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Colony" title="Red River Colony">Red River</a> region in the west, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in Canada">Métis</a> descendants of European trappers and indigenous women, gradually developed what has become a separate, recognized ethnic group, based on a distinct hunting and trading culture. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles-G%C3%A9d%C3%A9on_Giasson_%26_Agathe_Macomber,_full_picture.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Charles-G%C3%A9d%C3%A9on_Giasson_%26_Agathe_Macomber%2C_full_picture.gif/170px-Charles-G%C3%A9d%C3%A9on_Giasson_%26_Agathe_Macomber%2C_full_picture.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Charles-G%C3%A9d%C3%A9on_Giasson_%26_Agathe_Macomber%2C_full_picture.gif/255px-Charles-G%C3%A9d%C3%A9on_Giasson_%26_Agathe_Macomber%2C_full_picture.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Charles-G%C3%A9d%C3%A9on_Giasson_%26_Agathe_Macomber%2C_full_picture.gif/340px-Charles-G%C3%A9d%C3%A9on_Giasson_%26_Agathe_Macomber%2C_full_picture.gif 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="1269" /></a><figcaption>Charles-Gédéon Giasson & Agathe McComber</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kahnawake_surnames" title="Kahnawake surnames">Kahnawake surnames</a>, such as Beauvais, D'Ailleboust, de La Ronde Thibaudière, Delisle, de Lorimier, Giasson, Johnson, Mailloux, McComber, McGregor, Montour, Phillips, Rice, Stacey, Tarbell, and Williams, represent the evidence of tribal members' adoption of and intermarriage with non-Natives. Tarbell ancestors, for instance, were John and Zachary, brothers captured as young children from <a href="/wiki/Groton,_Massachusetts" title="Groton, Massachusetts">Groton, Massachusetts</a> in 1707 during <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> and taken to Canada. Adopted by Mohawk families in Kahnawake, the boys became assimilated: they were baptized as Catholic and renamed, learned the Mohawk ways and were also given Mohawk names, married women who were daughters of chiefs, reared children with them, and became chiefs themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Demos_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demos-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 186, 224">: 186, 224 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude-Nicolas-Guillaume_de_Lorimier,_sketch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Claude-Nicolas-Guillaume_de_Lorimier%2C_sketch.jpg/170px-Claude-Nicolas-Guillaume_de_Lorimier%2C_sketch.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Claude-Nicolas-Guillaume_de_Lorimier%2C_sketch.jpg/255px-Claude-Nicolas-Guillaume_de_Lorimier%2C_sketch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Claude-Nicolas-Guillaume_de_Lorimier%2C_sketch.jpg/340px-Claude-Nicolas-Guillaume_de_Lorimier%2C_sketch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="979" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Claude-Nicolas-Guillaume_de_Lorimier" title="Claude-Nicolas-Guillaume de Lorimier">Claude-Nicolas-Guillaume de Lorimier</a> (Major de Lorimier), sketch, c. 1810.</figcaption></figure> <p>Historic sources document the sometimes strained relations between Mohawk and ethnic Europeans at Kahnawake, usually over property and competition for limited resources. In 1722, community residents objected to the garrison of French soldiers because they feared it would cause "horrible discord" and showed the French did not trust the locals. In the mid-1720s, the community evicted the Desaulnier sisters, traders who were garnering profits formerly earned by members of Kahnawake. In 1771, twenty-two Mohawk pressed British officials to help them prevent two local families from bringing French families to settle "on lands reserved for their common use". In 1812, many were opposed to specific types of "mixed" marriages. In 1822, Nicolas Doucet, an <a href="/wiki/Indian_agent_(Canada)" title="Indian agent (Canada)">agent of the British Indian Department</a> reported that the community was growing frustrated by marriages in which white husbands acquired rights over the lives and properties of their Mohawk wives according to British Canadian laws. This was in opposition to Iroquois culture, which had a matrilineal kinship system, with descent and property invested in the maternal line.<sup id="cite_ref-Sossoyan_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sossoyan-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abuse of alcohol was a continuing problem. In 1828, the village expelled white traders who were "poisoning" the Iroquois "with rum and spirituous liquors". Tensions rose at the time of the 1837-38 Lower Canada Rebellion. The Mohawk had suffered incursions on their land, including non-Natives' taking valuable firewood. The Kahnawake cooperated with the British Crown against the <i><a href="/wiki/Patriote_movement" title="Patriote movement">Patriotes</a></i>, largely over the issue of preserving their land and expressing their collective identity. Before and after the Rebellions, the community was fiercely divided regarding the rights of mixed-race residents, such as Antoine-George de Lorimier (the son of <a href="/wiki/Claude-Nicolas-Guillaume_de_Lorimier" title="Claude-Nicolas-Guillaume de Lorimier">Claude-Nicolas-Guillaume de Lorimier</a>), and whether he should be evicted. Although his mother was Mohawk and native to Kahnawake, because of his father's and his own connections to the European community, George de Lorimier became a controversial figure in Kahnawake, even after his death in 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-Sossoyan_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sossoyan-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1870s and 1880s, land and resource pressures renewed local concern about ethnic Europeans living at Kahnawake. In addition, the national government's passage of legislation, from <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">enfranchisement</a> to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Advancement_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian Advancement Act (page does not exist)">Indian Advancement Act</a> of 1884, which prohibited traditional chiefs and required Canadian-style elections, split the community and added to tensions. Some young Mohawk men wanted a chance to advance independently to being chiefs; other people wanted to keep the traditional, hereditary seven life chiefs selected from the seven clans.<sup id="cite_ref-kahnawakelonghouse.com_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kahnawakelonghouse.com-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kahnawake-white_conflit_1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cd/Kahnawake-white_conflit_1907.jpg/170px-Kahnawake-white_conflit_1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cd/Kahnawake-white_conflit_1907.jpg/255px-Kahnawake-white_conflit_1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cd/Kahnawake-white_conflit_1907.jpg/340px-Kahnawake-white_conflit_1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1524" /></a><figcaption>An article on European-Mohawk conflict from the <i>Montreal Star,</i> 1907</figcaption></figure> <p>The inequalities in landownership among Kahnawake residents led to resentment of the wealthy. For instance, in 1884, the multiracial sons of the late George de Lorimier were the largest and wealthiest landowners in the community. Some Kahnawake residents questioned whether people who were not full-blood Mohawk should be allowed to own so much land. The Mohawk Council asked members of the Giasson, Deblois, Meloche, Lafleur, Plante and de Lorimier families to leave, as all were of partial European ancestry. Some, like the de Lorimier brothers, gradually sold their properties and pursued their lives elsewhere. Others, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_G%C3%A9d%C3%A9on_Giasson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Gédéon Giasson (page does not exist)">Charles Gédéon Giasson</a>, were finally given permanent status at the reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because the Indian Department did not provide adequate support to the reserve, the community continued to struggle financially. At one point, the Kahnawake chiefs suggested selling the reserve to raise money for <a href="/wiki/Annuity_(American)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annuity (American)">annuities</a> for the tribe. Social unrest increased, with young men attacking houses, barns and farm animals of people they resented. In May 1878 an arson fire killed Osias Meloche, the husband of Charlotte-Louise Giasson (daughter of Charles Gédéon Giasson, noted above), and their home and barn were destroyed. Under the Walbank Survey, the national government surveyed and subdivided the land of the reserve, allotting some plots individually to each head of household eligible to live in Kahnawake. The violence stopped as the new form of privatisation of land was instituted, but antagonism toward some community members did not.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The election of council chiefs began in 1889, but the influence of Kahnawake's shadow government of traditional clan chiefs persisted. This lasted into the 1920s, when the traditional seven-clan system became absorbed in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Longhouse_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Longhouse Movement (page does not exist)">Longhouse Movement</a>, which was based on three clans. This was strong through the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-kahnawakelonghouse.com_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kahnawakelonghouse.com-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_of_construction_projects_in/through_community"><span id="Effects_of_construction_projects_in.2Fthrough_community"></span>Effects of construction projects in/through community</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahnawake&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Effects of construction projects in/through community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, the federal and Quebec governments have often located large <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a> projects benefiting the southern Quebec economy through <i>Kahnawake</i> land because of its proximity to the Saint Lawrence River. The reserve is criss-crossed by <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">power lines</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric</a> plants, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">railways</a>, and vehicle highways and bridges. One of the first of such projects was the fledgling <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Saint-Laurent_Railway_Bridge" title="Saint-Laurent Railway Bridge">Saint-Laurent Railway Bridge</a>. The masonry work was done by Reid & Fleming, and the steel superstructure was built by the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_Bridge_Company" title="Dominion Bridge Company">Dominion Bridge Company</a>. In 1886 and 1887, the new bridge was built across the broad river from Kahnawake to the <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Montreal" title="Island of Montreal">Island of Montreal</a>. Kahnawake men worked as bridgemen and <a href="/wiki/Ironworker" title="Ironworker">ironworkers</a> hundreds of feet above the water and ground. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kahnawake_vue_de_Montr%C3%A9al_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kahnawake_vue_de_Montr%C3%A9al_2.jpg/220px-Kahnawake_vue_de_Montr%C3%A9al_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kahnawake_vue_de_Montr%C3%A9al_2.jpg/330px-Kahnawake_vue_de_Montr%C3%A9al_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kahnawake_vue_de_Montr%C3%A9al_2.jpg/440px-Kahnawake_vue_de_Montr%C3%A9al_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1406" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption>Kahnawake seen from Montreal</figcaption></figure> <p>When the national government decided to pass the Saint Lawrence Seaway canal cut through the village, the people and buildings of Kahnawake were permanently separated from the natural river shore. The loss of land and access to the river, the demolition of houses, and the change in the community's relationship to the river have had profound effects on Kahnawake. The people had been sited there for hundreds of years, and their identities were related to a profound knowledge of the river, from the time they were children through adulthood. One effect of the losses was to make the community determined not to suffer more encroachment. They drew together and became stronger. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Working_in_New_York">Working in New York</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahnawake&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Working in New York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_skywalkers" title="Mohawk skywalkers">Mohawk skywalkers</a></div> <p>The Mohawk success on major high-rise construction projects inspired the legend that Native American men had no fear of working at heights. Numerous Kahnawake men continued as iron and steelworkers in Canada. Thirty-three Kahnawake (Mohawk) died in the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Bridge" title="Quebec Bridge">Quebec Bridge</a> in 1907, one of the worst construction failures of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The small community was devastated by the loss of so many men. They erected crosses of steel girders at both ends of the reserve to honour them.<sup id="cite_ref-Reaghan_Tarbell_2009_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reaghan_Tarbell_2009-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Kahnawake ironworkers went to New York City to work during the first half of the 20th century. Its building boom stimulated construction of notable skyscrapers and bridges. For more than a generation, many Kahnawake men participated in building the <a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Building" title="Empire State Building">Empire State Building</a>, and other major skyscrapers in New York City, as well as many bridges. They brought their families with them, and most Mohawk from Kahnawake lived in Brooklyn. They called their neighbourhood "Little Caughnawaga" after their homeland. While the men worked on skyscrapers, the women created a strong community for their families. Many also worked outside the home. In the summers, the families would return to Kahnawake to stay with relatives and renew connections. Some of the people who grew up in Brooklyn as children still have the local New York accent, although they have long lived in Kahnawake.<sup id="cite_ref-Reaghan_Tarbell_2009_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reaghan_Tarbell_2009-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kahnawake high steel workers in New York were the subject of the 1966 documentary <i><a href="/wiki/High_Steel" title="High Steel">High Steel</a></i>, as seen through the story of Harold McComber.<sup id="cite_ref-Gravestock_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gravestock-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_20th_century_to_present">Late 20th century to present</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahnawake&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Late 20th century to present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The elected <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Council_of_Kahnawake" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohawk Council of Kahnawake">Mohawk Council of Kahnawake</a> (MCK) have generally established predominance in governing the reserve. This elected government is the only body with which the Canadian government will deal.<sup id="cite_ref-Haslip_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haslip-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Membership_and_residency_on_the_reserve">Membership and residency on the reserve</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahnawake&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Membership and residency on the reserve"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With continuing late 20th-century conflicts over who could reside at the reserve, the elected chiefs of the Mohawk Council of Kahnawake (MCK) passed laws regulating membership or eligibility for residence at Kahnawake. In 1981 they passed a law that non-natives could not reside in the community; those Mohawk who marry outside of the nation lose the right to live in the homeland.<sup id="cite_ref-thestar.com_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thestar.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MCK said that its policy was to preserve the people's cultural identity. In the 21st century, they did not want non-Natives living at the reserve, even if a person had adopted the Mohawk language or culture. </p><p>The policy is based on a 1981 community moratorium on non-Native residency, which Kahnawake enacted into law in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All couples who had a non-Mohawk partner were sent eviction notices regardless of how long they had lived on the reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-thestar.com_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thestar.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only exemption was for those of such couples who had married before the 1981 moratorium. Although some concerned Mohawk citizens contested the racially exclusive membership policy, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Human_Rights_Tribunal" title="Canadian Human Rights Tribunal">Canadian Human Rights Tribunal</a> ruled that the Mohawk Kahnawake government may adopt policies it deems necessary to ensure the survival of its people. </p><p>In February 2010, the issue was renewed when the Mohawk Council of Kahnawake elected to evict 35 non-Natives from the reserve. While the action was legal according to the membership laws, critics believed the council was acting specifically against some individuals. These persons had lived on the reserve for 10 years or more and contributed to the community. The council said they were responding to complaints from residents about limited housing and land being occupied by non-Natives.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eviction resolution, endorsed by all 12 chiefs of the MCK, caused an uproar within and beyond the community, attracting national press attention. </p><p>Steve Bonspiel, publisher and editor of Kahnawake newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/The_Eastern_Door" title="The Eastern Door">The Eastern Door</a></i>, said that the issue dated back to 1973. At that time, when non-Native people with no ties in the community were asked to leave, they were harassed and even physically attacked. Bonspiel thought the council's 2010 threat to publish the names of people ineligible to live on the reserve was inappropriate as a means to use public pressure and potentially physical threat against them.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coverage of this issue by the <i>Eastern Door</i> that year resulted in the council reversing their decision.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Crown%E2%80%93Indigenous_Relations" title="Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations">Federal Indian Affairs</a> Minister <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Strahl" title="Chuck Strahl">Chuck Strahl</a> said there was nothing illegal about the band's eviction of non-members: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is important for people to realize that whether I like the decisions or not, these are decisions made by First Nations people on their own land (...) It is not for me to make those decisions, or the Government, and we are not going to be making those decisions.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Chuck Strahl, <i>National Post</i><sup id="cite_ref-Graeme_Hamilton_2010_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graeme_Hamilton_2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Gabriel" title="Ellen Gabriel">Ellen Gabriel</a>, the head of the Quebec Native Women's Association and a Mohawk resident at <a href="/wiki/Kanesatake" title="Kanesatake">Kanesatake</a>, criticized the MCK. She said their actions did not represent the traditional inclusiveness of Mohawk communities, which had historically assimilated adoptees and marriage partners. She criticized the council for interfering in the private lives of persons who had chosen non-Native partners. She noted the Mohawk had long been successful at integrating people within their communities, and have still preserved their language and culture over the centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Graeme_Hamilton_2010_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graeme_Hamilton_2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some residents who received eviction notices agreed to leave; others proved they spend only limited time in the community, so were permitted as visitors. The council said it would send second notices to people who did not respond, and then would publish their names. The governing band council defended its right to ask non-Natives to leave the small community: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>While the media has had a field day with this story and some have used the word 'racist,' we will, once again, state the issue isn't about anyone's feelings towards non-natives, it is simply an issue of residency and our right to determine who can and cannot live on the 13,000 acres we call home," said Mohawk Chief Michael Delisle Jr.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Michael Delisle Jr., CBC<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In September 2014, the council revived the issue of non-Native residents, announcing community meetings for discussion and plans to issue a new regulation. It barred non-Kahnawake residents from the meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restorative_justice">Restorative justice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahnawake&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Restorative justice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before European contact, the Iroquois Confederacy (<i>Haudenosaunee</i>) had a long tradition of justice administered within the clan and council system. The clan would govern the behaviour of clan members, and conflict between members of clans would be settled by consensus of the council. Clan mothers as well as chiefs had roles in this system. The goal was to quickly <a href="/wiki/Restorative_justice" title="Restorative justice">restore peace</a> to the community and control behaviour that threatened it. The system was based on the four principles of reason, persuasion, satisfaction and compensation, with both wrongdoer and victim as part of the process. It was intended to achieve "[d]ue compensation and condolence, and a promise of agreement" between the parties.<sup id="cite_ref-Haslip_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haslip-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many at Kahnawake and other First Nations communities believe their people are not being well served by the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Canadian justice system</a>. First Nations people are over-represented in it and in prisons. They believe this is in part due to the imposition of the Canadian justice system on traditional ways, by which the government has tried to assimilate the First Nations into European-based culture. The Canadian government has gradually favoured "indigenization" of the system. Kahnawake used section 107 of the Indian Act to nominate community members as <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">justices of the peace</a>, and in 1974 Justice Sharron was appointed as the first justice of the peace at the reserve. Many of the cases have dealt with traffic and parking violations, but her scope is wider, as the JP has jurisdiction over Criminal Code offences related to the following four areas: cruelty to animals, common assault, breaking and entering, and vagrancy. The <i>Kanien’kehá:ka</i> wanted further improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-Haslip_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haslip-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2000, Kahnawake has started to reintroduce <i>Skenn:en A'onsonton</i> (to become peaceful again), the traditional justice system of the Iroquois. It wanted to create an <a href="/wiki/Alternative_dispute_resolution" title="Alternative dispute resolution">alternative dispute resolution</a> process, as developed by the First Nation, or "reintroduced" according to its principles. The Justice Committee of the MCK and representatives of the Longhouse jointly presented the initiative to the community. Based on wrongdoing that has taken place within the geographic area of Kahnawke, the system is intended for use before any arrest of an affected party under the Canadian system. It has procedures to be used by the victim and offender, and their supporters. With assistance by trained facilitators to resolve issues, the process is intended to restore peace and harmony, rather than to be an adversarial process. In contrast to the Canadian system of adversarial justice it, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>would allow the parties to personalize the process of addressing wrongdoing and in so doing provides the parties with a "new and different choice" to resolve disputes based on traditional principles that the parties can initiate on their own without the involvement of the criminal justice system.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Susan Haslip, <i>The (Re)Introduction of Restorative Justice in Kahnawake: "Beyond Indigenization"</i><sup id="cite_ref-Haslip_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haslip-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The initiative has challenges, for instance, gaining the support of Peacekeepers and community members who may not be familiar with these traditional cultural principles. But, it is an important means of re-education into principles that offer an alternative to the current Canadian system, and helps build a future especially for the young people of the community.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTPROMOTION" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTPROMOTION"><span title="Material appears to be promotional in nature. (June 2023)">promotion?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gambling/gaming"><span id="Gambling.2Fgaming"></span>Gambling/gaming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahnawake&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gambling/gaming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kahnawake_Gaming_Commission" title="Kahnawake Gaming Commission">Kahnawake Gaming Commission</a> offers licenses to <a href="/wiki/Online_gambling" title="Online gambling">Internet-based gambling</a> sites for poker, casino, and <a href="/wiki/Sportsbook" title="Sportsbook">sportsbook</a>. It has established Kahnawake as a substantial player in that business. </p><p>Mohawk Internet Technologies (MIT), a local <a href="/wiki/Data_center" title="Data center">data centre</a> located within the territory, hosts and manages many Internet gambling websites, and provides high-tech employment to its people. MIT is the closest and fastest source for "legally hosted" gambling websites for North American players. Established in 1998, MIT by 2006 had become a "remarkably profitable" enterprise.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahnawake&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While working to strengthen their culture and language, the people of Kahnawake have generally not had the political turmoil of the nearby, smaller <a href="/wiki/Kanesatake" title="Kanesatake">Kanesatake</a> reserve. In support of Kanesatake during its <a href="/wiki/Oka_Crisis" title="Oka Crisis">Oka Crisis</a> in 1990, people from Kahnawake blocked the <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Mercier_Bridge" title="Honoré Mercier Bridge">Honoré Mercier Bridge</a> to Montreal, which had an access road through their reserve. The Kanesatake reserve had been blockaded and isolated by the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BBret%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Sûreté du Québec">Sûreté du Québec</a> in a conflict over use of lands the Mohawk considered sacred. </p><p>The bridge blockade affected the commute of many locals throughout the summer, leading to rioting and the burning of effigies, and to the "Whiskey Trench" episode. On August 28, 1990 a convoy of 50 to 75 cars, bearing mostly women, children and elders, left Kahnawake in fear of a possible advance by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Army</a>. While the Mohawks' cars were being searched by the provincial police force, a crowd of hundreds gathered on the Montreal side of the highway; many in the crowd threw rocks and chairs at the cars and yelled ethnic slurs. Many windows were broken and some Mohawk were hit by rocks and cut by glass. Thirteen people were arrested. Blame has fallen on the provincial government for letting the convoy pass; on the Sûreté du Québec for holding the cars for so long, and for mostly not stopping people from throwing rocks; on the lack of police or army or riot squad; and on local radio stations that broadcast the location of the convoy.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After some time, Kahnawake negotiated separately with the armed forces to remove the blockade to the bridge. </p><p>Fifty men from Kahnawake volunteered to fight with the United States armed forces during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mohawksinvietnam_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mohawksinvietnam-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_use_of_Kahnawake_flag">International use of Kahnawake flag</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahnawake&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: International use of Kahnawake flag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007, two vessels operated by the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society" title="Sea Shepherd Conservation Society">Sea Shepherd Conservation Society</a> flew the Kahnawake Mohawk flag.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kahnawake Mohawk nation is the only indigenous American sovereign nation to have deep-sea foreign-going vessels flying its flag. Since December 2007, the Sea Shepherd vessels have been registered in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historic_sites">Historic sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahnawake&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Historic sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eglise_Kahnawake_-_Edgar_Gariepy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Eglise_Kahnawake_-_Edgar_Gariepy.jpg/220px-Eglise_Kahnawake_-_Edgar_Gariepy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Eglise_Kahnawake_-_Edgar_Gariepy.jpg/330px-Eglise_Kahnawake_-_Edgar_Gariepy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Eglise_Kahnawake_-_Edgar_Gariepy.jpg/440px-Eglise_Kahnawake_-_Edgar_Gariepy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption>Kahnawake, Presbytery (1719) and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Saint Francis Xavier</a> mission (1845)</figcaption></figure> <p>Kahnawake contains three <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites of Canada</a>: Fort St-Louis, the Jesuit Mission of St-François-Xavier, and the Caughnawaga Presbytery.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representation_in_other_media">Representation in other media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahnawake&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Representation in other media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Reaghan Tarbell, a native of Kahnawake, wrote and directed a one-hour documentary, <i>Little Caughnawaga: To Brooklyn and Back</i> (2008), about the families from Kahnawake who migrated to work in New York.<sup id="cite_ref-nfb_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nfb-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It focused on the early 20th-century community created by the women where they settled in Brooklyn, while the men worked on steel skyscrapers and bridges. It was later released in the US as <i>A Mohawk Journey: To Brooklyn and Back</i> (2010).<sup id="cite_ref-dunne_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunne-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Tracey_Deer" title="Tracey Deer">Tracey Deer</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Drama_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Drama film">drama film</a> <a href="/wiki/Beans_(2020_film)" title="Beans (2020 film)">Beans</a>, the 1990 <a href="/wiki/Oka_Crisis" title="Oka Crisis">Oka Crisis</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kanesatake" title="Kanesatake">Kanesatake</a> is explored. Deer lived the crisis as a child and show it through the eyes of a preteen girl named Tekehentahkhwa (nicknamed "Beans"). Beans’ perspective on life is radically changed by these events.<sup id="cite_ref-wilner_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilner-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Kahnawakehro:non">Notable Kahnawakehro:non</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahnawake&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notable Kahnawakehro:non"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiaiake_Alfred" title="Taiaiake Alfred">Taiaiake Alfred</a> (born 1964), Kahnawà:ke Mohawk, professor and activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammy_Beauvais" title="Tammy Beauvais">Tammy Beauvais</a>, fashion designer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kim_Bell" title="John Kim Bell">John Kim Bell</a> (born 1952), conductor, first Indigenous Canadian to conduct a symphony orchestra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Brian_Deer" title="A. Brian Deer">A. Brian Deer</a> (1945–2019), librarian, scholar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Deer" title="Beatrice Deer">Beatrice Deer</a> (Mohawk/Inuk, born 1985), singer and actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Louise_Georgette_Deer" title="Esther Louise Georgette Deer">Esther Louise Georgette Deer</a>, Princess White Deer (1891–1992), Kahnawá:ke Mohawk dancer and singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracey_Deer" title="Tracey Deer">Tracey Deer</a> (born 1978), two-time <a href="/wiki/Gemini_Awards" title="Gemini Awards">Gemini Award</a>-winning filmmaker, for her documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Club_Native" title="Club Native">Club Native</a></i> (2008). She also made the short <i><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Girls_(film)" title="Mohawk Girls (film)">Mohawk Girls</a></i>. She was producer/director/writer to adapt it as a television series, <i><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Girls_(TV_series)" title="Mohawk Girls (TV series)">Mohawk Girls</a></i>, which ran on CBC for five seasons from 2014 to 2017.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Konwan%C3%A9nhon_Delaronde" title="Marion Konwanénhon Delaronde">Marion Konwanénhon Delaronde</a> (born 1977), director and puppeteer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Don_Eagle" title="Chief Don Eagle">Don Eagle</a> (1925–1966), 1950 <a href="/wiki/American_Wrestling_Association" title="American Wrestling Association">American Wrestling Association</a> champion as Chief Don Eagle.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Two-Axe_Earley" title="Mary Two-Axe Earley">Mary Two-Axe Earley</a> (Mohawk/Oneida, 1911–1996), champion of Native Women's rights, she played a major role in having <a href="/wiki/Indian_Act#Loss_of_status_prior_to_1985_amendments" title="Indian Act">Bill C-31</a> implemented in Canada, and received major honours.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babe_and_Carla_Hemlock" title="Babe and Carla Hemlock">Carla Hemlock</a> (born 1961), quilter, beadwork artist, textile artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babe_and_Carla_Hemlock" title="Babe and Carla Hemlock">Donald "Babe" Hemlock</a> (born 1961), woodcarver, sculptor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahn-Tineta_Horn" title="Kahn-Tineta Horn">Kahn-Tineta Horn</a> (born 1940), activist, model</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaniehtiio_Horn" title="Kaniehtiio Horn">Kaniehtiio Horn</a> (born 1986), actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waneek_Horn-Miller" title="Waneek Horn-Miller">Waneek Horn-Miller</a> (born 1975), Olympic water polo player, member of the Canadian women's water polo team, which won a Gold Medal at the <a href="/wiki/1999_Pan_American_Games" title="1999 Pan American Games">1999 Pan American Games</a> in Winnipeg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devery_Jacobs" title="Devery Jacobs">Kawennáhere Devery Jacobs</a> (born 1993), actress, writer, and director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alwyn_Morris" title="Alwyn Morris">Alwyn Morris</a> (born 1957), Kahnawá:ke Mohawk Olympic canoeist and kayaker, won a gold medal in canoe/kayak for Canada at the <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Flames_(band)" title="Twin Flames (band)">Jaaji</a> (Mohawk/Inuk), singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Rice" title="Alex Rice">Alex Rice</a> (born 1972), actress featured in numerous TV and film roles, including two of the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Twilight_Saga_(film_series)" title="The Twilight Saga (film series)">Twilight</a></i> films.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Simpson_(ice_hockey)" title="Bobby Simpson (ice hockey)">Robert (Bobby) Simpson</a> (born 1956), former professional ice hockey player who played for the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Flames" title="Atlanta Flames">Atlanta Flames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skawennati" title="Skawennati">Skawennati</a> (born 1969), Kahnawà:ke Mohawk multimedia artist and curator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke_Stacey" title="Brooke Stacey">Brooke Stacey</a> (born 1996), ice hockey player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexter_Stacey" title="Dexter Stacey">Dexter Stacey</a> (born 1992), <a href="/wiki/NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a> driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kateri_Tekakwitha" title="Kateri Tekakwitha">Kateri Tekakwitha</a> (Mohawk/Algonquin, 1656–1680), born in a village in New York, but lived in Kahnawake later in life. She was canonized as the first Native American Catholic saint on October 21, 2012.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Two_Rivers" title="Billy Two Rivers">Billy Two Rivers</a> (1935–2023), professional wrestler, actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_White_(racing_driver)" title="Derek White (racing driver)">Derek White</a> (born 1970), <a href="/wiki/NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a> driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kona_Williams" title="Kona Williams">Kona Williams</a>, forensic pathologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wilson_(musician)" title="Tom Wilson (musician)">Tom Wilson</a> (born 1959), rock musician, parents were both Mohawk from Kahnawake<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahnawake&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Montreal" title="Media in Montreal">Media in Montreal</a></div> <p>Kahnawake has several media outlets: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CKKI-FM" title="CKKI-FM">CKKI-FM</a> 89.9 FM known as 89.9 KiC Country Montreal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CKRK-FM" title="CKRK-FM">CKRK-FM</a> 103.7 FM branded as K1037 Kahnawake</li> <li>Mohawk Radio, an Internet-based radio station (Defunct)</li> <li><i>Mohawk TV/Loud Spirit Productions</i></li> <li><i>CKER The Seeker</i> Kahnawake's first community channel (Defunct)</li> <li><i>Kwatokent TV</i>, a bi-weekly informational program produced by The Mohawk Council of Kahnawake</li> <li><i>Iorì:wase</i>, print and online newspaper of the Kanien’kéhá:ka Nation found at www.kahnawakenews.com</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eastern_Door" title="The Eastern Door">The Eastern Door</a></i>, a weekly newspaper founded in 1992 that publishes each Friday and is available online<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Mohawk TV</i>, Kahnawake's first community TV station, broadcasting on local cable in the community.</li> <li>Mohawk Princess Pictures</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kahnawake_powwow">Kahnawake powwow</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahnawake&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Kahnawake powwow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Powwow" title="Powwow">powwow</a> is held every summer on the second weekend of July at the Kateri Tekakwitha Island.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a social event open to everyone to share the Native American culture such as traditional foods, hand made crafts, singing and traditional dancing.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schools">Schools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahnawake&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Step By Step Child and Family Center, early learning/nursery<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kateri School, elementary school<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Karonhianonhnha School, elementary school<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Indian Way School, elementary school</li> <li>Karihwanoron Mohawk Immersion School, elementary school with Mohawk-language immersion<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kahnawake Learning Center, general education centre, high school<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kahnawake Survival School, high school<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>FNRAEC (First Nations Adult Education Center), Adult Education<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahnawake&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahnawake_Iroquois_and_the_Rebellions_of_1837%E2%80%9338" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahnawake Iroquois and the Rebellions of 1837–38">Kahnawake Iroquois and the Rebellions of 1837–38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reserves_in_Quebec" title="List of Indian reserves in Quebec">List of Indian reserves in Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Lauzon" title="Pierre de Lauzon">Pierre de Lauzon</a> Jesuit missionary to the Kahnawake</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Deerfield" title="Raid on Deerfield">Raid on Deerfield</a> as an example of frontier warfare between New France and the New England colonies</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahnawake&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKahnawá:ke" class="citation web cs1">Kahnawá:ke, Mohawk Council of. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kahnawake.com/council/chiefcouncil.asp">"Mohawk Council of Kahnawá:ke"</a>. <i>www.kahnawake.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kahnawake.com&rft.atitle=Mohawk+Council+of+Kahnaw%C3%A1%3Ake&rft.aulast=Kahnaw%C3%A1%3Ake&rft.aufirst=Mohawk+Council+of&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kahnawake.com%2Fcouncil%2Fchiefcouncil.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKahnawake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/ElectionsRidings/Ridings/Profile?OrganizationId=1879">Riding history for Châteauguay–Saint-Constant, Quebec</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Parliament" title="Library of Parliament">Library of Parliament</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electionsquebec.qc.ca/en/resultats_gen.asp?bsq=Châteauguay&section=resultats_gen&even='2008'&mode='n3'">Chief Electoral Officer of Québec - 40th General Election Results: CHÂTEAUGUAY</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SC2006-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SC2006_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2007" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (13 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=2467802&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=Kahnawake&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Population&Custom=">"Statistics Canada: 2006 Community Profiles"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Statistics+Canada%3A+2006+Community+Profiles&rft.date=2007-03-13&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2006%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2F92-591%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DCSD%26Code1%3D2467802%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D24%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3DKahnawake%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DPopulation%26Custom%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKahnawake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sac-isc.gc.ca/eng/1634312499368/1634312554965">"Indigenous communities in Quebec"</a>. 15 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indigenous+communities+in+Quebec&rft.date=2021-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sac-isc.gc.ca%2Feng%2F1634312499368%2F1634312554965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKahnawake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudes, B. <i>Tuscarora English Dictionary</i> Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bright2004-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bright2004_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBright2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Bright" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bright">Bright, William</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5XfxzCm1qa4C&pg=PA84"><i>Native American placenames of the United States</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3598-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3598-4"><bdi>978-0-8061-3598-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+American+placenames+of+the+United+States&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3598-4&rft.aulast=Bright&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5XfxzCm1qa4C%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKahnawake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICIHRP-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICIHRP_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahentonni_Phillips" class="citation web cs1">Kahentonni Phillips, Morgan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mcgill.ca/resilience/communities/canada/kahnawake">"Kahnawa:ke (Quebec)"</a>. <i>ICIHRP Roots of Resilience Project</i>. McGill University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICIHRP+Roots+of+Resilience+Project&rft.atitle=Kahnawa%3Ake+%28Quebec%29&rft.aulast=Kahentonni+Phillips&rft.aufirst=Morgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcgill.ca%2Fresilience%2Fcommunities%2Fcanada%2Fkahnawake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKahnawake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clss.nrcan.gc.ca/data-donnees/publications/indlanhisque-hisfonterindque/kahnawake_fr.pdf"><i>Kahnawake: Historique Foncier</i></a> <b>NOTE:</b> Kahnawake was NOT created under the seigneurial system. Kahnawake existed in the area long before Canada and Quebec were established. Kahnawake is one of the oldest communities along the St Lawrence river. It was established by Iroquois moving back to the area due to wars, plagues and alcoholism which was rampant to the south at that time. When the French established the seigneurie system, the area where the Iroquois were was recognized by the king of France as the area he could provide protection against incursions by his people, including the sale of alcohol to the Iroquois, whose very first law was to ban alcohol in the community. Subsequent incursions into the territory resulted in the protected area being reduced to approximately 1/3 its orignal size. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706181732/http://clss.nrcan.gc.ca/data-donnees/publications/indlanhisque-hisfonterindque/kahnawake_fr.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerald Alfred, 1995: <i>To Right Certain Wrongs: A Report on Research into Lands Known as the Seigneury of Sault St-Louis</i>, Kahnawake: Kahnawake Seigneury Office</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred, Gerald R. 1995: <i>Heeding the Voices of Our Ancestors: Kahnawake Mohawk Politics and the Rise of Native Nationalism</i>, Toronto: Oxford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosenburg, Dan, 1999: "Land claims issue dragging its heels", <i>The Eastern Door</i> 8(4)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mariages-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mariages_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mariages_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Faribault-Beauregard, Marthe, 1993: <i>Mariages de Saint-François-Xavier du Sault St-Louis, 1735-1972</i>, Montréal: Société généalogique canadienne-française</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Demos-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Demos_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Demos_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Putnam_Demos" title="John Putnam Demos">John Demos</a>, <i>The Unredeemed Captive: A Family Story from Early America</i>, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weld, Isaac, 1807: <i>Travels through the United-States and Upper and Lower Canada during the years 1795, 1796, 1797</i>, Volume 2. New York: Augustus M. Kelley</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wampumchronicles.com/history.html">Darren Bonaparte, "The History of Akwesasne"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008101830/http://www.wampumchronicles.com/history.html">Archived</a> 2011-10-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Wampum Chronicles</i>, accessed 1 Feb 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sossoyan-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sossoyan_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sossoyan_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://de.scientificcommons.org/7829560">Matthieu Sossoyan: <i>The Kahnawake Iroquois and the Lower-Canadian Rebellions, 1837-1838</i></a>, McGill University, Master's Thesis in Anthropology, 1999: p. 82-85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kahnawakelonghouse.com-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kahnawakelonghouse.com_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kahnawakelonghouse.com_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kahnawakelonghouse.com/index.php?mid=2&p=3">Gerald F. Reid, "It is Our Custom - The Persistence of Kahnawake’s Council of Chiefs in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries"</a>, <i>Kahnawake Branch of the Mohawk Nation</i>, accessed 22 Feb 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerald F. Reid, 2004: <i>Kahnawake: Factionalism, Traditionalism, And Nationalism In A Mohawk Community</i>, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, p.?</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middleton, William D. <i>The Bridge at Québec</i> (Indiana University Press (2001), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-33761-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-33761-5">0-253-33761-5</a>), pp. 99-101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reaghan_Tarbell_2009-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reaghan_Tarbell_2009_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reaghan_Tarbell_2009_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reaghan Tarbell, <i>To Brooklyn and Back: A Mohawk Journey</i>, National Film Board of Canada, Documentary, PBS, fall 2009, also on YouTube</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gravestock-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gravestock_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGravestock2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Gravestock" title="Steve Gravestock">Gravestock, Steve</a> (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/donowennotesonfi00grav_0"><i>Don Owen: Notes on a Filmmaker and His Culture</i></a></span>. 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Retrieved 18 March 2012. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=15069&pid=0">Caughnawaga Mission / Mission of St-François-Xavier</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Canadian Register of Historic Places">Canadian Register of Historic Places</a></i>. Retrieved 18 March 2012. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=15228&pid=0">Caughnawaga Presbytery</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Canadian Register of Historic Places">Canadian Register of Historic Places</a></i>. Retrieved 18 March 2012. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nfb-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nfb_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarbell2021" class="citation web cs1">Tarbell, Reaghan (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nfb.ca/film/little_caughnawaga_to_brooklyn_and_back/">"Little Caughnawaga: To Brooklyn and Back"</a>. National Film Board of Canada (NFB)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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class="external text" href="https://www.karihwanoron.com/">"mohawk immersion karihwanoron kahnawake"</a>. <i>karihwanoron</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=karihwanoron&rft.atitle=mohawk+immersion+karihwanoron+kahnawake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.karihwanoron.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKahnawake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kecedu.ca/">"Welcome to Kahnawà:ke Education Center"</a>. <i>www.kecedu.ca</i>.</cite><span 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<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conseilscolaire-schoolcouncil.com/">"First Nation Adult Education"</a>. <i>Éducation des adultes Premières Nations First Nations Adult Education</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C3%89ducation+des+adultes+Premi%C3%A8res+Nations+First+Nations+Adult+Education&rft.atitle=First+Nation+Adult+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conseilscolaire-schoolcouncil.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKahnawake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahnawake&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kahnawake" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kahnawake">Kahnawake</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kahnawake.com/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.brandonu.ca/cjns/12.2/hoover.pdf">"The Revival of the Mohawk Language in Kahnawake"</a>, Brandon University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kanawakigolf.com/">The Kanawaki Golf Club</a> - A private club which leases land from the Mohawk Council</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nfb.ca/film/little_caughnawaga_to_brooklyn_and_back/">Reaghan Tarbell, <i>Little Caughnawaga: To Brooklyn and Back </i></a>, documentary aired 2 November 2009, PBS, produced by <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Kahnawake" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Kahnawake</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Lac-Saint-Louis" title="Lac-Saint-Louis">Lac-Saint-Louis</a></i><br /><a href="/wiki/Dorval" title="Dorval">Dorval</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a></i><br /><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Mercier_Bridge" title="Honoré Mercier Bridge">Mercier Bridge</a> to: <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Montreal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Montreal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Montreal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Montreal.svg/38px-Flag_of_Montreal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Montreal.svg/50px-Flag_of_Montreal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="217" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/LaSalle,_Quebec" title="LaSalle, Quebec">LaSalle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>)</td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauguay" title="Châteauguay">Châteauguay</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Kahnawake</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Catherine,_Quebec" title="Sainte-Catherine, Quebec">Sainte-Catherine</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Saint-Constant,_Quebec" title="Saint-Constant, Quebec">Saint-Constant</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint-Isidore,_Mont%C3%A9r%C3%A9gie,_Quebec" title="Saint-Isidore, Montérégie, Quebec">Saint-Isidore</a></td> <td></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="22px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Quebec&#124;link=Quebec_Subdivisions_of_Roussillon_Regional_County_Municipality" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roussillon_RCM" title="Template:Roussillon RCM"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roussillon_RCM" title="Template talk:Roussillon RCM"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roussillon_RCM" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roussillon RCM"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Quebec&#124;link=Quebec_Subdivisions_of_Roussillon_Regional_County_Municipality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec"><img alt="Quebec" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/22px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/33px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/44px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> Subdivisions of <a href="/wiki/Roussillon_Regional_County_Municipality" title="Roussillon Regional County Municipality">Roussillon Regional County Municipality</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candiac,_Quebec" title="Candiac, Quebec">Candiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauguay" title="Châteauguay">Châteauguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delson,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Delson, Quebec">Delson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Prairie,_Quebec" title="La Prairie, Quebec">La Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9ry,_Quebec" title="Léry, Quebec">Léry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercier,_Quebec" title="Mercier, Quebec">Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Constant,_Quebec" title="Saint-Constant, Quebec">Saint-Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Catherine,_Quebec" title="Sainte-Catherine, Quebec">Sainte-Catherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Philippe,_Quebec" title="Saint-Philippe, Quebec">Saint-Philippe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Municipalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Mathieu,_Quebec" title="Saint-Mathieu, Quebec">Saint-Mathieu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Isidore,_Quebec_(parish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Isidore, Quebec (parish)">Saint-Isidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Regional County Municipalities in <a href="/wiki/Mont%C3%A9r%C3%A9gie" title="Montérégie">Montérégie</a>:</b><br /> <a href="/wiki/Acton_Regional_County_Municipality" title="Acton Regional County Municipality">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauharnois-Salaberry_Regional_County_Municipality" title="Beauharnois-Salaberry Regional County Municipality">Beauharnois-Salaberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brome-Missisquoi_Regional_County_Municipality" title="Brome-Missisquoi Regional County Municipality">Brome-Missisquoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Haute-Yamaska_Regional_County_Municipality" title="La Haute-Yamaska Regional County Municipality">La Haute-Yamaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Vall%C3%A9e-du-Richelieu_Regional_County_Municipality" title="La Vallée-du-Richelieu Regional County Municipality">La Vallée-du-Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Haut-Richelieu_Regional_County_Municipality" title="Le Haut-Richelieu Regional County Municipality">Le Haut-Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Haut-Saint-Laurent_Regional_County_Municipality" title="Le Haut-Saint-Laurent Regional County Municipality">Le Haut-Saint-Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Jardins-de-Napierville_Regional_County_Municipality" title="Les Jardins-de-Napierville Regional County Municipality">Les Jardins-de-Napierville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Maskoutains_Regional_County_Municipality" title="Les Maskoutains Regional County Municipality">Les Maskoutains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite-D%27Youville_Regional_County_Municipality" title="Marguerite-D'Youville Regional County Municipality">Marguerite-D'Youville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-De_Saurel_Regional_County_Municipality" title="Pierre-De Saurel Regional County Municipality">Pierre-De Saurel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roussillon_Regional_County_Municipality" title="Roussillon Regional County Municipality">Roussillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouville_Regional_County_Municipality" title="Rouville Regional County Municipality">Rouville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaudreuil-Soulanges_Regional_County_Municipality" title="Vaudreuil-Soulanges Regional County Municipality">Vaudreuil-Soulanges</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Urban Agglomerations:</b> <a href="/wiki/Urban_agglomeration_of_Longueuil" title="Urban agglomeration of Longueuil">Longueuil (TE)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Native Reserves:</b> <a href="/wiki/Akwesasne" title="Akwesasne">Akwesasne</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kahnawake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_of_the_CMM_and/or_Montreal_CMA" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greater_Montreal" title="Template:Greater Montreal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greater_Montreal" title="Template talk:Greater Montreal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greater_Montreal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greater Montreal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_of_the_CMM_and/or_Montreal_CMA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities of the <a href="/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_m%C3%A9tropolitaine_de_Montr%C3%A9al" class="mw-redirect" title="Communauté métropolitaine de Montréal">CMM</a> and/or Montreal <a href="/wiki/Census_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Census metropolitan area">CMA</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Template:MontrealNeighbourhoods" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:MontrealNeighbourhoods">Urban agglomeration of Montreal</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Urban_agglomeration_of_Longueuil" title="Template:Urban agglomeration of Longueuil">Urban agglomeration of Longueuil</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Laval,_Quebec" title="Template:Laval, Quebec">Laval</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Shore_(Montreal)" title="North Shore (Montreal)">North Shore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Blainville,_Quebec" title="Blainville, Quebec">Blainville</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bois-des-Filion,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Bois-des-Filion, Quebec">Bois-des-Filion</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Boisbriand,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Boisbriand, Quebec">Boisbriand</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne,_Quebec" title="Charlemagne, Quebec">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deux-Montagnes,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Deux-Montagnes, Quebec">Deux-Montagnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore,_Quebec" title="Gore, Quebec">Gore¹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanesatake,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanesatake, Quebec">Kanesatake¹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Assomption,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Assomption, Quebec">L'Assomption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89piphanie_(parish),_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Épiphanie (parish), Quebec">L'Épiphanie (P)¹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89piphanie_(city),_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Épiphanie (city), Quebec">L'Épiphanie (V)¹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavaltrie,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavaltrie, Quebec">Lavaltrie¹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine,_Quebec" title="Lorraine, Quebec">Lorraine</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mascouche" title="Mascouche">Mascouche</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mirabel,_Quebec" title="Mirabel, Quebec">Mirabel</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka,_Quebec" title="Oka, Quebec">Oka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe-Calumet" title="Pointe-Calumet">Pointe-Calumet</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Repentigny,_Quebec" title="Repentigny, Quebec">Repentigny</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosem%C3%A8re,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosemère, Quebec">Rosemère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Colomban,_Quebec" title="Saint-Colomban, Quebec">Saint-Colomban¹</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint-Eustache,_Quebec" title="Saint-Eustache, Quebec">Saint-Eustache</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint-J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Jérôme, Quebec">Saint-Jérôme¹</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Placide,_Quebec" title="Saint-Placide, Quebec">Saint-Placide¹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Joseph-du-Lac,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Joseph-du-Lac, Quebec">Saint-Joseph-du-Lac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Sulpice,_Quebec" title="Saint-Sulpice, Quebec">Saint-Sulpice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Anne-des-Plaines,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Sainte-Anne-des-Plaines, Quebec">Sainte-Anne-des-Plaines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Marthe-sur-le-Lac,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Sainte-Marthe-sur-le-Lac, Quebec">Sainte-Marthe-sur-le-Lac</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se-de-Blainville,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Sainte-Thérèse-de-Blainville, Quebec">Sainte-Thérèse</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terrebonne,_Quebec" title="Terrebonne, Quebec">Terrebonne</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Shore_(Montreal)" title="South Shore (Montreal)">South Shore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauharnois,_Quebec" title="Beauharnois, Quebec">Beauharnois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beloeil,_Quebec" title="Beloeil, Quebec">Beloeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calixa-Lavall%C3%A9e,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Calixa-Lavallée, Quebec">Calixa-Lavallée²</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candiac,_Quebec" title="Candiac, Quebec">Candiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carignan,_Quebec" title="Carignan, Quebec">Carignan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chambly,_Quebec" title="Chambly, Quebec">Chambly</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauguay" title="Châteauguay">Châteauguay</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrecoeur,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrecoeur, Quebec">Contrecoeur²</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coteau-du-Lac,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Coteau-du-Lac, Quebec">Coteau-du-Lac¹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delson,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Delson, Quebec">Delson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson,_Quebec" title="Hudson, Quebec">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahnawake,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahnawake, Quebec">Kahnawake¹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%8Ele-Cadieux,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Île-Cadieux, Quebec">L'Île-Cadieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%8Ele-Perrot,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Île-Perrot, Quebec">L'Île-Perrot</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/La_Prairie,_Quebec" title="La Prairie, Quebec">La Prairie</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9ry,_Quebec" title="Léry, Quebec">Léry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_C%C3%A8dres,_Quebec" title="Les Cèdres, Quebec">Les Cèdres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Coteaux,_Quebec" title="Les Coteaux, Quebec">Les Coteaux¹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMasterville,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="McMasterville, Quebec">McMasterville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercier,_Quebec" title="Mercier, Quebec">Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Hilaire,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont-Saint-Hilaire, Quebec">Mont-Saint-Hilaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame-de-l%27%C3%8Ele-Perrot,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre-Dame-de-l'Île-Perrot, Quebec">Notre-Dame-de-l'Île-Perrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otterburn_Park,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Otterburn Park, Quebec">Otterburn Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pincourt,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Pincourt, Quebec">Pincourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe-des-Cascades,_Quebec" title="Pointe-des-Cascades, Quebec">Pointe-des-Cascades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richelieu,_Quebec" title="Richelieu, Quebec">Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Amable,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Amable, Quebec">Saint-Amable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Basile-le-Grand,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Basile-le-Grand, Quebec">Saint-Basile-le-Grand</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint-Constant,_Quebec" title="Saint-Constant, Quebec">Saint-Constant</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Isidore,_Quebec_(parish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Isidore, Quebec (parish)">Saint-Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean-Baptiste,_Quebec" title="Saint-Jean-Baptiste, Quebec">Saint-Jean-Baptiste²</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Lazare,_Quebec" title="Saint-Lazare, Quebec">Saint-Lazare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Mathias-sur-Richelieu,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Mathias-sur-Richelieu, Quebec">Saint-Mathias-sur-Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Mathieu,_Quebec" title="Saint-Mathieu, Quebec">Saint-Mathieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Mathieu-de-Beloeil,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Mathieu-de-Beloeil, Quebec">Saint-Mathieu-de-Beloeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Philippe,_Quebec" title="Saint-Philippe, Quebec">Saint-Philippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Zotique,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Zotique, Quebec">Saint-Zotique¹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Catherine,_Quebec" title="Sainte-Catherine, Quebec">Sainte-Catherine</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Julie,_Quebec" title="Sainte-Julie, Quebec">Sainte-Julie</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrasse-Vaudreuil,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrasse-Vaudreuil, Quebec">Terrasse-Vaudreuil</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Varennes,_Quebec" title="Varennes, Quebec">Varennes</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vaudreuil-Dorion" title="Vaudreuil-Dorion">Vaudreuil-Dorion</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaudreuil-sur-le-Lac,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaudreuil-sur-le-Lac, Quebec">Vaudreuil-sur-le-Lac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verch%C3%A8res,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Verchères, Quebec">Verchères</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>¹<small><i>Does not belong to the CMM</i></small> — ²<small><i>Does not belong to the Montreal CMA</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1014394#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1014394#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1014394#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/127790548">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7551709-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n98081939">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kahnawake Mohawk Territory (Québec)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge707305&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kahnawake (Québec)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge707289&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538054405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> 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