CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="hi" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>ऑ - विकिपीडिया</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )hiwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["0\t1\t2\t3\t4\t5\t6\t7\t8\t9", "०\t१\t२\t३\t४\t५\t६\t७\t८\t९"],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","जनवरी","फ़रवरी","मार्च","अप्रैल","मई","जून","जुलाई","अगस्त","सितंबर","अक्टूबर","नवम्बर","दिसम्बर"],"wgRequestId":"6b6ce245-5b9b-4a1d-9da4-2ac6eab863ee","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"ऑ","wgTitle":"ऑ","wgCurRevisionId":6065536,"wgRevisionId":6065536,"wgArticleId":436091,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list","हिन्दी विकि डीवीडी परियोजना","स्वर"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"hi","wgPageContentLanguage":"hi","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"ऑ","wgRelevantArticleId": 436091,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"hi","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"hi"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q22947287","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.charinsert-styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.charinsert", "ext.gadget.Numeral_converter","ext.gadget.ShortUrlShare","ext.gadget.ExternalSearch","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.Prosesize","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.shortUrl","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=hi&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=hi&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=hi&modules=ext.gadget.charinsert-styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=hi&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="ऑ - विकिपीडिया"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//hi.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="संपादित करें" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%91&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="विकिपीडिया (hi)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//hi.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.hi"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="विकिपीडिया की Atom फ़ीड" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-ऑ rootpage-ऑ skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">सामग्री पर जाएँ</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="साइट"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="मुख्य मेन्यू" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">मुख्य मेन्यू</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">मुख्य मेन्यू</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">साइडबार पर जाएँ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">छुपाएँ</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> परिभ्रमण </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0" title="मुखपृष्ठ पर जाएँ [z]" accesskey="z"><span>मुखपृष्ठ</span></a></li><li id="n-चौपाल" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2"><span>चौपाल</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:RecentChanges" title="विकि में हाल में हुए बदलावों की सूची [r]" accesskey="r"><span>हाल में हुए परिवर्तन</span></a></li><li id="n-हाल-की-घटनाएँ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0:%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81"><span>हाल की घटनाएँ</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0" title="परियोजना के बारे में, आप क्या कर सकतें हैं, सहायता कहाँ से लें"><span>समुदाय प्रवेशद्वार</span></a></li><li id="n-निर्वाचित-विषयवस्तु" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81"><span>निर्वाचित विषयवस्तु</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:Random" title="किसी एक लेख पर जाएँ [x]" accesskey="x"><span>यादृच्छिक लेख</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-योगदान" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-योगदान" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> योगदान </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-प्रयोगपृष्ठ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2"><span>प्रयोगपृष्ठ</span></a></li><li id="n-अनुरोध" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7"><span>अनुरोध</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-सहायता" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-सहायता" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> सहायता </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-सहायता" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE"><span>सहायता</span></a></li><li id="n-स्वशिक्षा" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE"><span>स्वशिक्षा</span></a></li><li id="n-अक्सर-पूछे-जाने-वाले-प्रश्न" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8"><span>अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले प्रश्न</span></a></li><li id="n-देवनागरी-कैसे-टाइप-करें" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE"><span>देवनागरी कैसे टाइप करें</span></a></li><li id="n-दूतावास-(Embassy)" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8"><span>दूतावास (Embassy)</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="विकिपीडिया" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-hi.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.75em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-hi.svg" width="108" height="18" style="width: 6.75em; height: 1.125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="इस विकि में खोजें [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>खोजें</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="विकिपीडिया में खोजें" aria-label="विकिपीडिया में खोजें" autocapitalize="sentences" title="इस विकि में खोजें [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="विशेष:खोज"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">खोजें</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="व्यक्तिगत उपकरण"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="दिखावट"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="पृष्ठ के फ़ॉन्ट का आकार, चौड़ाई और रंग बदलें" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="दिखावट" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">दिखावट</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_hi.wikipedia.org&uselang=hi" class=""><span>दान करें</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81&returnto=%E0%A4%91" title="हमारा सुझाव है की आप खाता बनाएँ और लॉगिन करें, परन्तु यह अनिवार्य नहीं है" class=""><span>खाता बनाएँ</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8&returnto=%E0%A4%91" title="आपको सत्रारम्भ करने के लिए प्रोत्साहित किया जाता है; लेकिन यह अनिवार्य नहीं है [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>लॉग-इन करें</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="अन्य विकल्प" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="व्यक्तिगत उपकरण" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">व्यक्तिगत उपकरण</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_hi.wikipedia.org&uselang=hi"><span>दान करें</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81&returnto=%E0%A4%91" title="हमारा सुझाव है की आप खाता बनाएँ और लॉगिन करें, परन्तु यह अनिवार्य नहीं है"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>खाता बनाएँ</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8&returnto=%E0%A4%91" title="आपको सत्रारम्भ करने के लिए प्रोत्साहित किया जाता है; लेकिन यह अनिवार्य नहीं है [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>लॉग-इन करें</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> लॉग-आउट किए गए संपादकों के लिए पृष्ठ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AF" aria-label="संपादन के बारे में अधिक जानें"><span>अधिक जानें</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="इस आईपी पते से संपादन की सूची [y]" accesskey="y"><span>योगदान</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="इस आईपी एड्रेससे हुए बदलावों के बारे में वार्ता [n]" accesskey="n"><span>वार्ता</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="साइट"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="सामग्री" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">सामग्री</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">साइडबार पर जाएँ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">छुपाएँ</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">शुरुआत</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-विवृत_वर्तुल_पश्चस्वर" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#विवृत_वर्तुल_पश्चस्वर"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>विवृत वर्तुल पश्चस्वर</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-विवृत_वर्तुल_पश्चस्वर-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-उच्चारण" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#उच्चारण"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>उच्चारण</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-उच्चारण-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ग़लत_उच्चारण" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ग़लत_उच्चारण"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>ग़लत उच्चारण</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ग़लत_उच्चारण-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-हिन्दी_और_मराठी_में_अन्तर" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#हिन्दी_और_मराठी_में_अन्तर"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>हिन्दी और मराठी में अन्तर</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-हिन्दी_और_मराठी_में_अन्तर-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-हिन्दी_और_फ़ारसी_में_अन्तर" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#हिन्दी_और_फ़ारसी_में_अन्तर"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>हिन्दी और फ़ारसी में अन्तर</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-हिन्दी_और_फ़ारसी_में_अन्तर-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-इन्हें_भी_देखिये" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#इन्हें_भी_देखिये"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>इन्हें भी देखिये</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-इन्हें_भी_देखिये-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-सन्दर्भ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#सन्दर्भ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>सन्दर्भ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-सन्दर्भ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="सामग्री" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="विषयसूची को टॉगल करें" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">विषयसूची को टॉगल करें</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ऑ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="दूसरे भाषा में लेख पर जाएँ। 2 भाषाओं में उपलब्ध" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-2" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">2 भाषाएँ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91" title="ऑ – फ़्रेंच" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="ऑ" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="फ़्रेंच" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91" title="ऑ – मराठी" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऑ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="मराठी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q22947287#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="अंतरभाषा कड़ियाँ संपादित करें" class="wbc-editpage">कड़ियाँ संपादित करें</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="नामस्थान"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%91" title="सामग्री वाला पृष्ठ देखें [c]" accesskey="c"><span>लेख</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%91&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="सामग्री पृष्ठ के बारे में वार्तालाप (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>संवाद</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="भाषा का प्रकार बदलें" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">हिन्दी</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="प्रदर्शन"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%91"><span>पढ़ें</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%91&action=edit" title="इस पृष्ठ के स्रोत कोड को संपादित करें [e]" accesskey="e"><span>सम्पादित करें</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%91&action=history" title="इस पृष्ठ के पुराने अवतरण [h]" accesskey="h"><span>इतिहास देखें</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="पृष्ठ उपकरण"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="उपकरण" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">उपकरण</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">उपकरण</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">साइडबार पर जाएँ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">छुपाएँ</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> क्रियाएँ </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%91"><span>पढ़ें</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%91&action=edit" title="इस पृष्ठ के स्रोत कोड को संपादित करें [e]" accesskey="e"><span>सम्पादित करें</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%91&action=history"><span>इतिहास देखें</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> सामान्य </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81/%E0%A4%91" title="यहाँ का हवाला देने वाले सभी विकि पन्नों की सूची [j]" accesskey="j"><span>यहाँ क्या जुड़ता है</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:RecentChangesLinked/%E0%A4%91" rel="nofollow" title="यहाँ जुड़े हुए सभी पन्नों में हुए हाल के बदलाव [k]" accesskey="k"><span>पृष्ठ से जुड़े बदलाव</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/विकिपीडिया:अपलोड" title="फ़ाइल अपलोड करें [u]" accesskey="u"><span>चित्र अपलोड करें</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0" title="सभी विशेष पृष्ठों की सूची [q]" accesskey="q"><span>विशेष पृष्ठ</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%91&oldid=6065536" title="पृष्ठ के इस संस्करण की स्थायी कड़ी"><span>स्थायी कड़ी</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%91&action=info" title="इस पृष्ठ के बारे में अधिक जानकारी"><span>पृष्ठ की जानकारी</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:CiteThisPage&page=%E0%A4%91&id=6065536&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="इस पृष्ठ को उद्धृत करने के बारे में जानकारी"><span>यह लेख उद्धृत करें</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhi.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25A4%2591"><span>संक्षिप्त URL प्राप्त करें</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhi.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25A4%2591"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li><li id="t-shorturl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//hi.wikipedia.org/s/245k" title="शेयर करने के लिए ये छोटा यू॰आर॰एल कॉपी करें"><span>छोटा यू॰आर॰एल</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> मुद्रण/निर्यात </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%E0%A4%91"><span>पुस्तक बनायें</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E0%A4%91&action=show-download-screen"><span>पीडीएफ़ रूप डाउनलोड करें</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%91&printable=yes" title="इस पृष्ठका छपानेलायक अवतरण [p]" accesskey="p"><span>प्रिन्ट करने लायक</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> दूसरे परियोजनाओं में </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q22947287" title="संबद्ध डेटा रिपॉज़िटरी आयटम की कड़ी [g]" accesskey="g"><span>विकिडेटा आयटम</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="पृष्ठ उपकरण"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="दिखावट"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">दिखावट</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">साइडबार पर जाएँ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">छुपाएँ</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">मुक्त ज्ञानकोश विकिपीडिया से</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="hi" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Open_back_rounded_vowel.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Open_back_rounded_vowel.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Open_back_rounded_vowel.ogg/Open_back_rounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Open_back_rounded_vowel.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>ऑ की ध्वनि सुनिए</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>औ की ध्वनि सुनिए - यह ऑ से ज़रा भिन्न है</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>ओ की ध्वनि सुनिए - यह ऑ से काफ़ी भिन्न है</figcaption></figure> <p><b>ऑ</b> मराठी भाषा का एक वर्ण है। ऍ और ऑ वास्तविक देवनागरी में नहीं पाये जाते। वर्तमान में हिन्दी में ऑ वर्ण का उपयोग केवल अंग्रेजी शब्दों में किया जाता है। <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय ध्वन्यात्मक वर्णमाला">अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय ध्वन्यात्मक वर्णमाला</a> (अ॰ध॰व॰) में इसके उच्चारण को ɔ के चिन्ह से लिखा जाता है। इसका प्रयोग अधिकतर <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="अंग्रेज़ी भाषा">अंग्रेज़ी</a> के शब्दों को लिखने के लिए किया जाता है, स्वाभाविकतः "फॉर" (for), "नॉट" (not) और "बॉल" (ball)। इसकी ध्वनि आधुनिक मानक हिन्दी के तत्सम, तद्भव तथा देशज शब्दों में नहीं पाई जाती परं कुछ पश्चिमी हिन्दी उपभाषाओं में इसका प्रयोग मिलता है, उदाहरणतः खड़ीबोली और हरियाणवी वाले कुछ क्षेत्रों में "सोना" को "सॉना" उच्चारित किया जाता है। </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="विवृत_वर्तुल_पश्चस्वर"><span id=".E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B5.E0.A5.83.E0.A4.A4_.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.81.E0.A4.B2_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.B6.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.9A.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.B0"></span>विवृत वर्तुल पश्चस्वर</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%91&action=edit&section=1" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: विवृत वर्तुल पश्चस्वर"><span>संपादित करें</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>'ऑ' को <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भाषाविज्ञान">भाषाविज्ञान</a> की दृष्टि से "विवृत वर्तुल पश्चस्वर" कहा जाता है। अंग्रेजी में इसे "ओपन बॅक राउंडिड वाॅवल" (open back rounded vowel) कहते हैं। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="उच्चारण"><span id=".E0.A4.89.E0.A4.9A.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.9A.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.A3"></span>उच्चारण</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%91&action=edit&section=2" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: उच्चारण"><span>संपादित करें</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>'ऑ' का स्वर उच्चारण में 'आ', 'औ' और 'ओ' तीनों से भिन्न है, परं यह इन सब में 'औ' के सब से समीप है: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="देवनागरी">देवनागरी</a> स्वर </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय ध्वन्यात्मक वर्णमाला">अधव</a> उच्चारण<sup>१</sup> </th> <th>हिन्दी उदाहरण </th> <th>अंग्रेज़ी उदाहरण </th> <th>भाषावैज्ञानिक नाम </th></tr> <tr> <td>आ </td> <td>ɑ </td> <td>बात [bɑt̪] </td> <td>hard हार्ड [hɑːrd] </td> <td>विवृत प्रसृत अग्रस्वर (open back unrounded vowel) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ऑ </td> <td>ɒ </td> <td>सॉना [sɒnɑː]<sup>२</sup> </td> <td>not नॉट [nɒt] </td> <td>विवृत वर्तुल पश्चस्वर (open back rounded vowel) </td></tr> <tr> <td>औ </td> <td>ɔ </td> <td>कौन [kɔn]<sup>३</sup> </td> <td>dog डौग [dɔg] </td> <td>अर्धविवृत वर्तुल पश्चस्वर (open-mid back rounded vowel) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ओ </td> <td>o </td> <td>बोल [bol] </td> <td>bone बोन [bon] </td> <td>अर्धसंवृत वर्तुल पश्चस्वर (close-mid back rounded vowel) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><small> </small></p><small><dl><dd>१. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय ध्वन्यात्मक वर्णमाला">अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय ध्वन्यात्मक वर्णमाला</a> में 'ː' का चिह्न किसी स्वर को दीर्घ खींचता है लेकिन इस से स्वर कि ध्वनि की प्रकृति में कोई अंतर नहीं होता।</dd> <dd>२. हिंदी में यह स्वर केवल कुछ पश्चिमी हिंदी उपभाषाओं में ही देखा जाता है। 'सॉना' का उच्चारण अंग्रेज़ी के 'sauna' शब्द से मिलता जुलता है और यह वही शब्द है जिसे मानक हिंदी में 'सोना' (धातु) कहा जाता है।</dd> <dd>३. पूर्वी हिंदी उपभाषाओं में 'औ' का उच्चारण मानक हिंदी से अलग होता है। इनमें इसे 'अउ' की ध्वनि से मिलते हुए संयुक्त स्वर (डिप्थाँग) का उच्चारण दिया जाता है। मिसाल के लिए बिहारी उपभाषाओं में अक्सर 'औरत' को 'अउरत' की तरह उच्चारित किया जाता है।<sup id="cite_ref-ref28biyud_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref28biyud-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref89fizoz_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref89fizoz-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></small><small></small><p><small></small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ग़लत_उच्चारण"><span id=".E0.A4.97.E0.A4.BC.E0.A4.B2.E0.A4.A4_.E0.A4.89.E0.A4.9A.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.9A.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.A3"></span>ग़लत उच्चारण</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%91&action=edit&section=3" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: ग़लत उच्चारण"><span>संपादित करें</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>हिन्दीभाषी अक्सर 'ऑ' को 'औ' उच्चारित करते हैं। क्योंकि यह दोनों स्वर काफ़ी समीप हैं और अंग्रेज़ी में 'औ' का स्वर कम मिलता है इसलिए इस से ज़्यादा असमंजस पैदा नहीं होता। फिर भी कुछ शब्द ऐसे हैं जहाँ ग़लत उच्चारण से समझने में कठिनाइयाँ उत्पन्न हो सकती हैं। उदाहरण के लिए: </p> <ul><li>कौट (caught) का अर्थ 'पकड़ लिया' है</li> <li>कॉट (cot) का अर्थ 'एक छोटा बिस्तर' है</li></ul> <p>मानक अमेरिकी और ब्रिटिश अंग्रेज़ी उच्चारण में इन्हें एक जैसा उच्चारित करना ग़लत समझा जाता है, हालाँकि कुछ अन्य अंग्रेज़ी भाषाओँ (जैसी की <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="कनाडा">कनाडा</a> में बोली जाती है) में 'औ' को 'ऑ' की तरह उच्चारित किया जाने लगा है। इन उपभाषाओं के बोलने वालों के लिए 'औ' और 'ऑ' में <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="सहस्वानिकी">सहस्वानिकी</a> है और वे इन दोनों स्वरों का अन्तर नहीं बता पाते।<sup id="cite_ref-ref31galeg_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref31galeg-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="हिन्दी_और_मराठी_में_अन्तर"><span id=".E0.A4.B9.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.80_.E0.A4.94.E0.A4.B0_.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A0.E0.A5.80_.E0.A4.AE.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.82_.E0.A4.85.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.B0"></span>हिन्दी और मराठी में अन्तर</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%91&action=edit&section=4" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: हिन्दी और मराठी में अन्तर"><span>संपादित करें</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>'ऑ' और 'औ' के प्रयोग हिन्दी और <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="मराठी भाषा">मराठी</a> में भिन्न होते है। मराठी में (पूर्वी हिन्दी की तरह) 'औ' का उच्चारण 'अउ' से मिलता संयुक्त स्वर (डिप्थाँग) होता है।<sup id="cite_ref-ref39gurul_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref39gurul-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> उदाहरण के लिए मराठी में 'घर और बाहर' को 'घर अउर बाहर' पढ़ा जाता है। ठीक ऐसा ही पूर्वी हिन्दी क्षेत्रों में होता है।<sup id="cite_ref-ref28biyud_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref28biyud-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref89fizoz_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref89fizoz-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> मराठी में 'ऑ' का प्रयोग अंग्रेज़ी से लिए गए दोनों 'डॉक्टर' और 'डौग' जैसे शब्दों के लिए होता है। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="हिन्दी_और_फ़ारसी_में_अन्तर"><span id=".E0.A4.B9.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.80_.E0.A4.94.E0.A4.B0_.E0.A4.AB.E0.A4.BC.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.80_.E0.A4.AE.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.82_.E0.A4.85.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.B0"></span>हिन्दी और फ़ारसी में अन्तर</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%91&action=edit&section=5" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: हिन्दी और फ़ारसी में अन्तर"><span>संपादित करें</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>हिन्दी और <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="फ़ारसी भाषा">फ़ारसी</a> में बहुत से सामान्य शब्दों का हिन्दी में 'आ' के स्वर के साथ और फ़ारसी में 'ऑ' के स्वर के साथ उच्चारण किया जाता है:<sup id="cite_ref-ref39mucez_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref39mucez-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>नाम (<span lang="ur" dir="rtl" title="Nasta'liq" style="font-size:125%; font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">نام</span>‎) - फ़ारसी: नॉम</li> <li>जान (<span lang="ur" dir="rtl" title="Nasta'liq" style="font-size:125%; font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">جان</span>‎, जीवन) - फ़ारसी: जॉन</li> <li>हैरान (<span lang="ur" dir="rtl" title="Nasta'liq" style="font-size:125%; font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">حیران</span>‎, अचम्भित) - फ़ारसी: हइरॉन</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="इन्हें_भी_देखिये"><span id=".E0.A4.87.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B9.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.82_.E0.A4.AD.E0.A5.80_.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.96.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.AF.E0.A5.87"></span>इन्हें भी देखिये</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%91&action=edit&section=6" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: इन्हें भी देखिये"><span>संपादित करें</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="देवनागरी">देवनागरी</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय ध्वन्यात्मक वर्णमाला">अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय ध्वन्यात्मक वर्णमाला</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="सन्दर्भ"><span id=".E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A6.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AD"></span>सन्दर्भ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%91&action=edit&section=7" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: सन्दर्भ"><span>संपादित करें</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <small><div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ref28biyud-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ref28biyud_1-0">अ</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ref28biyud_1-1">आ</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Michael C. Shapiro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=vvuP8sD1wloC">"A Primer of modern standard Hindi: Language and Linguistics Series"</a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1989. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰">आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4/9788120805088" title="विशेष:पुस्तक स्रोत/9788120805088"><bdi>9788120805088</bdi></a>. मूल से 5 अप्रैल 2015 को <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150405181816/http://books.google.com/books?id=vvuP8sD1wloC">पुरालेखित</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. अभिगमन तिथि 6 सितंबर 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Primer+of+modern+standard+Hindi%3A+Language+and+Linguistics+Series&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.%2C+1989&rft.isbn=9788120805088&rft.au=Michael+C.+Shapiro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvvuP8sD1wloC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%91" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5547232">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref89fizoz-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ref89fizoz_2-0">अ</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ref89fizoz_2-1">आ</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Colin P. Masica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC">"The Indo-Aryan Languages"</a>. Cambridge University Press, 1993. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰">आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4/9780521299442" title="विशेष:पुस्तक स्रोत/9780521299442"><bdi>9780521299442</bdi></a>. मूल से 11 जनवरी 2014 को <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111081043/http://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC">पुरालेखित</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. अभिगमन तिथि 6 सितंबर 2011</span>. <q><i>... The symmetrical ten-vowel system of Hindi and Punjabi (/i, I, e, æ; a, ə; u, U, o, ɔ/ - often represented as /ï, i, e, ai; ā, a; ū, u, o, au/) is considered the normative NIA system ... The diphthongs ai, au coventionally counted as part of the Sanskrit inventory of "vowels" (though not of NIA inventories, being properly relegated to the category of diphthongs), are monophthongized to æ, ɔ in these languages, although in eastern (i.e. Bihari) pronunciations of common Hindi (and in some acrolectal pronunciations of tatsamas) a diphthongal element is retained ...</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press%2C+1993&rft.isbn=9780521299442&rft.au=Colin+P.+Masica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ3RSHWePhXwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%91" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5547232"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref31galeg-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ref31galeg_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Walt Wolfram. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=tYahfvYV3pUC">"American voices: how dialects differ from coast to coast"</a>. Wiley-Blackwell, 2006. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰">आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4/9781405121095" title="विशेष:पुस्तक स्रोत/9781405121095"><bdi>9781405121095</bdi></a>. मूल से 5 अप्रैल 2015 को <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150405181021/http://books.google.com/books?id=tYahfvYV3pUC">पुरालेखित</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. अभिगमन तिथि 6 सितंबर 2011</span>. <q><i>... The cot/caught merger, however, seems not to attract any such stigmatization. In fact, people are largely unaware of it. Nevertheless, it does occasionally lead to misunderstandings ...</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+voices%3A+how+dialects+differ+from+coast+to+coast&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell%2C+2006&rft.isbn=9781405121095&rft.au=Walt+Wolfram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtYahfvYV3pUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%91" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5547232"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref39gurul-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ref39gurul_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Rajeshwari Pandharipande. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=JntxV7MO7cIC">"Marathi: Descriptive grammars series"</a>. Psychology Press, 1997. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰">आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4/9780415003193" title="विशेष:पुस्तक स्रोत/9780415003193"><bdi>9780415003193</bdi></a>. मूल से 5 अप्रैल 2015 को <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150405180815/http://books.google.com/books?id=JntxV7MO7cIC">पुरालेखित</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. अभिगमन तिथि 6 सितंबर 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marathi%3A+Descriptive+grammars+series&rft.pub=Psychology+Press%2C+1997&rft.isbn=9780415003193&rft.au=Rajeshwari+Pandharipande&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJntxV7MO7cIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%91" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5547232"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref39mucez-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ref39mucez_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Azam Bastanfard, Maryam Fazel, Alireza Abdi Kelishami, Mohammad Aghaahmadi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Uz5JSU9anuYC&pg=PA287">"The Persian linguistic based audio-visual data corpus, AVA II, considering coarticulation"</a>. <i>Advances in Multimedia Modeling: 16th International Multimedia Modeling Conference, MMM 2010, Chongqing, China, January 6-8, 2010. Proceedings</i>. स्प्रिंगर, 2010. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰">आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4/9783642113000" title="विशेष:पुस्तक स्रोत/9783642113000"><bdi>9783642113000</bdi></a>. मूल से 5 अप्रैल 2015 को <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150405175049/http://books.google.com/books?id=Uz5JSU9anuYC&pg=PA287">पुरालेखित</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. अभिगमन तिथि 6 सितंबर 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Multimedia+Modeling%3A+16th+International+Multimedia+Modeling+Conference%2C+MMM+2010%2C+Chongqing%2C+China%2C+January+6-8%2C+2010.+Proceedings&rft.atitle=The+Persian+linguistic+based+audio-visual+data+corpus%2C+AVA+II%2C+considering+coarticulation&rft.isbn=9783642113000&rft.au=Azam+Bastanfard%2C+Maryam+Fazel%2C+Alireza+Abdi+Kelishami%2C+Mohammad+Aghaahmadi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUz5JSU9anuYC%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%91" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80:%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B81_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5:_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE:_authors_list" title="श्रेणी:सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5547232"></span> </li> </ol></div></small>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ऑ&oldid=6065536">https://hi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ऑ&oldid=6065536</a>" से प्राप्त</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81" title="विशेष:श्रेणियाँ">श्रेणी</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80:%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="श्रेणी:स्वर">स्वर</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">छुपी हुई श्रेणियाँ: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80:%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B81_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5:_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE:_authors_list" title="श्रेणी:सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list">सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80:%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="श्रेणी:हिन्दी विकि डीवीडी परियोजना">हिन्दी विकि डीवीडी परियोजना</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> अन्तिम परिवर्तन 16:37, 12 फ़रवरी 2024।</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">यह सामग्री <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">क्रियेटिव कॉमन्स ऍट्रीब्यूशन/शेयर-अलाइक लाइसेंस</a> के तहत उपलब्ध है; अन्य शर्ते लागू हो सकती हैं। विस्तार से जानकारी हेतु देखें <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">उपयोग की शर्तें</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">गोपनीयता नीति</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82">विकिपीडिया के बारे में</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3">अस्वीकरण</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">विकासक</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/hi.wikipedia.org">सांख्यिकी</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">कुकी का वर्णन</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//hi.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%91&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">मोबाइल दृश्य</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vthpd","wgBackendResponseTime":154,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.122","walltime":"0.163","ppvisitednodes":{"value":349,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":15694,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":59,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":8,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":24103,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 116.421 1 -total"," 93.97% 109.395 1 साँचा:Reflist"," 83.27% 96.944 5 साँचा:Cite_web"," 5.87% 6.830 3 साँचा:Nastaliq"," 2.34% 2.720 1 साँचा:Column-count"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.066","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":2572670,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-hbx8z","timestamp":"20241123114221","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u0911","url":"https:\/\/hi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%91","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q22947287","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q22947287","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2011-09-06T17:05:44Z","dateModified":"2024-02-12T16:37:20Z","headline":"\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092e\u0930\u093e\u0920\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923"}</script> </body> </html>