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Sandford – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dred Scott v. Sandford" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dred Scott v. Sandford" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Dred Scott v. Sandford" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_Dred_Scott_contra_Sandford" title="Caso Dred Scott contra Sandford – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caso Dred Scott contra Sandford" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred_Scott_auzia" title="Dred Scott auzia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dred Scott auzia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="درد اسکات در برابر سندفرد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درد اسکات در برابر سندفرد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_v._Sandford" title="Scott v. Sandford – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Scott v. Sandford" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%93%9C%EB%A0%88%EB%93%9C_%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%A7_%EB%8C%80_%EC%83%8C%EB%93%9C%ED%8D%BC%EB%93%9C_%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4" title="드레드 스콧 대 샌드퍼드 사건 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="드레드 스콧 대 샌드퍼드 사건" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dred Scott v. Sandford" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred_Scott-m%C3%A1li%C3%B0" title="Dred Scott-málið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dred Scott-málið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred_Scott_contro_Sandford" title="Dred Scott contro Sandford – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dred Scott contro Sandford" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%A7_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98_%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93" title="פסק דין דרד סקוט נגד סנדפורד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פסק דין דרד סקוט נגד סנדפורד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dred Scott v. Sandford" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dred Scott v. Sandford" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E5%AF%BE%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="ドレッド・スコット対サンフォード事件 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドレッド・スコット対サンフォード事件" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dred Scott v. Sandford" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprawa_Dreda_Scotta" title="Sprawa Dreda Scotta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sprawa Dreda Scotta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_Dred_Scott" title="Caso Dred Scott – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caso Dred Scott" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dred Scott v. Sandford" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Дред Скотт против Сэндфорда – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дред Скотт против Сэндфорда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred_Scott_vastaan_Sandford" title="Dred Scott vastaan Sandford – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dred Scott vastaan Sandford" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred_Scott_mot_Sandford" title="Dred Scott mot Sandford – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dred Scott mot Sandford" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Дред Скотт проти Сендфорда – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дред Скотт проти Сендфорда" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a 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Sandford</b>, 60 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/60/393/case.html">393</a> (1857), was a <a href="/wiki/US_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="US Supreme Court">US Supreme Court</a> <a href="/wiki/Landmark_decision" title="Landmark decision">landmark decision</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1857, the court ruled that blacks, whether <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a>, or free, were not <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizens</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IHA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They could not, therefore, sue in <a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">federal court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IHA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dred Scott had sued in federal court and claimed that he was free because he had lived in free <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He lost his case in a ruling that has been <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/condemn" class="extiw" title="wikt:condemn">condemned</a> by many as the Supreme Court's worst decision.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dred Scott case, which denied Scott his freedom by ruling that blacks were not US citizens, was the end of years of legal cases from 1846 to 1857 in lower federal district court and <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> courts, which had granted Dred Scott freedom for about two years. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dred_Scott_v._Sandford&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Background" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dred_Scott_v._Sandford&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Background"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dr. John Emerson was a <a href="/wiki/Surgeon" title="Surgeon">surgeon</a> serving in the <a href="/wiki/US_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army">US Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EBC_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1833, he purchased Dred Scott, a slave in Missouri.<sup id="cite_ref-Oyez_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oyez-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> and took Scott with him.<sup id="cite_ref-Oyez_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oyez-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emerson was sent to a fort in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisconsin_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wisconsin Territory (not yet started)">Wisconsin Territory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WGBH_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WGBH-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott, his slave, went with him. </p><p>While living in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisconsin_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wisconsin Territory (not yet started)">Wisconsin Territory</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>), Scott met and married Harriet Robinson.<sup id="cite_ref-WGBH_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WGBH-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was owned by a <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">justice of the peace</a>. After marrying Scott, Emerson became her owner as well.<sup id="cite_ref-WGBH_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WGBH-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emerson returned to Missouri and took his slaves with him.<sup id="cite_ref-HP_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1843, Emerson died in Missouri. Scott and his family were left to Emerson's wife, Eliza Sandford.<sup id="cite_ref-WGBH_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WGBH-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decision">Decision</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dred_Scott_v._Sandford&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Decision" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dred_Scott_v._Sandford&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Decision"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Judgment_in_the_U.S._Supreme_Court_Case_Dred_Scott_v._John_F._A._Sandford_-_NARA_-_301674.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Judgment_in_the_U.S._Supreme_Court_Case_Dred_Scott_v._John_F._A._Sandford_-_NARA_-_301674.tif/lossy-page1-200px-Judgment_in_the_U.S._Supreme_Court_Case_Dred_Scott_v._John_F._A._Sandford_-_NARA_-_301674.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Judgment_in_the_U.S._Supreme_Court_Case_Dred_Scott_v._John_F._A._Sandford_-_NARA_-_301674.tif/lossy-page1-300px-Judgment_in_the_U.S._Supreme_Court_Case_Dred_Scott_v._John_F._A._Sandford_-_NARA_-_301674.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Judgment_in_the_U.S._Supreme_Court_Case_Dred_Scott_v._John_F._A._Sandford_-_NARA_-_301674.tif/lossy-page1-400px-Judgment_in_the_U.S._Supreme_Court_Case_Dred_Scott_v._John_F._A._Sandford_-_NARA_-_301674.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2408" data-file-height="3900" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Judgment in the U.S. Supreme Court Case Dred Scott v. John F. A. Sandford</div></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1846, Scott sued for his <a href="/wiki/Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom">freedom</a> in court.<sup id="cite_ref-HP_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Helped by <a href="/wiki/Abolitionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionist">abolitionist</a> <a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">lawyers</a>, he claimed that he was free because he had lived in free states for a long time.<sup id="cite_ref-HP_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Defense_(legal)" title="Defense (legal)">defense</a> claimed that Dr. Emerson was forced to move to the Wisconsin Territory because he served with the US Army and that he should be able to keep his <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a>. Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> decided that Scott was not free and so he did not have a right to <a href="/wiki/Sue" class="mw-disambig" title="Sue">sue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TUSH_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUSH-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, he stated that the <a href="/wiki/US_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="US Congress">US Congress</a> could not make laws against slavery in United States territories.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TUSH_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUSH-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Majority_opinion" title="Majority opinion">majority opinion</a> was agreed to by seven of the nine Justices.<sup id="cite_ref-TUSH_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUSH-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dissent" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissent">dissenting</a> Justices pointed out when the <a href="/wiki/US_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="US Constitution">US Constitution</a> was <a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">ratified</a>, blacks were already considered citizens in several states. </p><p>The ruling was a major setback to the anti-slavery movement.<sup id="cite_ref-TUSH_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUSH-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> condemned the ruling. In effect, it allowed slavery in all US territories, even in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">North</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TUSH_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUSH-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dred_Scott_v._Sandford&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Aftermath" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dred_Scott_v._Sandford&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Aftermath"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The decision became a central issue in slavery <a href="/wiki/Debate" title="Debate">debates</a> and helped cause <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> to be elected as US President and then the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. </p><p>In 1865, the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a> banned slavery in the United States. In 1868, the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> overturned the Dred Scott decision<sup id="cite_ref-WGBH_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WGBH-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and gave nearly all persons born in the country US citizenship regardless of their color.<sup id="cite_ref-MHS_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MHS-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after the 1857 decision, Eliza Sandford sold Scott and his family to Taylor Blow.<sup id="cite_ref-MHS_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MHS-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blow, ne of Scott's previous owners, then granted Scott and his family their freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-MHS_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MHS-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott died a free man on September 17, 1858. He did not live long enough to see blacks become US citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-MHS_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MHS-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Dred Scott</i> is one of only four decisions by the Supreme Court that were overturned by an <a href="/wiki/Amendment" title="Amendment">amendment</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FurbishCGA_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FurbishCGA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other three are: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chisholm_v._Georgia" title="Chisholm v. Georgia">Chisholm v. Georgia</a></i>, which was overturned by passage of the <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">Eleventh Amendment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FurbishCGA_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FurbishCGA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pollock_v._Farmers%27_Loan_%26_Trust_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. (not yet started)">Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.</a></i>, which was overturned by passage of the <a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Sixteenth Amendment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FurbishCGA_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FurbishCGA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oregon_v._Mitchell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oregon v. Mitchell (not yet started)">Oregon v. Mitchell</a>, which was reversed by the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-sixth Amendment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FurbishCGA_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FurbishCGA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></li></ul> <p>Arguably, one more case could be added:<sup id="cite_ref-FurbishCGA_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FurbishCGA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_v._Happersett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minor v. Happersett (not yet started)">Minor v. Happersett</a></i>, which was indirectly overturned by the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Nineteenth Amendment</a>. In 1875, Virginia Minor, in trying to gain the right to vote for women, argued the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> gave <i>citizens</i> the right to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-ECC_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECC-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court said it did not.<sup id="cite_ref-ECC_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECC-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, 45 years later, gave women the right to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-ECC_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECC-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_v._Happersett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minor v. Happersett (not yet started)">Minor v. Happersett</a></i> was still cited as case law into the 1960s in other right to vote issues.<sup id="cite_ref-ECC_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECC-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dred_Scott_v._Sandford&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dred_Scott_v._Sandford&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._Allwright" title="Smith v. Allwright">Smith v. Allwright</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dred_Scott_v._Sandford&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dred_Scott_v._Sandford&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Notes"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a> of 1820, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> was a free state, and slavery was not allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a> also stated that slavery was not allowed in all states that were part of the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> north of the southern <a href="/wiki/Border" title="Border">border</a> of Missouri.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Emerson was the post surgeon at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Snelling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fort Snelling (not yet started)">Fort Snelling</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taney was a strong supporter of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-WGBH_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WGBH-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seven of the nine justices were appointed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=US_Presidents&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="US Presidents (not yet started)">US Presidents</a> from the <a href="/wiki/South" title="South">South</a> who were <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pro-slavery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pro-slavery (not yet started)">pro-slavery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WGBH_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WGBH-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1863, seven of the nine justices owned slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The decision made the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a> of 1820 unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-LOC_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Missouri Compromise of 1820 had been repealed by the <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a>, which gave territories the right to vote on the issue of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-LOC_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dred_Scott_v._Sandford&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dred_Scott_v._Sandford&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671870">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724317"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordaasc.com/public/features/archive/0809/index.jsp">"Focus on Dred Scott v. Sandford"</a>. Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Focus+on+Dred+Scott+v.+Sandford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordaasc.com%2Fpublic%2Ffeatures%2Farchive%2F0809%2Findex.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ADred+Scott+v.+Sandford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IHA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-IHA_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-IHA_2-1">2.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushistory.org/us/32a.asp">"32a. The Dred Scott Decision"</a>. Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=32a.+The+Dred+Scott+Decision&rft.pub=Independence+Hall+Association+in+Philadelphia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushistory.org%2Fus%2F32a.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ADred+Scott+v.+Sandford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322230934/http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/articles/ushistory/missouricompromise1.htm">"The Missouri Compromise"</a>. Social Studies for Kids. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/articles/ushistory/missouricompromise1.htm">the original</a> on 22 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Missouri+Compromise&rft.pub=Social+Studies+for+Kids&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialstudiesforkids.com%2Farticles%2Fushistory%2Fmissouricompromise1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ADred+Scott+v.+Sandford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushistory.org/us/23c.asp">"23c. The Missouri Compromise"</a>. Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=23c.+The+Missouri+Compromise&rft.pub=Independence+Hall+Association+in+Philadelphia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushistory.org%2Fus%2F23c.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ADred+Scott+v.+Sandford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia</i>. Volume 1, ed. Junius P. Rodriguez (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2007), p. 265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBC-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-EBC_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/antebellum/landmark_dred.html">"Landmark Cases, Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)"</a>. Educational Broadcasting Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Landmark+Cases%2C+Dred+Scott+v.+Sandford+%281857%29&rft.pub=Educational+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Fsupremecourt%2Fantebellum%2Flandmark_dred.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ADred+Scott+v.+Sandford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oyez-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Oyez_8-0">7.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Oyez_8-1">7.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oyez.org/cases/1851-1900/1856/1856_0/">"DRED SCOTT v. SANDFORD"</a>. The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DRED+SCOTT+v.+SANDFORD&rft.pub=The+Oyez+Project+at+IIT+Chicago-Kent+College+of+Law&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oyez.org%2Fcases%2F1851-1900%2F1856%2F1856_0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ADred+Scott+v.+Sandford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327073043/http://www.historicfortsnelling.org/plan-visit/what-do/dred-scotts-quarters">"Dred Scott's Quarters"</a>. Minnesota Historical Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicfortsnelling.org/plan-visit/what-do/dred-scotts-quarters">the original</a> on 27 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dred+Scott%27s+Quarters&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historicfortsnelling.org%2Fplan-visit%2Fwhat-do%2Fdred-scotts-quarters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ADred+Scott+v.+Sandford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WGBH-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-WGBH_11-0">9.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-WGBH_11-1">9.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-WGBH_11-2">9.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-WGBH_11-3">9.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-WGBH_11-4">9.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-WGBH_11-5">9.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-WGBH_11-6">9.6</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2932.html">"Dred Scott's fight for freedom, 1846 - 1857"</a>. WGBH/PBS Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dred+Scott%27s+fight+for+freedom%2C+1846+-+1857&rft.pub=WGBH%2FPBS+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Faia%2Fpart4%2F4p2932.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ADred+Scott+v.+Sandford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HP-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HP_12-0">10.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HP_12-1">10.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HP_12-2">10.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyplace.com/lincoln/dred.htm">"The Dred Scott Decision"</a>. The History Place. 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dred+Scott+Decision&rft.pub=The+History+Place&rft.date=1996&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyplace.com%2Flincoln%2Fdred.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ADred+Scott+v.+Sandford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/Q/How_many_US_Supreme_Court_justices_owned_slaves">"How many US Supreme Court justices owned slaves?"</a>. Answers.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+many+US+Supreme+Court+justices+owned+slaves%3F&rft.pub=Answers.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answers.com%2FQ%2FHow_many_US_Supreme_Court_justices_owned_slaves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ADred+Scott+v.+Sandford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TUSH-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-TUSH_15-0">12.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-TUSH_15-1">12.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-TUSH_15-2">12.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-TUSH_15-3">12.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-TUSH_15-4">12.4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teachushistory.org/dred-scott-decision">"The Dred Scott Decision"</a>. Teach US History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dred+Scott+Decision&rft.pub=Teach+US+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teachushistory.org%2Fdred-scott-decision&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ADred+Scott+v.+Sandford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LOC-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LOC_16-0">13.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LOC_16-1">13.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Missouri.html">"Missouri Compromise"</a>. The Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Missouri+Compromise&rft.pub=The+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Fprogram%2Fbib%2Fourdocs%2FMissouri.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ADred+Scott+v.+Sandford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MHS-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-MHS_18-0">14.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-MHS_18-1">14.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-MHS_18-2">14.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-MHS_18-3">14.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mohistory.org/Dred_Scott/snopsis.htm">"The Dred Scott Case - Summary"</a>. Missouri Historical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dred+Scott+Case+-+Summary&rft.pub=Missouri+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mohistory.org%2FDred_Scott%2Fsnopsis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ADred+Scott+v.+Sandford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FurbishCGA-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FurbishCGA_19-0">15.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FurbishCGA_19-1">15.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FurbishCGA_19-2">15.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FurbishCGA_19-3">15.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FurbishCGA_19-4">15.4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_K._Furbish1996" class="citation web cs1">Lawrence K. Furbish (25 September 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306215911/http://search.cga.state.ct.us/dlps96/Rpt/htm/96-R-1042.htm">"OLR Research Report"</a>. The Connecticut General Assembly. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.cga.state.ct.us/dlps96/Rpt/htm/96-R-1042.htm">the original</a> on 6 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OLR+Research+Report&rft.pub=The+Connecticut+General+Assembly&rft.date=1996-09-25&rft.au=Lawrence+K.+Furbish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.cga.state.ct.us%2Fdlps96%2FRpt%2Fhtm%2F96-R-1042.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ADred+Scott+v.+Sandford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECC-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ECC_20-0">16.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ECC_20-1">16.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ECC_20-2">16.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ECC_20-3">16.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/nineteentham.htm">"Women's Fight for the Vote: The Nineteenth Amendment"</a>. Exploring Constitutional Conflicts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Fight+for+the+Vote%3A+The+Nineteenth+Amendment&rft.pub=Exploring+Constitutional+Conflicts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw2.umkc.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fprojects%2Fftrials%2Fconlaw%2Fnineteentham.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ADred+Scott+v.+Sandford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dred_Scott_v._Sandford&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Other websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dred_Scott_v._Sandford&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Other websites"><span>change 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Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Civil_War" title="Template talk:American Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:American_Civil_War&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><div id="Origins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122542"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Origins</li><li>Issues</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_leading_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War">Timeline leading to the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1789–1849)">Antebellum era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws" title="Fugitive slave laws">Fugitive slave laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><div id="CombatantsTheatersCampaignsBattlesStates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122542"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Combatants</li><li>Theaters</li><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li><li>States</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_Army" title="Union Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">Revenue Cutter Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Marine_Corps" title="Confederate States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Theaters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Eastern Theater of the American Civil War">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Theater of the American Civil War">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Major campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">Blockade runners</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_Valley_Campaign" title="Jackson's Valley Campaign">Jackson's Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign" title="Peninsula Campaign">Peninsula</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Campaign" title="Maryland Campaign">Maryland</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gettysburg Campaign">Gettysburg</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristoe_Campaign" title="Bristoe Campaign">Bristoe</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Campaign" title="Atlanta Campaign">Atlanta</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Richmond-Petersburg</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Sherman's March</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_Campaign" title="Appomattox Campaign">Appomattox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Major <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_American_Civil_War_battles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of American Civil War battles (not yet started)">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">1st Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">Wilson's Creek</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pea_Ridge" title="Battle of Pea Ridge">Pea Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Seven Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">2nd Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perryville" title="Battle of Perryville">Perryville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Spotsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atlanta" title="Battle of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville" title="Battle of Nashville">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Five_Forks" title="Battle of Five Forks">Five Forks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">Beauregard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cooper_(general)" title="Samuel Cooper (general)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">A. S. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">J. E. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Price" title="Sterling Price">Price</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith" title="Edmund Kirby Smith">E. K. Smith</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Taylor (general)">Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Davis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Burnside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Halleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" title="John Pope (military officer)">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">D. D. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">Rosecrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Pinkerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Welles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction amendments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">Carpetbaggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Post-<br />reconstruction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122492"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122447"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics" title="Template:African American topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics" title="Template talk:African American topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:African_American_topics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dred Scott v. 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line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Civic and economic<br />groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a> (NAACP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">United Negro College Fund (UNCF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_leagues" title="Negro leagues">Negro league baseball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Baseball color line</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">SWAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mexico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_people" title="Category:African-American people">Category:African-American people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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